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id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">pronunciation key</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions of Jin Chinese on Wikipedia.</b><div style="font-size: 90%;">It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Jin Chinese in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Help_talk:IPA/Jin_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help talk:IPA/Jin Chinese (page does not exist)">talk page</a> first.</div><div style="font-size: 90%;">For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="H:IPA-CJY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-CJY&redirect=no">H:IPA-CJY</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Jin Chinese</div> <p>The following tables list the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols used for <a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin Chinese</a> (晉語), one of the <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a>. All vocabulary are based on Jin Chinese in <a href="/wiki/Wubu_County" title="Wubu County">Wubu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> Province.<sup id="cite_ref-Wubu_2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wubu_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wubu_2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wubu_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="background:none"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Initial consonants<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Examples<sup id="cite_ref-examples_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-examples-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span></big> </td> <td>x </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sã˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>ɕ</b>jəʔ˧]</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 放學. English gloss: school is out (for the day).">散<b>學</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-fn4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>f </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰu˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲjɑo̯˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>f</b>ã˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ʂəŋ˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 地震. English gloss: earthquake.">土牛<b>翻</b>身</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></big> </td> <td>g </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[swɛe̯˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span><b>k</b>wɤ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tsəʔ˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 彩虹. English gloss: rainbow.">水<b>貫</b>子</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>kʰ</b>wɤ˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰo˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 寬敞. English gloss: spacious (room).">'<b>寬</b>透</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></big> </td> <td>l </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[təŋ<span class="wrap"> </span><b>l</b>ɑo̯r]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 燈籠. English gloss: bamboo lantern.">燈<b>簍</b>兒</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></big> </td> <td>m </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>m</b>əŋ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>m</b>əŋ˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 做夢.English gloss: to dream."><b>夢夢</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></big> </td> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kəʔ˦<span class="wrap"> </span><b>n</b>ɑe̯˦˩˨]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 斷奶. English gloss: weaning.">隔<b>奶</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>nz </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>ɲ</b>je˧<span class="wrap"> </span>sɹ̩˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 去年. English gloss: last year."><b>年</b>時</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big> </td> <td>ng </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tswɤu̯˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>ŋ</b>or˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 棉襖. English gloss: cotton-padded jacket.">裝<b>襖</b>兒</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></big> </td> <td>s </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>s</b>ã˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>sɛe̯˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 山西. English gloss: Shanxi province."><b>山</b>西</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span></big> </td> <td>sh </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>ʂ</b>je˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>sɛe̯˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 陝西. English gloss: Shaanxi province."><b>陝</b>西</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></big> </td> <td>b </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>p</b>əŋ˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>lɑo̯˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 額頭. English gloss: forehead."><b>奔</b>顱</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td>p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>pʰ</b>o˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>tu˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tsəʔ˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 拉肚子. English gloss: diarrhea."><b>跑</b>肚子</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></big> </td> <td>d </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>t</b>wəʔ˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>t</b>ã˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 屁股. English gloss: buttocks."><b>㞘蛋</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>tʰ</b>wɑe̯˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>no˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 理髮. English gloss: haircutting."><b>推</b>腦</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span></big> </td> <td>j </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[so˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span><b>tɕ</b>jəʔ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tɛe̯˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 掃地. English gloss: sweep the floor.">掃<b>腳</b>底</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɕʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td>q </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>tɕʰ</b>je˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ʂɤu̯r˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 上午. English gloss: morning."><b>前</b>晌兒</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span></big> </td> <td>z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xwɑe̯˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>ts</b>əʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>pɑe̯˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 包心菜. English gloss: cabbage.">茴<b>子</b>白</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td>c </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɛe̯˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>tsʰ</b>ɑ˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ljəʔ˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 病好了. English gloss: recover from illnesses.">病<b>瘥</b>了</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span></big> </td> <td>zh </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lwəŋ˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>tʂ</b>ã˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 蚊帳. English gloss: mosquito net.">攏<b>帳</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʂʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td>ch </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>tʂʰ</b>ɑo̯˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>kwəʔ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tsəʔ˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 狐臭. English gloss: body odor."