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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{short description|Form of collaboration between libraries}} [[File:Academic library of Van Hall Larenstein.jpg|alt=The academic library of Van Hall Larenstein, University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands.|thumb|350x350px|The academic library of [[Van Hall Larenstein]], University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands]] A '''collective collection''', '''shared collection''', '''collaborative collection''', or '''shared print program''' is a joint effort by multiple [[Academic library|academic]] or [[Research library|research]] [[Library|libraries]] to house, manage, and provide access to their collective physical [[Collection development|collections]]. Most shared print programs focus on collections of [[monograph]]s and/or [[Serial (publishing)|serials]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://publications.arl.org/Shared-Print-Programs-SPEC-Kit-345/15|title=SPEC Kit 345: Shared Print Programs|last1=Crist|first1=Rebecca|last2=Stambaugh|first2=Emily|publisher=Association of Research Libraries|year=2014|isbn=9781594079283|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=15|oclc=899212694}}</ref> Similar efforts have addressed acquisition and/or retention of [[microform]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dupont|first=Jerry|date=1983|title=Cooperative Microform Publishing: The Law Library Experience|journal=Microform & Imaging Review|volume=12|issue=4|doi=10.1515/mfir.1983.12.4.234|s2cid=162613068 |issn=0949-5770}}</ref> federal government documents,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dinsmore|first1=Chelsea|last2=Glenn|first2=Valerie D.|date=2012|title=Using Targeted Distributed Collections to Enhance Government Depository Collections at a Regional Level: The ASERL Collaborative Federal Depository Program|journal=Collection Management|language=en|volume=37|issue=3–4|pages=307–321|doi=10.1080/01462679.2012.685831|s2cid=61650404 |issn=0146-2679}}</ref> and digital collections.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Garskof|first1=Jeremy|last2=Morris|first2=Jill|last3=Ballock|first3=Tracie|last4=Anderson|first4=Scott|date=2016-01-01|title=Towards the Collective Collection: Lessons Learned from PALCI's DDA Pilot Projects and Next Steps|url=https://digitalcommons.du.edu/collaborativelibrarianship/vol8/iss2/7|journal=Collaborative Librarianship|volume=8|issue=2|issn=1943-7528}}</ref> Shared print programs often have activities in common with national repositories and archiving programs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shorley |first1=Deborah |last2=Yang |first2=Daryl |last3=Kromp |first3=Brigitte |last4=Mayer |first4=Wolfgang |date=2015-01-28 |title=Collections Earning Their Keep. An Overview of International Archiving Initiatives |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4704913 |journal=027.7 Zeitschrift für Bibliothekskultur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=30–46 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.4704913}}</ref> Discussions surrounding shared print programs in their current form have come to the forefront as a popular solution to shrinking collection budgets, rising costs of resources, and competing space needs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lavoie |first1=Brian |last2=Dempsey |first2=Lorcan |last3=Malpas |first3=Constance |date=2020-09-10 |title=Reflections on Collective Collections |url=https://crl.acrl.org/index.php/crl/article/view/24618 |journal=College & Research Libraries |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=981 |doi=10.5860/crl.81.6.981 |s2cid=225193580 |issn=0010-0870|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Goals == The goal of shared print programs is to leverage a physical collective collection to preserve and provide access to the scholarly record in its original print form.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Demas|first1=S.|last2=Miller|first2=M.|date=2016|title=Curating Collective Collections--What's Your Plan? Writing Collection Management Plans|url=http://downloads.alcts.ala.org/ce/06062012_ACprecon_shared_collections_your_plan.pdf|journal=Against the Grain|volume=24|issue=1|pages=65–68}}</ref> Each library participating in a shared print program agrees to retain certain titles for a stated period of time, usually at least ten years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retention Period – The Partnership For Shared Book Collections |url=https://sharedprint.org/best-practices/retention-period/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> This practice ensures that the collective collection contains a predetermined number of unique items (such as specific editions of books and complete runs of journals) and that these items will be cared for and made available to all libraries participating in the shared print program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Practices for Scarce Copies – The Partnership For Shared Book Collections |url=https://sharedprint.org/best-practices/scarce-copies/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> To prevent the loss of any given title, participating libraries determine an appropriate number of copies that should be retained, so that if one were lost or destroyed, other copies would remain available. Shared print programs base these decisions on the number of libraries involved, the total number of items held in retention, availability of the item outside of the program, and other factors.