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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Container (abstract data type)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="حاوية (بيانات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاوية (بيانات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contenidor_(estructura_de_dades)" title="Contenidor (estructura de dades) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contenidor (estructura de dades)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontejner_(abstraktn%C3%AD_datov%C3%BD_typ)" title="Kontejner (abstraktní datový typ) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kontejner (abstraktní datový typ)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_(Informatik)" title="Container (Informatik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Container (Informatik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujo" title="Ujo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ujo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81_(%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C)" title="ظرف (نوع داده انتزاعی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ظرف (نوع داده انتزاعی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conteneur_(informatique)" title="Conteneur (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conteneur (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oggetto_container" title="Oggetto container – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oggetto container" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%9C_(%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98)" title="מכל (טיפוס נתונים מופשט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכל (טיפוס נתונים מופשט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_(informatica)" title="Container (informatica) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Container (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A_(%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E5%9E%8B)" title="コンテナ (データ型) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンテナ (データ型)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontener_(programowanie)" title="Kontener (programowanie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kontener (programowanie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_(programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Container (programação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Container (programação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisina" title="Wisina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wisina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Контейнер (программирование) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Контейнер (программирование)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5)" title="Колекција (програмирање) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колекција (програмирање)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolekcija_(programiranje)" title="Kolekcija (programiranje) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolekcija (programiranje)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ili%C3%B6_(abstrakti_tietotyyppi)" title="Säiliö (abstrakti tietotyyppi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Säiliö (abstrakti tietotyyppi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="คอลเลกชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอลเลกชัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85)" title="Контейнер (абстрактний тип даних) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Контейнер (абстрактний тип даних)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_(ki%E1%BB%83u_d%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u_tr%E1%BB%ABu_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng)" title="Container (kiểu dữ liệu trừu tượng) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Container (kiểu dữ liệu trừu tượng)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8_(%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B)" title="容器 (抽象資料類型) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="容器 (抽象資料類型)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8_(%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B)" title="容器 (数据类型) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="容器 (数据类型)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Container_(abstract_data_type)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Container_(abstract_data_type)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Container_(abstract_data_type)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1643805" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Software class or data structure whose instances are collections of other objects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Container (computer science)" redirects here. For the abstract notion of containers in <a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">type theory</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Container_(type_theory)" title="Container (type theory)">Container (type theory)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Container_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Container (disambiguation)">Container (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>text is clunky.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Container_(abstract_data_type)" title="Special:EditPage/Container (abstract data type)">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, a <b>container</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">class</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structure</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose instances are collections of other objects. In other words, they store objects in an organized way that follows specific access rules. </p><p>The size of the container depends on the number of objects (elements) it contains. Underlying (inherited) implementations of various container types may vary in size, complexity and type of language, but in many cases they provide flexibility in choosing the right implementation for any given scenario. </p><p>Container data structures are commonly used in many types of <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function_and_properties">Function and properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Container_(abstract_data_type)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function and properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Containers can be characterized by the following three properties: </p> <ul><li><i>access</i>, that is the way of accessing the objects of the container. In the case of arrays, access is done with the array index. In the case of stacks, access is done according to the <a href="/wiki/LIFO_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="LIFO (computing)">LIFO</a> (last in, first out) order and in the case of queues it is done according to the <a href="/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">FIFO</a> (first in, first out) order;</li> <li><i>storage</i>, that is the way of storing the objects of the container;</li> <li><i>traversal</i>, that is the way of traversing the objects of the container.</li></ul> <p>Container classes are expected to implement <a href="/wiki/CRUD" class="mw-redirect" title="CRUD">CRUD</a>-like methods to do the following: </p> <ul><li>create an empty container (constructor);</li> <li>insert objects into the container;</li> <li>delete objects from the container;</li> <li>delete all the objects in the container (clear);</li> <li>access the objects in the container;</li> <li>access the number of objects in the container (count).</li></ul> <p>Containers are sometimes implemented in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">iterators</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Container_(abstract_data_type)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Containers may be classified as either <i>single-value containers</i> or <i>associative containers</i>. </p><p>Single-value containers store each object independently. Objects may be accessed directly, by a language loop construct (e.g. <a href="/wiki/For_loop" title="For loop">for loop</a>) or with an <a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">iterator</a>. </p><p>An associative container uses an <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative array</a>, map, or dictionary, composed of key-value pairs, such that each key appears at most once in the container. The key is used to find the value, the object, if it is stored in the container. <a href="/wiki/Associative_containers" class="mw-redirect" title="Associative containers">Associative containers</a> are used in programming languages as class templates. </p><p>Container abstract data types include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(abstract_data_type)" title="Queue (abstract data type)">FIFO queues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)" title="Stack (abstract data type)">LIFO stacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_queue" title="Priority queue">Priority queues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookup_table" title="Lookup table">Lookup tables</a> (LUTs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Key-associated data structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)" title="Set (abstract data type)">Sets</a>, containing and indexing objects by value or by specific property;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Map (computer science)">Maps</a>, associating to each key a "value" for lookup</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Common data structures used to implement these abstract types include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">Arrays</a> and their derivatives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">Linked lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_search_tree" title="Binary search tree">Binary search