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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cherokee Chief</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Yonaguska</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Principal_Chief_of_the_Cherokee_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation">Principal Chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1824–1839</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salonitah" title="Salonitah">Salonitah</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1759<br /><a href="/wiki/Anson_County,_North_Carolina" title="Anson County, North Carolina">Anson County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1839<br /><a href="/wiki/Qualla_Boundary" title="Qualla Boundary">Soco</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yonaguska</b> (c. 1759–1839), who was known as <b>Drowning Bear</b> (the English meaning of his name), was a leader among the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> of the Lower Towns of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal">Indian Removal</a> of the late 1830s, he was the only chief who remained in the hills to rebuild the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a>, joined by others who had escaped or eluded the United States soldiers. Before that time, he had adopted <a href="/wiki/William_Holland_Thomas" title="William Holland Thomas">William Holland Thomas</a> as his son; the fatherless European-American youth was working at the trading post and had learned Cherokee. Yonaguska taught him Cherokee ways and, after Thomas became an attorney, he represented the tribe in negotiations with the federal government. Thomas was never a Chief of any Cherokee band but played important roles. Thomas bought land and established a Cherokee reserve for the tribe's use at what is now the <a href="/wiki/Qualla_Boundary" title="Qualla Boundary">Qualla Boundary</a>, the territory of the federally recognized tribe in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. </p><p>During his life, Yonaguska was a reformer and a prophet; he was a leader who recognized the destructive power of the white man's liquor and the settlers' insatiable greed for Cherokee lands. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yonaguska&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Yonaguska</i> was born about 1759 in the Cherokee Lower Towns of present-day North Carolina and Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Cherokee <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> system of inheritance and descent, he was considered born into his Cherokee mother's clan, where he gained his status. As a boy of 12, Yonaguska had a vision that the European Americans threatened the Cherokee way of life, but people did not pay attention when he spoke of it. At age 17, he witnessed widespread destruction by Gen. <a href="/wiki/Griffith_Rutherford" title="Griffith Rutherford">Griffith Rutherford</a> and his North Carolina <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>, who in 1776 burned 36 Cherokee towns during the <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Light_Horse_expedition" title="Rutherford Light Horse expedition">military action</a>. The Cherokee had been allied with the British, and the colonials were trying to discourage them from acting in the coming revolution. </p><p>Yonaguska was described as a strikingly handsome man, strongly built, and standing 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m). He suffered from becoming addicted to alcohol as a young man. He and his wife adopted as their son <a href="/wiki/William_Holland_Thomas" title="William Holland Thomas">William Holland Thomas</a>, a fatherless European-American youth who worked at the trading post at <a href="/wiki/Qualla_Town,_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualla Town, North Carolina">Qualla Town</a> and learned the Cherokee language. Thomas learned many Cherokee ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awakening">Awakening</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yonaguska&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Awakening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1819 when he was 60 years old, <i>Yonaguska</i> became critically ill. He had a vision, which he told his people after recovering. His message from the spirit world was that, "The Cherokee must never again drink whiskey. Whiskey must be banished."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He had Will Thomas write out a pledge: "The undersigned Cherokees, belonging to the town of Qualla agree to abandon the use of spirituous liquors." Yonaguska signed it, followed by the council (chiefs of the clans) and town residents. From the signing of the pledge until Yonaguska's death in 1839 at the age of 80, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a> refrained from using liquor. On the few occasions when he learned of someone breaking the pledge, Yonaguska had the culprit whipped. </p><p>Throughout the early 19th century, federal agents tried to persuade Yonaguska to remove his people to lands west of the Mississippi River. He firmly resisted their efforts, declaring that the Cherokee were safer among their rocks and mountains, and belonged in their ancestral homeland. Other chiefs made the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1819" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of 1819">Treaty of 1819</a>, by which they sold Cherokee lands along the <a href="/wiki/Tuckasegee_River" title="Tuckasegee River">Tuckasegee River</a>. At the time, Yonaguska was given 640 acres (2.6 km<sup>2</sup>) set aside in a bend of the river between <a href="/wiki/Ela,_North_Carolina" title="Ela, North Carolina">Ela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bryson_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryson City">Bryson City</a>, including the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Kituwa" title="Kituwa">Kituwa</a>, which the Cherokee held sacred. </p><p>As pressure increased by the federal government for removal of Indians from the Southeast, Yonaguska rejected every offer for land exchange and subsidies. Having seen European-American settlers push westward through North Carolina, he did not believe they would ever be satisfied. He did not want to leave his homeland and face more removal pressure later. He thought the United States government promises of protection were "too often broken; they are like the reeds in yonder river—they are all lies."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The missionary Samuel Goodenough worked with <a href="/wiki/Elias_Boudinot_(Cherokee)" title="Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)">Elias Boudinot</a> to translate and print the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_St_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of St Matthew">Gospel of St Matthew</a> in Cherokee. Yonaguska insisted on hearing it read to him before allowing its circulation. He reportedly said about the gospel: </p> <blockquote><p>Well, it seems a good book - strange that the white people are no better, after having had it so long.