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The well-regarded folk high schools are a distinctive Danish contribution to education. They are designed primarily for people over the age of 18 and offer many opportunities for further education through lectures and seminar discussions. No exams or degrees are given. Many of the schools are private, but the state contributes to their support regardless of their religious, political, or ethnic orientations.</font> </p> <div style="clear:left"></div> <div style="clear:left"></div><a name="s15"> </a><table class="sectiontitle" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr valign="baseline"> <td class="sec4">E</td> <td class="sec3">2</td> <td width="15"></td> <td> <h4 class="sec3">Universities and Colleges</h4> </td> </tr> </table><a name="p18"> </a><p> <font size="2" class="pkey">Among the universities in Denmark are Ålborg University (1974), Århus University (1928), the <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577383/University_of_Copenhagen.html">University of Copenhagen</a>, the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (1856), and the Technical University of Denmark (1829), all in Copenhagen; Odense University (1964); and Roskilde University (1972). Other institutions include the Århus School of Architecture (1965), the Copenhagen Business School (1917), and the Royal Danish Conservatory of Music (1867) and Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (1754).</font> </p> <div style="clear:left"></div> <div style="clear:left"></div><a name="s46"> </a><table class="sectiontitle" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr valign="baseline"> <td class="sec2">F</td> <td width="15"></td> <td> <h3 class="sec2">Libraries and Museums</h3> </td> </tr> </table><a name="p80"> </a><p> <font size="2" class="pkey">All major cities and most towns have public libraries, with some 50 million volumes on the shelves. The Royal Library in Copenhagen, founded in 1673, serves as the national library of Denmark. It contains collections of music, manuscripts, maps, and pictures. Among the collections are 5,000 <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558714/Incunabula.html"><i>incunabula</i></a>, books printed before the year 1501.</font> </p> <div style="clear:left"></div><a name="p81"> </a><p> <font size="2" class="pkey">Denmark is home to more than two dozen major museums, many within or near Copenhagen. Among the most important is the Museum of National History at Frederiksborg Castle, in Hillerød. Built in the early 17th century on an artificial island north of Copenhagen, it boasts finely manicured gardens and contains some 10,000 exhibits. The Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen, also a 17th-century building, holds a collection of weapons, apparel, and furniture, as well as the crown jewels. The Thorvaldsens Museum in Copenhagen contains the works of famous 19th-century Danish sculptor <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574453/Bertel_Thorvaldsen.html">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>.</font> </p> <div style="clear:left"></div> <hr style="color:#CCCCCC;clear:right;height:2px"> <div style="width:400px"><div class="pamod"><div class="pamodtitle">More from Encarta</div><div class="patitle"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.degreesandtraining.com/index.jsp">College degrees and career training</a></div><div class="pabody"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.degreesandtraining.com/index.jsp">Explore online and on-campus programs.</a></div><div class="palink"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.degreesandtraining.com/index.jsp">Learn how to get that degree!</a></div><div class="patitle"><a href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/departments/education_1/Default.aspx">Recharge your brain</a></div><div class="pabody"><a href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/departments/education_1/Default.aspx">We serve up a heady brew of Encarta's best.</a></div><div class="palink"><a href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/departments/education_1/Default.aspx">Check out Coffee Break.</a></div><div class="patitle"><a href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/Features/Lists/?article=20ThingsSleep">Are you a somniphobe?</a></div><div class="pabody"><a href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/Features/Lists/?article=20ThingsSleep">Fear of sleep keeps some people awake.</a></div><div class="palink"><a href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/Features/Lists/?article=20ThingsSleep">Check out our list of 20 things you didn't know about sleep.</a></div></div></div> <hr style="color:#CCCCCC;height:2px"><a name="p82"> </a><p> <font size="2" class="pkey">The National Museum in Copenhagen displays Denmark’s archaeological treasures, including the famous <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_762505812/Gundestrup_Cauldron.html">Gundestrup Cauldron</a>, in an excellent collection of prehistoric and <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561500/Vikings.html">Viking</a>-age artifacts (<i>see </i><a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564534/Viking_Art.html">Viking Art</a>); important satellite museums include the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde and the open-air museum in Århus, in which visitors can tour a reconstructed provincial town. The Louisiana Museum north of Copenhagen holds a collection of <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568672/Modern_Art.html">modern art</a>, as does the North Jutland Art Museum in Ålborg. The Silkeborg Museum in central Jutland displays the famous Tollund man, a 2000-year-old natural mummy found in a bog.