><b>臭</b>骨子</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span></big> </td> <td>h </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>x</b>xəʔ˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕjã˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>fã˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 晚飯. English gloss: dinner."><b>黑</b>間飯</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-fn2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>r </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[njã˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>ʦɛe̯˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>ʐ</b>ər˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 眼珠. English gloss: eyeball.">眼睛<b>仁</b>兒</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Final consonants </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">IPA </th> <th rowspan="2">Pinyin </th> <th rowspan="2">Examples<sup id="cite_ref-examples_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-examples-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Final consonants">FC</span> </th> <th>Rhyme </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><big>-<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big> </td> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big> </td> <td>eng </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s<b>əŋ</b>˧<span class="wrap"> </span>u˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tʂʰɤu̯˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 自殺. English gloss: suicide."><b>尋</b>無常</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-j_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ieng </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ<b>jəŋ</b>˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>xu˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 貓頭鷹. English gloss: owl."><b>杏</b>虎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-w_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ueng </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k<b>wəŋ</b>˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>swɛe̯˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 開水. English gloss: boiling water."><b>滾</b>水</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-y_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>yeng </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕjəʔ˦<span class="wrap"> </span>kəʔ˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ<b>ɥəŋ</b>˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 腳印. English gloss: footprint.">腳圪<b>踪</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>-<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></big> </td> <td>/ </td> <td>r </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sã˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>mɤ<b>r</b>˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 馬鈴薯. English gloss: potato.">山蔓<b>兒</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><big>-<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></big> </td> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></big> </td> <td>aq </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ<b>ɑʔ</b>˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>i˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ʂɤu̯˧<span class="wrap"> </span>təʔ˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 裁縫. English gloss: tailor."><b>踏</b>衣裳的</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></big> </td> <td>eeq </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jã˧<span class="wrap"> </span>i˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>ts<b>əʔ</b>˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 肥皂. English gloss: soap bar made of pig pancreas.">洋胰<b>子</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-j_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>iaq </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕjo˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>tsɹ̩˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ<b>jɑʔ</b>˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 剪指甲. English gloss: trim nails.">鉸指<b>甲</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-j_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ieeq </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sã˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>t<b>jəʔ</b>˦<span class="wrap"> </span>swər˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 三點水. English gloss: the water radical.">三<b>滴</b>水兒</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-w_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>uaq </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s<b>wɑʔ</b>˧<span class="wrap"> </span>jəʔ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tɑʔ˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 打一巴掌. English gloss: a slap in the face."><b>刷</b>一搭</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-w_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ueq </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕɥe˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>s<b>wəʔ</b>˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 撒謊. English gloss: tell lies.">喧<b>說</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-y_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>yaq </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sã˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ<b>ɥɑʔ</b>˦<span class="wrap"> </span>pɑr˦˩˨]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 三角板. English gloss: triangle ruler.">三<b>角</b>板兒</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-y_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>yeeq </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>ɥə</b>ʔ˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕjəŋ˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 除夕. English gloss: last day of a lunar year."><b>月</b>盡</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Vowels </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <th>Pinyin </th> <th>Examples<sup id="cite_ref-examples_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-examples-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></big> </td> <td>a </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t<b>ɑ</b>˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>po˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>sɛe̯˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 打嗝. English gloss: to burp."><b>打</b>飽聲</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">e̯</a></span></big> </td> <td>ae </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsɑʔ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>x<b>ɑe̯</b>˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 誣告(罪名). English gloss: false accuse.">作<b>害</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">o̯</a></span></big> </td> <td>ao </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ<b>ɑo̯</b>˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 肏 (動詞). English gloss: to fuck."><b>透</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span></big> </td> <td>an </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n<b>ã</b>˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>ts<b>ã</b>˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕjəŋ˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 說廢話. English gloss: talking bullshit."><b>囔藏</b>經</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">e̯</a></span></big> </td> <td>e </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʰ<b>ɛe̯</b>˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>xɤu̯˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 水果. English gloss: fruits."><b>青</b>貨</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></big> </td> <td>ee </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k<b>ə</b>ʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>tu]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 拳頭. English gloss: fist."