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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Earthquake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earthquake_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquake_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Earthquake damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquake_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_refinery_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_refinery_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Oil refinery fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_refinery_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsunami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsunami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tsunami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsunami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftershocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftershocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Aftershocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftershocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Future risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1999 İzmit earthquake</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_1999" title="زلزال أزميد 1999 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زلزال أزميد 1999" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmit_z%C9%99lz%C9%99l%C9%99si_(1999)" title="İzmit zəlzələsi (1999) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İzmit zəlzələsi (1999)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Измитско земетресение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Измитско земетресение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem%C4%9Bt%C5%99esen%C3%AD_v_G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCku_(1999)" title="Zemětřesení v Gölcüku (1999) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zemětřesení v Gölcüku (1999)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmit-jordsk%C3%A6lvet_1999" title="İzmit-jordskælvet 1999 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="İzmit-jordskælvet 1999" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdbeben_von_G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk_1999" title="Erdbeben von Gölcük 1999 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdbeben von Gölcük 1999" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%99%CE%B6%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%84_%CF%84%CE%BF_1999" title="Σεισμός στο Ιζμίτ το 1999 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεισμός στο Ιζμίτ το 1999" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremoto_de_%C4%B0zmit" title="Terremoto de İzmit – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terremoto de İzmit" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B9%DB%B9_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="زمین‌لرزه ۱۹۹۹ ازمیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمین‌لرزه ۱۹۹۹ ازمیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9isme_de_1999_%C3%A0_Izmit" title="Séisme de 1999 à Izmit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séisme de 1999 à Izmit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crith_tal%C3%BAn_%C4%B0zmit,_1999" title="Crith talún İzmit, 1999 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crith talún İzmit, 1999" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%EB%85%84_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84" title="1999년 이즈미트 지진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1999년 이즈미트 지진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA" title="Իզմիթի երկրաշարժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իզմիթի երկրաշարժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_%C4%B0zmit_1999" title="Gempa bumi İzmit 1999 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gempa bumi İzmit 1999" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98_(1999)" title="רעידת האדמה באיזמיט (1999) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רעידת האדמה באיזמיט (1999)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_(1999)" title="იზმითის მიწისძვრა (1999) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იზმითის მიწისძვრა (1999)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Измиттегі жер сілкіну – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Измиттегі жер сілкіну" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdheja_%C3%8Ezm%C3%AEt%C3%AA_1999" title="Erdheja Îzmîtê 1999 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erdheja Îzmîtê 1999" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999._gada_Izmitas_zemestr%C4%ABce" title="1999. gada Izmitas zemestrīce – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1999. gada Izmitas zemestrīce" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999-es_izmiti_f%C3%B6ldreng%C3%A9s" title="1999-es izmiti földrengés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1999-es izmiti földrengés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardbeving_%C4%B0zmit_1999" title="Aardbeving İzmit 1999 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardbeving İzmit 1999" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87_(1999%E5%B9%B4)" title="イズミット地震 (1999年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イズミット地震 (1999年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordskjelvet_i_Izmit_i_1999" title="Jordskjelvet i Izmit i 1999 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jordskjelvet i Izmit i 1999" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trz%C4%99sienie_ziemi_w_G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk_(1999)" title="Trzęsienie ziemi w Gölcük (1999) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzęsienie ziemi w Gölcük (1999)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismo_de_%C4%B0zmit_de_1999" title="Sismo de İzmit de 1999 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sismo de İzmit de 1999" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutremurul_de_la_Izmit" title="Cutremurul de la Izmit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cutremurul de la Izmit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Измитское землетрясение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Измитское землетрясение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake" title="1999 İzmit earthquake – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1999 İzmit earthquake" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmitin_maanj%C3%A4ristys_1999" title="İzmitin maanjäristys 1999 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="İzmitin maanjäristys 1999" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordb%C3%A4vningen_i_%C4%B0zmit_1999" title="Jordbävningen i İzmit 1999 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jordbävningen i İzmit 1999" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk_depremi" title="1999 Gölcük depremi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1999 Gölcük depremi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ізмітський землетрус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ізмітський землетрус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E8%8C%B2%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1999年伊茲密特地震 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1999年伊茲密特地震" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q367449#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&params=40.748_N_29.864_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°44′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">29°51′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.748°N 29.864°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.748; 29.864</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Earthquake in Kocaeli Province, Turkey</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1999 İzmit earthquake</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Izmit_eart6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Izmit_eart6.jpg/260px-Izmit_eart6.