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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Role in Constellation program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Constellation_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contractor_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contractor_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Contractor selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contractor_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-J-2X_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#J-2X_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>J-2X engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-J-2X_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_requirements_review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancellation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Cancellation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancellation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Upper stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_1" title="آريس 1 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آريس 1" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_I" title="Арес I – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арес I" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2_%DB%B1" title="اریز ۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اریز ۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4_I" title="아레스 I – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아레스 I" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1_1" title="ארס 1 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארס 1" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9I" title="アレスI – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレスI" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81-1" title="Арес-1 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арес-1" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_I" title="Арес I – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арес I" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ares I" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_I" title="Арес I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арес I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%A5%9E%E4%B8%80%E8%99%9F%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%89%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="戰神一號運載火箭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="戰神一號運載火箭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q392348#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ares_I" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canceled NASA rocket key to the Constellation program</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Ares I launch vehicle. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ares_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ares (disambiguation)">Ares (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title">Ares I</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ares_I_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ares_I_launch.jpg/220px-Ares_I_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ares_I_launch.jpg/330px-Ares_I_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ares_I_launch.jpg/440px-Ares_I_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ares I launch</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Function</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Human-rating_certification" title="Human-rating certification">Human-rated</a> orbital <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand"><a href="/wiki/Alliant_Techsystems" title="Alliant Techsystems">Alliant Techsystems</a> (Stage I)<br /><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> (Stage II)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Project cost</th><td class="infobox-data">at least US$ 6 billion<sup id="cite_ref-spms_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spms-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">94 meters (308 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">5.5 meters (18 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stages</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Capacity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to LEO</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">25,400 kg (56,000 lb)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Associated rockets</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data">Followed by <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(rocket)" title="Liberty (rocket)">Liberty</a>, would have complemented the cargo <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Launch history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Cancelled as of October 2010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch sites</th><td class="infobox-data">would have launched from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/LC-39B" class="mw-redirect" title="LC-39B">LC-39B</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data">1 (prototype)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">October 2009 (Prototype)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">First stage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid rocket">Solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">15,000 kN (3,400,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">≈150 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid rocket">Solid</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Second stage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/wiki/J-2X" title="J-2X">J-2X</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">1,308 kN (294,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">≈800 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">LH<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/LOX" class="mw-redirect" title="LOX">LOX</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q392348" class="extiw" title="d:Q392348">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ares I</b> was the crew <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> that was being developed by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Ares" refers to the Greek deity <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, who is <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">identified</a> with the Roman god <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-name_video_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name_video-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ares I was originally known as the "Crew Launch Vehicle" (CLV).<sup id="cite_ref-New_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA planned to use Ares I to launch <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)#Orion_Crew_Exploration_Vehicle_(CEV)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> intended for NASA <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> missions after the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> was retired in 2011. Ares I was to complement the larger, uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a>, which was the cargo launch vehicle for Constellation. NASA selected the Ares designs for their anticipated overall safety, reliability and cost-effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-SafetyDesign_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SafetyDesign-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Constellation program, including Ares I, was cancelled by U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in October 2010 with the passage of his 2010 NASA authorization bill. In September 2011, NASA detailed the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> as its new vehicle for human exploration beyond Earth's orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_Transportation_System_Studies">Advanced Transportation System Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advanced Transportation System Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995 Lockheed Martin produced an Advanced Transportation System Studies (ATSS) report for the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a>. A section of the ATSS report describes several possible vehicles much like the Ares I design, with liquid rocket second stages stacked above segmented <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">solid rocket booster</a> (SRB) first stages.