<sup id="cite_ref-LC36019280_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LC36019280-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Yonaguska approved the distribution of the scriptures to his people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yonaguska&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treaties of 1817 and 1819 with the federal government reduced the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee Nation (19th century)">Cherokee Nation</a> in North Carolina, as they gave up land to European-American settlers. In 1824 Yonaguska gathered the remaining Cherokee outside the new boundaries. </p><p>They settled together at Soco Creek on lands purchased for them by his adopted son, Will Thomas, as the Cherokee were not allowed to buy land outside their nation. Although adopted as Yonaguska's son, Thomas was still considered "white" under the law and could legally buy land; he could also allow the Cherokee to live on "his" property. Purchased for the use of the Cherokee, his land was the basis of <a href="/wiki/Qualla_Boundary" title="Qualla Boundary">Qualla Boundary</a>. It is now the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a>, a federally recognized tribe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yonaguska&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly before his death in April 1839, Yonaguska was carried into the town house at Soco, where he gave a last talk to his people. The old man commended Thomas to them as their chief and warned them against ever leaving their own country. Wrapping his blanket around him, he quietly lay back and died. </p><p>Yonaguska was buried beside Soco Creek, about a mile below the old Macedonia mission, with a mound of stones to mark the spot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yonaguska&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpiresRobertsRezekMurison2022" class="citation book cs1">Spires, Derrick R.; Roberts, Christina; Rezek, Joseph; Murison, Justine S.; Mielke, Laura L.; Looby, Christopher; Lazo, Rodrigo; Knight, Alisha; Hsu, Hsuan L. (2022-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVxqEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Broadview Anthology of American Literature Volume B: 1820 to Reconstruction</i></a>. Broadview Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-826-7"><bdi>978-1-77048-826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Broadview+Anthology+of+American+Literature+Volume+B%3A+1820+to+Reconstruction&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft.isbn=978-1-77048-826-7&rft.aulast=Spires&rft.aufirst=Derrick+R.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Christina&rft.au=Rezek%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Murison%2C+Justine+S.&rft.au=Mielke%2C+Laura+L.&rft.au=Looby%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Lazo%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Knight%2C+Alisha&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Hsuan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVxqEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYonaguska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicky2001" class="citation book cs1">Ricky, Donald (2001-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQyea3dSkicC"><i>Encyclopedia of Georgia Indians: Indians of Georgia and the Southeast</i></a>. Somerset Publishers, Inc. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-403-09745-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-403-09745-6"><bdi>978-0-403-09745-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Georgia+Indians%3A+Indians+of+Georgia+and+the+Southeast&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Somerset+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-403-09745-6&rft.aulast=Ricky&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQyea3dSkicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYonaguska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard1987" class="citation book cs1">Heard, Joseph Norman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1xXAAAAYAAJ"><i>Handbook of the American Frontier: The northeastern woodlands</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1931-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1931-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-1931-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+American+Frontier%3A+The+northeastern+woodlands&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-1931-3&rft.aulast=Heard&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1xXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYonaguska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LC36019280-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LC36019280_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKephart,_Horace1936" class="citation book cs1">Kephart, Horace (1936). <i>The Cherokees of the Smoky Mountains;</i>. Ithaca, N.Y.: The Atkinson Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/36019280">36019280</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)">LCC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=CALL%2B&searchArg=E99.C5+K4&searchType=1&recCount=25">E99.C5 K4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cherokees+of+the+Smoky+Mountains%3B&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=The+Atkinson+Press&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F36019280&rft.au=Kephart%2C+Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYonaguska" class="Z3988"></span> p31</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yonaguska&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blankenship, Bob. <i>Cherokee Roots, Volume 1: Eastern Cherokee Rolls</i>. (Cherokee: Bob Blankenship, 1992).</li> <li>Brown, John P. <i>Old Frontiers: The Story of the Cherokee Indians from Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the West, 1838</i>. (Kingsport: Southern Publishers, 1938).</li> <li>Ehle, John. <i>The Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation</i>. (New York: Doubleday, 1989).</li> <li>Finger, John R. <i>The Eastern Band of Cherokees 1819-1900</i>. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984).</li> <li>Lumpkin, Wilson. <i>The Removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia</i>. (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1907).</li> <li>Mooney, James. <i>Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee</i>. (Nashville: Charles and Randy Elder-Booksellers, 1982).</li> <li>Smithsonian Institution, <i>Mooney's American Bureau of Ethnology Records</i>, Photograph of Katalsta & Ewi Katalsta, daughter & granddaughter of Yonaguska/Yanaguski.</li> <li>Hicks, James R. "Cherokee Lineages," Register Report of Drowning Bear</li> <li>Virginia Moore Carney, <i>Eastern Band Cherokee Women - Cultural Persistence in Their Letters and Speeches,</i> Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2005</li> <li>Donal F. Lindsey, <i>Indians At Hampton Institute 1877-1923,</i> Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" title="Template:Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" title="Template talk:Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" title="List of Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee">Principal Chiefs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early decentralized leaders<br />(pre-1794)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outacite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outacite (page does not exist)">Outacite</a> (d. 1729)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charitey_Hagey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charitey Hagey (page does not exist)">Charitey Hagey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tugaloo" title="Tugaloo">Tugaloo</a> (1716–1721)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Warrior_of_Tanasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long Warrior of Tanasi (page does not exist)">Long Warrior</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tanasi" title="Tanasi">Tanasi</a> (1729–1730)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wrosetasetow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wrosetasetow (page does not exist)">Wrosetasetow</a>, "emperor" of the Cherokees until 1730</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moytoy_of_Tellico" title="Moytoy