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Izmit_eart6.jpg/390px-Izmit_eart6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Izmit_eart6.jpg/520px-Izmit_eart6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Collapsed buildings in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1999 İzmit earthquake is located in Turkey"><img alt="1999 İzmit earthquake is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/260px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/390px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/520px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.029%;left:22.776%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-25px;top:-25px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1999 İzmit earthquake"><img alt="1999 İzmit earthquake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/50px-Bullseye1.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/75px-Bullseye1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/100px-Bullseye1.png 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1610" /></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> time</th><td class="infobox-data">1999-08-17 00:01:38</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre" title="International Seismological Centre">ISC</a> event</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=1655218">1655218</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">USGS-<a href="/wiki/Advanced_National_Seismic_System" title="Advanced National Seismic System">ANSS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009d4z">ComCat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local date</th><td class="infobox-data">17 August 1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999-08-17</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local time</th><td class="infobox-data">03:01</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">37 seconds<sup id="cite_ref-Barka_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Magnitude</th><td class="infobox-data">7.6 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000005-QINU`"'</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Moment mag. scale">M<sub>w</sub></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-ISC-GEM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC-GEM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PAGER-CAT_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAGER-CAT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />7.8 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Ms" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Surface-wave mag.">M<sub>s</sub></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depth</th><td class="infobox-data">15.0 km (9.3 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-ISC-GEM_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC-GEM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Epicenter</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&params=40.748_N_29.864_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°44′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">29°51′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.748°N 29.864°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.748; 29.864</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fault</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Strike-slip_faults" title="Fault (geology)">Strike-slip</a><sup id="cite_ref-Barka_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas affected</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total damage</th><td class="infobox-data">3–8.5 billion <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a><sup id="cite_ref-PAGER-CAT_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAGER-CAT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Maximum">Max.</abbr> intensity</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color:rgba(200, 0, 0); padding:4px; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale#mmi-10" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale"><span style="color:white;">MMI X (<i>Extreme</i>)</span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak acceleration</th><td class="infobox-data">0.45 <i><a href="/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration" title="Peak ground acceleration">g</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-barkai_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkai-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tsunami</th><td class="infobox-data">2.52 m (8.3 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-PAGER-CAT_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAGER-CAT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Casualties</th><td class="infobox-data">17,127–18,373 dead<sup id="cite_ref-marza_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marza-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />43,953–48,901 injured<sup id="cite_ref-marza_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marza-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />5,840 missing<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1999 İzmit earthquake</b> had a <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude</a> of 7.6 and struck <a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli Province</a>, Turkey on 17 August. Between 17,127 and 18,373 people died as a result, and the damage was estimated at US$6.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was named for the epicenter's proximity to the northwestern city of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a>. The earthquake occurred at 03:01 local time (00:01 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>) at a shallow depth of 15 km (9.3 mi). A maximum <a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity</a> of X (<i>Extreme</i>) was observed. The earthquake lasted for 37 seconds, causing seismic damage, and is widely remembered as one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern Turkish history. </p><p>The 1999 earthquake was part of a seismic sequence along the <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a> that started in <a href="/wiki/1939_Erzincan_earthquake" title="1939 Erzincan earthquake">1939</a>, causing large earthquakes that moved progressively from east to west over a period of 60 years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earthquake encouraged the establishment of a so-called <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_tax_(Turkey)" title="Earthquake tax (Turkey)">earthquake tax</a> aimed at providing assistance to those affected by the earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tectonic_setting">Tectonic setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tectonic setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="North Anatolian Fault Zone">North Anatolian Fault Zone</a> (NAFZ), where the earthquake occurred, is a 1,200 km (750 mi) right-lateral <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip">strike-slip</a> fault zone. It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saros" title="Gulf of Saros">Gulf of Saros</a> to <a href="/wiki/Karl%C4%B1ova_triple_junction" title="Karlıova triple junction">Karlıova</a>. It formed around 13–11 million years ago in the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and developed westwards. The fault eventually developed at the <a href="/wiki/Marmara_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Sea">Marmara Sea</a> around 200,000 years ago despite the <a href="/wiki/Shear_(geology)" title="Shear (geology)">shear</a>-related movement in a rather broad zone which had already started in late <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sengor_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sengor-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fault zone is seismically active and has a diverse <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphological</a> structure. It produced a series of earthquakes as large as 8.0 on the moment magnitude scale. Since the 17th century, it has shown cyclical behavior, with century-long large earthquake cycles beginning in the east and continuing westward. Although the record is less clear for earlier times, active seismicity was likely to have occurred. The 20th century earthquake record has shown that the earthquakes concentrate the stress at the western tips of the ruptured areas, leading to westward migration of larger earthquakes. The İzmit and <a href="/wiki/1999_Duzce_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Duzce earthquake">November 12, 1999</a> events increased stress on the Marmara segment of the fault. An earthquake of up to magnitude 7.6 event was expected between 2005 and 2055 with a probability of 50 percent on this segment.