><b>圪</b>都</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></big> </td> <td>i </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m<b>i</b>˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰɤu̯˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 米湯. English gloss: the soup of a thin porridge."><b>米</b>湯</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-j_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ia </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xɤu̯˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>ȵ<b>jɑ</b>˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 打哈欠. English gloss: yawn.">呵<b>牙</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-j_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ian </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xɑ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>n<b>jã</b>˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰəʔ˦<span class="wrap"> </span>tsəʔ˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 下巴. English gloss: chin.">下<b>牙</b>殼子</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">e̯</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-j_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>iae </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʰuɤ˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ<b>jɑe̯</b>˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 逛街. English gloss: hang around in streets.">串<b>街</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">o̯</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-j_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>iao </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l<b>jɑo̯</b>˧<span class="wrap"> </span>kɑo̯˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>tsəʔ˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 拍馬屁. English gloss: kiss one's ass."><b>溜</b>溝子</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-j_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ie </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ<b>je</b>˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>swɛe̯˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 口水. English gloss: saliva."><b>頷</b>水</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-j_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>io </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sã˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ<b>jo</b>˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 關係破裂. English gloss: relationship breakdown.">散<b>交</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-j_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ioe </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l<b>jɤ</b>˧<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰər˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 羹匙. English gloss: soup spoon."><b>撩</b>羹兒</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">u̯</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-j_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ioeu </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕjəʔ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>l<b>jɤu̯</b>˧<span class="wrap"> </span>mje˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 腳背. English gloss: instep.">腳<b>梁</b>面</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></big> </td> <td>o </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xəʔ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>l<b>o</b>˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>fəŋ˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 台風. English gloss: typhoon.">黑<b>老</b>風</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">ɹ̩</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ix<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ii </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[swa˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>s<b>ɹ̩</b>˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>tsəʔ˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 舞獅子. English gloss: perform a lion dance.">耍<b>獅</b>子</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></big> </td> <td>u </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɤ˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>p<b>u</b>˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 圍裙. English gloss: apron.">腰<b>布</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-w_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ua </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s<b>wɑ</b>˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>mɤ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>swəʔ˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 變魔術. English gloss: perform magic tricks."><b>耍</b>魔術</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-w_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>uan </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ<b>wã</b>˨˩<span class="wrap"> </span>tʂɛe̯˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: (人)品性好. English gloss: (adj.) (a person) has good character."><b>拴</b>正</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">e̯</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-w_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>uae </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>wɑe̯</b>˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span>xɑo̯r˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 大後天. English gloss: day after tomorrow."><b>外</b>後兒</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">e̯</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-w_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ue </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[səʔ˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>wɛe̯</b>˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 說不定. 例: 失未能中獎. English gloss: there is a chance... might happen.">失<b>未</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-w_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>uoe </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pəʔ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>nje˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʰ<b>wɤ</b>˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 不做聲. English gloss: did not say a word.">不言<b>喘</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">u̯</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-w_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>uoeu </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lɑʔ˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>s<b>wɤu̯</b>˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 下霜.English gloss: frost formed.">落<b>霜</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></big> </td> <td>oe </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jəʔ˧<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰ<b>ɤ</b>˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ʂɑ˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 一條蛇. English gloss: a snake.">一<b>盤</b>蛇</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">u̯</a></span></big> </td> <td>oeu </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tã˧<span class="wrap"> </span>p<b>ɤu̯</b>˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 甘蔗. English gloss: sugarcane.">糖<b>棒</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-fn11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>y </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʰwəʔ˦<span class="wrap"> </span>n<b>y</b>˦˩˨]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 嫁閨女. English gloss: marrying off a daughter.">出<b>女</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-y_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ya </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰ<b>ɥɑ</b>˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tsəʔ˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 瘸子. English gloss: a cripple."