of Tellico">Moytoy of Tellico</a> (also known as Ama-edohi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attakullakulla" title="Attakullakulla">Attakullakulla</a> (1708/1711–1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amouskositte" title="Amouskositte">Amouskositte</a> (1741–1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Hop">Old Hop</a> (1753–1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moytoy_of_Citico" title="Moytoy of Citico">Moytoy of Citico</a> (1759–1761)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uka_Ulah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uka Ulah (page does not exist)">Uka Ulah</a> (d. 1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conocotocko_II" title="Conocotocko II">Standing Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otacity_Ostenaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Otacity Ostenaco">Otacity Ostenaco</a> (ca. 1703–ca. 1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconostota" title="Oconostota">Oconostota</a> (also known as Ogan'sto', "Groundhog Sausage") (1778–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanukah" title="Savanukah">Savanukah</a> of Chota (1781–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tassel" title="Old Tassel">Old Tassel</a> (or "Corntassel", "Tassel", Kaiyatahee) (1783–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_of_Chota" title="Raven of Chota">Raven of Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turkey" title="Little Turkey">Little Turkey</a> <ul><li>opposed by <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Maw" title="Hanging Maw">Hanging Maw</a> (or Scolaguta) (served 1788–1794)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chickamauga/Lower Cherokee<br />(1777–1809)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragging_Canoe" title="Dragging Canoe">Dragging Canoe</a> (1777–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Watts (Cherokee chief)">John Watts</a> (1792–1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublehead" title="Doublehead">Doublehead</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Old_Tassel" title="Old Tassel">Old Tassel</a> served from 1802–1807</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_(Cherokee_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glass (Cherokee chief)">The Glass</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ta%27gwadihi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'gwadihi">Ta'gwadihi</a> (1807–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cherokee Nation East<br />(1794–1839)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turkey" title="Little Turkey">Little Turkey</a> (1794–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Fox_(chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Fox (chief)">Black Fox</a> (1801–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathkiller" title="Pathkiller">Pathkiller</a> (1811–1827) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Tiger" title="Big Tiger">Big Tiger</a> (1824–1828); principal chief of <a href="/wiki/Whitepath" title="Whitepath">Whitepath</a>'s faction</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Hicks" title="Charles R. Hicks">Charles R. Hicks</a> (1827), <i>de facto</i> head of government from 1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hicks_(Cherokee_chief)" title="William Hicks (Cherokee chief)">William Hicks</a> (1827–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross</a> (1828–1839) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hicks_(Cherokee_chief)" title="William Hicks (Cherokee chief)">William Hicks</a> (1833–1835)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cherokee Nation West<br />(1810–1839)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bowl_(Cherokee)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bowl (Cherokee)">The Bowl</a> (1810–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degadoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Degadoga">Degadoga</a> (1813–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Tahlonteeskee (Cherokee chief)">Tahlonteeskee</a> (1817–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jolly" title="John Jolly">John Jolly</a> (1819–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Looney_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Looney (Cherokee chief)">John Looney</a> (1838–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Brown (Cherokee chief)">John Brown</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Looney_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Looney (Cherokee chief)">John Looney</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Rogers (Cherokee chief)">John Rogers</a> (1839–1840)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cherokee Nation in<br />Indian Territory (1839–1907)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross</a> (1839–1862) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pegg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Pegg (page does not exist)">Thomas Pegg</a>, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_Christie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith Christie (page does not exist)">Smith Christie</a>, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Downing" title="Lewis Downing">Lewis Downing</a>, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1864–1866)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Stand Watie</a>, (1862–1866)</li> <li>John Ross (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Ross" title="William P. Ross">William P. Ross</a> (1866–1867)</li> <li>Lewis Downing (1867–1872)</li> <li>William P. Ross (1872–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thompson_(Cherokee_Chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thompson (Cherokee Chief)">Charles Thompson</a> (1875–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Bushyhead" title="Dennis Bushyhead">Dennis Bushyhead</a> (1879–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_B._Mayes" title="Joel B. Mayes">Joel B. Mayes</a> (1887–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Harris" title="Johnson Harris">C. J. Harris</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Houston_Mayes" title="Samuel Houston Mayes">Samuel Houston Mayes</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buffington" title="Thomas Buffington">Thomas Buffington</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Rogers" title="William Charles Rogers">William Rogers</a> (1903–1905); deposed by the council</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Boudinot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank J. Boudinot (page does not exist)">Frank J. Boudinot</a> (1905–1906); also president of the <a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Nighthawk Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Rogers" title="William Charles Rogers">William Charles Rogers</a> (1906)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Keetoowah Band of<br />Cherokee Indians (1939–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hitcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hitcher (page does not exist)">John Hitcher</a> (1939–1946)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Pickup_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Pickup (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Jim Pickup</a> (1946–1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Tindle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Tindle (page does not exist)">Jeff Tindle</a> (1954–1960)</li> <li>Jim Pickup (1960–1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Glory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Glory (page does not exist)">William