<sup id="cite_ref-sengor_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sengor-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently, the deformation of rocks by stress in the Marmara Sea region is asymmetric. This is conditioned by the regional geology and is believed to be representative of most of the NAFZ.<sup id="cite_ref-sengor_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sengor-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earthquake">Earthquake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earthquake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 350px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 350px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="350" data-height="250" data-zoom="7" data-lat="40.75" data-lon="29.9" data-overlays="["_245148bf256bb097fa3c6c374e49f1a1787bd4a9"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/7/40.75/29.9/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,40.75,29.9,350x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&revid=1258739080&groups=_245148bf256bb097fa3c6c374e49f1a1787bd4a9" width="350" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,40.75,29.9,350x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&revid=1258739080&groups=_245148bf256bb097fa3c6c374e49f1a1787bd4a9 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Map of mainshock and aftershocks – Mw  4.0 or greater</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Izmit_interferogram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Izmit_interferogram.jpg/220px-Izmit_interferogram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Izmit_interferogram.jpg/330px-Izmit_interferogram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Izmit_interferogram.jpg/440px-Izmit_interferogram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Interferogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferogram">interferogram</a> image of the rupture caused by the earthquake</figcaption></figure> <p>The 17 August 1999 earthquake was the seventh in a sequence of westward-migrating seismic sequence along the NAFZ. This earthquake sequence began in <a href="/wiki/1939_Erzincan_earthquake" title="1939 Erzincan earthquake">1939</a> and ruptured along a 1000-km part of the fault zone, with horizontal displacements of up to 7.5 m (25 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-barkai_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkai-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PGA_Kocaeli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PGA_Kocaeli.jpg/220px-PGA_Kocaeli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PGA_Kocaeli.jpg/330px-PGA_Kocaeli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PGA_Kocaeli.jpg/440px-PGA_Kocaeli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>The waveform showing the peak ground acceleration recorded by a station in Ambarlı, Avcılar district, Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <p>The maximum observed <a href="/wiki/Ground_motion" title="Ground motion">ground motion</a> was 0.45 <i><a href="/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration" title="Peak ground acceleration">g</a></i>. The earthquake lasted 35–45 seconds according to various sources. The closest cities affected were İzmit, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk,_Kocaeli" title="Gölcük, Kocaeli">Gölcük</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yalova" title="Yalova">Yalova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adapazar%C4%B1" title="Adapazarı">Adapazarı</a>, all of which are located near the eastern end of the Marmara Sea, within the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_%C4%B0zmit" title="Gulf of İzmit">Gulf of İzmit</a>. The earthquake also caused serious damage in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, especially in the district of <a href="/wiki/Avc%C4%B1lar,_Istanbul" title="Avcılar, Istanbul">Avcılar</a> which is located in the western part of the city, around 70 km (43 mi) away from the epicenter. Despite the distance, it killed about 1,000 people in the district. The earthquake caused a surface rupture comprising four segments; the Hersek/Karamürsel–Gölcük, İzmit–<a href="/wiki/Lake_Sapanca" title="Lake Sapanca">Lake Sapanca</a>, Lake Sapanca–<a href="/wiki/Akyaz%C4%B1" title="Akyazı">Akyazı</a>, Akyazı–<a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6lyaka" title="Gölyaka">Gölyaka</a> and Gölyaka–Düzce segments. These segments altogether measured over 125 km. All the segments are separated by <a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">pull-apart</a> <a href="/wiki/Fault_stepover" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault stepover">stepovers</a> of 1–4 km (0.62–2.49 mi) in width. The maximum offset throughout the rupture was measured on the Sapanca–Akyazı segment where the surface break displaced a road and a tree line by 5.2 m (17 ft). It also showed pure strike-slip, and the fault plane is almost vertical in most of the places where a surface break was observed. Most of the major aftershocks (M>4) were located near Düzce, south of Adapazarı, in <a href="/wiki/Sapanca" title="Sapanca">Sapanca</a>, in İzmit, and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1narc%C4%B1k" title="Çınarcık">Çınarcık</a> area. At <a href="/wiki/De%C4%9Firmendere,_G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Değirmendere, Gölcük">Değirmendere</a>, a small coastal town west of Gölcük, the rupture cut the edge of a <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">fan delta</a> where the center of the town was located, which caused a slump measuring 300 m (980 ft) long and 100 m (330 ft) wide. As a result, part of the town center slid under the water, including a hotel and several shops and restaurants. At another fan delta east of Gölcük, which is within the step-over area of the ruptures, the fault produced a 2 m-high normal fault scarp.<sup id="cite_ref-barkai_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkai-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data was used from seven broadband stations as well as some other short-period stations across the area to calculate the regional <a href="/wiki/Focal_mechanism" title="Focal mechanism">moment tensor</a> of the mainshocks and larger aftershocks. As a result, most of the earthquakes were found to be split in segments, with the moment tensor's focal mechanism reading either a strike-slip on the fault which is west–east striking, or normal faulting which is between rupture segments. This also proves that the main characteristic of the quake is dextral strike-slip.