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flame</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: flame"> <meta name="keywords" content="flame"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="flame"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 257</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: flame</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">77</span> Evaluation of Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Five Essential Oils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Ozturk">G. Ozturk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Demirci"> B. Demirci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is well known that essential oils used for therapeutic purposes for many years. In this study, five different Pharmacopoeia grade essential oils (Achillea millefolium L., Pimpinella anisum L., Matricaria recutita L., Eucalyptus globulus L., Salvia officinalis L.) which obtained from commercial sources were evaluated for chemical compositions, synergistic antimicrobial activities, and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitions. Volatile components were determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector and gas chromatography/mass spectrometer, simultaneously. The potential antimicrobial activity of essential oils was tested against oral pathogenic standard strains such as Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium striatum, Candida albicans and Candida krusei by broth microdilution methods. Ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole were used positive controls. It has been observed that the essential oils tested have average inhibitory antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens with a Minimum Inhibition Concentration of 20-0.625 mg/mL. The active essential oils have been combined with antibiotics and synergistic effects have been evaluated by Checkerboard method. ƩFIC values were determined. In combination with antibiotics M. recutita essential oil has been shown to have a synergistic effect against S. aureus in combination with tetracycline (ƩFIC 0.46). In addition, 5-LOX inhibitory activity was measured by modifying the spectrophotometric method developed by Baylac and Racine. As a result, 5-LOX % inhibition of S. officinalis, E. globulus and M. recutita were calculated as 34.0 ± 6.66, 72.7 ± 2.78 and 27.7 ± 0.60, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20activity" title="antimicrobial activity">antimicrobial activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essential%20oils" title=" essential oils"> essential oils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synergistic%20activity" title=" synergistic activity"> synergistic activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5-lipoxygenase%20inhibition" title=" 5-lipoxygenase inhibition"> 5-lipoxygenase inhibition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114334/evaluation-of-chemical-compositions-and-biological-activities-of-five-essential-oils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114334.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">76</span> Cadaver Free Fatty Acid Distribution Associated with Burial in Mangrove and Oil Palm Plantation Soils under Tropical Climate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Sofo%20Ismail">Siti Sofo Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Noraina%20Wahida%20Mohd%20Alwi"> Siti Noraina Wahida Mohd Alwi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Hafiz%20Ameran"> Mohamad Hafiz Ameran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masrudin%20M.%20Yusoff"> Masrudin M. Yusoff</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Locating clandestine cadaver is crucially important in forensic investigations. However, it requires a lot of man power, costly and time consuming. Therefore, the development of a new method to locate the clandestine graves is urgently needed as the cases involve burial of cadaver in different types of soils under tropical climates are still not well explored. This study focused on the burial in mangrove and oil palm plantation soils, comparing the fatty acid distributions in different soil acidities. A stimulated burial experiment was conducted using domestic pig (Sus scrofa) to substitute human tissues. Approximately 20g of pig fatty flesh was allowed to decompose in mangrove and oil palm plantation soils, mimicking burial in a shallow grave. The associated soils were collected at different designated sampling points, corresponding different decomposition stages. Modified Bligh-Dyer Extraction method was applied to extract the soil free fatty acids. Then, the obtained free fatty acids were analyzed with gas chromatography-flame ionization (GC-FID). A similar fatty acid distribution was observed for both mangrove and oil palm plantations soils. Palmitic acid (C₁₆) was the most abundance of free fatty acid, followed by stearic acid (C₁₈). However, the concentration of palmitic acid (C₁₆) higher in oil palm plantation compare to mangrove soils. Conclusion, the decomposition rate of cadaver can be affected by different type of soils. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clandestine%20grave" title="clandestine grave">clandestine grave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burial" title=" burial"> burial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soils" title=" soils"> soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20fatty%20acid" title=" free fatty acid"> free fatty acid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87338/cadaver-free-fatty-acid-distribution-associated-with-burial-in-mangrove-and-oil-palm-plantation-soils-under-tropical-climate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87338.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">399</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> An Overview of Electronic Waste as Aggregate in Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20R.%20Shamili">S. R. Shamili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Natarajan"> C. Natarajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Karthikeyan"> J. Karthikeyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rapid growth of world population and widespread urbanization has remarkably increased the development of the construction industry which caused a huge demand for sand and gravels. Environmental problems occur when the rate of extraction of sand, gravels, and other materials exceeds the rate of generation of natural resources; therefore, an alternative source is essential to replace the materials used in concrete. Now-a-days, electronic products have become an integral part of daily life which provides more comfort, security, and ease of exchange of information. These electronic waste (E-Waste) materials have serious human health concerns and require extreme care in its disposal to avoid any adverse impacts. Disposal or dumping of these E-Wastes also causes major issues because it is highly complex to handle and often contains highly toxic chemicals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, beryllium, brominates flame retardants (BFRs), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and phosphorus compounds. Hence, E-Waste can be incorporated in concrete to make a sustainable environment. This paper deals with the composition, preparation, properties, classification of E-Waste. All these processes avoid dumping to landfills whilst conserving natural aggregate resources, and providing a better environmental option. This paper also provides a detailed literature review on the behaviour of concrete with incorporation of E-Wastes. Many research shows the strong possibility of using E-Waste as a substitute of aggregates eventually it reduces the use of natural aggregates in concrete. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dumping" title="dumping">dumping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electronic%20waste" title=" electronic waste"> electronic waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landfill" title=" landfill"> landfill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxic%20chemicals" title=" toxic chemicals"> toxic chemicals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77169/an-overview-of-electronic-waste-as-aggregate-in-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">74</span> The Cell Viability Study of Extracts of Bark, Flowers, Leaves and Seeds of Indian Dhak Tree, Flame of Forest</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhavi%20S.%20Apte">Madhavi S. Apte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milind%20Bhitre"> Milind Bhitre</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In pharmaceutical research and new drug development, medicinal plants have important roles. Similarly, Indian dhak tree belonging to family Fabaceae has been widely used in the traditional Indian medical system of ‘Ayurveda’ for the treatment of a variety of ailments. Hence the cell viability study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the activity of extracts of various parts like flower, bark, leaf, seed by conducting MTT assay method along with other pharmacognostical studies. The methanolic extracts of bark, flowers, leaves, and seeds were used for the study. The cell viability MTT assay was performed using the standard operating procedures. The extracts were dissolved in DMSO and serially diluted with complete medium to get the concentrations range of test concentration. DMSO concentration was kept < 0.1% in all the samples. HUVEC cells maintained in appropriate conditions were seeded in 96 well plates and treated with different concentrations of the test samples and incubated at 37°C, 5% CO₂ for 96 hours. MTT reagent was added to the wells and incubated for 4 hours; the dark blue formazan product formed by the cells was dissolved in DMSO under a safety cabinet and read at 550nm. Percentage inhibitions were calculated and plotted with the concentrations used to calculate the IC50 values. The bark, flower, leaves and seed extracts have shown the cytotoxicity activity and can be further studied for antiangiogenesis activity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmacognosy" title="pharmacognosy">pharmacognosy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cell%20viability" title=" Cell viability"> Cell viability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MTT%20assay" title=" MTT assay"> MTT assay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-angiogenesis" title=" anti-angiogenesis "> anti-angiogenesis </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85741/the-cell-viability-study-of-extracts-of-bark-flowers-leaves-and-seeds-of-indian-dhak-tree-flame-of-forest" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85741.