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v Gardner-Denver Co</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1974 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co.</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued November 5, 1973<br />Decided February 19, 1974</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/72-5847.html">72-5847</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">415 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/415/36/case.html">36</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_415" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 415">more</a></i>)<div>94 S. Ct. 1011; 39 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 147</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">Summary judgment granted, 346 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp." class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp.">F. Supp.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/346/1012/1879162/">1012</a> (<a href="/wiki/D._Colo." class="mw-redirect" title="D. Colo.">D. Colo.</a> 1971); affirmed, 466 <a href="/wiki/F.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.2d">F.2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/466/1209/424758/">1209</a> (<a href="/wiki/10th_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="10th Cir.">10th Cir.</a> 1972); <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert</a>. granted, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_410" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 410">410</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 925 (1973).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subsequent</th><td class="infobox-data">On remand, 519 <a href="/wiki/F.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.2d">F.2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/519/503/85636/">503</a> (10th Cir. 1975), <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert</a>. denied, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_423" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 423">423</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 1058 (1976).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">An employee's statutory right to trial de novo under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is not foreclosed by prior submission of his claim to final arbitration under the nondiscrimination clause of a collective bargaining agreement.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Lewis F. Powell Jr.</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Powell, joined by <i>unanimous</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co.</b></i>, 415 U.S. 36 (1974), is a <a href="/wiki/US_labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="US labor law">US labor law</a> case, concerning arbitration with <a href="/wiki/Collective_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective agreements">collective agreements</a> for <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facts">Facts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_v._Gardner-Denver_Co.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Facts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mr Harrell Alexander, Sr., an employee at the <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Denver" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardner Denver">Gardner-Denver Co.</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers" title="United Steelworkers">United Steelworkers</a> filed a grievance claiming he had been wrongfully terminated for <a href="/wiki/Race_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Race discrimination">race discrimination</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. The arbitrator held that he was terminated for poor work performance. </p><p>The District Court granted summary judgment to the employer, based on the grievance procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit</a> upheld the District Court's ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judgment">Judgment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_v._Gardner-Denver_Co.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judgment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court held that the case should have been re-evaluated afresh. </p> <blockquote><p>Arbitral procedures, while well suited to the resolution of contractual disputes, make arbitration a comparatively inappropriate forum for the final resolution of rights created by Title VII. This conclusion rests first on the special role of the arbitrator, whose task is to effectuate the intent of the parties rather than the requirements of enacted legislation. Where the collective-bargaining agreement conflicts with Title VII, the arbitrator must follow the agreement. To be sure, the tension between contractual and statutory objectives may be mitigated where a collective-bargaining agreement contains provisions facially similar to those of Title VII. But other facts may still render arbitral processes comparatively inferior to judicial processes in the protection of Title VII rights. Among these is the fact that the specialized competence of arbitrators pertains primarily to the law of the shop, not the law of the land. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Steelworkers_of_America_v._Warrior_%26_Gulf_Navigation_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co. (page does not exist)">United Steelworkers of America v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co.</a></i>, 363 U.S. 574, 581—583, 80 S.Ct. 1347, 1352—1353, 4 L.Ed.2d 1409 (1960).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parties usually choose an arbitrator because they trust his knowledge and judgment concerning the demands and norms of industrial relations. On the other hand, the resolution of statutory or constitutional issues is a primary responsibility of courts, and judicial construction has proved especially necessary with respect to <a href="/wiki/Title_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII">Title VII</a>, whose broad language frequently can be given meaning only by reference to public law concepts. </p><p>Moreover, the factfinding process in arbitration usually is not equivalent to judicial factfinding. The record of the arbitration proceedings is not as complete; the usual rules of evidence do not apply; and rights and procedures common to civil trials, such as discovery, compulsory process, cross-examination, and testimony under oath, are often severely limited or unavailable. See <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhardt_v._Polygraphic_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhardt v. Polygraphic Co. (page does not exist)">Bernhardt v. Polygraphic Co.</a></i>, 350 U.S. 198, 203, 76 S.Ct. 273, 276, 100 L.Ed. 199 (1956); <i><a href="/wiki/Wilko_v._Swan" title="Wilko v. Swan">Wilko v. Swan</a></i>, 346 U.S., at 435—437, 74 S.Ct., at 186 188. And as this Court has recognized, '(a)rbitrators have no obligation to the court to give their reasons for an award.' <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Steelworkers_of_America_v._Enterprise_Wheel_%26_Car_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Steelworkers of America v. Enterprise Wheel & Car Corp. (page does not exist)">United Steelworkers of America v. Enterprise Wheel & Car Corp.</a></i>, 363 U.S., at 598, 80 S.Ct., at 1361. Indeed, it is the informality of arbitral procedure that enables it to function as an efficient, inexpensive, and expeditious means for dispute resolution. This same characteristic, however, makes arbitration a less appropriate forum for final resolution of Title VII issues than the federal courts. </p><p> ... the federal policy favoring arbitration of labor disputes and the federal policy against discriminatory employment practices can best be accommodated by permitting an employee to pursue fully both his remedy under the grievance arbitration clause of a collective-bargaining agreement and his cause of action under Title VII. The federal court should consider the employee’s claim <i>de novo</i>. The arbitral decision may be admitted as evidence and accorded such weight as the court deems appropriate.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_v._Gardner-Denver_Co.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slist_organize" title="Template talk:Slist organize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slist_organize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slist organize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Right_to_organize_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Right to organize sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/ILO" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO">ILO</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Association_Convention_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of Association Convention 1948">Freedom of Association Convention 1948</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312232:NO">c 87</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">National Labor Relations Act of 1935</a> §158</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lechmere,_Inc._v._NLRB" title="Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB">Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_502" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 502">502</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/502/527/">527</a> (1992)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hague_v._CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague v. CIO">Hague v. CIO</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_307" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 