<sup id="cite_ref-orgulu_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orgulu-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the timing of <a href="/wiki/P_wave" title="P wave">P wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">S wave</a> arrivals at <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometers</a>, there is strong evidence that the rupture propagated eastwards from the epicenter at speeds in excess of the S-wave velocity, making this a <a href="/wiki/Supershear_earthquake" title="Supershear earthquake">supershear earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bouchon_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouchon-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquake_damage">Earthquake damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earthquake damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders floatright" style="clear:right; margin-left:7px; margin-top:0; margin-right:0; margin-bottom:3px; font-size:90%;"> <caption>Casualties by Turkish province<sup id="cite_ref-OCHA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCHA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Province </th> <th scope="col">Deaths </th> <th scope="col">Injuries </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bolu_Province" title="Bolu Province">Bolu</a> </th> <td>264 </td> <td>1,163 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a> </th> <td>263 </td> <td>333 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a> </th> <td>86 </td> <td>83 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> </th> <td>978 </td> <td>3,547 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a> </th> <td>8,644 </td> <td>9,211 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a> </th> <td>2,627 </td> <td>5,084 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a> </th> <td>0 </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Province" title="Yalova Province">Yalova</a> </th> <td>2,501 </td> <td>4,472 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak_Province" title="Zonguldak Province">Zonguldak</a> </th> <td>3 </td> <td>26 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_Shakemap_-_1999_Izmit_earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/USGS_Shakemap_-_1999_Izmit_earthquake.jpg/220px-USGS_Shakemap_-_1999_Izmit_earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/USGS_Shakemap_-_1999_Izmit_earthquake.jpg/330px-USGS_Shakemap_-_1999_Izmit_earthquake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/USGS_Shakemap_-_1999_Izmit_earthquake.jpg/440px-USGS_Shakemap_-_1999_Izmit_earthquake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>USGS ShakeMap showing the intensity of the event</figcaption></figure> <p>Ten provinces were affected with deaths and collapsed buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-OCHA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCHA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An official Turkish estimate dated 19 October 1999 reported casualties of 17,127 killed and 43,953 injured, but many sources suggest the actual figure may have been closer to 45,000 dead and a similar number injured.<sup id="cite_ref-marza_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marza-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports from September 1999 stated 127,251 buildings were damaged to varying extents and at least 60,434 others collapsed,<sup id="cite_ref-OCHA_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCHA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while an <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a> report from 2003 estimated that 320,000 homes and businesses were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-ARC2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARC2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 250,000 people became homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 60 km (37 mi) of the Istanbul-Ankara highway, almost 500 km (310 mi) electricity cables and over 3,000 electricity distribution towers were damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 9,500 people were killed in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk,_Kocaeli" title="Gölcük, Kocaeli">Gölcük</a>, at least 4,556 people died, 5,064 were injured, thousands more were left missing and at least 500 buildings collapsed, trapping about 20,000 families;<sup id="cite_ref-OCHA_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCHA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_08_18_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_08_18-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overall, up to 80% of the city's buildings were damaged or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-ARC2003_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARC2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 200 sailors went missing after a naval base collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also destruction in <a href="/wiki/Yalova" title="Yalova">Yalova</a>, where 2,501 people died, 4,472 were injured and 10,134 buildings collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-OCHA_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCHA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of most damage in Yalova was suspected to be <a href="/wiki/Liquefaction" title="Liquefaction">liquefaction</a>-induced. Since the area mostly comprised <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> soil, it was prone to liquefaction. The approximately 200 drilling sites and boreholes, and many streams and rivers, factored in the severe liquefaction.<sup id="cite_ref-ozcep_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ozcep-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, at least 978 people were killed and 3,547 others sustained injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_08_18_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_08_18-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe damage in the city was concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Avc%C4%B1lar,_Istanbul" title="Avcılar, Istanbul">Avcılar</a> district. Avcılar was built on relatively weak ground, mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">poorly consolidated</a> <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>, which made the district vulnerable to earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>, there were 86 deaths and 70 buildings collapsed. At least 263 people died and 333 others were injured in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>. Three deaths and 26 injuries were reported in <a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a>. At least 2,627 people were also killed and 5,084 others were hurt in <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCHA_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCHA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Izmit_eart3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Izmit_eart3.jpg/220px-Izmit_eart3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Izmit_eart3.jpg/330px-Izmit_eart3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Izmit_eart3.jpg/440px-Izmit_eart3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Collapsed buildings in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk,_Kocaeli" title="Gölcük, Kocaeli">Gölcük</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Private contractors faced backlash for using cheap materials in their construction of residential buildings. Many of these contractors were prosecuted but few were found guilty. Government officials also faced backlash for not properly enforcing earthquake resistant building codes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct cost of damage is estimated at US$6.5 billion, but secondary costs exceeded US$20 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the research branch of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> stated there were 18,373 deaths as a result. In the same report, it stated there were 48,901 injured, 505 permanently injured, 96,796 homes heavily damaged or destroyed, 15,939 businesses heavily damaged or destroyed, 107,315 homes moderately damaged, 16,316 businesses moderately damaged, 113,382 homes slightly damaged, 14,657 businesses slightly damaged, 40,786 <a href="/wiki/Prefabricated_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefabricated buildings">prefabricated homes</a> distributed and 147,120 people rehoused into these homes.