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">73</span> Determination of Nutritional Value and Steroidal Saponin of Fenugreek Genotypes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anita%20Singh">Anita Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richa%20Naula"> Richa Naula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoj%20Raghav"> Manoj Raghav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nutrient rich and high-yielding varieties of fenugreek can be developed by using genotypes which are naturally high in nutrients. Gene banks harbour scanty germplasm collection of Trigonella spp. and a very little background information about its genetic diversity. The extent of genetic diversity in a specific breeding population depends upon the genotype included in it. The present investigation aims at the estimation of macronutrient (phosphorus by spectrophotometer and potassium by flame photometer), micronutrients, namely, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper from seeds of fenugreek genotypes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, protein by Rapid N Cube Analyser and Steroidal Saponins. Twenty-eight genotypes of fenugreek along with two standard checks, namely, Pant Ragini and Pusa Early Bunching were collected from different parts of India, and nutrient contents of each genotype were determined at G. B. P. U. A. & T. Laboratory, Pantnagar. Highest potassium content was observed in PFG-35 (1207 mg/100g). PFG-37 and PFG-20 were richest in phosphorus, iron and manganese content among all the genotypes. The lowest zinc content was found in PFG-26 (1.19 mg/100g), while the maximum zinc content was found in PFG- 28 (4.43 mg/100g). The highest content of copper was found in PFG-26 (1.97 mg/100g). PFG-39 has the highest protein content (29.60 %). Significant differences were observed in the steroidal saponin among the genotypes. Saponin content ranged from 0.38 g/100g to 1.31 g/100g. Steroidal Saponins content was found the maximum in PFG-36 (1.31 g/100g) followed by PFG-17 (1.28 g/100g). Therefore, the genotypes which are rich in nutrient and oil content can be used for plant biofortification, dietary supplements, and herbal products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genotypes" title="genotypes">genotypes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macronutrients" title=" macronutrients"> macronutrients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micronutrient" title=" micronutrient"> micronutrient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein" title=" protein"> protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seeds" title=" seeds"> seeds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68741/determination-of-nutritional-value-and-steroidal-saponin-of-fenugreek-genotypes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68741.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">72</span> The Effects of Extraction Methods on Fat Content and Fatty Acid Profiles of Marine Fish Species</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yesim%20%C3%96zogul">Yesim Özogul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fethiye%20Takada%C5%9F"> Fethiye Takadaş</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Durmus"> Mustafa Durmus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y%C4%B1lmaz%20Ucar"> Yılmaz Ucar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20R%C4%B1za%20K%C3%B6%C5%9Fker"> Ali Rıza Köşker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gulsun%20%C3%96zyurt"> Gulsun Özyurt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatih%20%C3%96zogul"> Fatih Özogul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It has been well documented that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have beneficial effects on health, regarding prevention of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and autoimmune disorders, development the brain and retina and treatment of major depressive disorder etc. Thus, an adequate intake of omega PUFA is essential and generally marine fish are the richest sources of PUFA in human diet. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of different extraction methods (Bligh and Dyer, soxhlet, microwave and ultrasonics) on the fat content and fatty acid profiles of marine fish species (Mullus babatus, Upeneus moluccensis, Mullus surmuletus, Anguilla anguilla, Pagellus erythrinus and Saurida undosquamis). Fish species were caught by trawl in Mediterranean Sea and immediately iced. After that, fish were transported to laboratory in ice and stored at -18oC in a freezer until the day of analyses. After extracting lipid from fish by different methods, lipid samples were converted to their constituent fatty acid methyl esters. The fatty acid composition was analysed by a GC Clarus 500 with an autosampler (Perkin Elmer, Shelton, CT, USA) equipped with a flame ionization detector and a fused silica capillary SGE column (30 m x 0.32 mm ID x 0.25 mm BP20 0.25 UM, USA). The results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in fatty acids of all species and also extraction methods affected fat contents and fatty acid profiles of fish species. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction%20methods" title="extraction methods">extraction methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatty%20acids" title=" fatty acids"> fatty acids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20fish" title=" marine fish"> marine fish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PUFA" title=" PUFA"> PUFA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72687/the-effects-of-extraction-methods-on-fat-content-and-fatty-acid-profiles-of-marine-fish-species" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72687.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">71</span> Quantification of Hydrogen Sulfide and Methyl Mercaptan in Air Samples from a Waste Management Facilities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20F.%20Vieira">R. F. Vieira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Figueiredo"> S. A. Figueiredo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20M.%20Freitas"> O. M. Freitas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20F.%20Domingues"> V. F. Domingues</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Delerue-Matos"> C. Delerue-Matos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The presence of sulphur compounds like hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans is one of the reasons for waste-water treatment and waste management being associated with odour emissions. In this context having a quantifying method for these compounds helps in the optimization of treatment with the goal of their elimination, namely biofiltration processes. The aim of this study was the development of a method for quantification of odorous gases in waste treatment plants air samples. A method based on head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography - flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) was used to analyse H2S and Metil Mercaptan (MM). The extraction was carried out with a 75-μm Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane fiber coating at 22 ºC for 20 min, and analysed by a GC 2010 Plus A from Shimadzu with a sulphur filter detector: splitless mode (0.3 min), the column temperature program was from 60 ºC, increased by 15 ºC/min to 100 ºC (2 min). The injector temperature was held at 250 ºC, and the detector at 260 ºC. For calibration curve a gas diluter equipment (digital Hovagas G2 - Multi Component Gas Mixer) was used to do the standards. This unit had two input connections, one for a stream of the dilute gas and another for a stream of nitrogen and an output connected to a glass bulb. A 40 ppm H2S and a 50 ppm MM cylinders were used. The equipment was programmed to the selected concentration, and it automatically carried out the dilution to the glass bulb. The mixture was left flowing through the glass bulb for 5 min and then the extremities were closed. This method allowed the calibration between 1-20 ppm for H2S and 0.02-0.1 ppm and 1-3.5 ppm for MM. Several quantifications of air samples from inlet and outlet of a biofilter operating in a waste management facility in the north of Portugal allowed the evaluation the biofilters performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofiltration" title="biofiltration">biofiltration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20sulphide" title=" hydrogen sulphide"> hydrogen sulphide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mercaptans" title=" mercaptans"> mercaptans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantification" title=" quantification"> quantification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26726/quantification-of-hydrogen-sulfide-and-methyl-mercaptan-in-air-samples-from-a-waste-management-facilities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26726.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">476</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">70</span> Mudlogging, a Key Tool in Effective Well Delivery: A Case Study of Bisas Field Niger Delta, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Segun%20Steven%20Bodunde">Segun Steven Bodunde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mudlogging is the continuous analysis of rock cuttings and drilling fluids to ascertain the presence or absence of oil and gas from the formation penetrated by the drilling bit. This research highlighted a case study of Well BSS-99ST from ‘Bisas Field’, Niger Delta, with depth extending from 1950m to 3640m (Measured Depth). It was focused on identifying the lithologies encountered at specified depth intervals and to accurately delineate the targeted potential reservoir on the field and prepare the lithology and Master log. Equipment such as the Microscope, Fluoroscope, spin drier, oven, and chemicals, which includes: hydrochloric acid, chloroethene, and phenolphthalein, were used to check the cuttings for their calcareous nature, for oil show and for the presence of Cement respectively. Gas analysis was done using the gas chromatograph and the Flame Ionization Detector, which was connected to the Total Hydrocarbon Analyzer (THA). Drilling Parameters and Gas concentration logs were used alongside the lithology log to predict and accurately delineate the targeted reservoir on the field. The result showed continuous intercalation of sand and shale, with the presence of small quantities of siltstone at a depth of 2300m. The lithology log was generated using Log Plot software. The targeted reservoir was identified between 3478m to 3510m after inspection of the gas analysis, lithology log, electric logs, and the drilling parameters. Total gas of about 345 units and five Alkane Gas components were identified in the specific depth range. A comparative check with the Gamma ray log from the well further confirmed the lithologic sequence and the accurate delineation of the targeted potential reservoir using mudlogging. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mudlogging" title="mudlogging">mudlogging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chromatograph" title=" chromatograph"> chromatograph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drilling%20fluids" title=" drilling fluids"> drilling fluids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcareous" title=" calcareous"> calcareous</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112636/mudlogging-a-key-tool-in-effective-well-delivery-a-case-study-of-bisas-field-niger-delta-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112636.