><b>瘸</b>子</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-y_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ye </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nɑe̯˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ<b>ɥe</b>˦˩˨]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 挨罵. English gloss: being scolded.">挨<b>啳</b></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Tones </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">Numeric<br />contours</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)" title="Four tones (Middle Chinese)">Tonal<br />categories</a><br />(sequence) </th> <th>Examples<sup id="cite_ref-examples_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-examples-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i>Stand-alone tones</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">˨˩˧</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-fn10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>◌<sup>213</sup><sup id="cite_ref-fn10_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>陰平 (◌<sup>1</sup>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>zo</b>˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲjo˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span><b>ɲjo</b>˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 撓癢癢. English gloss: to tickle."><b>搔</b>咬<b>咬</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">˧</a></span></big> </td> <td>◌<sup>33</sup> </td> <td>陽平 (◌<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lo˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span><b>i</b>˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>xɤu̯</b>˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 黃河. English gloss: the Yellow River.">老<b>爺河</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">˦˩˨</a></span></big> </td> <td>◌<sup>412</sup> </td> <td>上 (◌<sup>3</sup>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>lo</b>˦˩˨<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰɤ˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>tsʰwɛe̯</b>˦˩˨]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 不生鬚的成人. English gloss: beardless adult."><b>老</b>婆<b>嘴</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">˥˧</a></span></big> </td> <td>◌<sup>53</sup> </td> <td>去 (◌<sup>4</sup>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>ʂəŋ</b>˥˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>xwə</b>r˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 什麼時候. English gloss: when?."><b>甚會</b>兒</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ʔ<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">˧</a></span></big> </td> <td>◌ʔ<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>陰入 (◌<sup>5</sup>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xɑo̯˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>tʂɑʔ</b>˧<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰɑo̯r˥˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 小拇指. English gloss: little finger.">猴<b>指</b>頭兒</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ʔ<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">˨˩˧</a></span></big> </td> <td>◌ʔ<sup>213</sup> </td> <td>陽入 (◌<sup>6</sup>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɑʔ˦<span class="wrap"> </span><b>pɑʔ</b>˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span><b>ʂɑo̯</b>˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 屠戶. English gloss: butcher.">殺<b>剝手</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i>Supplementary tonal changes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">˨˩</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-fn7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>◌<sup>21</sup><sup id="cite_ref-fn7_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>輕 (◌<sup>0</sup>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lɛe̯˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span><b>wə</b>˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 五臟. English gloss: the five major organs.">裏<b>物</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">˨˦</a></span></big> </td> <td>◌<sup>24</sup> </td> <td>陰平 (◌<sup>1</sup>)<br />or上 (◌<sup>3</sup>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>tsʰu</b>˨˦<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕjã˨˩]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 月初. English gloss: begining days of the month."><b>初</b>間</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ʔ<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">˦</a></span></big> </td> <td>◌ʔ<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>陰入 (◌<sup>5</sup>)<br />or 陽入 (◌<sup>6</sup>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>sɑʔ</b>˦<span class="wrap"> </span>pɑʔ˨˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ʂɑo̯˨˩˧]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandarin gloss: 屠戶. English gloss: butcher."><b>殺</b>剝手</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Jin_Chinese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zero_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero onset">Zero onsets</a> may be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> in some localities of Jin Chinese.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-examples-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-examples_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-examples_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-examples_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-examples_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glosses are displayed over the dotted line. (Instructions: for desktop computers, hover your mouse cursor over it; for iOS mobile browsers, request desktop website on your toolbar and then click on the dotted line; for Android mobile browsers, it is unavailable). Vocabulary are drawn from <i>吴堡方言调查研究</i> (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-Wubu_2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wubu_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>陕西方言集成:榆林卷</i> (2020).<sup id="cite_ref-Wubu_2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wubu_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> may be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">xu</a>-]</span> in some localities of Jin Chinese.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Sinological_phonetic_notation" title="Sinological phonetic notation">sinological phonetic notation</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲ<span class="wrap"> </span>]</span> is marked as ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȵ</span>⟩.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="wrap"> </span>ʐ<span class="wrap"> </span>]</span> may be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> in some localities of Jin Chinese.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Non-syllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-syllabic">non-syllabic</a> gliding <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>iã,<span class="wrap"> </span>iaʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>iɑe̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>iɑo̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>ie,<span class="wrap"> </span>iə,<span class="wrap"> </span>iəʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>io,<span class="wrap"> </span>iɤ,<span class="wrap"> </span>iɤu̯]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Non-syllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-syllabic">non-syllabic</a> gliding <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span>, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uã,<span class="wrap"> </span>uɑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>uɑʔ,uɑe̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>ueʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>uɛe̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>uəŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>uɤ,<span class="wrap"> </span>uɤu̯]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-y_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Non-syllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-syllabic">non-syllabic</a> gliding <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a>]</span> may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span>, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yɑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>yɑʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ye,<span class="wrap"> </span>yə,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɥəŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>yəʔ]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Sinological_phonetic_notation" title="Sinological phonetic notation">sinological phonetic notation</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ̩]</span> is marked as ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɿ</span>⟩.