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variants that were considered included both the <a href="/wiki/J-2_(rocket_engine)#J-2S" class="mw-redirect" title="J-2 (rocket engine)">J-2S</a> engines and <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Main Engine">Space Shuttle Main Engines</a> (SSMEs) for the second stage. The variants also assumed use of the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Solid_Rocket_Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Solid Rocket Motor">Advanced Solid Rocket Motor</a> (ASRM) as a first stage, but the ASRM was cancelled in 1993 due to significant cost overruns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study">Exploration Systems Architecture Study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exploration Systems Architecture Study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> had announced the <a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> in January 2004, and NASA under <a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe" title="Sean O'Keefe">Sean O'Keefe</a> had solicited plans for a <a href="/wiki/Crew_Exploration_Vehicle" title="Crew Exploration Vehicle">Crew Exploration Vehicle</a> from multiple bidders, with the plan for having two competing teams. These plans were discarded by incoming administrator <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin">Michael Griffin</a>, and on April 29, 2005, NASA chartered the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study" title="Exploration Systems Architecture Study">Exploration Systems Architecture Study</a> to accomplish specific goals:<sup id="cite_ref-ESAS_report_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAS_report-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>determine the "top-level requirements and configurations for crew and cargo launch systems to support the lunar and Mars exploration programs"</li> <li>assess the "CEV requirements and plans to enable the CEV to provide crew transport to the ISS"</li> <li>"develop a reference lunar exploration architecture concept to support sustained human and robotic lunar exploration operations"</li> <li>"identify key technologies required to enable and significantly enhance these reference exploration systems"</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ares_I_Evolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ares_I_Evolution.jpg/280px-Ares_I_Evolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ares_I_Evolution.jpg/420px-Ares_I_Evolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ares_I_Evolution.jpg/560px-Ares_I_Evolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>Concept image of the evolution of the Ares I design from pre-<a href="/wiki/Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study" title="Exploration Systems Architecture Study">ESAS</a> to latest developments.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Shuttle-derived launch architecture was selected by NASA for the Ares I. Originally, the crewed vehicle would have used a four-segment solid rocket booster (SRB) for the first stage, and a simplified Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) for the second stage. An uncrewed version was to use a five-segment booster with the same second stage.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the initial design was approved, additional tests revealed that the Orion spacecraft would be too heavy for the four-segment booster to lift,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in January 2006 NASA announced they would slightly reduce the size of the Orion spacecraft, add a fifth segment to the solid-rocket first stage, and replace the single SSME with the Apollo-derived <a href="/wiki/J-2_(rocket_engine)#J-2X" class="mw-redirect" title="J-2 (rocket engine)">J-2X</a> motor.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the change from a four-segment first stage to a five-segment version would allow NASA to construct virtually identical motors, the main reason for the change to the five-segment booster was the move to the J-2X.<sup id="cite_ref-J2X_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J2X-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Exploration Systems Architecture Study concluded that the cost and safety of the Ares was superior to that of either of the <a href="/wiki/Evolved_Expendable_Launch_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle">Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle</a> (EELVs).<sup id="cite_ref-ESAS_report_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAS_report-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost estimates in the study were based on the assumption that new launch pads would be needed for <a href="/wiki/Human-rating_certification" title="Human-rating certification">human-rated</a> EELVs.<sup id="cite_ref-ESAS_report_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAS_report-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The facilities for the current EELVs (LC-37 for Delta IV, LC-41 for Atlas V) are in place and could be modified, but this may not have been the most cost effective solution as LC-37 is a contractor owned and operated (COGO) facility and modifications for the Delta IV H were determined to be similar to those required for Ares I.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ESAS launch safety estimates for the Ares were based on the Space Shuttle, despite the differences, and included only launches after the post-Challenger Space Shuttle redesign.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimate counted each Shuttle launch as two safe launches of the Ares booster. The safety of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">Delta IV</a> was estimated from the failure rates of all <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Atlas-Centaur</a>, and Titan launches since 1992, although they are not similar designs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_Constellation_program">Role in Constellation program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in Constellation program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDLV_rockets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SDLV_rockets.jpg/250px-SDLV_rockets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SDLV_rockets.jpg/330px-SDLV_rockets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SDLV_rockets.jpg/500px-SDLV_rockets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>An early concept image of the Ares I (right) and <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> (left) rockets</figcaption></figure> <p>Ares I was the crew launch component of the Constellation program. Originally named the "Crew Launch Vehicle" or CLV, the Ares name was chosen from the Greek deity <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Space Shuttle, where both crew and cargo were launched simultaneously on the same rocket, the plans for Project Constellation outlined having two separate launch vehicles, the Ares I and the Ares V, for crew and cargo, respectively. Having two separate launch vehicles allows for more specialized designs for the crew and heavy cargo launch rockets.<sup id="cite_ref-Constellation_overview_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constellation_overview-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ares I rocket was specifically being designed to launch the <a href="/wiki/Orion_(Constellation_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion (Constellation program)">Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle</a>. Orion was intended as a crew capsule, similar in design to the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> capsule, to transport astronauts to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Ares I might have also delivered some (limited) resources to <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, including supplies for the International Space Station or subsequent delivery to the planned <a href="/wiki/Lunar_outpost_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar outpost (NASA)">lunar base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SafetyDesign_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SafetyDesign-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contractor_selection">Contractor selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contractor selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NASA selected Alliant Techsystems, the builder of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters</a>, as the prime contractor for the Ares I first stage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ares1stStage_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ares1stStage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA announced that <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne" title="Rocketdyne">Rocketdyne</a> would be the main subcontractor for the <a href="/wiki/J-2_(rocket_engine)#J-2X" class="mw-redirect" title="J-2 (rocket engine)">J-2X</a> rocket engine on July 16, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocketdyne_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocketdyne-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA selected <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> to provide and install the <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> for the Ares I rocket on December 12, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 28, 2007, NASA awarded the Ares I Upper Stage manufacturing contract to Boeing. The upper stage of Ares I was to have been built at <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud Aerospace Factory</a>, which was used for the Space Shuttle's External Tank and the Saturn V's <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a> first stage.