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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elias Joseph Bickerman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="الیاس یوزف بیکرمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیاس یوزف بیکرمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lias_Bikerman" title="Élias Bikerman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élias Bikerman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Bickerman" title="Elias Bickerman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elias Bickerman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="אליהו ביקרמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אליהו ביקרמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الياس بيكرمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الياس بيكرمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бикерман, Илья Иосифович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бикерман, Илья Иосифович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Bickerman" title="Elias Bickerman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elias Bickerman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Еліас Бікерман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еліас Бікерман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215962#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Joseph_Bickerman" title="View the content page [c]" 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 07:49, 13 September 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:JJMC89_bot_III" class="mw-userlink" title="User:JJMC89 bot III" data-mw-revid="1245485894"><bdi>JJMC89 bot III</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:JJMC89_bot_III" class="mw-redirect mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:JJMC89 bot III">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/JJMC89_bot_III" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/JJMC89 bot III">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(Moving <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Corresponding_Fellows_of_the_British_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy (page does not exist)">Category:Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy</a> to <a 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Elias J Bickerman</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1897 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kishinev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishinev">Kishinev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 31, 1981 (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Classicist, Ancient Historian, Jewish Historian</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elias Bickerman</b> (July 7, 1897 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> – August 31, 1981), also spelled as Bickermann or Bikerman, was a leading scholar of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Greco-Roman history</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic world">Hellenistic world</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Joseph_Bickerman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bickerman was born in <a href="/wiki/Kishinev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishinev">Kishinev</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, to a secular Jewish family. He left Russia during the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik revolution">Bolshevik revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> for Germany, where he received education from German classicists and Hellenists.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the rise of the Nazi Party to power and his Jewish heritage, he fled to France. He soon had to abandon that country as well after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>. Since 1942, he lived in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His research interests extended to Judaism and some aspects of Iranian history.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of his career, he was Professor of Ancient History at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Joseph_Bickerman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bickerman's scholarship of the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Maccabean revolt">Maccabean revolt</a> was highly influential. Rather than the more traditionalist reading of an evil Seleucid king fighting a unified Jewish opposition, Bickerman emphasized that much of the conflict was in internal Jewish tensions in Judea of the era. He showed that the Hasmonean leadership were not as anti-Hellenist as often portrayed, at least after gaining a measure of autonomy. He also made strong cases for the authenticity of documents found in the book of <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>, showing that they matched other Seleucid documents of the era, had correct titles, and were in general plausible.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partial list of books includes: </p> <ul><li><i>The God of the Maccabees</i> (Berlin, 1937; English translation, 1979)</li> <li><i>Institutions des Séleucides</i> (Paris, 1938)</li> <li><i>From Ezra to the Last of the Maccabees</i> (New York, 1962)</li> <li><i>Studies in Jewish and Christian History</i> (3 volumes, Leiden, 1976–1986)</li> <li><i>Religion and Politics in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods</i> (Como, 1985)</li> <li><i>The Jews in the Greek Age</i> (Cambridge, Mass., 1990)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes_and_references">Footnotes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Joseph_Bickerman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Footnotes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Shaye_J._D." class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114028/http://www.jtsa.edu/Documents/pagedocs/JANES/1984-1985%2016-17/CohenAppreciation16-17.pdf">"Elias J Bickerman: An appreciation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jtsa.edu/Documents/pagedocs/JANES/1984-1985%2016-17/CohenAppreciation16-17.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+J+Bickerman%3A+An+appreciation&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jtsa.edu%2FDocuments%2Fpagedocs%2FJANES%2F1984-1985%252016-17%2FCohenAppreciation16-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElias+Joseph+Bickerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgarten2010" class="citation book cs1">Baumgarten, Albert I. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/527702765"><i>Elias Bickerman as a historian of the Jews : a twentieth century tale</i></a>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150171-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150171-5"><bdi>978-3-16-150171-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/527702765">527702765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elias+Bickerman+as+a+historian+of+the+Jews+%3A+a+twentieth+century+tale&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F527702765&rft.isbn=978-3-16-150171-5&rft.aulast=Baumgarten&rft.aufirst=Albert+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F527702765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElias+Joseph+Bickerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Morton1983" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Morton (1983). "Elias J. Bickerman". <i>Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research</i>. <b>50</b>: xv–xviii. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622685">3622685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Academy+for+Jewish+Research&rft.atitle=Elias+J.+Bickerman&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=xv-xviii&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3622685%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Smith%2C+Morton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElias+Joseph+Bickerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674474918&content=bios">"The Jews in the Greek Age — Elias J. Bickerman"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+the+Greek+Age+%E2%80%94+Elias+J.+Bickerman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674474918%26content%3Dbios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElias+Joseph+Bickerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Joseph_Bickerman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/D54.5/">Elias Joseph Bickerman</a> in libraries (<a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> catalog)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/109049284">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/3318/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXxHCxhmVcTjc4r4JRrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120986051">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50011169">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12044245r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12044245r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bickerman, Elias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV129979">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35448086">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0001691&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX942869">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/541661">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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