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn11-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn11_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span> may be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>]</span> in some localities of Jin Chinese.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn10-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn10_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn10_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unter certain scenarios, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩˧</span> (213) is abbreviated to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span> (21) in the beginning of a word. This is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">unstressed</a> tone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span> (21) at the end of a word. An unstressed tone takes half the <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">time to pronounce</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn7-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn7_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn7_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span> (21) is an <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">unstressed</a> tone (neutral tone). Its contour is mistakenly marked as "0" (no contour) in older literature. Under certain scenarios, any tone at the end of a word could turn into an unstressed tone. This is not to be confused with the tone category 陰平 <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩˧</span> (213), which under certain scenarios is abbreviated to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span> (21) in the beginning of a word. An unstressed tone takes half the <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">time to pronounce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wubu_2014_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wubu_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Jin_Chinese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wubu_2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wubu_2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wubu_2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF贺雪梅2020" class="citation book cs1">贺雪梅 (2020). "吴堡县篇". In 王建领 (ed.). <i>陕西方言集成:榆林卷</i>. 商务印书馆. pp. <span class="nowrap">692–</span>726.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%90%B4%E5%A0%A1%E5%8E%BF%E7%AF%87&rft.btitle=%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%3A%E6%A6%86%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%B7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E692-%3C%2Fspan%3E726&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft.date=2020&rft.au=%E8%B4%BA%E9%9B%AA%E6%A2%85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FJin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wubu_2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wubu_2014_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wubu_2014_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wubu_2014_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF邢向东王兆富2014" class="citation book cs1">邢向东; 王兆富 (2014). <i>吴堡方言调查研究</i>. 中华书局. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%90%B4%E5%A0%A1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%B9%A6%E5%B1%80&rft.date=2014&rft.au=%E9%82%A2%E5%90%91%E4%B8%9C&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%86%E5%AF%8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FJin+Chinese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Jin_Chinese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Jin_Chinese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Jin Chinese IPA">Category:Pages with Jin Chinese IPA</a> (8)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_keys" title="Template:IPA keys"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_keys" title="Template talk:IPA keys"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IPA_keys" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IPA keys"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_keys70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> keys</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Amharic" title="Help:IPA/Amharic">Amharic</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Assamese" title="Help:IPA/Assamese">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">Australian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Berber" title="Help:IPA/Berber">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li>Catalan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Insular_Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Insular Catalan">Insular</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Wu_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Wu Chinese">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Corsican" title="Help:IPA/Corsican">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol" title="Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol">Emilian-Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Esperanto" title="Help:IPA/Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Fijian" title="Help:IPA/Fijian">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Alemannic_German" title="Help:IPA/Alemannic German">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">Colognian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greenlandic" title="Help:IPA/Greenlandic">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Igbo" title="Help:IPA/Igbo">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inuktitut" title="Help:IPA/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inupiaq" title="Help:IPA/Inupiaq">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Central_Italian" title="Help:IPA/Central Italian">Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lakota" title="Help:IPA/Lakota">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Maltese" title="Help:IPA/Maltese">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marshallese" title="Help:IPA/Marshallese">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mauritian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Navajo" title="Help:IPA/Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Odia" title="Help:IPA/Odia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Piedmontese" title="Help:IPA/Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian" title="Help:IPA/Sorbian">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swahili" title="Help:IPA/Swahili">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sylheti" title="Help:IPA/Sylheti">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/West_Frisian" title="Help:IPA/West Frisian">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yoruba" title="Help:IPA/Yoruba">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Zhuang" title="Help:IPA/Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">IPA conventions for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">English dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Wikipedia pronunciation respelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Other English pronunciation respellings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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