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="J-2X_engines">J-2X engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: J-2X engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J-2X" title="J-2X">J-2X</a></div> <p>At approximately US$20–25 million per engine, the Rocketdyne-designed and produced J-2X would have cost less than half as much as the more complex <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a> engine (around $55 million).<sup id="cite_ref-DeltaIVcheaper_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeltaIVcheaper-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Space Shuttle Main Engine, which was designed to start on the ground, the J-2X was designed from inception to be started in both mid-air and in near-vacuum. This air-start capability was critical, especially in the original J-2 engine used on the Saturn V's <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> stage, to propel the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo spacecraft">Apollo spacecraft</a> to the Moon. The Space Shuttle Main Engine, on the other hand, would have required extensive modifications to add an air-start capability<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J2X_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J2X-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_requirements_review">System requirements review</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: System requirements review"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiaa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Aiaa2.jpg/220px-Aiaa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Aiaa2.jpg/330px-Aiaa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Aiaa2.jpg/440px-Aiaa2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>A concept image of an Ares I launching from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> launchpad 39B.</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 4, 2007, NASA announced that the Ares I had completed its system requirements review, the first such review completed for any crewed spacecraft design since the Space Shuttle.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This review was the first major milestone in the design process, and was intended to ensure that the Ares I launch system met all the requirements necessary for the Constellation Program. In addition to the release of the review, NASA also announced that a redesign in the tank hardware was made. Instead of separate LH<sub>2</sub> and LO<sub>2</sub> tanks, separated by an "intertank" like that of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_External_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle External Tank">Space Shuttle External Tank</a>, the new LH<sub>2</sub> and LOX tanks would have been separated by a common bulkhead like that employed on the Saturn V <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> and S-IVB stages. This would have provided a significant mass saving and eliminated the need to design a second stage interstage unit that would have had to carry the weight of the Orion spacecraft with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Ares1stStage_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ares1stStage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_and_testing">Analysis and testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Analysis and testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2008, <a href="/wiki/NASA_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Watch">NASA Watch</a> revealed that the first stage <a href="/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-fuel rocket">solid rocket</a> of the <i>Ares I</i> could have created high vibrations during the first few minutes of ascent. The vibrations would have been caused by thrust oscillations inside the first stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Houston_Chronicle_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston_Chronicle-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA officials had identified the potential problem at the Ares I system design review in late October 2007, stating in a press release that it wanted to solve it by March 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA admitted that this problem was very severe, rating it four out of five on a risk scale, but the agency was very confident in solving it.<sup id="cite_ref-Houston_Chronicle_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston_Chronicle-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mitigation approach developed by the Ares engineering team included active and passive vibration damping, adding an active tuned-mass absorber and a passive "compliance structure" – essentially a spring-loaded ring that would have detuned the Ares I stack.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA also pointed out that, since this would have been a new launch system, like the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo spacecraft">Apollo</a> or Space Shuttle systems, it was normal for such problems to arise during the development stage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to NASA, analysis of the data and telemetry from the Ares I-X flight showed that vibrations from thrust oscillation were within the normal range for a Space Shuttle flight.<sup id="cite_ref-splashdown_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-splashdown-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study released in July 2009 by the <a href="/wiki/45th_Space_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="45th Space Wing">45th Space Wing</a> of the US Air Force concluded that an abort 30–60 seconds after launch would have a ≈100% chance of killing all crew, due to the capsule being engulfed until ground impact by a cloud of 4,000 °F (2,200 °C) solid propellant fragments, which would melt the capsule's nylon parachute material. NASA's study showed the crew capsule would have flown beyond the more severe danger.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ares_I-X_launch_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ares_I-X_launch_08.jpg/250px-Ares_I-X_launch_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ares_I-X_launch_08.jpg/330px-Ares_I-X_launch_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ares_I-X_launch_08.jpg/500px-Ares_I-X_launch_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ares_I-X" title="Ares I-X">Ares I-X</a> launches from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> launch pad 39B on October 28, 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ares I igniter was an advanced version of the flight-proven igniter used on the Space Shuttle's solid rocket boosters. It was approximately 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter and 36 inches (91 cm) long, and took advantage of upgraded insulation materials that had improved thermal properties to protect the igniter's case from the burning solid propellant.<sup id="cite_ref-Igniter_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Igniter-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA successfully completed test firing of the igniter for the Ares I engines on March 10, 2009, at <a href="/wiki/Alliant_Techsystems" title="Alliant Techsystems">ATK Launch Systems</a> test facilities near <a href="/wiki/Promontory,_Utah" title="Promontory, Utah">Promontory, Utah</a>. The igniter test generated a flame 200 feet (61 meters) in length, and preliminary data showed the igniter performed as planned.<sup id="cite_ref-Igniter_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Igniter-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Development of the Ares I propulsion elements continued to make strong progress. On September 10, 2009, the first Ares I development motor (DM-1) was successfully tested in a full-scale, full-duration test firing.