307">307</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/307/496/">496</a> (1939)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Plastic_Compounds,_Inc._v._NLRB" title="Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB">Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_535" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 535">535</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/535/137/">137</a> (2002)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=NLRB_v._J_Weingarten,_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NLRB v. J Weingarten, Inc (page does not exist)">NLRB v. J Weingarten, Inc</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_420" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 420">420</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/251/">251</a> (1975)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Teamsters_Local_776" title="Garner v. Teamsters Local 776">Garner v. Teamsters Local 776</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/1953/113.html">346 US 485</a> (1953)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Building_Unions_v._Garmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Diego Building Unions v. Garmon (page does not exist)">San Diego Building Unions v. Garmon</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/1959/66.html">359 US 236</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Machinists_v._Wisconsin_Employment_Relations_Commission" title="Machinists v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission">Machinists v. Wisconsin ERC</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/1976/140.html">427 US 132</a> (1976)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_State_Transit_Corp_v._Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden State Transit Corp v. Los Angeles (page does not exist)"><span class="wrap">Golden State Transit Corp v. Los Angeles</span></a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/1986/62.html">475 US 608</a> (1986)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Brown" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Brown">Chamber of Commerce v. Brown</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/2008/22.html">522 US 60</a> (2008)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_Trades_Council_v._ABC_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Building Trades Council v. ABC Inc. (page does not exist)">Building Trades Council v. ABC Inc.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/1993/27.html">507 US 218</a> (1993)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/US_labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="US labor law">US labor law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in the United States">unions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">United States labor law</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_v._Gardner-Denver_Co.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/346/1012/1879162/">346 F. Supp. 1012</a> (D. Colo. 1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/466/1209/424758/">466 F.2d 1209</a> (10th Cir. 1972).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGould1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Gould_IV" title="William B. Gould IV">Gould</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5845&context=penn_law_review">"Labor Arbitration of Grievances Involving Racial Discrimination"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review" title="University of Pennsylvania Law Review">University of Pennsylvania Law Review</a></i>. <b>118</b> (1): 40–68 [pp. 47–48]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3311125">10.2307/3311125</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3311125">3311125</a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Labor+Arbitration+of+Grievances+Involving+Racial+Discrimination&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-68+pp.+47-48&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3311125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3311125%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Gould&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5845%26context%3Dpenn_law_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+v.+Gardner-Denver+Co." class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt1969" class="citation journal cs1">Platt (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/geolr3&i=410">"The Relationship between Arbitration and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Law_Review" title="Georgia Law Review">Georgia Law Review</a></i>. <b>3</b> (2): 398–410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+between+Arbitration+and+Title+VII+of+the+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=398-410&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Platt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FP%3Fh%3Dhein.journals%2Fgeolr3%26i%3D410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+v.+Gardner-Denver+Co." class="Z3988"></span> Significantly, a substantial proportion of labor arbitrators are not lawyers. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5921&context=ylj">"Note : The NLRB and Deference to Arbitration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a></i>. <b>77</b> (6): 1191–1222 [p. 1194 n. 28]. 1968. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F794887">10.2307/794887</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/794887">794887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Note+%3A+The+NLRB+and+Deference+to+Arbitration&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1191-1222+p.+1194+n.+28&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F794887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F794887%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5921%26context%3Dylj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+v.+Gardner-Denver+Co." class="Z3988"></span> This is not to suggest, of course, that arbitrators do not possess a high degree of competence with respect to the vital role in implementing the federal policy favoring arbitration of labor disputes.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_v._Gardner-Denver_Co.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1976" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Marvin Jr. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/indilr10&i=935">"The Authority of a Labor Arbitrator to Decide Legal Issues under a Collective Bargaining Contract: The Situation after <i>Alexander v. Gardner-Denver</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana Law Review">Indiana Law Review</a></i>. <b>10</b> (6): 899–930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Authority+of+a+Labor+Arbitrator+to+Decide+Legal+Issues+under+a+Collective+Bargaining+Contract%3A+The+Situation+after+Alexander+v.+Gardner-Denver&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=899-930&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Marvin+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FP%3Fh%3Dhein.journals%2Findilr10%26i%3D935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+v.+Gardner-Denver+Co." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoymanStallworth1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hoyman, Michele M.; Stallworth, Lamont E. (1983). "Arbitrating Discrimination Grievances in the Wake of <i>Gardner-Denver</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Labor_Review" title="Monthly Labor Review">Monthly Labor Review</a></i>. <b>106</b> (10): 3–10. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41842101">41842101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Labor+Review&rft.atitle=Arbitrating+Discrimination+Grievances+in+the+Wake+of+Gardner-Denver&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3-10&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41842101%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hoyman&rft.aufirst=Michele+M.&rft.au=Stallworth%2C+Lamont+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+v.+Gardner-Denver+Co." class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_v._Gardner-Denver_Co.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co.</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_415" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 415">415</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 36 (1974) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2367609373334143417">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/415/36/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep415/usrep415036/usrep415036.pdf">Library of Congress</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-5847">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/1974/19.html">WorldLII</a> </li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_v._Gardner-Denver_Co.&oldid=1175138269">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_v._Gardner-Denver_Co.&oldid=1175138269</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_labor_case_law" title="Category:United States labor case law">United States labor case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases">United States Supreme Court cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_Burger_Court" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court">United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1974_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:1974 in United States case law">1974 in United States case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ingersoll_Rand" title="Category:Ingersoll Rand">Ingersoll Rand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_arbitration_case_law" title="Category:United States arbitration case law">United States arbitration case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Steelworkers_litigation" title="Category:United Steelworkers litigation">United Steelworkers litigation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 September 2023, at 01:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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