<ref name=":1" /> Shared print programs also enable participating libraries to make informed decisions about [[Weeding (library)|weeding]] locally-held volumes that are duplicated in the collective collection.<ref name=":0" /> This practice enables libraries to create cost savings and to repurpose shelf space, whether to accommodate other print materials or to create a greater number and variety of spaces for users, especially students, to study, collaborate, teach, consult, and pursue other research and learning activities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kieft|first1=Robert H.|last2=Payne|first2=Lizanne|date=2012-07-01|title=Collective Collection, Collective Action|journal=Collection Management|volume=37|issue=3–4|pages=137–152|doi=10.1080/01462679.2012.685411|s2cid=144068614 |issn=0146-2679}}</ref> == Types == Two basic types of collection storage models exist. A distributed (or decentralized) collective shared print collection is one in which items in the collection are retained at the original library but are accessible to all partnering libraries. Centralized shared print collections are those in which books and journals are removed from the original library and stored in a shared shelving facility.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clement|first=Susanne K.|date=2012|title=From Collaborative Purchasing Towards Collaborative Discarding: The Evolution of the Shared Print Repository|journal=Collection Management|language=en|volume=37|issue=3–4|pages=153–167|doi=10.1080/01462679.2012.685413|s2cid=61768353 |issn=0146-2679}}</ref> In many cases this shared shelving facility is a high-density preservation facility built according to the [[Harvard Depository|Harvard model]], featuring rigorous temperature and climate controls to facilitate [[Preservation (library and archival science)|preservation]] of materials, along with elevated [[Library stack|stacks]] and special shelving methods to maximize storage efficiency.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Shared Collections: Collaborative Stewardship|editor-last=Hale|editor-first=D.|publisher=ALA Editions|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8389-1405-2|location=Chicago|oclc=1030796851}}</ref> [[Library consortium|Library consortia]] generally coordinate shared print programs. A consortium can create and manage a formal agreement (such as a [[memorandum of understanding]]), signed by each participating library's director, which ensures that certain books, journals, or other materials are both retained and made available to other libraries, generally through [[interlibrary loan]]. The consortium can also manage the analysis of each library's collection to divide the responsibility for retaining items equitably. The consortium can also establish criteria for shelving environments (to ensure long-term preservation), as well as outline the methods for providing access to titles to other participating libraries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kieft|first1=Robert H.|last2=Payne|first2=Lizanne|date=2012|title=Collective Collection, Collective Action|journal=Collection Management|volume=37|issue=3–4|pages=137–152|doi=10.1080/01462679.2012.685411|s2cid=144068614 |issn=0146-2679}}</ref> [[Library catalog]]s generally include indicators of which materials are part of a shared print agreement, making commercial vendors such as [[OCLC]] an important part of the shared print ecosystem. Some shared print programs such as CAVAL (Australia) or CSLS (Switzerland) may develop catalogs specifically for their collective collection. Many shared print programs are additionally tracked at a regional or national level. In the United States, the [[Center for Research Libraries]] (CRL) hosts a Print Archives Preservation Registry (PAPR) to record titles, holdings, and conditions of serials held in major shared print programs across the country. While there is no equivalent tool for monographs, other tools serve the shared print monograph community, such as Gold Rush Library Content Comparison System<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Machovec|first=George|date=2014|title=Shared Print Archiving—Analysis Tools|journal=Journal of Library Administration|language=en|volume=54|issue=1|pages=66–76|doi=10.1080/01930826.2014.893118|s2cid=62236447 |issn=0193-0826}}</ref> from the [[Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries]], OCLC's