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">69</span> Speciation, Preconcentration, and Determination of Iron(II) and (III) Using 1,10-Phenanthroline Immobilized on Alumina-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles as a Solid Phase Extraction Sorbent in Pharmaceutical Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Tavallali">Hossein Tavallali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Ali%20Karimi"> Mohammad Ali Karimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gohar%20Deilamy-Rad"> Gohar Deilamy-Rad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The proposed method for speciation, preconcentration and determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in pharmaceutical products was developed using of alumina-coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs) as solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbent in magnetic mixed hemimicell solid phase extraction (MMHSPE) technique followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. The procedure is based on complexation of Fe(II) with 1, 10-phenanthroline (OP) as complexing reagent for Fe(II) that immobilized on the modified Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs. The extraction and concentration process for pharmaceutical sample was carried out in a single step by mixing the extraction solvent, magnetic adsorbents under ultrasonic action. Then, the adsorbents were isolated from the complicated matrix easily with an external magnetic field. Fe(III) ions determined after facility reduced to Fe(II) by added a proper reduction agent to sample solutions. Compared with traditional methods, the MMHSPE method simplified the operation procedure and reduced the analysis time. Various influencing parameters on the speciation and preconcentration of trace iron, such as pH, sample volume, amount of sorbent, type and concentration of eluent, were studied. Under the optimized operating conditions, the preconcentration factor of the modified nano magnetite for Fe(II) 167 sample was obtained. The detection limits and linear range of this method for iron were 1.0 and 9.0 - 175 ng.mL<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Also the relative standard deviation for five replicate determinations of 30.00 ng.mL<sup>-1</sup> Fe<sup>2+</sup> was 2.3%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alumina-Coated%20magnetite%20nanoparticles" title="Alumina-Coated magnetite nanoparticles">Alumina-Coated magnetite nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magnetic%20Mixed%20Hemimicell%20Solid-Phase%20Extraction" title=" Magnetic Mixed Hemimicell Solid-Phase Extraction"> Magnetic Mixed Hemimicell Solid-Phase Extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%28%CE%99%CE%99%29%20and%20Fe%28%CE%99%CE%99%CE%99%29" title=" Fe(ΙΙ) and Fe(ΙΙΙ)"> Fe(ΙΙ) and Fe(ΙΙΙ)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmaceutical%20sample" title=" pharmaceutical sample"> pharmaceutical sample</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46397/speciation-preconcentration-and-determination-of-ironii-and-iii-using-110-phenanthroline-immobilized-on-alumina-coated-magnetite-nanoparticles-as-a-solid-phase-extraction-sorbent-in-pharmaceutical-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">68</span> A Three-Dimensional Investigation of Stabilized Turbulent Diffusion Flames Using Different Type of Fuel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moataz%20Medhat">Moataz Medhat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Essam%20E.%20Khalil"> Essam E. Khalil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hatem%20Haridy"> Hatem Haridy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, a numerical simulation study is used to 3-D model the steady-state combustion of a staged natural gas flame in a 300 kW swirl-stabilized burner, using ANSYS solver to find the highest combustion efficiency by changing the inlet air swirl number and burner quarl angle in a furnace and showing the effect of flue gas recirculation, type of fuel and staging. The combustion chamber of the gas turbine is a cylinder of diameter 1006.8 mm, and a height of 1651mm ending with a hood until the exhaust cylinder has been reached, where the exit of combustion products which have a diameter of 300 mm, with a height of 751mm. The model was studied by 15 degree of the circumference due to axisymmetric of the geometry and divided into a mesh of about 1.1 million cells. The numerical simulations were performed by solving the governing equations in a three-dimensional model using realizable K-epsilon equations to express the turbulence and non-premixed flamelet combustion model taking into consideration radiation effect. The validation of the results was done by comparing it with other experimental data to ensure the agreement of the results. The study showed two zones of recirculation. The primary one is at the center of the furnace, and the location of the secondary one varies by changing the quarl angle of the burner. It is found that the increase in temperature in the external recirculation zone is a result of increasing the swirl number of the inlet air stream. Also it was found that recirculating part of the combustion products back to the combustion zone decreases pollutants formation especially nitrogen monoxide. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burner%20selection" title="burner selection">burner selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20gas" title=" natural gas"> natural gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analysis" title=" analysis"> analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recirculation" title=" recirculation"> recirculation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86742/a-three-dimensional-investigation-of-stabilized-turbulent-diffusion-flames-using-different-type-of-fuel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86742.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">67</span> Experimental Investigation on the Fire Performance of Corrugated Sandwich Panels made from Renewable Material</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avishek%20Chanda">Avishek Chanda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nam%20Kyeun%20Kim"> Nam Kyeun Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debes%20Bhattacharyya"> Debes Bhattacharyya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of renewable substitutes in various semi-structural and structural applications has experienced an increase since the last few decades. Sandwich panels have been used for many decades, although research on understanding the effects of the core structures on the panels’ fire-reaction properties is limited. The current work investigates the fire-performance of a corrugated sandwich panel made from renewable, biodegradable, and sustainable material, plywood. The bench-scale fire testing apparatus, cone-calorimeter, was employed to evaluate the required fire-reaction properties of the sandwich core in a panel configuration, with three corrugated layers glued together with face-sheets under a heat irradiance of 50 kW/m<sup>2</sup>. The study helped in documenting a unique heat release trend associated with the fire performance of the 3-layered corrugated sandwich panels and in understanding the structural stability of the samples in the event of a fire. Furthermore, the total peak heat release rate was observed to be around 421 kW/m<sup>2</sup>, which is significantly low compared to many polymeric materials in the literature. The total smoke production was also perceived to be very limited compared to other structural materials, and the total heat release was also nominal. The time to ignition of 21.7 s further outlined the advantages of using the plywood component since polymeric composites, even with flame-retardant additives, tend to ignite faster. Overall, the corrugated plywood sandwich panels had significant fire-reaction properties and could have important structural applications. The possible use of structural panels made from bio-degradable material opens a new avenue for the use of similar structures in sandwich panel preparation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrugated%20sandwich%20panel" title="corrugated sandwich panel">corrugated sandwich panel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire-reaction%20properties" title=" fire-reaction properties"> fire-reaction properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plywood" title=" plywood"> plywood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20material" title=" renewable material"> renewable material</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132693/experimental-investigation-on-the-fire-performance-of-corrugated-sandwich-panels-made-from-renewable-material" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">66</span> A Dual Spark Ignition Timing Influence for the High Power Aircraft Radial Engine Using a CFD Transient Modeling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tytus%20Tulwin">Tytus Tulwin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ksenia%20Siadkowska"> Ksenia Siadkowska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafa%C5%82%20Sochaczewski"> Rafał Sochaczewski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A high power radial reciprocating engine is characterized by a large displacement volume of a combustion chamber. Choosing the right moment for ignition is important for a high performance or high reliability and ignition certainty. This work shows methods of simulating ignition process and its impact on engine parameters. For given conditions a flame speed is limited when a deflagration combustion takes place. Therefore, a larger length scale of the combustion chamber compared to a standard size automotive engine makes combustion take longer time to propagate. In order to speed up the mixture burn-up time the second spark is introduced. The transient Computational Fluid Dynamics model capable of simulating multicycle engine processes was developed. The CFD model consists of ECFM-3Z combustion and species transport models. A relative ignition timing difference for the both spark sources is constant. The temperature distribution on engine walls was calculated in the separate conjugate heat transfer simulation. The in-cylinder pressure validation was performed for take-off power flight conditions. The influence of ignition timing on parameters like in-cylinder temperature or rate of heat release was analyzed. The most advantageous spark timing for the highest power output was chosen. The conditions around the spark plug locations for the pre-ignition period were analyzed. This work has been financed by the Polish National Centre for Research and Development, INNOLOT, under Grant Agreement No. INNOLOT/I/1/NCBR/2013. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title="CFD">CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ignition" title=" ignition"> ignition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timing" title=" timing "> timing </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50252/a-dual-spark-ignition-timing-influence-for-the-high-power-aircraft-radial-engine-using-a-cfd-transient-modeling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50252.