CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "journals.aps.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '926884548a1c6bf1',cH: '0HPtzPhnVRxQC8dPoypsROG3_LeQSvP5XUC6EeCJlns-1743011705-1.2.1.1-oilMHW4MVpMLjonmM.Z_EvTJHciJz1GN31bXbs7TAGogz1hU.3FA2e_Wsnm_CNyT',cUPMDTk: "\/pra\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.46.1449?__cf_chl_tk=ss_TXrp9.YD0NDMpmfvOgBYCG3DhV5qNa1oYEQU3qxs-1743011705-1.0.1.1-YmZffTAOfdGGSEM2YkC.tXgfB_z_fiwxQwnufh5QjT0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743011705',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/pra\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.46.1449?__cf_chl_f_tk=ss_TXrp9.YD0NDMpmfvOgBYCG3DhV5qNa1oYEQU3qxs-1743011705-1.0.1.1-YmZffTAOfdGGSEM2YkC.tXgfB_z_fiwxQwnufh5QjT0",md: "k.ioIFK3rCQt2T8_60dIgkn2IN2rAMgma.lMin9LcaA-1743011705-1.2.1.1-vVvxcjKXCmdaHRbLbA0aks0.CkTWn8c2PT4DpCjFunfCLGk9BAuoebjThZJjXQHHWqxDe6zlrye_PvdSIvv1NdLDbNZVwVFVzR1IuUqqGqoMqYie3r8xlSi_.boi2BRHIaYCGg7vceYXbGqY2JTGG5Uf.8gdlCdglB4qNxr5X4kFckNSOJnLY9zr530JIs3_SIVO1iuORLHJ_daDxuIlM7.KustI4FPcWMBMQ0aNBvAiWbYmynh4V9zakA4bZDVMUr51EkiH0YZawv4urzUX0PCf.D5PHfjBpy_m3IxMCbnEDkYWqqZnLJQLAO4j25haAACQkVX5UFMRPF0bP9EQ.9Hwnfyegmr2dvexfcb1pzJwJx2beeGk7l1aR2DivjwHGuZVczXP6NkKG2toDcPxofYxyD9EzdCFLelcMj2aw0fdlx3tFXw5RG_14Zc9f.CE.4KAZ6yxYiI2Aesnva3GGlycmISO8QA.h9D2YUdl1_EC0ix4SWvHoxiYCq4y2ARhyj2x0gBI6WP_mUNnjzgsKGK6qx1v6DrlxrYdrPBBs70UbiWr8wwS_.4wHdYzRBCzagTw5Vr9RFKdKX7wvOEk_9QGRaeA8aPeA5TL8sND476K9DxZpKFEDQle10b6QhGluap49fvMiRWavHvifi_ffGhZrQoPht_Ixjmj.ePQEyzDXJz_O02LBeVYlUklYSOJjmsfgYKmcoZOGZaYm9ufr7aKK8p4IHQxiwBe21hmMxFZy4hOM2lWShexrP2JfvY7GBG.5T9wqOlbGLNHBSo1ctHBuJM2OIqHLTaS7xFA4TaoC4YFCTxor.DKq2STXrGPlO6Mc23BbywpkTMK3s4x2n4FDo.Xv35vLyPg9zHENEvqbCLyBINCB7lu4d0EFn8GfXI9BhlCtTsRzWfDRW8o8OXzkAzYYdXlC8H83aaxwp1wCU1aVaXC0V.jELXtfmmxLTk9eKusQNhTRyoOKnH6J_dfn9wHzxsqNA6CVe3jTzd3aVzDW3AfwH7CipXE_KV5IfXnHScDmEDX.FqbdlRM6yVfKwx90sLnKfxITvELYRaY_5gPkRGDyNoik27HWMopx594P2ox37QvgCBNpHG9qPeGg1cvhgiWcYbKVeAwTh3Z1qgIek4pUGyiF2kRdzM0ubFIxkZ0zIbyrmTi8Gf.M9lrFEpIIwpUFalwNqaJdR6u9.qscR4TOe5cmjD6l8NHe_ZJUhdqZXdrNDrm7wsZ8_4AqeODmH1epnnttuIAfCpAuVjEd8aFtLj247w9RTWLnPyyOvrRHipLhd3WfsWNgA",mdrd: "qHuRcQMpLaMHzRKphnW3VXL8qDka6PBRzCwRKP6FSrA-1743011705-1.2.1.1-L153QcdrRMeR4f9KZW296rQkGA4DBUEJEb.tI0fuugDKykGSXsLQKh_M60cTQeaz0bw.T2sBcsp57syBRHHigGNEGRUq3Ac.9_aEJ.Bu5mClxEOIkGVfd87lHbOlL0.KmfFlCmCBeOs01hYnYkOGS5kT46YaDTUvNsH0wKG2vwLyZ_H4T.QayVC5E0Aa25nfFIkyI7R5pxCmvi.01VPNcpPQZd6kGrJk4q9hQVv3Jbg3oK5yrrdIFRrWBZr4wpywPtFPbabCOCLIZ4byo0qWqFs8zmNy1bhEWCH1bpfuEtWsAnN3s6P3ESSlXWZWhuIaLwsPPhTDNPOLLPZR2Kc0BWadawr.mwRxO5Ut.6D85z3AyV42FTIF51dTN4kO_GwkeRRCUkUd_RQSQ7XcgyAVzzwZIIdA0Qq6_LzOqYglWWO8cMM8.i59V7cdJa261jm5AmgzS7TBopWEUBNS1lbbDaYhFfx0N5G8MWnupyvOu7L2afLuWd.Zh90POAm8ZliAb63nOOpZk2jXQffjDHXbDY33splqu6lk8ND87kJWIGo7ncMW2R94bbjWoNJcnBE1yBlpGodFLpC7HfASfmbeW..D_Qq684xPFPPd9ammzx6v4sZMapl9514GLi0c3sJxA_2sjYlP8b3PmtQTDDMcFKqTUFxGWhSsFxQ1eMcwY.ZDwzkHOBDoWeMZYUXvA8okiC5Ec9paAaNaAeBjPsCe.Ocyt.QqqiwaKDTvmsC9wdXDdKJA77Ayv3qgyc2FvEzEp4i02pO5rVmSFYURELeCkXcvRYu5zDkA9S5yFjeunYf_sgIWANGqDBiWbyUUzIe8sTviqQGv4hOlEUIIrX_sWzPmT9E5nZEcOtpiaz_xLRLfDYPJ_ZgtNNNXYzJA5IX0MNqeJSkE69Q0QDr4yjq5EQMMrf.3C9HQ08YNBHcm0BrjUDnhkkIy3zCsLLaf9YkN493VxcTQv_Tzx9FNXo17lh.3dFpkeQMtrvNIZOhg_.qfVUieBk.FHM11ux1DxTaT1dqVE1YmvnUN45n1w_chdVKKD3KUKnx8B5pBqORtiKopNbiYABupKwev8OeUC0dG0HsVxg3whLtbEo4cVhkuMb7WPn7.LSfZ9XNwipnmoD0yjkLXSZKRVzfTxXQT54ZnRQvwkocCQm3n5K6cTOu.QUYKJEBe0e1K0rxQ0HoSAtOgEwokcERptdnxFPo1XND6yy6ScjrZ6WAMkKjjeN7H..4bjxLkixt4DjzeJtUyjVDHdWTrqHqSSymT65ITWprjZrYC9LObcttzZ3A.e4JUwIkMfQZWiAp4PxsHoDP0WtHY.krIkmf7W_O59YRhWnc.93DDOK8WqIJLMxPTwYaGZN7fqG3g7ypJl8vuxt9JfqTUKrSUc5xQWs6FHBZu98sehBrlST.F0VCRYHgavC7YdYhjlCmlsv3d.VDBi2o0rFywVG.iWecwFVuKZnym5YrQHnbQmhTPpoagzbKI6Puak2p_OuOYBnOG99mmQwMuZCnVslMdsAOSsrhrXeMXc.0bery_CzeFpQ4mlEyjnfYNuS_jcCKhPkXKf1epqMekAyWpa4KA3NEmhXZ_xmPbwwXitBmRMbpjdvPzJ1xjkcGstAtL2zlVMUJpEHiJONngbDaQRCCQAyYRJHprSM3suPgm9IAq61tgjhzNYJ7TwyG.kCxA4nY5NNolYUyPJXhM4KjBgThLLDgYEtk70RDch3LfumELU6iUtSPyx3c9As.NN6.O9j5imc6Y8W1uC8HXJN_ocLRxIW44XrD_kEanK6tCdglThcqdY1UKOcNAEuPSY2YF_kVgGYQnYzl5dtY2IkoWyHK.f5igtF9V9XFyMINuABoZo80S1gA70SGIMucVvoqL7N7lVFFVDkOfNIsRCbqsloEwQlu20smjeeQGOU1qohQ5Jvj5m_1.Bpa5INfc0v8LTgI_DNbZzXGT2NqU1yffq_7JP7kkuDRY68BwLbGOUFJ0MupQ3FPU3CMLRHUOxfwiPmyjBjxg_CWp8qNQqPKk4Zccc8x9YeAitfiFiDzN91MVKcbp51jr9HLVVN9hhWqWTMwxJElqweN5.Ln_aVg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=926884548a1c6bf1';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/pra\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.46.1449?__cf_chl_rt_tk=ss_TXrp9.YD0NDMpmfvOgBYCG3DhV5qNa1oYEQU3qxs-1743011705-1.0.1.1-YmZffTAOfdGGSEM2YkC.tXgfB_z_fiwxQwnufh5QjT0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>