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This test was followed by two more development motor tests, DM-2 on August 31, 2010, and DM-3 on September 8, 2011. For DM-2 the motor was cooled to a core temperature of 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4 degrees Celsius), and for DM-3 it was heated to above 90 degrees Fahrenheit (32 degrees Celsius). In addition to other objectives, these two tests validated Ares motor performance at extreme temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA conducted a successful 500-second test firing of the J-2X rocket engine at John C. Stennis Space Center in November 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ares I prototype, <a href="/wiki/Ares_I-X" title="Ares I-X">Ares I-X</a>, successfully completed a test launch on October 28, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Ares_I-X_page_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ares_I-X_page-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ares_I-X_sheet_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ares_I-X_sheet-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NTRS_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTRS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Launch Pad 39B was damaged more than with a Space Shuttle launch. During descent, one of the three parachutes of the Ares I-X's first stage failed to open, and another opened only partially, causing the booster to splash down harder and suffer structural damage.<sup id="cite_ref-NasaSF_Ares_I-X_pad39b_parachute_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NasaSF_Ares_I-X_pad39b_parachute-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch accomplished all primary test objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-NasaSF_Ares_I-X_pad39b_parachute_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NasaSF_Ares_I-X_pad39b_parachute-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schedule_and_cost">Schedule and cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Schedule and cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NASA completed the Ares I system requirements review in January 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Project design was to have continued through the end of 2009, with development and qualification testing running concurrently through 2012. As of July 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, flight articles were to have begun production towards the end of 2009 for a first launch in June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2006 the first launch of a human was planned for no later than 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is four years after the planned retirement of the Space Shuttle. </p><p>Delays in the Ares I development schedule due to budgetary pressures and unforeseen engineering and technical difficulties would have increased the gap between the end of the Space Shuttle program and the first operational flight of Ares I.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Constellation program was never allocated the funding originally projected,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the total estimated cost to develop the Ares I through 2015 rose from $28 billion in 2006 to more than $40 billion in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ares_I-X" title="Ares I-X">Ares I-X</a> project cost was $445 million.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Launching_Platform_1_(Ares_I)_stationary_at_ML_east_park_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mobile_Launching_Platform_1_%28Ares_I%29_stationary_at_ML_east_park_site.jpg/250px-Mobile_Launching_Platform_1_%28Ares_I%29_stationary_at_ML_east_park_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mobile_Launching_Platform_1_%28Ares_I%29_stationary_at_ML_east_park_site.jpg/330px-Mobile_Launching_Platform_1_%28Ares_I%29_stationary_at_ML_east_park_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mobile_Launching_Platform_1_%28Ares_I%29_stationary_at_ML_east_park_site.jpg/500px-Mobile_Launching_Platform_1_%28Ares_I%29_stationary_at_ML_east_park_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Mobile Launcher-1 for Ares I at east park site</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally scheduled for first test flights in 2011, the independent analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine Commission</a> found in late 2009 that due to technical and financial problems Ares I was not likely to have had its first crewed launch until 2017–2019 under the current budget, or late 2016 with an unconstrained budget.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Augustine Commission also stated that Ares I and Orion would have an estimated recurring cost of almost $1 billion per flight.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, later financial analysis in March 2010 showed that the Ares I would have cost $1 billion or more to operate per flight had the Ares I flown just once a year. If the Ares I system were flown multiple times a year the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal costs</a> could have fallen to as low as $138 million per launch.<sup id="cite_ref-spms_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spms-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2010, NASA administrator Charlie Bolden testified to congress that the Ares I would cost $4–4.5 billion a year, and $1.6 billion per flight.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ares I marginal cost was predicted to have been a fraction of the Shuttle's marginal costs even had it flown multiple times per year. By comparison, the cost of launching three astronauts on a crewed Russian Soyuz is $153 million.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representative <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aderholt" title="Robert Aderholt">Robert Aderholt</a> stated in March 2010 that he had received a letter from NASA which claimed that it would have cost $1.1 billion to fly the Ares I rocket three times a year.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 8, 2011, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Alliant_Techsystems" title="Alliant Techsystems">Alliant Techsystems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrium" title="Astrium">Astrium</a> proposed to use Ares I's first stage with a second stage derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> core stage to form a new rocket named <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(rocket)" title="Liberty (rocket)">Liberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancellation">Cancellation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cancellation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 1, 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced a proposal to cancel the Constellation program effective with the U.S. 2011 fiscal year budget,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later announced changes to the proposal in a <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_space_policy_speech_at_Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama space policy speech at Kennedy Space Center">major space policy speech</a> at Kennedy Space Center on April 15, 2010. In October 2010, the NASA authorization bill for 2010 was signed into law which canceled Constellation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous legislation kept Constellation contracts in force until passage of a new funding bill for 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn-V_Shuttle_Ares-I_Ares-V_comparison_(06-2006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Saturn-V_Shuttle_Ares-I_Ares-V_comparison_%2806-2006%29.jpg/250px-Saturn-V_Shuttle_Ares-I_Ares-V_comparison_%2806-2006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Saturn-V_Shuttle_Ares-I_Ares-V_comparison_%2806-2006%29.jpg/375px-Saturn-V_Shuttle_Ares-I_Ares-V_comparison_%2806-2006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Saturn-V_Shuttle_Ares-I_Ares-V_comparison_%2806-2006%29.jpg/500px-Saturn-V_Shuttle_Ares-I_Ares-V_comparison_%2806-2006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the basic size and shape of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, Ares I, and <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ares I had a payload capability in the 25-tonne (28-short-ton; 25-long-ton) class and was comparable to vehicles such as the <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">Delta IV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SafetyDesign_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SafetyDesign-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NASA study group that selected what would become the Ares I rated the vehicle as almost twice as safe as an Atlas or Delta IV-derived design.