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">65</span> Accumulation of PM10 and Associated Metals Due to Opencast Coal Mining Activities and Their Impact on Human Health</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arundhuti%20Devi">Arundhuti Devi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gitumani%20Devi"> Gitumani Devi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krishna%20G.%20Bhattacharyya"> Krishna G. Bhattacharyya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goal of this study was to assess the characteristics of the airborne dust created by opencast coal mining and its relation to population hospitalization risk for skin and lung diseases in Margherita Coalfield, Assam, India. Air samples were collected for 24 h in three 8-h periods. For the collection of particulate matter (PM10) and total suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples, respiratory dust samplers with glass microfiber filter papers were used. PM10 was analyzed for Cu, Cd, Cr, Mn, Zn, Ni, Fe and Pb with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). SPM and PM10 concentrations were respectively found to be as high as 1,035 and 265.85 μg/m³ in work zone air. The concentration of metals associated with PM10 showed values higher than the permissible limits. It was observed that the average concentrations of the metals Fe, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cu were very high during the winter month of December, those of Cd and Cr were high during the month of May and Mn was high during February. The morphology of the particles studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) gave significant results. Due to opencast coal mining, the air in the work zone, as well as the general ambient air, was found to be highly polluted with respect to dust. More than 8000 patient records maintained by the hospital authority were collected from three hospitals in the area. The highest percentage of people suffering from lung diseases are found in Margherita Civil Hospital (~26.77%) whereas most people suffering from skin diseases reported for treatment in the ESIC hospital (47.47%). Both PM10 and SPM were alarmingly high, and the results were in conformity with the high incidence of lung and other respiratory diseases in the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title="heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20cast%20coal%20mining" title=" open cast coal mining"> open cast coal mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PM10" title=" PM10"> PM10</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=respiratory%20diseases" title=" respiratory diseases"> respiratory diseases</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65518/accumulation-of-pm10-and-associated-metals-due-to-opencast-coal-mining-activities-and-their-impact-on-human-health" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65518.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">64</span> Spectra of Mahmoud Darwish: Argumentative Approach in the Poem "Identity Card"</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haitham%20Sarhan">Haitham Sarhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The experience of Mahmoud Darwish’s poetry represents one of the leading Arabic creative experiences because of its cultural specificity which is linked to the question of Palestine and its people. The poet Mahmoud Darwish does not stop there, but also reaches out to the whole of the cosmic and openness of the universal human experience. His poetry is rooted in a creative period, and was able to surpass its time. Mahmoud Darwish’s poetry contains diverse metaphors and worlds of genres, which overextends from direct romance to the lattice resistance and further stretches to the imaginary world and to the grand narratives. The poem "Identity Card" was published in his collections "Olive Leaves" and was issued in 1963. This collection highlighted the poems which included a revolutionary position, and formed a 'manifesto' and the statement of the Palestinian resistance, which represented the league of poets of Palestine. This poem has contributed along with other poems in creating a flame of resistance and increased it in the hearts of the Palestinian people. It also exercised considerable influence in the Arab world through what has been wrought from emotional responses and revolutionary impact which still remains. Moreover, this poem has succeeded with other resistance poems and postmodern poets like Nizar Qabbani in bringing modern poetry and culturally transmitted it among the Arab peoples and the masses. In spite of the fact that the poet Mahmoud Darwish exceeded this poem creatively through his other great works, "Identity Card" still has a great effect on peoples past memory’s and present. This need to hear this poem in Mahmoud Darwish’s poetic readings reflects peoples frustration and anger. It is safe to say that it is enticing people to this present day. This revolutionary poem had and still has a magical effect on Arab world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arab%20contemporary%20poetry" title="Arab contemporary poetry">Arab contemporary poetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identity" title=" identity"> identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=memory" title=" memory"> memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=argumentation" title=" argumentation"> argumentation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38610/spectra-of-mahmoud-darwish-argumentative-approach-in-the-poem-identity-card" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38610.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">435</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">63</span> Determination of Gold in Microelectronics Waste Pieces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20I.%20Usenko">S. I. Usenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20N.%20Golubeva"> V. N. Golubeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20A.%20Konopkina"> I. A. Konopkina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20V.%20Astakhova"> I. V. Astakhova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20V.%20Vakhnina"> O. V. Vakhnina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Korableva"> A. A. Korableva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Kalinina"> A. A. Kalinina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20B.%20Zhogova"> K. B. Zhogova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gold can be determined in natural objects and manufactured articles of different origin. The up-to-date status of research and problems of high gold level determination in alloys and manufactured articles are described in detail in the literature. No less important is the task of this metal determination in minerals, process products and waste pieces. The latters, as objects of gold content chemical analysis, are most hard-to-study for two reasons: Because of high requirements to accuracy of analysis results and because of difference in chemical and phase composition. As a rule, such objects are characterized by compound, variable and very often unknown matrix composition that leads to unpredictable and uncontrolled effect on accuracy and other analytical characteristics of analysis technique. In this paper, the methods for the determination of gold are described, using flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometry and gravimetric analysis technique. The techniques are aimed at gold determination in a solution for gold etching (KJ+J2), in the technological mixture formed after cleaning stainless steel members of vacuum-deposit installation with concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids as well as in gold-containing powder resulted from liquid wastes reprocessing. Optimal conditions for sample preparation and analysis of liquid and solid waste specimens of compound and variable matrix composition were chosen. The boundaries of relative resultant error were determined for the methods within the range of gold mass concentration from 0.1 to 30g/dm3 in the specimens of liquid wastes and mass fractions from 3 to 80% in the specimens of solid wastes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microelectronics%20waste%20pieces" title="microelectronics waste pieces">microelectronics waste pieces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold" title=" gold"> gold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sample%20preparation" title=" sample preparation"> sample preparation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomic-absorption%20spectrophotometry" title=" atomic-absorption spectrophotometry"> atomic-absorption spectrophotometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gravimetric%20analysis%20technique" title=" gravimetric analysis technique"> gravimetric analysis technique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56156/determination-of-gold-in-microelectronics-waste-pieces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56156.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">62</span> Assessment of Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation by Tissues of Ipomoea Batatas and Manihot Esculenta Irrigated with Water from Muhammad Ayuba Dam, Kazaure, Jigawa State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sa%E2%80%99idu%20A.%20Abdullah">Sa’idu A. Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jafar%20Lawan"> Jafar Lawan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20U.%20Adamu"> A. U. Adamu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fowotade"> Fowotade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A."> S. A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamisu%20Abdu"> Hamisu Abdu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Scarcity of quality water in many communities compels inhabitants to use any available water resources for domestic, recreational, industrial and agricultural purposes. Global concern on the potential health hazards of anthropogenic inputs into our ecosystems imposes the need for constant monitoring of levels of pollutants in order to ensure compliance with internationally acceptable criteria. In this research, assessment of bioaccumulation of Cd, Co, Cu, Pb and Zn was carried out using tissues of Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) and Manihot esculenta (cassava) irrigated with water from Muhammad Ayuba Dam in Kazaure, Jigawa State. The metal concentrations were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). The result of the analysis revealed the presence of the metals in varying concentrations. Cd and Co showed higher concentrations in the tubers of Manihot esculenta but all the other investigated metals were more concentrated in the leaves of the plant. Cd and Cu on the other hand showed higher concentration in the root of Ipomoea batatas while the remaining investigated metals were concentrated more in the leaves of the plant. The result of analysis of water samples from five sampling stations in the Dam showed the presence of the metals as follows: Cd, (0.063±0.02 mg/L), Co (0.086±0.03 mg/L), Cu (0.167±0.08 mg/L), Pb (0.22±0.01 mg/L) and Zn (0.047±0.01 mg/L) respectively. The results of bioaccumulation studies using the Bioaccumulation Factors (BAF) index indicated Ipomoea batatas to have higher bioaccumulation potential for Cd, Co and Cu while Pb and Zn were more accumulated in Manihot esculenta. The levels of the metals in both the water samples and plant tissues were all below the WHO permissible limit. This is indicative that the inhabitants of the community under investigation are not at any health risk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title="agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioaccumulation" title=" bioaccumulation"> bioaccumulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metal" title=" heavy metal"> heavy metal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20tissues" title=" plant tissues"> plant tissues</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26756/assessment-of-heavy-metal-bioaccumulation-by-tissues-of-ipomoea-batatas-and-manihot-esculenta-irrigated-with-water-from-muhammad-ayuba-dam-kazaure-jigawa-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26756.