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font-style:italic; color: #595959;">0 comments</div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="wp-block-image biobeat-img img-after-heading-space"> <figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="669" height="578" src="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/BioBeat-11.22.2023-1.jpg" alt="Large clumps of blue, spherical bacteria on a rough, green surface." class="wp-image-12774" style="width:225px;height:undefinedpx"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Antibiotic resistance is a risk for patients undergoing joint replacement surgery, for example, when the bacteria <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>group together (blue) and attach to the surface of the implant (green). Credit: Tripti Thapa Gupta, Khushi Patel, and Paul Stoodley, The Ohio State University; Alex Horswill, University of Colorado School of Medicine.</figcaption></figure></div> <p><a href="#79" data-featherlight="glossary">Bacteria</a> can cause many common illnesses, including strep throat and ear infections. If you鈥檝e ever gone to the doctor for one of these infections, they likely prescribed an <a href="#65" data-featherlight="glossary">antibiotic</a>鈥攁 <a href="#252" data-featherlight="glossary">medicine</a> designed to fight bacteria. Because bacteria can also cause life-threatening infections, antibiotics have saved many lives. However, the widespread use of antibiotics has fueled a growing problem: <a href="#61" data-featherlight="glossary">antibiotic resistance</a>.</p> <p>Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can survive some or even all antibiotics. Other <a data-featherlight="glossary" href="#169">microorganisms</a>, including <a data-featherlight="glossary" href="#256">fungi</a>, can similarly become resistant to the medicines that are used to treat them. Infections from these microorganisms affect many people and are difficult to treat. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the U.S. alone, resistant bacteria and fungi infect 2.8 million people each year, and more than 35,000 die as a result.</p> <span id="more-12765"></span> <p><strong>How Bacteria Escape Antibiotics</strong></p> <p>Antibiotics can kill bacteria in a few different ways. The most common include blocking bacteria’s ability to build or maintain their <a href="#104" data-featherlight="glossary">cell</a> walls and blocking the production of <a href="#196" data-featherlight="glossary">molecules</a>, like <a href="#49" data-featherlight="glossary">proteins</a> or <a href="#242" data-featherlight="glossary">nucleic acids</a>, that they need to grow. However, anytime bacteria encounter antibiotics, there鈥檚 a chance some will mutate in a way that enables them to survive those medicines, making them antibiotic resistant. How do <a href="#14" data-featherlight="glossary">mutations</a> provide antibiotic resistance? They might cause bacteria to:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Produce <a href="#118" data-featherlight="glossary">enzymes</a> that destroy antibiotics or make them ineffective</li> <li>Change parts of the cells that antibiotics target so that the antibiotics can鈥檛 do their jobs</li> <li>Develop new ways of functioning that bypass the cellular processes affected by an antibiotic</li> <li>Alter or reduce cell entry so that it鈥檚 more difficult for antibiotics to get into cells</li> <li>Build pumps in their cell walls that push out antibiotics that get inside</li> </ul> <div style="display:flex; justify-content: center; width: 100%; margin-bottom:1em;"> <div style="width:100%; display:inline-block; padding:0.3em; border:#cccccc 1px solid; background-color:#f3f3f3;"> <strong>Banding Together in Biofilms</strong><br/>Bacteria can organize into <a href="#93" data-featherlight="glossary">biofilms</a>, which can be helpful to humans in certain situations but harmful when they form inside the body. (<a href="/2021/09/science-snippet-brush-up-on-biofilms/">More on biofilms in this previous post</a>.) Biofilms are much more resistant to antibiotics than individual bacteria are, but scientists are still trying to understand why. Their slimy surfaces are hard to penetrate and the environments underneath are very different from the host鈥攂oth of which may keep the antibiotic from working properly. </div></div> <p></p> <div class="wp-block-image biobeat-img"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" src="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/ezgif.com-resize.gif" alt="Small green dots grouping into larger green clumps." class="wp-image-12775"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">One way that bacteria protect themselves from antibiotics and <a href="#146" data-featherlight="glossary">immune system</a> defenses is by grouping together. <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> bacteria (green) group together upon contact with synovial fluid鈥攁 viscous substance found in joints鈥攊n this video. Credit: Amelia Staats and Paul Stoodley, The Ohio State University; Alex Horswill, University of Colorado School of Medicine.</figcaption></figure></div> <p><strong>Fighting Antibiotic Resistance</strong></p> <p>Because of the risk of antibiotic resistance, doctors prescribe antibiotics only when they can make a difference. They won鈥檛, for example, prescribe antibiotics when a person has a <a href="#91" data-featherlight="glossary">viral</a> infection, such as a cold or the flu, because antibiotics don鈥檛 kill viruses. It鈥檚 also important for you, as a patient, to take antibiotics correctly. When someone doesn鈥檛 take antibiotics for as long as their doctor tells them to, it鈥檚 more likely that some bacteria will survive and develop resistance. If antibiotic-resistant bacteria arise, they could make the person sicker or spread to other people.</p> <p>In addition to taking antibiotics as instructed, you can help prevent antibiotic-resistant infections by:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Never sharing antibiotics that were prescribed to you with someone else鈥攐r taking antibiotics prescribed to someone else</li> <li>Bringing any antibiotics leftover after taking the full prescribed course to a <a href="https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-drug-take-back-locations">local collection site<span class="exit-disclaimer"></span></a> for disposal so they don鈥檛 end up in local water or soil and affect the bacteria that live there</li> <li>Taking steps to reduce the risk of getting a bacterial infection, such as washing your hands, keeping cuts clean and covered, and staying up to date on vaccinations</li> <li>Staying home when you feel sick to reduce the risk of spreading infections to others</li> </ul> <p>Many researchers, including those with support from NIGMS, are working on new ways to combat antibiotic-resistant infections. Combined, our efforts and theirs can help lessen the impact of these infections and keep us all healthy.</p> <div class="wp-block-media-text alignfull is-stacked-on-mobile is-image-fill has-background" style="background-color:#c3e8ff;grid-template-columns:30% auto"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media" style="background-image:url(https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/educators-corner-logo-large-margin.png);background-position:50% 50%"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="518" height="445" src="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/educators-corner-logo-large-margin.png" alt="" class="wp-image-10982 size-full" srcset="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/educators-corner-logo-large-margin.png 518w, https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/educators-corner-logo-large-margin-500x430.png 500w, https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/educators-corner-logo-large-margin-300x258.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 518px) 100vw, 518px" /></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content"> <p class="has-text-color" style="color:#000000">This post is a great supplement to the <em>Pathways</em> issue on superbugs.</p> <p>Both this post and <em>Pathways </em>discuss antibiotic resistance.</p> <p>Learn more in our <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/educators-corner/?issue=4#what-is-antibiotic-resistance" data-type="link" data-id="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/educators-corner/?issue=4#what-is-antibiotic-resistance">Educator’s Corner</a>.</p> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-group biobeat-recent-group has-background" style="background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,244,219) 5%,rgb(216,223,220) 53%,rgb(200,245,250) 100%)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-black-color has-text-color"><strong>Other Posts You May Like</strong></h2> <ul 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