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ares_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ares_I.png/240px-Ares_I.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ares_I.png/360px-Ares_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ares_I.png/480px-Ares_I.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Exploded view of the Ares I</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_stage">First stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first stage was to have been a more powerful and reusable <a href="/wiki/Solid_fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid fuel rocket">solid fuel rocket</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster</a> (SRB). Compared with the Solid Rocket Booster, which had four segments, the most notable difference was the addition of a fifth segment. This fifth segment would have enabled the Ares I to produce more thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-SafetyDesign_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SafetyDesign-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other changes made to the Solid Rocket Booster were to have been the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_External_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle External Tank">Space Shuttle External Tank</a> (ET) attachment points and the replacement of the Solid Rocket Booster nosecone with a new forward adapter that would have interfaced with the liquid-fueled second stage. The adapter was to have been equipped with solid-fueled separation motors to facilitate the disconnection of the stages during ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-SafetyDesign_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SafetyDesign-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grain design was also changed, and so were the insulation and liner. By the Ares I first stage ground test, the case, grain design, number of segments, insulation, liner, throat diameter, thermal protection systems and nozzle had all changed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_stage">Upper stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Upper stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The upper stage, derived from the Shuttle's External Tank (ET) and based on the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> stage of the Saturn V, was to be propelled by a single <a href="/wiki/J-2X" title="J-2X">J-2X</a> rocket engine fueled by <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a> (LH<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> (LOX).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The J-2X was derived from the original <a href="/wiki/J-2_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="J-2 engine">J-2 engine</a> used during the Apollo program, but with more thrust (≈294,000 lbf or 1.31 MN) and fewer parts than the original engine. On July 16, 2007, NASA awarded <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne" title="Rocketdyne">Rocketdyne</a> a sole-source contract for the J-2X engines to be used for ground and flight tests.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rocketdyne was the prime contractor for the original J-2 engines used in the Apollo program. </p><p>Although its J-2X engine was derived from an established design, the upper stage itself would have been wholly new. Originally to have been based on both the internal and external structure of the ET, the original design called for separate fuel and oxidizer tanks, joined by an "intertank" structure, and covered with the spray-on foam insulation to keep venting to a minimum. The only new hardware on the original ET-derived second stage would have been the thrust assembly for the J-2X engine, new fill/drain/vent disconnects for the fuel and oxidizer, and mounting interfaces for the solid-fueled first stage and the Orion spacecraft. </p><p>Using a concept going back to the Apollo program, the "intertank" structure was dropped to decrease mass, and in its place, a common bulkhead, similar to that used on both the <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> and S-IVB stages of the Saturn V, would have been used between the tanks. The savings from these changes were used to increase propellant capacity, which was 297,900 pounds (135,100 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ares IV">Ares IV</a>, a proposed heavy-lift variant of Ares I and V combined.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIRECT" class="mw-redirect" title="DIRECT">DIRECT</a>, shuttle-derived launcher proposed as alternative to Ares I and Ares V.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(rocket)" title="Liberty (rocket)">Liberty (rocket)</a>, a proposed medium-lift rocket like the Ares I, a SDLV using an SRB-derivative first stage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega (rocket)">Omega</a>, ATK's proposed new rocket based on SDLV SRB-derived first and second stages and <a href="/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne" title="Aerojet Rocketdyne">Aerojet Rocketdyne</a> RL10 third stage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Constellation_missions" title="List of Constellation missions">List of Constellation missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)" title="Boilerplate (spaceflight)">Boilerplate (spaceflight)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ares_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-spms-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spms_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spms_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716113530/http://spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=817%3Ahow-much-would-ares-i-cost&catid=67%3Anews&Itemid=27">"How Much Would Ares I Cost?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/how-much-would-ares-i-cost/">the original</a> on July 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Much+Would+Ares+I+Cost%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacepolicyonline.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-much-would-ares-i-cost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overview-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Overview_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoen2009" class="citation web cs1">Boen, Brooke (July 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/index.html">"NASA–Ares Launch Vehicles"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lockheedmartin.com/ssc/michoud/about/History.html">the original</a> on August 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+History+of+Michoud&rft.pub=Lockheed+Martin&rft.aulast=Wadsworth&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lockheedmartin.com%2Fssc%2Fmichoud%2Fabout%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719093659/http://www.boeing.com/history/boeing/saturn.html">"Boeing History – Saturn V Moon Rocket"</a>. Boeing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boeing.com/history/boeing/saturn.html">the original</a> on July 19, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boeing+History+%E2%80%93+Saturn+V+Moon+Rocket&rft.pub=Boeing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboeing.com%2Fhistory%2Fboeing%2Fsaturn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeltaIVcheaper-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeltaIVcheaper_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/Study061509.xml&headline=Study%20Finds%20Human-rated%20Delta%20IV%20Cheaper&channel=space">"NASA Study Finds Human-rated Delta IV Cheaper"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Week">Aviation Week</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+Study+Finds+Human-rated+Delta+IV+Cheaper&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationweek.com%2Faw%2Fgeneric%2Fstory.jsp%3Fid%3Dnews%2FStudy061509.xml%26headline%3DStudy%2520Finds%2520Human-rated%2520Delta%2520IV%2520Cheaper%26channel%3Dspace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423135006/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/spacepolicy/2005Architecture-01-ExecutiveSummary.pdf">"2005 ESAS Architecture Executive Summary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NSS.org</i>. January 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nss.org/resources/library/spacepolicy/2005Architecture-01-ExecutiveSummary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NSS.org&rft.atitle=2005+ESAS+Architecture+Executive+Summary&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nss.org%2Fresources%2Flibrary%2Fspacepolicy%2F2005Architecture-01-ExecutiveSummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Review-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Review_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/07-002.html">"NASA Completes Review Milestone for Ares I Vehicle"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. January 4, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Completes+Review+Milestone+for+Ares+I+Vehicle&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fconstellation%2Fares%2F07-002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houston_Chronicle-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houston_Chronicle_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houston_Chronicle_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarreau2008" class="citation news cs1">Carreau, Mark (January 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/5467711.html">"Severe vibration problem plagues moon rocket design"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Severe+vibration+problem+plagues+moon+rocket+design&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft.aulast=Carreau&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fdisp%2Fstory.mpl%2Ffront%2F5467711.