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">61</span> Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance of Trapezoidally Corrugated Web Girders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annam%C3%A1ria%20K%C3%A4fern%C3%A9%20R%C3%A1cz">Annamária Käferné Rácz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bence%20J%C3%A1ger"> Bence Jáger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bal%C3%A1zs%20K%C3%B6vesdi"> Balázs Kövesdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3%20Dunai"> László Dunai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the numerous advantages of steel corrugated web girders, its application field is growing for bridges as well as for buildings. The global stability behavior of such girders is significantly larger than those of conventional I-girders with flat web, thus the application of the structural steel material can be significantly reduced. Design codes and specifications do not provide clear and complete rules or recommendations for the determination of the lateral torsional buckling (LTB) resistance of corrugated web girders. Therefore, the authors made a thorough investigation regarding the LTB resistance of the corrugated web girders. Finite element (FE) simulations have been performed to develop new design formulas for the determination of the LTB resistance of trapezoidally corrugated web girders. FE model is developed considering geometrical and material nonlinear analysis using equivalent geometric imperfections (GMNI analysis). The equivalent geometric imperfections involve the initial geometric imperfections and residual stresses coming from rolling, welding and flame cutting. Imperfection sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the necessary magnitudes regarding only the first eigenmodes shape imperfections. By the help of the validated FE model, an extended parametric study is carried out to investigate the LTB resistance for different trapezoidal corrugation profiles. First, the critical moment of a specific girder was calculated by FE model. The critical moments from the FE calculations are compared to the previous analytical calculation proposals. Then, nonlinear analysis was carried out to determine the ultimate resistance. Due to the numerical investigations, new proposals are developed for the determination of the LTB resistance of trapezoidally corrugated web girders through a modification factor on the design method related to the conventional flat web girders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrugated%20web" title="corrugated web">corrugated web</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20torsional%20buckling" title=" lateral torsional buckling"> lateral torsional buckling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20moment" title=" critical moment"> critical moment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FE%20modeling" title=" FE modeling"> FE modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85515/lateral-torsional-buckling-resistance-of-trapezoidally-corrugated-web-girders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85515.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">60</span> Optimization and Validation for Determination of VOCs from Lime Fruit Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) with and without California Red Scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Infested by Using HS-SPME-GC-FID/MS</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Mohammed">K. Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Agarwal"> M. Agarwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Mewman"> J. Mewman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Ren"> Y. Ren</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An optimum technic has been developed for extracting volatile organic compounds which contribute to the aroma of lime fruit (<em>Citrus aurantifolia</em>). The volatile organic compounds of healthy and infested lime fruit with California red scale <em>Aonidiella</em> <em>aurantii</em> were characterized using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC) coupled flame ionization detection (FID) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as a very simple, efficient and nondestructive extraction method. A three-phase 50/30 μm PDV/DVB/CAR fibre was used for the extraction process. The optimal sealing and fibre exposure time for volatiles reaching equilibrium from whole lime fruit in the headspace of the chamber was 16 and 4 hours respectively. 5 min was selected as desorption time of the three-phase fibre. Herbivorous activity induces indirect plant defenses, as the emission of herbivorous-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which could be used by natural enemies for host location. GC-MS analysis showed qualitative differences among volatiles emitted by infested and healthy lime fruit. The GC-MS analysis allowed the initial identification of 18 compounds, with similarities higher than 85%, in accordance with the NIST mass spectral library. One of these were increased by <em>A. aurantii</em> infestation, D-limonene, and three were decreased, Undecane, α-Farnesene and 7-epi-α-selinene. From an applied point of view, the application of the above-mentioned VOCs may help boost the efficiency of biocontrol programs and natural enemies’ production techniques. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lime%20fruit" title="lime fruit">lime fruit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Citrus%20aurantifolia" title=" Citrus aurantifolia"> Citrus aurantifolia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=California%20red%20scale" title=" California red scale"> California red scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aonidiella%20aurantii" title=" Aonidiella aurantii"> Aonidiella aurantii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VOCs" title=" VOCs"> VOCs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HS-SPME%2FGC-FID-MS" title=" HS-SPME/GC-FID-MS"> HS-SPME/GC-FID-MS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71759/optimization-and-validation-for-determination-of-vocs-from-lime-fruit-citrus-aurantifolia-christm-with-and-without-california-red-scale-aonidiella-aurantii-maskell-infested-by-using-hs-spme-gc-fidms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">59</span> Heavy Metal Contents in Vegetable Oils of Kazakhstan Origin and Life Risk Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20E.%20Mukhametov">A. E. Mukhametov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20T.%20Yerbulekova"> M. T. Yerbulekova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20R.%20Dautkanova"> D. R. Dautkanova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20A.%20Tuyakova"> G. A. Tuyakova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Aitkhozhayeva"> G. Aitkhozhayeva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The accumulation of heavy metals in food is a constant problem in many parts of the world. Vegetable oils are widely used, both for cooking and for processing in the food industry, meeting the main dietary requirements. One of the main chemical pollutants, heavy metals, is usually found in vegetable oils. These chemical pollutants are carcinogenic, teratogenic and immunotoxic, harmful to consumption and have a negative effect on human health even in trace amounts. Residues of these substances can easily accumulate in vegetable oil during cultivation, processing and storage. In this article, the content of the concentration of heavy metal ions in vegetable oils of Kazakhstan production is studied: sunflower, rapeseed, safflower and linseed oil. Heavy metals: arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel, were determined in three repetitions by the method of flame atomic absorption. Analysis of vegetable oil samples revealed that the largest lead contamination (Pb) was determined to be 0.065 mg/kg in linseed oil. The content of cadmium (Cd) in the largest amount of 0.009 mg/kg was found in safflower oil. Arsenic (As) content was determined in rapeseed and safflower oils at 0.003 mg/kg, and arsenic (As) was not detected in linseed and sunflower oil. The nickel (Ni) content in the largest amount of 0.433 mg/kg was in linseed oil. The heavy metal contents in the test samples complied with the requirements of regulatory documents for vegetable oils. An assessment of the health risk of vegetable oils with a daily consumption of 36 g per day shows that all samples of vegetable oils produced in Kazakhstan are safe for consumption. But further monitoring is needed, since all these metals are toxic and their harmful effects become apparent only after several years of exposure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetable%20oil" title="vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sunflower%20oil" title=" sunflower oil"> sunflower oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linseed%20oil" title=" linseed oil"> linseed oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safflower%20oil" title=" safflower oil"> safflower oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxic%20metals" title=" toxic metals"> toxic metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20safety" title=" food safety"> food safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rape%20oil" title=" rape oil"> rape oil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127951/heavy-metal-contents-in-vegetable-oils-of-kazakhstan-origin-and-life-risk-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127951.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> Solvent-Free Conductive Coatings Containing Chemically Coupled Particles for Functional Textiles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jagadeshvaran%20P.