<sup id="cite_ref-tbmm_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbmm-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was extensive damage to several bridges and other structures on the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E80" title="European route E80">Trans-European Motorway</a>, including 20 viaducts, 5 tunnels, and several overpasses. Damage ranged from spalling concrete to total deck collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_refinery_fire">Oil refinery fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oil refinery fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupras_%C4%B0zmit_Refinery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tupras_%C4%B0zmit_Refinery.jpg/220px-Tupras_%C4%B0zmit_Refinery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tupras_%C4%B0zmit_Refinery.jpg/330px-Tupras_%C4%B0zmit_Refinery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tupras_%C4%B0zmit_Refinery.jpg/440px-Tupras_%C4%B0zmit_Refinery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a> refinery, where the fire occurred</figcaption></figure> <p>The earthquake triggered a fire at the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a> petroleum refinery. The fire began at a state-owned tank farm and was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> that had spilled from a holding tank. Breakage in water pipelines and earthquake damage made firefighting attempts ineffective. Aircraft were called in to douse the flames with foam, but the fire spread for several days. An evacuation was warranted for an area within 5 km (3.1 mi) of the refinery. The fire was declared under control five days later after claiming at least 17 tanks and an unknown quantity of complex piping.<sup id="cite_ref-Scawthorn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scawthorn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People within 2–3 mi (3.2–4.8 km) of the refinery had to evacuate despite some areas still being in the process of search and rescue.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsunami">Tsunami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tsunami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least 155 deaths were associated with the tsunami.<sup id="cite_ref-NGDC_T_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGDC_T-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many field studies were made about the tsunami in the Gulf of İzmit. Along the northern coast of the gulf, in the basin between <a href="/wiki/Hereke" title="Hereke">Hereke</a> and Tüpraş Petroleum Refinery, the tsunami was recorded as a leading depression wave. The run-up wave heights in this area ranged from 1.5–2.6 m (4 ft 11 in – 8 ft 6 in). The first series of waves arrived at the north coast a few minutes after the earthquake, and had a period of around a minute. The hardest hit areas were Şirinyalı, Kirazlıyalı, Yarımca, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rfez" title="Körfez">Körfez</a>, and the refinery. The tsunami carried mussels into buildings, and damaged doors and windows. Körfez experienced flooding up to 35 m (115 ft) in some areas. Later, watermarks were seen on the walls of buildings, including the police station in Hereke, and at a restaurant near Körfez. Locals reported the first waves arrived at Kirazlıyalı from a southeastern direction, and at Körfez from a southern direction. Along the southern coast of the gulf between Değirmendere and Güzelyalı, run-up measured 0.8–2.5 m (2 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in). The tsunami was recorded as a leading depression wave to the west of Kavaklı up to Güzelyalı. There, the wave was noticed by locals immediately after the earthquake. There was severe coastal subsidence and slumping of a park near Değirmendere. The subsided area was 250 m (820 ft) along the shore and 70 m (230 ft) perpendicular to shore. The same area included two piers, a hotel, a restaurant, a cafe and several trees. Locals at the coast near Değirmendere observed the sea receding by about 150 m (490 ft) in less than two minutes. When the sea came back, it swept inland up to 35 m (115 ft), as shown by the mussels and dead fish left in the flooded areas.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tsunami also caused damage to the naval base nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftershocks">Aftershocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftershocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A M<sub>w</sub> 5.2 aftershock occurred near <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a> on 31 August, causing one additional fatality and 166 injuries, with tremors being felt in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another M<sub>w</sub> 5.9 aftershock hit on 13 September, killing seven and injuring 422 people.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another aftershock measuring M<sub>w</sub> 5.2 occurred on 29 September, killing one person in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A M<sub>w</sub> 5.0 aftershock on 7 November killed one person in <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya Province</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another M<sub>w</sub> 5.7 event on 11 November in the same province caused two deaths and 171 injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 August 2000, a M<sub>w</sub> 5.3 earthquake caused 22 injuries in Sakarya.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another M<sub>w</sub> 5.0 aftershock was recorded on 26 August 2001, causing two injuries in <a href="/wiki/Bolu" title="Bolu">Bolu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"> <caption>Damage assessment statistics by province<sup id="cite_ref-OCHA_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCHA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Province </th> <th>Destroyed </th> <th>Moderately damaged </th> <th>Slightly damaged </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolu_Province" title="Bolu Province">Bolu</a> </td> <td>3,226 </td> <td>4,782 </td> <td>3,233 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td>109 </td> <td>431 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a> </td> <td>70 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>204 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> </td> <td>3,614 </td> <td>12,370 </td> <td>10,630 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a> </td> <td>23,254 </td> <td>21,316 </td> <td>21,481 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a> </td> <td>20,104 </td> <td>11,381 </td> <td>17,953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Province" title="Yalova Province">Yalova</a> </td> <td>10,134 </td> <td>8,870 </td> <td>14,470 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total:</b> </td> <td>60,434 </td> <td>58,860 </td> <td>68,391 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response">Response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency.jpg/220px-Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency.jpg/330px-Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency.jpg/440px-Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency" title="Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency">Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency</a> established in order to prepare for future events.