Glory</a> (1967–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Gordon" title="James L. Gordon">James L. Gordon</a> (1979–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hair" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hair">John Hair</a> (1983–1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(UKB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ross (UKB) (page does not exist)">John Ross</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Henson_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Henson (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Jim Henson</a> (1996–2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Proctor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dallas Proctor (page does not exist)">Dallas Proctor</a> (2000–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wickliffe" title="George Wickliffe">George Wickliffe</a> (2005–2016)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Bunch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Bunch (page does not exist)">Joe Bunch</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cherokee Nation of<br />Oklahoma/Cherokee Nation<br />(1907–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appointed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Rogers" title="William Charles Rogers">William C. Rogers</a> (1907-1917)</li> <li>Charles J. Hunt (December 27, 1928)</li> <li>Oliver P. Brewer (May 26, 1931)</li> <li>William W. Hastings (January 22, 1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.B._Milam" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Milam">J.B. Milam</a> (1941–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._W._Keeler" title="W. W. Keeler">W. W. Keeler</a> (1949–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._W._Keeler" title="W. W. Keeler">W. W. Keeler</a> (1971–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Swimmer" title="Ross Swimmer">Ross Swimmer</a> (1975–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a> (1985–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Byrd_(Cherokee_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Byrd (Cherokee chief)">Joe Byrd</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_%22Corntassel%22_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad "Corntassel" Smith">Chad "Corntassel" Smith</a> (1999–2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Joe_Crittenden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Joe Crittenden (page does not exist)">S. Joe Crittenden</a> (acting, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_John_Baker" title="Bill John Baker">Bill John Baker</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hoskin_Jr." title="Chuck Hoskin Jr.">Chuck Hoskin Jr.</a> (2019–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians<br />(1824–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yonaguska</a> (1824–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonitah" title="Salonitah">Salonitah</a>, or Flying Squirrel (1870–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_R._Welch_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Lloyd R. Welch (Cherokee chief)">Lloyd R. Welch</a> (1875–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Jarrett_Smith" title="Nimrod Jarrett Smith">Nimrod Jarrett Smith</a> (1880–1891)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillwell_Saunooke_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stillwell Saunooke (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Stillwell Saunooke</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andy_Standing_Deer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andy Standing Deer (page does not exist)">Andy Standing Deer</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Reed_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesse Reed (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Jesse Reed</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_Saloloneeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bird Saloloneeta (page does not exist)">Bird Saloloneeta</a>, or Young Squirrel (1903–1907)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Goins_Welch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Goins Welch (page does not exist)">John Goins Welch</a> (1907–1911)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_A._Saunooke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph A. Saunooke (page does not exist)">Joseph A. Saunooke</a> (1911–1915)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blythe_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Blythe (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">David Blythe</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li>Joseph A. Saunooke (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampson_Owl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sampson Owl (page does not exist)">Sampson Owl</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Tahquette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. Tahquette (page does not exist)">John A. Tahquette</a> (1927–1931)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarret_Blythe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarret Blythe (page does not exist)">Jarret Blythe</a> (1931–1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bradley_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Bradley (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Henry Bradley</a> (1947–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osley_Bird_Saunooke" title="Osley Bird Saunooke">Osley Bird Saunooke</a> (1951–1955)</li> <li>Jarret Blythe (1955–1959)</li> <li>Olsey Bird Saunooke (1959–1963)</li> <li>Jarret Blythe (1963–1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Jackson_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Jackson (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Walter Jackson</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noah Powell (page does not exist)">Noah Powell</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Crowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. Crowe (page does not exist)">John A. Crowe</a> (1973–1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._Youngdeer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert S. Youngdeer (page does not exist)">Robert S. Youngdeer</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_L._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan L. Taylor (page does not exist)">Jonathan L. Taylor</a> (1987–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Parker" title="Gerard Parker">Gerard Parker</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Dugan" title="Joyce Dugan">Joyce Dugan</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Jones_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Jones (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Leon Jones</a> (1999–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michell_Hicks" title="Michell Hicks">Michell Hicks</a> (2003–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lambert_(Cherokee_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Lambert (Cherokee chief)">Patrick Lambert</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sneed" title="Richard Sneed">Richard Sneed</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li>Michell Hicks (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cherokee" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cherokee" title="Template:Cherokee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cherokee" title="Template talk:Cherokee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cherokee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cherokee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cherokee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_society" title="Cherokee