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span> – note: article does not seem to still be available online (February 19, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCowing2008" class="citation web cs1">Cowing, Keith (January 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewnews.html?id=1266">"NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate Responds to Ares 1 and Orion Questions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Watch">NASA Watch</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Exploration+Systems+Mission+Directorate+Responds+to+Ares+1+and+Orion+Questions&rft.pub=NASA+Watch&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft.aulast=Cowing&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewnews.html%3Fid%3D1266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/thrust_oscillation.html">Thrust Oscillation Mitigation Approach</a>. NASA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorenstein2008" class="citation news cs1">Borenstein, Seth (January 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/news/080118-nasa-new-rocket-shake.html">"NASA's Next Rocket May Shake Too Much"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Next+Rocket+May+Shake+Too+Much&rft.date=2008-01-18&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fnews%2F080118-nasa-new-rocket-shake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-splashdown-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-splashdown_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/common/media/video/player.php?videoRef=SP_091110_ares-launch">Video of Ares I-X First Stage splashdown</a> from NASA via Space.com, November 10, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=31792">"USAF 45th Space Wing Study: Capsule~100%-Fratricide Environments (Implications for NASA's Ares-1 and Crew)"</a>. 45th Space Wing. July 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAF+45th+Space+Wing+Study%3A+Capsule~100%25-Fratricide+Environments+%28Implications+for+NASA%27s+Ares-1+and+Crew%29&rft.pub=45th+Space+Wing&rft.date=2009-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewsr.html%3Fpid%3D31792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2009" class="citation news cs1">Matthew, Mark K. (July 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720215310/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/space/orl-new-blow-to-nasa-ares-071809,0,3051613.story">"Report: No escape system could save astronauts if Ares I rocket exploded during first minute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/space/orl-new-blow-to-nasa-ares-071809,0,3051613.story">the original</a> on July 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Subtitle: Report saying crew would be doomed is yet another blow to NASA's troubled Constellation program to return U.S. to the moon then Mars</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report%3A+No+escape+system+could+save+astronauts+if+Ares+I+rocket+exploded+during+first+minute&rft.date=2009-07-17&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Mark+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Fnews%2Fspace%2Forl-new-blow-to-nasa-ares-071809%2C0%2C3051613.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Igniter-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Igniter_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Igniter_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoen2009" class="citation web cs1">Boen, Brooke (March 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/igniter_test.html">"NASA Ares Iginiter Tests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Ares+Iginiter+Tests&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft.aulast=Boen&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fconstellation%2Fares%2Figniter_test.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"NASA and ATK Successfully Test Ares First Stage Motor". <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/dm1_success.html">http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/dm1_success.html</a>. Retrieved October 21, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"NASA and ATK Successfully Test Five-Segment Solid Rocket Motor". <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/10-202.html">http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/10-202.html</a>. Retrieved October 21, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"NASA Successfully Tests Five-Segment Solid Rocket Motor". <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/features/dm3.html">http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/features/dm3.html</a>. Retrieved October 21, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/j2x/500_second_test.html"><i>NASA's New Upper Stage Engine Passes Major Test</i></a>, NASA, November 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+New+Upper+Stage+Engine+Passes+Major+Test&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fj2x%2F500_second_test.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ares_I-X_page-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ares_I-X_page_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/flighttests/aresIx/index.html">"NASA Ares I-X (flight test prototype) page"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026172612/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/flighttests/aresIx/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Ares+I-X+%28flight+test+prototype%29+page&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fconstellation%2Fares%2Fflighttests%2FaresIx%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ares_I-X_sheet-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ares_I-X_sheet_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/354470main_aresIX_fs_may09.pdf">"Constellation Program: Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026204347/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/354470main_aresIX_fs_may09.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 4, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+To+Evaluate+Non-recoverable+First+Stage+for+Ares+I+Launch+Vehicle&rft.pub=Spaceref.com&rft.date=2006-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewnews.html%3Fid%3D1177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/sep/HQ_09-198_Ares_DM-1_test.html">"NASA and ATK Successfully Test Ares First Stage Motor"</a>. NASA. September 10, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+and+ATK+Successfully+Test+Ares+First+Stage+Motor&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2009%2Fsep%2FHQ_09-198_Ares_DM-1_test.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/187391main_aresI_fs_nov08.pdf">"Constellation Program: America's Fleet of Next-Generation Launch Vehicles, The Ares l Crew Launch Vehicle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 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July 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Awards+Upper+Stage+Engine+Contract+for+Ares+Rockets&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2007%2Fjul%2FHQ_C07030_J2X_Contract_prt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAres+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.NASAspaceflight.com/2007/02/ares-i-upper-stage-change-receives-additional-capacity/">"Ares I Upper Stage change – receives additional capacity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASAspaceflight.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NASAspaceflight.com">NASAspaceflight.com</a>. February 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template:Constellation_program" title="Template:Constellation program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constellation_program" title="Template talk:Constellation program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constellation_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constellation program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constellation_program433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Constellation_missions" title="List of Constellation missions">List of missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Launch_Abort_System" title="Max Launch Abort System">MLAS</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Jul 2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I-X" title="Ares I-X">Ares I-X</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Oct 2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Constellation_logo_white.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Constellation program"><img alt="Emblem of the Constellation program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Constellation_logo_white.svg/120px-Constellation_logo_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Constellation_logo_white.svg/250px-Constellation_logo_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ares I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ares IV">Ares IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V_Lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ares V Lite">Lite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle" title="Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle">Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIRECT_%26_Jupiter_Rocket_Family" title="DIRECT & Jupiter Rocket Family">Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Exploration_Vehicle" title="Crew Exploration Vehicle">Crew Exploration Vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abort systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_abort_modes" title="Orion abort modes">Orion abort modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_escape_system" title="Launch escape system">Launch Abort System (LAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Launch_Abort_System" title="Max Launch Abort System">Max Launch Abort System (MLAS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study" title="Exploration Systems Architecture Study">Exploration Systems Architecture Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIRECT" class="mw-redirect" title="DIRECT">DIRECT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_Space_Suit" title="Constellation Space Suit">Constellation Space Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2005" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2005">NASA Authorization Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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program"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope"><i>Hubble</i> Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory"><i>Chandra</i> X-ray Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory"><i>SDO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite"><i>TESS</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope"><i>James Webb</i> Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem"><i>PACE</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope"><i>Nancy Grace Roman</i> Space Telescope</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reusable_launch_systems_and_spacecraft127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reusable_launch_systems" title="Template:Reusable launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reusable_launch_systems" title="Template talk:Reusable launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reusable_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reusable launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reusable_launch_systems_and_spacecraft127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">Reusable launch systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_spacecraft" title="Reusable spacecraft">spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Launch_systems127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Launch systems</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> (core stages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a>* (fully reusable)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> (orbiter and boosters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrel_(rocket)" title="Petrel (rocket)">Petrel</a>* (booster)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skua_(rocket)" title="Skua (rocket)">Skua</a>* (booster)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_(launch_vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur (launch vehicle)">Amur</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Next" title="Ariane Next">Ariane Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALLISTO" title="CALLISTO">CALLISTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONA_(rocket)" title="CORONA (rocket)">CORONA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)#Hyperbola-3" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Hyperbola-3</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li>6X (first stage)</li> <li>8R (first stage)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_5" title="Miura 5">Miura 5</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbex#Prime" title="Orbex">Orbex Prime</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">Pallas-1</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RLV-TD" class="mw-redirect" title="RLV-TD">RLV-TD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Neutron" title="Rocket Lab Neutron">Rocket Lab Neutron</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship (SpaceX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Stoke Space Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-3" title="Tianlong-3">Tianlong-3</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcan (rocket)">Vulcan</a> (engines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankoh-maru" title="Kankoh-maru">Kankoh-maru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_SASSTO" title="Douglas SASSTO">SASSTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeline_(rocket_stage)" title="Adeline (rocket stage)">Adeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ares I</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> (boosters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">Chang Cheng-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia II (Uragan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 1e">Falcon 1e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 5">Falcon 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_Nexus" title="General Dynamics Nexus">Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)#Hyperbola-2" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Hyperbola-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOPE-X" title="HOPE-X">HOPE-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper / <i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_HOTOL" title="British Aerospace HOTOL">HOTOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="K-1 (rocket)">K-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Fly-back_Booster" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Fly-back Booster">Liquid Fly-back Booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_Booster_System" title="Reusable Booster System">Reusable Booster System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_Rocket" title="Rotary Rocket">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon_(rocket)" title="Sea Dragon (rocket)">Sea Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">Tianjiao-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">V-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Spacecraft127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spacecraft</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Boeing Starliner</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Boeing X-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a>* (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenlong_(spacecraft)" title="Shenlong (spacecraft)">Shenlong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">Dragon</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_SC-2" title="Gemini SC-2">Gemini SC-2</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel (spacecraft)</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> upper stage</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(spacecraft)" title="Avatar (spacecraft)">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Meteor_Junior" title="Goodyear Meteor Junior">Goodyear Meteor Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Ya Guidao Gainian Feixingqi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Upper_Stage_for_Innovative_Exploration" title="Smart