%20L.">Jagadeshvaran P. L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamlesh%20Panwar"> Kamlesh Panwar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indumathi%20Ramakrishnan"> Indumathi Ramakrishnan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suryasarathi%20Bose"> Suryasarathi Bose</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The surge in the usage of wireless electronics and communication devices has engendered a different form of pollution, viz. the electromagnetic (EM) pollution and yet another serious issue, electromagnetic interference (EMI). There is a legitimate need to develop strategies and materials to combat this issue, otherwise leading to dreadful consequences. Functional textiles have emerged as the modern materials to help attenuate EM waves due to the numerous advantages – flexibility being the most important. In addition to this, there is an inherent advantage of multiple interfaces in coated fabrics that can engender significant attenuation. Herein we report a coating having multifunctional properties – capable of blocking both UV and EM radiation (predominantly of the microwave frequencies) with flame-retarding properties. The layer described here comprises iron titanate(FT) synthesized from its sustainable precursor – ilmenite sand and carbon nanotubes (CNT) dispersed in waterborne polyurethane. It is worth noting that FT's use as a multifunctional material is being reported for the first time. It was observed that a single layer of coated fabric shows EMI shielding effectiveness of -40 dB translating to 99.99% attenuation and similarly a UV blocking of 99.99% in the wavelength ranging from 200-400 nm. The microwave shielding properties of the fabric were demonstrated using a Bluetooth module – where the coated fabric was able to block the incoming Bluetooth signals to the module from a mobile phone. Besides, the coated fabrics exhibited phenomenal enhancement in thermal stability - a five percent increase in the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was observed upon the application of the coating. Such exceptional properties complement cotton fabrics' existing utility, thereby extending their use to specialty applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multifunctional%20coatings" title="multifunctional coatings">multifunctional coatings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EMI%20shielding" title=" EMI shielding"> EMI shielding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UV%20blocking" title=" UV blocking"> UV blocking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iron%20titanate" title=" iron titanate"> iron titanate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CNT" title=" CNT"> CNT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waterborne%20polyurethane" title=" waterborne polyurethane"> waterborne polyurethane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cotton%20fabrics" title=" cotton fabrics"> cotton fabrics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148480/solvent-free-conductive-coatings-containing-chemically-coupled-particles-for-functional-textiles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148480.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> Comparative Correlation Investigation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils of Different Land Uses: Sources Evaluation Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Onoriode%20Emoyan">O. Onoriode Emoyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Eyitemi%20Akporhonor"> E. Eyitemi Akporhonor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Otobrise"> Charles Otobrise</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed mainly as a result of incomplete combustion of organic materials during industrial, domestic activities or natural occurrence. Their toxicity and contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem have been established. Though with limited validity index, previous research has focused on PAHs isomer pair ratios of variable physicochemical properties in source identification. The objective of this investigation was to determine the empirical validity of Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and cluster analysis (CA) in PAHs source identification along soil samples of different land uses. Therefore, 16 PAHs grouped as endocrine disruption substances (EDSs) were determined in 10 sample stations in top and sub soils seasonally. PAHs was determined the use of Varian 300 gas chromatograph interfaced with flame ionization detector. Instruments and reagents used are of standard and chromatographic grades respectively. PCC and CA results showed that the classification of PAHs along kinetically and thermodyanamically-favoured and those derived directly from plants product through biologically mediated processes used in source signature is about the predominance PAHs are likely to be. Therefore the observed PAHs in the studied stations have trace quantities of the vast majority of the sixteen un-substituted PAHs which may ultimately inhabit the actual source signature authentication. Type and extent of bacterial metabolism, transformation products/substrates, and environmental factors such as: salinity, pH, oxygen concentration, nutrients, light intensity, temperature, co-substrates and environmental medium are hereby recommended as factors to be considered when evaluating possible sources of PAHs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20correlation" title="comparative correlation">comparative correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetically%20and%20thermodynamically-favored%20PAHs" title=" kinetically and thermodynamically-favored PAHs"> kinetically and thermodynamically-favored PAHs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pearson%20correlation%20coefficient" title=" pearson correlation coefficient"> pearson correlation coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cluster%20analysis" title=" cluster analysis"> cluster analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sources%20evaluation" title=" sources evaluation"> sources evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36112/comparative-correlation-investigation-of-polynuclear-aromatic-hydrocarbons-pahs-in-soils-of-different-land-uses-sources-evaluation-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36112.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">56</span> Nanomaterial Based Electrochemical Sensors for Endocrine Disrupting Compounds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaurav%20Bhanjana">Gaurav Bhanjana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ganga%20Ram%20Chaudhary"> Ganga Ram Chaudhary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandeep%20Kumar"> Sandeep Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neeraj%20Dilbaghi"> Neeraj Dilbaghi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Main sources of endocrine disrupting compounds in the ecosystem are hormones, pesticides, phthalates, flame retardants, dioxins, personal-care products, coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), bisphenol A, and parabens. These endocrine disrupting compounds are responsible for learning disabilities, brain development problems, deformations of the body, cancer, reproductive abnormalities in females and decreased sperm count in human males. Although discharge of these chemical compounds into the environment cannot be stopped, yet their amount can be retarded through proper evaluation and detection techniques. The available techniques for determination of these endocrine disrupting compounds mainly include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectroscopy (MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). These techniques are accurate and reliable but have certain limitations like need of skilled personnel, time consuming, interference and requirement of pretreatment steps. Moreover, these techniques are laboratory bound and sample is required in large amount for analysis. In view of above facts, new methods for detection of endocrine disrupting compounds should be devised that promise high specificity, ultra sensitivity, cost effective, efficient and easy-to-operate procedure. Nowadays, electrochemical sensors/biosensors modified with nanomaterials are gaining high attention among researchers. Bioelement present in this system makes the developed sensors selective towards analyte of interest. Nanomaterials provide large surface area, high electron communication feature, enhanced catalytic activity and possibilities of chemical modifications. In most of the cases, nanomaterials also serve as an electron mediator or electrocatalyst for some analytes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical" title="electrochemical">electrochemical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endocrine%20disruptors" title=" endocrine disruptors"> endocrine disruptors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microscopy" title=" microscopy"> microscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensors" title=" sensors"> sensors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76775/nanomaterial-based-electrochemical-sensors-for-endocrine-disrupting-compounds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76775.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> Cadmium and Lead Extraction from Environmental Samples with Complexes Matrix by Nanomagnetite Solid-Phase and Determine Their Trace Amounts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Tavallali">Hossein Tavallali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Ali%20Karimi"> Mohammad Ali Karimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gohar%20Deilamy-Rad"> Gohar Deilamy-Rad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, a new type of alumina-coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4/Al2O3 NPs) with sodium dodecyl sulfate- 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (SDS-PAN) as a new sorbent solid phase extraction (SPE) has been successfully synthesized and applied for preconcentration and separation of Cd and Pb in environmental samples. Compared with conventional SPE methods, the advantages of this new magnetic Mixed Hemimicelles Solid-Phase Extraction Procedure (MMHSPE) still include easy preparation and regeneration of sorbents, short times of sample pretreatment, high extraction yields, and high breakthrough volumes. It shows great analytical potential in preconcentration of Cd and Pb compounds from large volume water samples. Due to the high surface area of these new sorbents and the excellent adsorption capacity after surface modification by SDS-PAN, satisfactory concentration factor and extraction recoveries can be produced with only 0.05 g Fe3O4/Al2O3 NPs. The metals were eluted with 3mL HNO3 2 mol L-1 directly and detected with the detection system Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Various influencing parameters on the separation and preconcentration of trace metals, such as the amount of PAN, pH value, sample volume, standing time, desorption solvent and maximal extraction volume, amount of sorbent and concentration of eluent, were studied. The detection limits of this method for Cd and Pb were 0.3 and 0.7 ng mL−1 and the R.S.D.s were 3.4 and 2.8% (C = 28.00 ng mL-1, n = 6), respectively. The preconcentration factor of the modified nanoparticles was 166.6. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of these metal ions at trace levels in soil, river, tap, mineral, spring and wastewater samples with satisfactory results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alumina-coated%20magnetite%20nanoparticles" title="Alumina-coated magnetite nanoparticles">Alumina-coated magnetite nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magnetic%20Mixed%20Hemimicell%20Solid-Phase%20Extraction" title=" Magnetic Mixed Hemimicell Solid-Phase Extraction"> Magnetic Mixed Hemimicell Solid-Phase Extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cd%20and%20Pb" title=" Cd and Pb"> Cd and Pb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20sample" title=" soil sample"> soil sample</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46398/cadmium-and-lead-extraction-from-environmental-samples-with-complexes-matrix-by-nanomagnetite-solid-phase-and-determine-their-trace-amounts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46398.