society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Holiday" title="Cherokee National Holiday">National holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_calendar" title="Cherokee calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_clans" title="Cherokee clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" title="List of Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee">Chiefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadugi">Gadugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghigau" title="Ghigau">Ghigau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cherokee_language" title="History of the Cherokee language">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_(Unicode_block)" title="Cherokee (Unicode block)">Cherokee (Unicode block)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Supplement" title="Cherokee Supplement">Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Immersion_School" title="Cherokee Immersion School">Cherokee Immersion School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kituwah_Academy" title="New Kituwah Academy">New Kituwah Academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_marbles" title="Cherokee marbles">Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Spiritual beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon-eyed_people" title="Moon-eyed people">Moon-eyed people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_ethnobotany" title="Cherokee ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuchi" title="Kanuchi">Kanuchi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booger_dance" title="Booger dance">Booger dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Nation" title="Flag of the Cherokee Nation">Flag of the Cherokee Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ani_Hyuntikwalaski" title="Ani Hyuntikwalaski">Ani Hyuntikwalaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Woman" title="Deer Woman">Deer Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon-eyed_people" title="Moon-eyed people">Moon-eyed people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun%27Yunu%27Wi" title="Nun'Yunu'Wi">Nun'Yunu'Wi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BB%C3%B1n%C3%AB%27h%C3%AF" title="Nûñnë'hï">Nûñnë'hï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Mocker" title="Raven Mocker">Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">U'tlun'ta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsul_%27Kalu" title="Tsul 'Kalu">Tsul 'Kalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cherokee_history" title="Timeline of Cherokee history">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_military_history" title="Cherokee military history">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_treaties" title="Cherokee treaties">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kituwa" title="Kituwa">Kituwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ani-kutani" title="Ani-kutani">Ani-kutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiagusta" title="Skiagusta">skiagusta (rank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsidihi" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsidihi">outacite (rank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_of_Chota" title="Raven of Chota">Raven of Chota</a></li> <li>Wars <ul><li>Tribal Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taliwa" title="Battle of Taliwa">Battle of Taliwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Loudoun" title="Siege of Fort Loudoun">Siege of Fort Loudoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Echoee" title="Battle of Echoee">Battle of Echoee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_War_of_1776" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee War of 1776">Cherokee War of 1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hightower" title="Battle of Hightower">Battle of Hightower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lindley%27s_Fort" title="Battle of Lindley's Fort">Battle of Lindley's Fort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickajack_Expedition" title="Nickajack Expedition">Nickajack Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Cherokee_Mounted_Rifles" title="1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles">1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_treaties" title="Cherokee treaties">Cherokee treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tellico" title="Treaty of Tellico">Treaty of Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkeytown" title="Treaty of Turkeytown">Treaty of Turkeytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dewitt%27s_Corner" title="Treaty of Dewitt's Corner">Treaty of Dewitt's Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hard_Labour" title="Treaty of Hard Labour">Treaty of Hard Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lochaber" title="Treaty of Lochaber">Treaty of Lochaber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hopewell" title="Treaty of Hopewell">Treaty of Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Holston" title="Treaty of Holston">Treaty of Holston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_and_McMinn_Treaty" title="Jackson and McMinn Treaty">Jackson and McMinn Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Colony" title="Transylvania Colony">Transylvania Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Cherokee" title="Chickamauga Cherokee">Chickamauga Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhill_Cherokee" title="Overhill Cherokee">Overhill Cherokee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Phoenix" title="Cherokee Phoenix">Cherokee Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)">Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_removal" title="Cherokee removal">Removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_descent" title="Cherokee descent">Cherokee descent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_Grant_Deeds" title="Jacob Brown Grant Deeds">Jacob Brown Grant Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Cherokees" title="Texas Cherokees">Texas Cherokees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Heritage_Center" title="Cherokee Heritage Center">Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Preservation_Foundation" title="Cherokee Preservation Foundation">Cherokee Preservation Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_Warriors_Society" title="Cherokee Nation Warriors Society">Warriors Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Keetoowah_Society" title="Original Keetoowah Society">Original Keetoowah Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Nighthawk Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Youth_Choir" title="Cherokee National Youth Choir">Youth Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_heritage_groups" title="Cherokee heritage groups">Heritage groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Southwest_Township_(Albuquerque,_New_Mexico)" title="Cherokee Southwest Township (Albuquerque, New Mexico)">Cherokee Southwest Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconaluftee_Indian_Village" title="Oconaluftee Indian Village">Oconaluftee Indian Village</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unto_These_Hills" title="Unto These Hills">Unto These Hills</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Female_Seminary" title="Cherokee Female Seminary">Female Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Male_Seminary" title="Cherokee Male Seminary">Male Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Central_Schools" title="Cherokee Central Schools">Cherokee Central Schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_High_School_(North_Carolina)" title="Cherokee High School (North Carolina)">Cherokee High School</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sequoyah Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_High_School_(Cherokee_County,_Oklahoma)" title="Sequoyah High School (Cherokee County, Oklahoma)">Sequoyah High School</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee">Principal Chiefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Law" title="Blood Law">Blood Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerindian_slave_ownership#Cherokee" title="Amerindian slave ownership">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1842_Slave_Revolt_in_the_Cherokee_Nation" title="1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation">1842 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">freedmen controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_v._Georgia" title="Cherokee Nation v. Georgia">Cherokee Nation v. Georgia</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Worcester_v._Georgia" title="Worcester v. Georgia">Worcester v. Georgia</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cherokee_Tobacco" title="The Cherokee Tobacco">The Cherokee Tobacco</a> case</i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_of_Oklahoma_v._Leavitt" title="Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt">Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Commission" title="Cherokee Commission">Cherokee Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Outlet" title="Cherokee Outlet">Cherokee Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Strip_(Kansas)" title="Cherokee Strip (Kansas)">in Kansas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_Constitutional_Convention" title="Sequoyah Constitutional Convention">Sequoyah Constitutional Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and<br /> villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Cherokee_settlements" title="Historic Cherokee settlements">Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Tennessee)" title="Long Island (Tennessee)">Amoyeligunahita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasstown,_North_Carolina" title="Brasstown, North Carolina">Brasstown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chatuga_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chatuga (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Chatuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilhowee_(Cherokee_town)" title="Chilhowee (Cherokee town)">Chilhowee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chota_(Cherokee_town)" title="Chota (Cherokee town)">Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conasauga,_Georgia" title="Conasauga, Georgia">Conasauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too-Cowee" title="Too-Cowee">Cowee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coyotee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coyotee (page does not exist)">Coyotee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crowtown,_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crowtown, Alabama (page does not exist)">Crowtown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirt_town_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirt town (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Dirt town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducktown,_Tennessee" title="Ducktown, Tennessee">Ducktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome,_Georgia" title="Rome, Georgia">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogtown_Creek" title="Frogtown Creek">Frogtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hiwassee" title="Great Hiwassee">Hiwassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_Island" title="Hiwassee Island">Hiwassee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_town_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Island town (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Island town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isunigu" title="Isunigu">Isunigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joara" title="Joara">Joara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keowee" title="Keowee">Keowee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kituwa" title="Kituwa">Kituwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugartown" title="Sugartown">Kulsetsiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mialoquo_(Cherokee_town)" title="Mialoquo (Cherokee town)">Mialoquo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacoochee_Mound" title="Nacoochee Mound">Nacoochee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantahala,_North_Carolina" title="Nantahala, North Carolina">Nantahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Echota" title="New Echota">New</a><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Georgia" title="New Town, Georgia">Echota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickajack" title="Nickajack">Nickajack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikwasi" title="Nikwasi">Nikwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nununyi" title="Nununyi">Nununyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee,_Tennessee" title="Ocoee, Tennessee">Ocoee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconee_County,_South_Carolina" title="Oconee County, South Carolina">Oconee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oostanaula,_Georgia" title="Oostanaula, Georgia">Oostanaula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Clay,_Georgia" title="Red Clay, Georgia">Red Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citico_(Cherokee_town)" title="Citico (Cherokee town)">Settico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spikebuck_Town_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Spikebuck Town Mound and Village Site">Spike Bucktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallassee_(Cherokee_town)" title="Tallassee (Cherokee town)">Talisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talulah_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talulah (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Talulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanasi" title="Tanasi">Tanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tellico" title="Great Tellico">Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomassee_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomassee (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Tomassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotley" title="Tomotley">Tomotley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqua_(Tennessee)" title="Toqua (Tennessee)">Toqua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxoway_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxoway (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Toxoway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_Historic_District_(Chattanooga,_Tennessee)" title="St. Elmo Historic District (Chattanooga, Tennessee)">Tsatanugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckasegee,_North_Carolina" title="Tuckasegee, North Carolina">Tuckasegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugaloo" title="Tugaloo">Tugaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkeytown_(Cherokee_town)" title="Turkeytown (Cherokee town)">Turkeytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtletown,_Tennessee" title="Turtletown, Tennessee">Turtletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_(Cherokee_town)" title="Tuskegee (Cherokee town)">Tuskegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteside,_Tennessee" title="Whiteside, Tennessee">Running Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willstown_(Cherokee_town)" title="Willstown (Cherokee town)">Titsohili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)">Cherokee