trees</a> (BSTs), particularly <a href="/wiki/Self-balancing_binary_search_tree" title="Self-balancing binary search tree">self-balancing BSTs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_table" title="Hash table">Hash tables</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphic_containers">Graphic containers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Container_(abstract_data_type)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Graphic containers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Widget_toolkit" title="Widget toolkit">Widget toolkits</a> also use containers, which are special <a href="/wiki/Widget_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Widget (computing)">widgets</a> to group other widgets, such as <a href="/wiki/Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panel_(computer_software)" title="Panel (computer software)">panels</a>. Apart from their graphical properties, they have the same type of behavior as container classes, as they keep a list of their child <a href="/wiki/Widget_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Widget (computing)">widgets</a>, and allow adding, removing, or retrieving <a href="/wiki/Widget_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Widget (computing)">widgets</a> among their children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_statically-typed_languages">In statically-typed languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Container_(abstract_data_type)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In statically-typed languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Statically-typed_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Statically-typed programming language">Statically-typed programming language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">Strong and weak typing</a></div> <p>Container abstractions can be written in virtually any programming language, regardless of its type system.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 273">: 273 </span></sup> However, in <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strongly-typed</a> <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> languages it may be somewhat complicated for a developer to write reusable homogeneous containers. </p><p>Because of differences in element types this results in a tedious process of writing and keeping a collection of containers for every elemental type.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1997_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 274–276">: 274–276 </span></sup> </p><p>Many elemental types (e.g. integers or floating numbers) are inherently incompatible with each other because of the memory size they occupy and their semantic meaning and therefore require different containers (unless of course, they are mutually compatible or convertible).<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1997_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 274–276">: 274–276 </span></sup> Modern programming languages offer various approaches to help solve the problem:<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1997_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 274–281">: 274–281 </span></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Universal basic type</dt> <dd>A type that is universally assignable by any other (e.g. root Object class).</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Downcasting" title="Downcasting">Downcasting</a>;</dt> <dt>Class substitution</dt> <dd>Previous three approaches above are used for weakly typed languages; these usually imply inheritance and polymorphism shared by types.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Union_type" title="Union type">Union types</a> (C/C++ language)</dt> <dd>Permits storing types of different data sizes; it is hard to ensure which type is stored in a union upon retrieval however and should be carefully followed.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Type_conversion" title="Type conversion">Type conversion</a></dt> <dt><a href="/wiki/Template_(C%2B%2B)" title="Template (C++)">Templates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generics</a></dt> <dd>Ensures reusability and type safety; may be thought as a reverse inheritance. However, this approach may require implementing a <a href="/wiki/Template_specialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Template specialization">template specialization</a> which is reputedly a time-consuming process given that types differ in their methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd1997_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 281">: 281 </span></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Container_(abstract_data_type)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_data_structures" title="List of data structures">List of data structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library#Containers" title="Standard Template Library">Standard Template Library#Containers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(abstract_data_type)" title="Collection (abstract data type)">Collection (abstract data type)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_ConcurrentMap" title="Java ConcurrentMap">Java ConcurrentMap</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Container_(abstract_data_type)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul E. Black (ed.), entry for <i>data structure</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Algorithms_and_Data_Structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures">Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures</a></i>. US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>.15 December 2004. Accessed 4 Oct 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry <i>data structure</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/152190/data-structure">Online entry</a> Accessed 4 Oct 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budd1997-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1997_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1997_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1997_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1997_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1997_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBudd1997" class="citation book cs1">Budd, Timothy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34788238"><i>An introduction to object-oriented programming</i></a> (2nd ed.). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-82419-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-82419-1"><bdi>0-201-82419-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34788238">34788238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+object-oriented+programming&rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34788238&rft.isbn=0-201-82419-1&rft.aulast=Budd&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F34788238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContainer+%28abstract+data+type%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Container_(abstract_data_type)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://help.sap.com/saphelp_40b/helpdata/en/c5/e4b14a453d11d189430000e829fbbd/content.htm">Container Data Structure Declaration and Initialization</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative array</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multimap" title="Multimap">Multimap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval_Data_Structure" title="Retrieval Data Structure">Retrieval Data Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_(abstract_data_type)" title="List (abstract data type)">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)" title="Stack (abstract data type)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(abstract_data_type)" title="Queue (abstract data type)">Queue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double-ended_queue" title="Double-ended queue">Double-ended queue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_queue" title="Priority queue">Priority queue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double-ended_priority_queue" title="Double-ended priority queue">Double-ended priority queue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)" title="Set (abstract data type)">Set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)#Multiset" title="Set (abstract data type)">Multiset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjoint-set_data_structure" title="Disjoint-set data structure">Disjoint-set</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Array_(data_structure)" title="Array (data structure)">Arrays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_array" title="Bit array">Bit array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_buffer" title="Circular buffer">Circular buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_array" title="Dynamic array">Dynamic array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_table" title="Hash table">Hash table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashed_array_tree" title="Hashed array tree">Hashed array tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparse_matrix" title="Sparse matrix">Sparse matrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linked_data_structure" title="Linked data structure">Linked</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_list" title="Association list">Association list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">Linked list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skip_list" title="Skip list">Skip list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrolled_linked_list" title="Unrolled linked list">Unrolled linked list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOR_linked_list" title="XOR linked list">XOR linked list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tree_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree (data structure)">Trees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-tree" title="B-tree">B-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_search_tree" title="Binary search tree">Binary search tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AA_tree" title="AA tree">AA tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVL_tree" title="AVL tree">AVL tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93black_tree" title="Red–black tree">Red–black tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-balancing_binary_search_tree" title="Self-balancing binary search tree">Self-balancing tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splay_tree" title="Splay tree">Splay tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heap_(data_structure)" title="Heap (data structure)">Heap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_heap" title="Binary heap">Binary heap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_heap" title="Binomial heap">Binomial heap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_heap" title="Fibonacci heap">Fibonacci heap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-tree" title="R-tree">R-tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R*_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="R* tree">R* tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%2B_tree" title="R+ tree">R+ tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilbert_R-tree" title="Hilbert R-tree">Hilbert R-tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trie" title="Trie">Trie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_tree_(persistent_data_structure)" title="Hash tree (persistent data structure)">Hash tree</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graph_(abstract_data_type)" title="Graph (abstract data type)">Graphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_decision_diagram" title="Binary decision diagram">Binary decision diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph" title="Directed acyclic graph">Directed acyclic graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_acyclic_finite_state_automaton" title="Deterministic acyclic finite state automaton">Directed acyclic word graph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_data_structures" title="List of data structures">List of data structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_types177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Data_types" title="Template:Data types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Data_types" title="Template talk:Data types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Data_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Data types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_types177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">Data types</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Units_of_information" title="Units of information">Uninterpreted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">Byte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system" title="Ternary numeral system">Trit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system#Tryte" title="Ternary numeral system">Tryte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_array" title="Bit array">Bit array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numeric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">Arbitrary-precision or bignum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_data_type" title="Complex data type">Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_data_type" title="Decimal data type">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic" title="Fixed-point arithmetic">Fixed point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">Floating point</a> <ul><li>Reduced precision <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minifloat" title="Minifloat">Minifloat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format" title="Half-precision floating-point format">Half precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bfloat16_floating-point_format" title="Bfloat16 floating-point format">bfloat16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" title="Single-precision floating-point format">Single precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format" title="Double-precision floating-point format">Double precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format" title="Quadruple-precision floating-point format">Quadruple precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octuple-precision_floating-point_format" title="Octuple-precision floating-point format">Octuple precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_precision" title="Extended precision">Extended precision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_double" title="Long double">Long double</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">Integer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signedness" title="Signedness">signedness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_arithmetic#Implementations" title="Interval arithmetic">Interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_data_type" title="Rational data type">Rational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">Pointer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_address" title="Memory address">Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_address" title="Physical address">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_address_space" title="Virtual address space">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">Reference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">Text</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">String</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Null-terminated_string" title="Null-terminated string">null-terminated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composite_data_type" title="Composite data type">Composite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_data_type" title="Algebraic data type">Algebraic data type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_algebraic_data_type" title="Generalized algebraic data type">generalized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_type" title="Dependent type">Dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitionistic_type_theory#Equality_type" title="Intuitionistic type theory">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_type" title="Inductive type">Inductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersection_type" title="Intersection type">Intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_(abstract_data_type)" title="List (abstract data type)">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">Object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaobject" title="Metaobject">metaobject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_type" title="Option type">Option type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_type" title="Product type">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">Record or Struct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refinement_type" title="Refinement type">Refinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)" title="Set (abstract data type)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_type" title="Union type">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagged_union" title="Tagged union">tagged</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_data_type" title="Boolean data type">Boolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_type" title="Bottom type">Bottom type</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_type" title="Enumerated type">Enumerated type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">Exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_type" title="Function type">Function type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opaque_data_type" title="Opaque data type">Opaque data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_data_type" title="Recursive data type">Recursive data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore_(programming)" title="Semaphore (programming)">Semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_(computing)" title="Stream (computing)">Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongly_typed_identifier" title="Strongly typed identifier">Strongly typed identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_type" title="Top type">Top type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_class" title="Type class">Type class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_type" title="Empty type">Empty type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_type" title="Unit type">Unit type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_type" title="Void type">Void</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_data_type" title="Abstract data type">Abstract data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing (computer science)">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">Data structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kind_(type_theory)" title="Kind (type theory)">Kind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaclass" title="Metaclass">metaclass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_polymorphism" title="Parametric polymorphism">Parametric polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_data_type" title="Primitive data type">Primitive data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Interface (object-oriented programming)">Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtyping" title="Subtyping">Subtyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_constructor" title="Type constructor">Type constructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_conversion" title="Type conversion">Type conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Type system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">Variable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" 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