GreenGlass, and [[HathiTrust]] Shared Print Registry. In 2018, CRL and OCLC were awarded a $1 million grant from the [[Andrew W. Mellon Foundation]] to enable collective collection retention commitments for serials to be reflected in the global union catalog [[WorldCat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oclc.org/en/news/releases/2018/20180624-oclc-awarded-mellon-foundation-grant.html|title=OCLC awarded Mellon Foundation grant to register library retention commitments for print serials in WorldCat|date=2018-06-24|website=OCLC|language=en|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom Research Reserve (UKRR) developed the Linked Automated Register of Collaborative Holdings (LARCH) through which all Member Libraries’ holdings are run, and is now hosted by the British Library.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stubbs |first1=Theo |last2=Banks |first2=Chris |date=2020-03-11 |title=UKRR: a collaborative collection management success story |journal=Insights |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=10 |doi=10.1629/uksg.503 |issn=2048-7754 |doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/106958 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Programs == Shared print programs may be regional or national in scale. [[National library|National libraries]] and [[Consortium|academic consortia]] often participate in shared print programs. === United States and Canada === In the United States and Canada, shared print programs are often a consortial effort. Libraries may also participate in collection sharing on an individual basis, such as participating in the HathiTrust Shared Print Program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hathitrust.org/shared_print_program|title=Shared Print Program {{!}} www.hathitrust.org {{!}} HathiTrust Digital Library|website=www.hathitrust.org|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> Support organizations also exist, such as the Partnership for Shared Book Collections, Rosemont Shared Print Alliance, and North/Nord (North: the Canadian Shared Print Network/ Nord: Réseau canadien de conservation partagée des documents imprimés) that library consortia may join in order to increase collaboration, communication, and information sharing. According to the Partnership for Shared Book Collections, participating programs have committed to retain over 38 million volumes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership Stats – The Partnership For Shared Book Collections |url=https://sharedprint.org/members/membership-stats/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Latin America === The following consortia do not participate strictly in shared print programs, but do participate in sharing collections of digitized print material: * Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de El Salvador (El Salvador) * Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias del Caribe (Central American Caribbean and the Antilles) * Association of Caribbean University, Research and Institutional Libraries === Oceania === * CAVAL Archival and Research Materials (CARM) Centre (Australia) * CONZUL (Council of New Zealand University Libraries) (New Zealand) === Africa === African librarians have cited the lack of and need for shared print programs among libraries, due in part to insufficient infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ossai |first=Ngozi Blessing |date=2010-01-01 |title=Consortia Building among Libraries in Africa, and the Nigerian Experience |url=https://digitalcommons.du.edu/collaborativelibrarianship/vol2/iss2/5 |journal=Collaborative Librarianship |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=74–85 |doi=10.29087/2010.2.2.07 |issn=1943-7528|doi-access=free }}</ref> Efforts focus more on consortia building than on shared print, and are mostly centered in southern Africa<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALA {{!}} Partnerships in Libraries |url=https://www.ala.org/ala/iro/iroactivities/partnerships.htm |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=www.ala.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alemna |first1=A.A. |last2=Antwi |first2=I.K. |date=2002-01-01 |title=A review of consortia building among university libraries in Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/01435120210429961 |journal=Library Management |volume=23 |issue=4/5 |pages=234–238 |doi=10.1108/01435120210429961 |issn=0143-5124}}</ref> * [[South African National Library and Information Consortium|South African National Library & Information Consortium]] * [[South East Academic Libraries System]] === Asia === * Consortiall-Joint University Library Advisory Committee (Hong Kong) === Europe & United Kingdom === * European Print Initiatives Collaboration (EPICo) (Multinational) * United Kingdom Research Reserve (United Kingdom) * [[White Rose University Consortium]] (United Kingdom) * [[Collection of German Prints|Sammlung Deutscher