Upper Stage for Innovative Exploration">SUSIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran-class orbiter</a> (never actually reused, flew just once)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">H-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCOR_Lynx" title="XCOR Lynx">Lynx</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Mustard" title="BAC Mustard">Mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetSpace#Silver_Dart" title="PlanetSpace">Silver Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAR_(spaceplane)" title="SOAR (spaceplane)">SOAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">X-30 NASP</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-33" title="Lockheed Martin X-33">X-33</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipThree" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceShipThree">SpaceShipThree</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a> vehicles</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orbital_launch_systems_developed_in_the_United_States378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_launch_systems" title="Template:US launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_launch_systems" title="Template talk:US launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orbital_launch_systems_developed_in_the_United_States378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">Orbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch systems</a> developed in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>**<sup>††</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Firefly Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus XL">XL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_Space_Corporation#Daytona_I" title="Phantom Space Corporation">Daytona I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Launch_Vehicle" title="Medium Launch Vehicle">MLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron (rocket)">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BluShift_Aerospace#Red_Dwarf" title="BluShift Aerospace">Red Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 110/120/130/230/230+</a>**<sup>†††</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena_I" title="Athena I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_II" title="Athena II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65B_Atlas" title="SM-65B Atlas">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas" title="SM-65D Atlas">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_E/F" title="Atlas E/F">E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_G" title="Atlas G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_H" title="Atlas H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_I" title="Atlas I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_III" title="Atlas III">III</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">LV-3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_SLV-3" title="Atlas SLV-3">SLV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Able" title="Atlas-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Centaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(rocket)" title="Conestoga (rocket)">Conestoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_A" title="Delta A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_B" title="Delta B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_C" title="Delta C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_D" title="Delta D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_E" title="Delta E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_G" title="Delta G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_J" title="Delta J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_L" title="Delta L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_M" title="Delta M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_N" title="Delta N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_0100" title="Delta 0100">0100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_1000" title="Delta 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_3000" title="Delta 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_4000" title="Delta 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_5000" title="Delta 5000">5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III" title="Delta III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">IV Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">v1.2 "Full Thrust"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-I" title="H-I">H-I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_II" title="Juno II">Juno II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-I_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="N-I rocket">N-I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-II_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="N-II rocket">N-II</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOTS-EV-1_Pilot" title="NOTS-EV-1 Pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Rocket" title="Astra Rocket">Rocket 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(rocket)" title="RS1 (rocket)">RS1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(rocket)" title="SPARK (rocket)">SPARK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_(rocket)" title="Sparta (rocket)">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_1" title="Terran 1">Terran 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Able" title="Thor-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Ablestar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Delta" title="Thor-Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_DSV-2U" title="Thor DSV-2U">DSV-2U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">Thorad-Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">II GLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIA" title="Titan IIIA">IIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIB" title="Titan IIIB">IIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">IIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIID" title="Titan IIID">IIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">34D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">23G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Titan_III" title="Commercial Titan III">CT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* - Japanese projects using US rockets or stages</li> <li>** - uses Russian engines</li> <li><sup>†</sup> - never succeeded</li> <li><sup>††</sup> - no new orders accepted</li> <li><sup>†††</sup> - used Ukrainian first stage</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="J-2_rocket_engine124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:J-2_(rocket_engine)" title="Template:J-2 (rocket engine)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:J-2_(rocket_engine)" title="Template talk:J-2 (rocket engine)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J-2_(rocket_engine)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:J-2 (rocket engine)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="J-2_rocket_engine124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2 rocket engine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2#J-2S" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2#J-2T" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-2X" title="J-2X">J-2X</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J-2X_concept_image_June_2006.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Concept image of the J-2X"><img alt="Concept image of the J-2X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/J-2X_concept_image_June_2006.png/60px-J-2X_concept_image_June_2006.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/J-2X_concept_image_June_2006.png/120px-J-2X_concept_image_June_2006.png 1.5x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1265" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">Bipropellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-generator_cycle" title="Gas-generator cycle">Gas-generator cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">LH<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> (<a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> (<a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> (<a href="/wiki/Earth_Departure_Stage" title="Earth Departure Stage">EDS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other LOX & LH<sub>2</sub> Engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-68" title="RS-68">RS-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcain_(rocket_engine)" title="Vulcain (rocket engine)">Vulcain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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