Nations</a></li> <li>Western Cherokee Nation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlonteeskee, Oklahoma">Tahlonteeskee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Band <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee,_North_Carolina" title="Cherokee, North Carolina">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualla_Boundary" title="Qualla Boundary">Qualla Boundary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks and<br /> memorial sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Capitol" title="Cherokee National Capitol">Cherokee National Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Removal_Memorial_Park" title="Cherokee Removal Memorial Park">Cherokee Removal Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chieftains_Museum" title="Chieftains Museum">Chieftains Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Cherokee_Female_Seminary_Site" title="First Cherokee Female Seminary Site">First Cherokee Female Seminary Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaculla_Rock" title="Judaculla Rock">Judaculla Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Tennessee)" title="Long Island (Tennessee)">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_House_(Rossville,_Georgia)" title="John Ross House (Rossville, Georgia)">John Ross House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_Landing" title="Ross's Landing">Ross's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah%27s_Cabin" title="Sequoyah's Cabin">Sequoyah's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellico_Blockhouse" title="Tellico Blockhouse">Tellico Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears_State_Park" title="Trail of Tears State Park">Trail of Tears State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainerd_Mission" title="Brainerd Mission">Brainerd Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake_Springs" title="Rattlesnake Springs">Rattlesnake Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Cass" title="Fort Cass">Fort Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Clay_State_Historic_Park" title="Red Clay State Historic Park">Red Clay State Historic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_Conrad_Cabin" title="Hair Conrad Cabin">Hair Conrad Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ward_Tomb" title="Nancy Ward Tomb">Nancy Ward Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blythe_Ferry" title="Blythe Ferry">Blythe Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussell_Island" title="Bussell Island">Bussell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Vann_House_Historic_Site" title="Chief Vann House Historic Site">Chief Vann House Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_Rock_Archeological_District" title="Mantle Rock Archeological District">Mantle Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Cherokee_People" title="Museum of the Cherokee People">Museum of the Cherokee People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Untokiasdiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Stone_State_Park" title="Standing Stone State Park">Standing</a> <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_Tennessee" title="Monterey, Tennessee">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Ground,_Georgia" title="Ball Ground, Georgia">Stick Ball Grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullasaja_River" title="Cullasaja River">Cullasaja River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckasegee_River" title="Tuckasegee River">Tuckasegee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconaluftee_(Great_Smoky_Mountains)" title="Oconaluftee (Great Smoky Mountains)">Oconaluftee valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconaluftee_River" title="Oconaluftee River">Oconaluftee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrams_Creek_(Tennessee)" title="Abrams Creek (Tennessee)">Abrams Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycamore_Shoals" title="Sycamore Shoals">Sycamore Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Path" title="Trading Path">The Great Trading Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_Warpath" title="Great Indian Warpath">The Great War Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_River_Heritage_Center" title="Hiwassee River Heritage Center">Hiwassee River Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatata" title="Chatata">Chatata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsend,_Tennessee" title="Townsend, Tennessee">Tuckaleechee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Smith National Historic Site"> Fort Smith Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal_State_Park" title="Port Royal State Park">Port Royal State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes_Museum" title="Five Civilized Tribes Museum">Five Civilized Tribes Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy,_North_Carolina" title="Murphy, North Carolina">Tlanusiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Path" title="Cherokee Path">Cherokee Path</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moytoy_of_Tellico" title="Moytoy of Tellico">Moytoy of Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attakullakulla" title="Attakullakulla">Attakullakulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amouskositte" title="Amouskositte">Amouskositte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conocotocko_I" title="Conocotocko I">Old Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moytoy_of_Citico" title="Moytoy of Citico">Moytoy of Citico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conocotocko_II" title="Conocotocko II">Standing Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostenaco" title="Ostenaco">Outacite of Keowee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconostota" title="Oconostota">Oconostota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanukah" title="Savanukah">Savanukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tassel" title="Old Tassel">Old Tassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turkey" title="Little Turkey">Little Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragging_Canoe" title="Dragging Canoe">Dragging Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Watts (Cherokee chief)">Kunokeski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublehead" title="Doublehead">Incalatanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagwadihi" title="Tagwadihi">Tagwadihi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation East (1794–1839) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Fox_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Black Fox (Cherokee chief)">Enola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathkiller" title="Pathkiller">Pathkiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Tiger" title="Big Tiger">Big Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Hicks" title="Charles R. Hicks">Charles R. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hicks_(Cherokee_chief)" title="William Hicks (Cherokee chief)">William Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation West (1810–1839) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bowl_(Cherokee_chief)" title="The Bowl (Cherokee chief)">The Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatoka" title="Takatoka">Degadoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Tahlonteeskee (Cherokee chief)">Tahlonteeskee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jolly" title="John Jolly">John Jolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Looney_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Looney (Cherokee chief)">John Looney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Rogers (Cherokee chief)">John Rogers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824–present) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yonaguska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holland_Thomas" title="William Holland Thomas">William Holland Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Jarrett_Smith" title="Nimrod Jarrett Smith">Tsaladihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Parker" title="Gerard Parker">Gerard Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Dugan" title="Joyce Dugan">Joyce Dugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lambert" title="Patrick Lambert">Patrick Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sneed" title="Richard Sneed">Richard Sneed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Downing" title="Lewis Downing">Lewis Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Degataga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Ross" title="William P. Ross">William P. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thompson_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Charles Thompson (Cherokee chief)">Utselata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Bushyhead" title="Dennis Bushyhead">Dennis Bushyhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_B._Mayes" title="Joel B. Mayes">Joel B. Mayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Harris" title="Johnson Harris">Johnson Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Houston_Mayes" title="Samuel Houston Mayes">Samuel Houston Mayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buffington" title="Thomas Buffington">Thomas Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Rogers" title="William Charles Rogers">William Charles Rogers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation (1975–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Milam" title="J. B. Milam">J. B. Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._W._Keeler" title="W. W. Keeler">W. W. Keeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Swimmer" title="Ross Swimmer">Ross Swimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Byrd_(Cherokee_Nation_Principal_Chief)" title="Joe Byrd (Cherokee Nation Principal Chief)">Joe Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Smith_(politician)" title="Chad Smith (politician)">Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_John_Baker" title="Bill John Baker">Bill John Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hoskin_Jr." title="Chuck Hoskin Jr.">Chuck Hoskin Jr.</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Gordon_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James L. Gordon (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">James L. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hair_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hair (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">John W. Hair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other notable Cherokee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ward" title="Nancy Ward">Nancy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsali" title="Tsali">Tsali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee_(Cherokee_warrior)" title="Tahlonteeskee (Cherokee warrior)">Tahlonteeskee (warrior)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle-at-Home" title="Turtle-at-Home">Turtle-at-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junaluska" title="Junaluska">Junaluska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goingsnake" title="Goingsnake">Goingsnake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Boudinot_(Cherokee)" title="Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)">Elias Boudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wauhatchie" title="Wauhatchie">Wauhatchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Vann" title="James Vann">James Vann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vann_(Cherokee_leader)" title="David Vann (Cherokee leader)">David Vann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vann" title="Joseph Vann">Joseph Vann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Benge" title="Bob Benge">Bob Benge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitepath" title="Whitepath">Nunnahitsunega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Christie" title="Ned Christie">Ned Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(judge)" title="John Martin (judge)">John Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markwayne_Mullin" title="Markwayne Mullin">Markwayne Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Herrell" title="Yvette Herrell">Yvette Herrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Ridge" title="Major Ridge">Major Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McIntosh" title="Jenny McIntosh">Jenny McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sixkiller" title="Sam Sixkiller">Sam Sixkiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_V._Rogers" title="Clement V. Rogers">Clement V. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbird_Smith" title="Redbird Smith">Redbird Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbin_Feeling" title="Durbin Feeling">Durbin Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Shade" title="Hastings Shade">Hastings Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Teehee" title="Kimberly Teehee">Kimberly Teehee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawna_Baker" title="Shawna Baker">Shawna Baker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also: <a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="chr:">Cherokee-language Wikipedia</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yonaguska&oldid=1232808642">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yonaguska&oldid=1232808642</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Category:Principal Chiefs of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Principal Chiefs of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_people_from_North_Carolina" title="Category:Native American people from North Carolina">Native American people from North Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1750s_births" title="Category:1750s births">1750s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1839_deaths" title="Category:1839 deaths">1839 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Native_Americans" title="Category:18th-century Native Americans">18th-century Native Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_temperance_activists" title="Category:Native American temperance activists">Native American temperance activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_temperance_activists" title="Category:American temperance activists">American temperance activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cherokee_Nation_people_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Category:Cherokee Nation people (1794–1907)">Cherokee Nation people (1794–1907)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Native_Americans" title="Category:19th-century Native Americans">19th-century Native Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Anson_County,_North_Carolina" title="Category:People from Anson County, North Carolina">People from Anson County, North Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Temperance_activists_from_North_Carolina" title="Category:Temperance activists from North Carolina">Temperance activists from North Carolina</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_December_2011" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2011">Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 July 2024, at 18:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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