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Detecting and measuring these cosmological recombination lines would help confront our understanding of the thermal and ionization histories of the Universe, serve as a unique probe to measure pre-stellar Helium abundance and provide an independent method to constrain certain cosmological parameters. More details can be found in the review paper by <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0908.0435" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sunyaev & Chluba (2009)</a> and references there in. I explored the detectability of these weak and broad cosmological signals and worked on developing a prototype element to detect the same. An array of 128 such elements would then comprise <a href="http://rri.res.in/apsera" target="_blank" rel="noopener">APSERa : An Array of Precision Spectrometers for the Epoch of RecombinAtion</a>, an experimental venture at the <a href="http://rri.res.in/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Raman Research Institute</a> with the science goal of detecting the ripple like weak signals arising from the epoch of recombination. Following promising results from feasibility studies, I am looking into methods to experimentally detect them. The feasibility study includes calculations of the best frequency for a ground-based detection, calculation of signal-to-noise ratios with receivers of different noise temperatures and developing algorithms for foreground modeling and signal extraction. Along with colleagues at RRI I am looking into various aspects such as antenna design, analog front-end architecture, digital back-end design and system integration, calibration towards a fully operational precision spectrometer which would form the individual element of APSERa.</p> <p style="text-align:justify;">There are many challenges to the detection of these cosmological recombination lines. Firstly, they are extremely weak. They are predicted to be about 9 orders of magnitude weaker than the sky (galactic and extragalactic contribution + the Cosmic Microwave Background) making detection a challenging problem. Adding to the challenge is that these lines are extremely broad owing to the fact that recombination was not an instantaneous process but had a (wide) finite span in redshift. So these lines do not ‘stick-out’ of the continuum like other spectral lines might in typical observations. A third crucial challenge, also affecting other cosmological problems like detecting the redshifted 21 cm line from the epoch of reionization (EoR), is that we do not understand the foreground precisely enough. This is because one would expect that to detect the cosmological recombination lines, one would simply have to fit to the CMB, the foreground (galactic and extragalactic) and subtract them out, leaving behind the desired signal. However if we do not know a-priori the function to fit the foreground with (CMB has a black-body spectrum), we cannot fit the measured sky-spectrum (sky temperature vs. frequency) precisely enough to reveal the buried signal of interest. This poses a great challenge to a detection experiment. In our recent paper we discuss a method for effective foreground subtraction and signal recovery.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);" class="has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color"><strong>Signals from the Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionizatio</strong>n — PRATUSH</mark></h2> <p class="p1"><span class="s1">After the formation of the very atoms in the Universe, the Universe comprised mostly of neutral hydrogen (hydrogen atoms), some helium atoms, and trace quantities of some other elements. This was over 13 billion years ago! Look out your window at the sky. Do you seen the sun? Perhaps the moon and stars? If they didn’t exist in the beginning of the Universe then when did they come to be? When did the very first stars and Galaxies form? Do they look like the stars and galaxies we see today? How did they form? How is the Universe different now than when it formed? What other sources of radiation are out there and what kind of ‘light’ do they emit? Most of these questions remain unanswered. Answering these questions is an open and active research area. The period in the history of the Universe when the first ‘sources’ formed is called the Cosmic Dawn (CD). It is known from studies that the radiation from these sources (re-)ionized the neutral hydrogen and helium atoms filling the Universe back to their constituent ions. This is called the Epoch of Reionization (EoR).</span></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>High-frequency astronomy & readout electronics</strong></h2> <p>The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, the afterglow of the infant Universe, fills the sky. Being electromagnetic radiation, it has all the properties that ‘light’ does. For instance, it has polarization, intensity that varies as a function of frequency — namely its spectrum, and the intensity that can fluctuate from one direction of the sky to another. These properties of the CMB are of great interest to cosmologists, and are used to understand our Universe, its history, and the physics that governs it. The CMB spectrum is very close to that of a blackbody of temperature 2.72548 Kelvin, and it is brightest at ~150 GHz. There are several on going and proposed telescopes operating at or around this frequency to make exquisitely detailed maps of the CMB in temperature and polarization, to answer fundamental questions in cosmology. Furthermore, studying the sky at such high frequencies, including at around 1000 GHz, gives us the ability to peer into objects and phenomenon that are poorly understood. These include studying dust, witnessing the birth of planets, and peering into molecular clouds. I work on various aspects of what I call ‘high-frequency’ telescopes (including mm, sub-mm, THz) including site analysis, readout electronics, and figuring out ways to make measurements by introducing minimal noise into the dataset. </p> <div id="atatags-370373-67e43c7440d9f"> <script type="text/javascript"> __ATA.cmd.push(function() { __ATA.initVideoSlot('atatags-370373-67e43c7440d9f', { sectionId: '370373', format: 'inread' }); }); </script> </div><div class="wordads-tag" data-slot-type="belowpost" style="display: none;"></div><div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-42" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" href="https://mayurisrao.wordpress.com/research-2/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-42" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" href="https://mayurisrao.wordpress.com/research-2/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-78317452-42-67e43c744173e' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20250326#blog_id=78317452&post_id=42&origin=mayurisrao.wordpress.com&obj_id=78317452-42-67e43c744173e' data-name='like-post-frame-78317452-42-67e43c744173e' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> </footer> </article> </main> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-footer-wrapper"> <div class="site-info"> <a href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_blog" rel="nofollow">Blog at WordPress.com.</a> </div> </div> </footer> </div>  <script type="text/javascript" src="//0.gravatar.com/js/hovercards/hovercards.min.js?ver=2025137d8bf6c02970a26c6b0c26b0fcfc89796aa30f84307cffd8fd28d2bcca53dd7a" id="grofiles-cards-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpgroho-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var WPGroHo = {"my_hash":""}; 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