Drucke/Collection of German Prints]] (Germany) * Der Speicherverbund Nord/Storage Network North (Germany) * Centre technique du livre de l'enseignement supérieur (France) * Kooperative Speicherbibliothek Schweiz/Cooperative Storage Library Switzerland (Switzerland) * [[National Repository Library|Varastokirjasto/National Repository Library]] (Finland) * Shared Archiving Austria–Council of Austrian University Libraries (ubifo) (Austria) * Consorci de Bibliothèques Universitàries de Catalunya/ Consortium of Academic Libraries of Catalonia (Spain) == History == Libraries' efforts to collectively manage and provide access to their holdings date back to [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Libraries in the Ancient World|last=Casson|first=Lionel|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-300-08809-4|location=New Haven|pages=100|oclc=45123204}}</ref> and, in the United States, extend through twentieth-century projects such as the Midwest Inter-Library Corporation (now CRL)<ref>{{Citation |last1=Weltin |first1=Heather |title=Old Texts, New Networks: HathiTrust and the Future of Shared Print |date=2021-07-29 |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/169166 |publisher=ALA Editions Core |language=en-US |isbn=978-0-8389-4882-8 |access-date=2023-01-11 |last2=Fulkerson |first2=Natalie|hdl=2027.42/169166 }}</ref> and the [[Farmington Plan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dempsey|first=Deon|date=2004|title=Review of A History of the Farmington Plan|journal=Libraries & Culture|volume=39|issue=4|pages=473–475|issn=0894-8631|jstor=25541874}}</ref> Funding reductions and escalating storage costs, as well as space constraints, for physical collections in the 2000s created an environment where library directors needed to rely on partnerships with consortia and other libraries. [[Librarian]]s began to write about shared print collections as one possible method of dealing with these mounting constraints. In 2002 Richard Fyffe argued that librarians needed to start a dialogue with stakeholders and patrons in the scholarly community about the need to rely more on collective collections.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/01462679.2012.685415| title=Rethinking Collection Management Plans: Shaping Collective Collections for the 21st Century| journal=Collection Management| volume=37| issue=3–4| pages=168–187| year=2012| last1=Demas| first1=Samuel| last2=Miller| first2=Mary E.| s2cid=61728677}}</ref> In 2004 Bernard F. Reilly (former president of the [[Center for Research Libraries]]) envisioned "drawing together the major independent regional and national repository initiatives into a coordinated, community-wide print preservation effort."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reilly|first=Bernard F.|date=2004-04-01|title=Preserving America's Print Resources: Toward a National Strategic Effort – Report on the Planning Day Discussions|journal=Library Management|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=104–117|doi=10.1108/01435120410699050|issn=0143-5124}}</ref> The Print Archive Network Forum (PAN) was created in 2010 by the Center for Research Libraries as an information sharing opportunity between shared print professionals. In 2013 [[Lorcan Dempsey]] popularized the term "collective collections" in an [[OCLC]] research report.<ref>Dempsey, L. (2013) "[https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/research/publications/library/2013/2013-09.pdf The Emergence of the Collective Collection: Analyzing Aggregate Print Library Holdings]," 1-5. In B. Lavoie and C. Malpas, eds. ''Understanding the Collective Collection: Towards a System-wide Perspective on Library Print Collections''. Dublin, OH: OCLC Research, 2013.</ref> The trend toward collective collections has also received significant coverage in the [[mainstream press]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Future-of-Campus/247323|title=The Future of Campus Libraries? 'Sticky Interdependence'|last=Ellis|first=Lindsay|date=2019-10-09|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=2019-12-12|language=en-US|issn=0009-5982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/05/college-students-arent-checking-out-books/590305/|title=The Books of College Libraries Are Turning Into Wallpaper|last=Cohen|first=Dan|date=2019-05-26|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> == References ==  {{Reflist}} == External links == *[https://toolkit.sharedprint.org/ Shared Print Toolkit] from the Partnership for Shared Book Collections *[https://www.crl.edu/programs/print-archive-network-forum-pan Print Archive Network Forum] from the Center for Research Libraries *[http://papr.crl.edu/ PAPR-Print Archive and Preservation Registry] from the Center for Research Libraries {{Libraries and library science}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Libraries]] [[Category:Library cooperation]] [[Category:Library resources]] 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