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">54</span> Consumer Health Risk Assessment from Some Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) from Lake Koka, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathewos%20Temesgen">Mathewos Temesgen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lemi%20Geleta"> Lemi Geleta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lake Koka is one of the Ethiopian Central Rift Valleys lakes, where the absorbance of domestic, agricultural, and industrial waste from the nearby industrial and agro-industrial activities is very common. The aim of this research was to assess the heavy metal bioaccumulation in edible parts of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Lake Koka and the health risks associated with the dietary intake of the fish. Three sampling sites were selected randomly for primary data collection. Physicochemical parameters (pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen and Electrical Conductivity) were measured in-situ. Four heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn) in water and bio-accumulation in the edible parts of the fish were analyzed with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean values of TDS, EC, DO and pH of the lake water were 458.1 mg/L, 905.7 µ s/cm, 7.36 mg/L, and 7.9, respectively. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cr, and Cd in the edible part of fish were also 0.18 mg/kg, ND-0.24 mg/kg, and ND-0.03 mg/kg, respectively. Pb was, however, not identified. The amount of Cr in the examined fish muscle was above the level set by FAO, and the accumulation of the metals showed marked differences between sampling sites (p<0.05). The concentrations of Cd, Pb and were below the maximum permissible limit. The results also indicated that Cr has a high transfer factor value and Zn has the lowest. The carcinogenic hazard ratio values were below the threshold value (<1) for the edible parts of fish. The estimated weekly intake of heavy metals from fish muscles ranked as Cr>Zn>Cd, but the values were lower than the Reference Dose limit for metals. The carcinogenic risk values indicated a low health risk due to the intake of individual metals from fish. Furthermore, the hazard index of the edible part of fish was less than unity. Generally, the water quality is not a risk for the survival and reproduction of fish, and the heavy metal contents in the edible parts of fish exhibited low carcinogenic risk through the food chain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-accumulation" title="bio-accumulation">bio-accumulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyprinus%20carpio" title=" cyprinus carpio"> cyprinus carpio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hazard%20index" title=" hazard index"> hazard index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lake%20Koka" title=" Lake Koka"> Lake Koka</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158442/consumer-health-risk-assessment-from-some-heavy-metal-bioaccumulation-in-common-carp-cyprinus-carpio-from-lake-koka-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">53</span> Study of the Anaerobic Degradation Potential of High Strength Molasses Wastewater</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mischopoulou">M. Mischopoulou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Naidis"> P. Naidis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Kalamaras"> S. Kalamaras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Kotsopoulos"> T. Kotsopoulos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Samaras"> P. Samaras</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The treatment of high strength wastewater by an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor has several benefits, such as high organic removal efficiency, short hydraulic retention time along with low operating costs. In addition, high volumes of biogas are released in these reactors, which can be utilized in several industrial facilities for energy production. This study aims at the examination of the application potential of anaerobic treatment of wastewater, with high molasses content derived from yeast manufacturing, by a lab-scale UASB reactor. The molasses wastewater and the sludge used in the experiments were collected from the wastewater treatment plant of a baker’s yeast manufacturing company. The experimental set-up consisted of a 15 L thermostated UASB reactor at 37 ◦C. Before the reactor start-up, the reactor was filled with sludge and molasses wastewater at a ratio 1:1 v/v. Influent was fed to the reactor at a flowrate of 12 L/d, corresponding to a hydraulic residence time of about 30 h. Effluents were collected from the system outlet and were analyzed for the determination of the following parameters: COD, pH, total solids, volatile solids, ammonium, phosphates and total nitrogen according to the standard methods of analysis. In addition, volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition of the effluent was determined by a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID), as an indicator to evaluate the process efficiency. The volume of biogas generated in the reactor was daily measured by the water displacement method, while gas composition was analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). The effluent quality was greatly enhanced due to the use of the UASB reactor and high rate of biogas production was observed. The anaerobic treatment of the molasses wastewater by the UASB reactor improved the biodegradation potential of the influent, resulting at high methane yields and an effluent with better quality than the raw wastewater. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title="anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas%20production" title=" biogas production"> biogas production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molasses%20wastewater" title=" molasses wastewater"> molasses wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UASB%20reactor" title=" UASB reactor"> UASB reactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21656/study-of-the-anaerobic-degradation-potential-of-high-strength-molasses-wastewater" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21656.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability of Some Essential Metal Ions In Different Fish Organs at Lake Chamo, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adane%20Gebresilassie%20Hailemariam">Adane Gebresilassie Hailemariam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belete%20Yilma%20Hirpaye"> Belete Yilma Hirpaye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The enhanced concentrations of heavy metals, especially in sediments, may indicate human-induced perturbations rather than natural enrichment through geological weathering. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable, persist in the environment, and are concentrated up to the food chain, leading to enhanced levels in the liver and muscle tissues of fishes, aquatic bryophytes, and aquatic biota. Marine organisms, in general fish in particular, accumulate metals to concentrations many times higher than present in water or sediment as they can take up metals in their organs and concentrate at different levels. Thus, metals acquired through the food chain due to pollution are potential chemical hazards, threatening consumers. The Nile tilapia (oreochromic niloticus), catfish (clarius garpinus), and water samples were collected from five sampling sites, namely, inlet-1, inlet-2, center, outlet-1 and outlet-2 of Lake Chamo. The concentration of major and trace metals Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cr, Co, Ni, Mn and Cu in the two fish muscles, gill and liver, was determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) and flame photometer (FP). Metal concentrations in the water have also been evaluated within the two consecutive seasons, winter (dry) and spring (wet). The results revealed that the concentration of those metals in Tilapia’s (O. niloticus) muscle, gill, and liver were Na 44.5, 35.1, 28, Mg 2.8, 8.41, 4.61, K 43, 32, 30, Ca 1.5, 6.0, 5.5, Cr 0.91, 1.2, 3.5, Co 3.0, 2.89, 2.62, Ni 0.94, 1.99, 2.2, Mn 1.23, 1.51, 1.6 and Cu 1.1, 1.99, 3.5 mg kg-1 respectively and in catfish’s muscle, gill and liver Na 25, 39, 41.5, Mg 4.8, 2.87, 6, K 29, 38, 40, Ca 2.5, 8.10, 3.0, Cr 0.65, 3.5, 5.0, Co 2.62, 1.86, 1.73, Ni 1.10, 2.3, 3.1, Mn 1.54, 1.57, 1.59 and Cu 1.01, 1.10, 3.70 mg kg-1 respectively. The highest accumulation of Na and K were observed for tilapia muscle and catfish gill, Mg and Ca got higher in tilapia gill and catfish liver, while Co is higher in muscle of the two fish. The Cr, Ni, Mn and Cu levels were higher in the livers of the two fish species. In conculusion, metal toxicity through food chain is the current dangerous issue for human and othe animals. This needs deep focus to promot the health of living animals. The Details of the work are going to be discussed at the conference. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioaccumulation" title="bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catfish" title=" catfish"> catfish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essential%20metals" title=" essential metals"> essential metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nile%20tilapia" title=" nile tilapia"> nile tilapia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168125/chemical-speciation-and-bioavailability-of-some-essential-metal-ions-in-different-fish-organs-at-lake-chamo-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168125.