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Turkish_earthquake_diplomacy" title="Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy">Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy</a></div> <p>A massive international response was mounted to assist in digging for survivors and to assist the wounded and homeless. Rescue teams were dispatched within 24–48 hours of the disaster, and the assistance to the survivors was channeled through NGOs, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Red_Crescent" title="Turkish Red Crescent">Turkish Red Crescent</a> and local search and rescue organizations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:990817%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99119%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B6%80_%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84_%EC%B6%9C%EB%8F%999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/990817%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99119%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B6%80_%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84_%EC%B6%9C%EB%8F%999.jpg/220px-990817%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99119%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B6%80_%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84_%EC%B6%9C%EB%8F%999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/990817%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99119%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B6%80_%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84_%EC%B6%9C%EB%8F%999.jpg/330px-990817%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99119%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B6%80_%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84_%EC%B6%9C%EB%8F%999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/990817%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99119%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B6%80_%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84_%EC%B6%9C%EB%8F%999.jpg/440px-990817%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99119%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B6%80_%ED%84%B0%ED%82%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84_%EC%B6%9C%EB%8F%999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>A team of Korean volunteers and locals helping with rescue operations</figcaption></figure> <p>The following table shows the breakdown of rescue teams by country in the affected locations: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Foreign search and rescue teams </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk,_Kocaeli" title="Gölcük, Kocaeli">Gölcük</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">Kocaeli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yalova" title="Yalova">Yalova</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-psp-nowysacz.pl_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psp-nowysacz.pl-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avc%C4%B1lar,_Istanbul" title="Avcılar, Istanbul">Avcılar, Istanbul</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">Kocaeli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, United States, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce" title="Düzce">Düzce</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-psp-nowysacz.pl_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psp-nowysacz.pl-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayrampa%C5%9Fa" title="Bayrampaşa">Bayrampaşa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kartal" title="Kartal">Kartal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Search and Rescue Effort as of 19 August 1999. Source: USAID</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reddingshond_turkije.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Reddingshond_turkije.jpg/220px-Reddingshond_turkije.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Reddingshond_turkije.jpg/330px-Reddingshond_turkije.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Reddingshond_turkije.jpg/440px-Reddingshond_turkije.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A rescue dog in action</figcaption></figure> <p>In total, teams from 12 countries assisted in the rescue effort. Greece was the first nation to pledge aid and support. Within hours of the earthquake, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> contacted their counterparts in Turkey, and the minister sent his personal envoys. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Citizen_Protection_(Greece)" title="Ministry of Citizen Protection (Greece)">Greek Ministry of Public Orders</a> sent a rescue team of 24 people and two trained rescue dogs, as well as fire-extinguishing planes to help put out the fire in the Tüpraş Oil refinery.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil Spill Response Limited was activated by <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> and deployed from the United Kingdom to the Tüpraş Refinery. Responders successfully contained the previously uncontrolled discharge of oil from the site into the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Girgin_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Girgin-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK announced an immediate grant of £50,000 to help the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Red_Crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Crescent">Red Crescent</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent">International Red Cross and Red Crescent</a> pledged £4.5 million to help victims. Blankets, medical supplies and food were flown from <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">Stansted</a> airport. Engineers from <a href="/wiki/Thames_Water" title="Thames Water">Thames Water</a> went to help restore water supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> later visited <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and İzmit to examine the level of destruction and meet with the survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_risk">Future risk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Future risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been an increased seismic activity in the Eastern Sea of Marmara since 2002 and a quiescence of earthquakes on the <a href="/wiki/Princes%27_Islands" title="Princes' Islands">Princes' Islands</a> Segment of the North Anatolian Fault off the southern coast of Istanbul. This suggests that the 150 km (93 mi) long submarine seismic gap below the Sea of Marmara could result in another large earthquake. These possibilities are quite important, with respect to the segmentation of major fault ruptures along the North Anatolian Fault Zone in north-western Turkey. With the possible activation of segments towards the metropolitan areas of Istanbul, the Princes' Islands gap should be considered to have an impact on the large seismic hazard potential for Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-bohnoff_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bohnoff-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite a long-term earthquake catalogue existing for the North Anatolian Fault Zone and for the Istanbul area in particular, the basic understanding of the seismicity there is still lacking. The observation of a seismic gap in the vicinity of the Istanbul metropolitan area was made possible through deploying a dense network of seismic stations and small arrays near the fault trace, south of the Princes' Islands. This improved monitoring along the Princes' Islands segment, which is west of the İzmit 1999 rupture and southeast of Istanbul's city center. It has highlighted the location of likely rupture points for future earthquake. It also limits the maximum size of future events along the whole Marmara seismic gap in case of cascade behavior. Knowing this, a regional earthquake early warning system for Istanbul and surroundings could be beneficial. The aseismic part of the Princes' Islands segment represents a likely high-slip area for a future large earthquake. Fault characterization is likewise very relevant to determine the directivity of earthquake waves approaching Istanbul. Modelling of potential impacts to Istanbul from different scenarios have shown to improve the estimation of hazards that the seismic gaps pose. Improved and denser seismic monitoring is expected from on-going efforts to install an underground (borehole-based) seismograph network in the Sea of Marmara.