</font> </p> <div style="clear:left"></div> <div style="clear:left"></div><a name="s16"> </a><table class="sectiontitle" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr valign="baseline"> <td class="sec2">G</td> <td width="15"></td> <td> <h3 class="sec2">Culture</h3> </td> </tr> </table><a name="p19"> </a><p> <font size="2" class="pkey">Denmark has won international renown for its many contributions to modern intellectual and cultural life. Danish culture draws inspiration largely from modern European influences and local folk tradition. The influence of Denmark’s folk heritage can be seen in its fine handicrafts, including beautifully designed ceramics and porcelain, silverware, and home furnishings. Copenhagen has a permanent exhibition of arts and crafts where artisans from all over the country may display and sell their work. The European—and increasingly global—influences in Danish culture can be seen in modern trends in music, architecture, cinema, sculpture, and literature.</font> </p> <div style="clear:left"></div><a name="p20"> </a><p> <font size="2" class="pkey">In many fields of research the Danes have a long tradition of scholarship and discovery. The observations and careful measurements of <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558742/Tycho_Brahe.html">Tycho Brahe</a> helped open the way for the development of modern <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741502444/Astronomy.html">astronomy</a>. Danes such as Rasmus Rask and Vilhelm Thomsen made important advances in <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555557/Linguistics.html">linguistics</a> and <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569001/Philology.html">philology</a>. The brilliant <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579172/Bohr_Aage_Niels.html">Niels Bohr</a> made major discoveries in the field of nuclear <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553206/Physics.html">physics</a>, and <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582671/Finsen_Niels_Ryberg.html">Niels Finsen</a> studied the medical and therapeutic uses of light; both men received <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567175/Nobel_Prizes.html">Nobel prizes</a> for their pioneering work.</font> </p> <div style="clear:left"></div> <div style="clear:left"></div><a name="s48"> </a><table class="sectiontitle" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr valign="baseline"> <td class="sec4">G</td> <td class="sec3">1</td> <td width="15"></td> <td> <h4 class="sec3">The Visual Arts</h4> </td> </tr> </table><a name="p21"> </a><p> <font size="2" class="pkey">Numerous Danish architects and designers have achieved worldwide fame. Modern Danish architecture is exemplified by the works of Kay Fisker, Hack Kampmann, Aage Rafn, Arne Jacobsen, and Povl Baumann with their designs for Århus University, the Copenhagen Police Building, many modern apartment houses, and the headquarters of the Danish Broadcasting Company. The Danish architect <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580892/Jorn_Utzon.html">Jørn Utzon</a>, best known for designing the magnificent <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580889/Sydney_Opera_House.html">Sydney Opera House</a> in Australia, produced numerous influential public works in the modern style. Many Danish designers have worked for specialized industries, especially in ceramics, silver work, and furniture, bringing artistic beauty and functionality to many commercial products.</font> </p> <div style="clear:left"></div><a name="p22"> </a><p> <font size="2" class="pkey">In recent decades, Danish cinema has won growing international acclaim. Perhaps the most famous Danish film director is <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761587913/Carl_Dreyer.html">Carl Dreyer</a>, who directed such influential masterpieces as <i>La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc</i> (<i>The Passion of Joan of Arc</i>, 1928). Other well-known Danish film directors include Gabriel Axel, whose film <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761596927/Babette%E2%80%99s_Feast.html"><i>Babette’s Feast</i></a> (1987) won an <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574971/Academy_Awards.html">Academy Award</a> for Best Foreign Film; Bille August, whose <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761598012/Pelle_the_Conqueror.html"><i>Pelle the Conqueror</i></a> (1988) also won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Film; and Lars von Trier, whose <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761597045/Breaking_the_Waves.html"><i>Breaking the Waves</i></a> won the Grand Jury Prize at the <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582021/Cannes_Film_Festival.html">Cannes Film Festival</a> in 1996. In 2000, von Trier’s film <a class="qv" href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701504906/Dancer_in_the_Dark.html"><i>Dancer in the Dark</i></a> captured the Palme d’Or (Golden Palm) award as the best film at the Cannes Film Festival. A strong willingness to experiment with new techniques has pushed Danish filmmakers to the vanguard of modern cinema.</font> </p> <div style="clear:left"></div> </div> <table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tr> <td align="center"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tr> <td nowrap style="cursor:hand" onclick="window.location='/encyclopedia_761577747_3/Denmark.html';window.event.cancelBubble=true;window.event.returnValue=false;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" class="prevbtn"> <tr> <td class="prevcaret"><b>‹</b></td> <td><a href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577747_3/Denmark.html"><b><span class="prevnexttext">Prev.</span></b></a></td> </tr> </table> </td> <td class="pagelink"><a href="/web/20090412070843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577747/Denmark.html">1</a></td> <td class="pagelinkpipe">|</td> <td class="pagelink"><a 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