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> An Approach towards Elementary Investigation on HCCI Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jitendra%20Sharma">Jitendra Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Here a Homogeneous Charge is used as in a spark-ignited engine, but the charge is compressed to auto ignition as in a diesel. The main difference compared with the Spark Ignition (SI) engine is the lack of flame propagation and hence the independence from turbulence. Compared with the diesel engine. HCCI has a homogeneous charge and have no problems associated with soot and Nox but HC and CO were higher than in SI mode. It was not possible to achieve high IMEP (Indicated Mean Effective Pressure) values with HCCI. The Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an attractive technology because of its high efficiency and low emissions. However, HCCI lakes a direct combustion trigger making control of combustion timing challenging, especially during transients. To aid in HCCI engine control we present a simple model of the HCCI combustion process valid over a range of intake pressures, intake temperatures, equivalence ratios and engine speeds. HCCI a new combustion technology that may develop as an alternative to diesel engines with high efficiency and low Knox and particulate matter emissions. The homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is a promising new engine technology that combines elements of the diesel and gasoline engine operating cycles. HCCI as a way to increase the efficiency of the gasoline engine. The attractive properties are increased fuel efficiency due to reduced throttling losses, increased expansion ratio and higher thermodynamic efficiency. With the advantages there are some mechanical limitations to the operation of the HCCI engine. The implementation of homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) to gasoline engines is constrained by many factors. The main drawback of HCCI is the absence of direct combustion timing control. Therefore all the right conditions for auto ignition have to be set before combustion starts. This paper describes the past and current research done on HCCI engine. Many research got considerable success in doing detailed modeling of HCCI combustion. This paper aims at studying the fundamentals of HCCI combustion, the strategy to control the limitation of HCCI engine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HCCI" title="HCCI">HCCI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel%20engine" title=" diesel engine"> diesel engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elementary%20investigation" title=" elementary investigation"> elementary investigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21688/an-approach-towards-elementary-investigation-on-hcci-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21688.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> Paper Concrete: A Step towards Sustainability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hemanth%20K.%20Balaga">Hemanth K. Balaga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prakash%20Nanthagopalan"> Prakash Nanthagopalan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Every year a huge amount of paper gets discarded of which only a minute fraction is being recycled and the rest gets dumped as landfills. Paper fibres can be recycled only a limited number of times before they become too short or weak to make high quality recycled paper. This eventually adds to the already big figures of waste paper that is being generated and not recycled. It would be advantageous if this prodigious amount of waste can be utilized as a low-cost sustainable construction material and make it as a value added product. The generic term for the material under investigation is paper-concrete. This is a fibrous mix made of Portland cement, water and pulped paper and/or other aggregates. The advantages of this material include light weight, good heat and sound insulation capability and resistance to flame. The disadvantages include low strength compared to conventional concrete and its hydrophilic nature. The properties vary with the variation of cement and paper content in the mix. In the present study, Portland Pozzolona Cement and news print paper were used for the preparation of paper concrete cubes. Initially, investigations were performed to determine the minimum soaking period required for the softening of the paper fibres. Further different methodologies were explored for proper blending of the pulp with cement paste. The properties of paper concrete vary with the variation of cement to paper to water ratio. The study mainly addresses the parameters of strength and weight loss of the concrete cubes with age and the time that is required for the dry paper fibres to become soft enough in water to bond with the cement. The variation of compressive strength with cement content, water content, and time was studied. The water loss of the cubes with time and the minimum time required for the softening of paper fibres were investigated .Results indicate that the material loses 25-50 percent of the initial weight at the end of 28 days, and a maximum 28 day compressive strength (cubes) of 5.4 Mpa was obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soaking%20time" title="soaking time">soaking time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=difference%20water" title=" difference water"> difference water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20water%20content" title=" minimum water content"> minimum water content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20water%20content" title=" maximum water content"> maximum water content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8202/paper-concrete-a-step-towards-sustainability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8202.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> From Binary Solutions to Real Bio-Oils: A Multi-Step Extraction Story of Phenolic Compounds with Ionic Liquid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Cesari">L. Cesari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Canabady-Rochelle"> L. Canabady-Rochelle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Mutelet"> F. Mutelet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The thermal conversion of lignin produces bio-oils that contain many compounds with high added-value such as phenolic compounds. In order to efficiently extract these compounds, the possible use of choline bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Choline][NTf2] ionic liquid was explored. To this end, a multistep approach was implemented. First, binary (phenolic compound and solvent) and ternary (phenolic compound and solvent and ionic liquid) solutions were investigated. Eight binary systems of phenolic compound and water were investigated at atmospheric pressure. These systems were quantified using the turbidity method and UV-spectroscopy. Ternary systems (phenolic compound and water and [Choline][NTf2]) were investigated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. After stirring, the solutions were let to settle down, and a sample of each phase was collected. The analysis of the phases was performed using gas chromatography with an internal standard. These results were used to quantify the values of the interaction parameters of thermodynamic models. Then, extractions were performed on synthetic solutions to determine the influence of several operating conditions (temperature, kinetics, amount of [Choline][NTf2]). With this knowledge, it has been possible to design and simulate an extraction process composed of one extraction column and one flash. Finally, the extraction efficiency of [Choline][NTf2] was quantified with real bio-oils from lignin pyrolysis. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed using gas chromatographic connected to mass spectroscopy and flame ionization detector. The experimental measurements show that the extraction of phenolic compounds is efficient at room temperature, quick and does not require a high amount of [Choline][NTf2]. Moreover, the simulations of the extraction process demonstrate that [Choline][NTf2] process requires less energy than an organic one. Finally, the efficiency of [Choline][NTf2] was confirmed in real situations with the experiments on lignin pyrolysis bio-oils. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-oils" title="bio-oils">bio-oils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction" title=" extraction"> extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignin" title=" lignin"> lignin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenolic%20compounds" title=" phenolic compounds"> phenolic compounds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106225/from-binary-solutions-to-real-bio-oils-a-multi-step-extraction-story-of-phenolic-compounds-with-ionic-liquid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106225.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">110</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Sensory Evaluation and Microbiological Properties of Gouda Cheese Affected by Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Essential Oil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Noori">N. Noori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Taherkhani"> P. Taherkhani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Akhondzadeh%20Basti"> A. Akhondzadeh Basti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Gandomi"> H. Gandomi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Alimohammadi"> M. Alimohammadi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Research on natural antimicrobial agents, especially of plant origin, highly noticed in recent years and evaluation of antimicrobial effects of native plants such as Bunium persicum Boiss. is especially important. In the present study, sensory characteristics and microbiological properties of Gouda cheese affected by different concentrations of Bunium persicum Boiss. essential oil were investigated. Extraction of the essential oil was performed by hydro distillation. The oil was analyzed by GC using flame ionization (FID) and GC/ MS for detection. The antimicrobial effects were determined against various microbial groups (aerobic mesophilic bacteria, enterococci, mesophilic lactobacilli, enterobacteriaceae, lactococcus and yeasts). Microbial groups were counted during ripening period using plate count on specific culture media. Organoleptic evaluation including teture, flavor, odor, color and total acceptability were determined at the end of aging. According to results, the essential oil yield was 4/1 % ( W/ W). Twenty- six compounds were identified in the oil that concluded 99.7 % of the total oil. The major components of Bunium persicum Boiss. essential oil were γ- terpinene- 7- al (26.9 %) and cuminaldehyde (23.3 %). Generally, the increase of Black Cumin essential oil concentration led to reduction in microbial counts in different groups. The maximum antimicrobial effect was seen in yeast that reduced by 2 log compared to the control group at EO concentration of 4µl/ ml at day 90.The minimum reduction was observed in enterobacteriaceae that showed only 0.75 log decreese compared to the control at the same concentration of EO. Addition of EO improved organoleptic properties of Gouda cheese especially in the case of flavor and odor characteristic. However, no significant differences were observed in texture and color between treatment and control groups. Bunium persicum Boiss. essential oil could be used as preservative material and flavoring agent in some kinds of food such as cheese and also could be provided consumers health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bunium%20persicum%20Boiss.%20essential%20oil" title="Bunium persicum Boiss. essential oil">Bunium persicum Boiss. essential oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Microbiological%20properties" title=" Microbiological properties"> Microbiological properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensory%20evaluation" title=" sensory evaluation"> sensory evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gouda%20cheese" title=" gouda cheese"> gouda cheese</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23069/sensory-evaluation-and-microbiological-properties-of-gouda-cheese-affected-by-bunium-persicum-boiss-essential-oil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23069.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame&page=6" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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