<sup id="cite_ref-bohnoff_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bohnoff-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istanbul, being the most populated city in Turkey, lies right near the segments of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, making it at very high risk to an earthquake-related disaster which could cause thousands of casualties and severe damage. Following the 1999 earthquake, there was an urgent need for the government to mitigate these risks. With the help of organizations like the World Bank, hundreds of buildings have been retrofitted and reconstructed, and thousands of citizens have been trained in disaster preparedness.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kavakl%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flooded Kavaklı Beach in Gölcük"><img alt="Flooded Kavaklı Beach in Gölcük" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kavakl%C4%B1.jpg/225px-Kavakl%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kavakl%C4%B1.jpg/338px-Kavakl%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kavakl%C4%B1.jpg/450px-Kavakl%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Flooded Kavaklı Beach in Gölcük</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F6-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsunami wave causing minor surge"><img alt="Tsunami wave causing minor surge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/F6-14.jpg/200px-F6-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/F6-14.jpg/300px-F6-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/F6-14.jpg/400px-F6-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Tsunami wave causing minor surge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F8-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fault scarp as a result of the earthquake"><img alt="Fault scarp as a result of the earthquake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/F8-19.jpg/200px-F8-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/F8-19.jpg/300px-F8-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/F8-19.jpg/400px-F8-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Fault scarp as a result of the earthquake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 68.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 66.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moletrack_far.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surface rupture in Sakarya"><img alt="Surface rupture in Sakarya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Moletrack_far.jpg/100px-Moletrack_far.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Moletrack_far.jpg/151px-Moletrack_far.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Moletrack_far.jpg/201px-Moletrack_far.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Surface rupture in Sakarya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SismoTurquia03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Collapsed building"><img alt="Collapsed building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/SismoTurquia03.jpg/180px-SismoTurquia03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/SismoTurquia03.jpg/271px-SismoTurquia03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/SismoTurquia03.jpg/361px-SismoTurquia03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Collapsed building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F6-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Destroyed buildings along a street"><img alt="Destroyed buildings along a street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/F6-18.jpg/200px-F6-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/F6-18.jpg/300px-F6-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/F6-18.jpg/400px-F6-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Destroyed buildings along a street</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:August_17,_1999_Izmit_earthquake_Yuvacik.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Classroom where the fault rupture went right under it"><img alt="Classroom where the fault rupture went right under it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/August_17%2C_1999_Izmit_earthquake_Yuvacik.jpg/101px-August_17%2C_1999_Izmit_earthquake_Yuvacik.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/August_17%2C_1999_Izmit_earthquake_Yuvacik.jpg/151px-August_17%2C_1999_Izmit_earthquake_Yuvacik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/August_17%2C_1999_Izmit_earthquake_Yuvacik.jpg/202px-August_17%2C_1999_Izmit_earthquake_Yuvacik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Classroom where the fault rupture went right under it</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_D%C3%BCzce_earthquake" title="1999 Düzce earthquake">1999 Düzce earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_1999" title="List of earthquakes in 1999">List of earthquakes in 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">List of earthquakes in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Earthquake_Monument" title="Yalova Earthquake Monument">Yalova Earthquake Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_D%C3%BCzce_earthquake" title="2022 Düzce earthquake">2022 Düzce earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquakes" title="2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes">2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Barka-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barka_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barka_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/1999_Izmit_earthquake" class="extiw" title="commons:1999 Izmit earthquake"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">1999 Izmit earthquake</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009d4z#general_summary">M7.6 – western Turkey</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eaee.boun.edu.tr/bulletins/v18n1/kocaeli.htm">17 August 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake</a> – The European Association for Earthquake Engineering</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205174028/http://nisee.berkeley.edu/turkey/report.html">Initial Geotechnical Observations of the August 17, 1999, Izmit Earthquake</a> – National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/">International Seismological Centre</a> has a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=1655218">bibliography</a> and/or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?event_id=1655218&out_format=IMS1.0&request=COMPREHENSIVE">authoritative data</a> for this event.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReliefWeb" title="ReliefWeb">ReliefWeb</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/disaster/eq-1999-0268-tur">main page</a> for this event.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earthquakes_in_1999" title="Template:Earthquakes in 1999"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthquakes_in_1999" title="Template talk:Earthquakes in 1999"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes_in_1999" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes in 1999"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_Earthquakes_in_1999_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_1998" title="List of earthquakes in 1998">←</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_1999" title="List of earthquakes in 1999">Earthquakes in 1999</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2000" title="List of earthquakes in 2000">→</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Armenia,_Colombia_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Armenia, Colombia earthquake">Armenia</a> (6.2, Jan 25) <b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Afghanistan_earthquake" title="1999 Afghanistan earthquake">Afghanistan</a> (6.0, Feb 11) <b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Chamoli_earthquake" title="1999 Chamoli earthquake">Chamoli</a> (6.6, Mar 29) <b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Tehuac%C3%A1n_earthquake" title="1999 Tehuacán earthquake">Tehuacán</a> (7.0, Jun 15)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İzmit</a> (7.6, Aug 17) <b>†</b> <b>‡</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Athens_earthquake" title="1999 Athens earthquake">Athens</a> (6.0, Sep 7) <b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Jiji_earthquake" title="1999 Jiji earthquake">Jiji</a> (7.6, Sep 21) <b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Oaxaca_earthquake" title="1999 Oaxaca earthquake">Oaxaca</a> (7.4, Sep 30) <b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Hector_Mine_earthquake" title="1999 Hector Mine earthquake">Hector Mine</a> (7.1, Oct 16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_D%C3%BCzce_earthquake" title="1999 Düzce earthquake">Düzce</a> (7.2, Nov 12) <b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Ambrym_earthquake" title="1999 Ambrym earthquake">Ambrym</a> (7.4, Nov 26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Luzon_earthquake" title="1999 Luzon earthquake">Luzon</a> (7.3, Dec 11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Sunda_Strait_earthquake" title="1999 Sunda Strait earthquake">Sunda Strait</a> (6.5, Dec 21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_A%C3%AFn_T%C3%A9mouchent_earthquake" title="1999 Aïn Témouchent earthquake">Aïn Témouchent</a> (5.6, Dec 22)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>†</b> indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths<br /> <b>‡</b> indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earthquakes_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="Template:Earthquakes in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Earthquakes in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earthquakes_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_17_Lydia_earthquake" title="AD 17 Lydia earthquake">AD 17 Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/115_Antioch_earthquake" title="115 Antioch earthquake">115 Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/141_Lycia_earthquake" title="141 Lycia earthquake">141 Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/262_Southwest_Anatolia_earthquake" title="262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake">262 SW Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/447_Constantinople_earthquake" title="447 Constantinople earthquake">447 Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/526_Antioch_earthquake" title="526 Antioch earthquake">526 Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/528_Antioch_earthquake" title="528 Antioch earthquake">528 Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/557_Constantinople_earthquake" title="557 Constantinople earthquake">557 Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/840_Erzurum_earthquake" title="840 Erzurum earthquake">840 Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/847_Damascus_earthquake" title="847 Damascus earthquake">847 Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1114_Marash_earthquake" title="1114 Marash earthquake">1114 Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1269_Cilicia_earthquake" title="1269 Cilicia earthquake">1269 Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1509_Constantinople_earthquake" title="1509 Constantinople earthquake">1509 Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1513_Marash_earthquake" title="1513 Marash earthquake">1513 Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1598_Amasya%E2%80%93%C3%87orum_earthquake" title="1598 Amasya–Çorum earthquake">1598 Amasya–Çorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1653_Smyrna_earthquake" title="1653 Smyrna earthquake">1653 Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1668_North_Anatolia_earthquake" title="1668 North Anatolia earthquake">1668 North Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1688_Smyrna_earthquake" title="1688 Smyrna earthquake">1688 Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1766_Istanbul_earthquake" title="1766 Istanbul earthquake">1766 Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1766_Marmara_earthquake" title="1766 Marmara earthquake">1766 Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Ahora_earthquake" title="1840 Ahora earthquake">1840 Ahora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_Bursa_earthquake" title="1855 Bursa earthquake">1855 Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Heraklion_earthquake" title="1856 Heraklion earthquake">1856 Heraklion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_Erzurum_earthquake" title="1859 Erzurum earthquake">1859 Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Bing%C3%B6l_earthquake" title="1866 Bingöl earthquake">1866 Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Amik_earthquake" title="1872 Amik earthquake">1872 Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Dinar_earthquake" title="1875 Dinar earthquake">1875 Dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Chios_earthquake" title="1881 Chios earthquake">1881 Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_%C3%87e%C5%9Fme_earthquake" title="1883 Çeşme earthquake">1883 Çeşme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Malatya_earthquake" title="1893 Malatya earthquake">1893 Malatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Istanbul_earthquake" title="1894 Istanbul earthquake">1894 Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Bal%C4%B1kesir_earthquake" title="1898 Balıkesir earthquake">1898 Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Ayd%C4%B1n%E2%80%93Denizli_earthquake" title="1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake">1899 Aydın–Denizli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Manzikert_earthquake" title="1903 Manzikert earthquake">1903 Manzikert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_M%C3%BCrefte_earthquake" title="1912 Mürefte earthquake">1912 Mürefte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Burdur_earthquake" title="1914 Burdur earthquake">1914 Burdur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Ayval%C4%B1k_earthquake" title="1919 Ayvalık earthquake">1919 Ayvalık</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Pasinler_earthquake" title="1924 Pasinler earthquake">1924 Pasinler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Kars_earthquake" title="1926 Kars earthquake">1926 Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Su%C5%9Fehri_earthquake" title="1929 Suşehri earthquake">1929 Suşehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Salmas_earthquake" title="1930 Salmas earthquake">1930 Salmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Erdek%E2%80%93Marmara_Islands_earthquake" title="1935 Erdek–Marmara Islands earthquake">1935 Erdek–Marmara Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Digor_earthquake" title="1935 Digor earthquake">1935 Digor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir_earthquake" title="1938 Kırşehir earthquake">1938 Kırşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Erzincan_earthquake" title="1939 Erzincan earthquake">1939 Erzincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Van%E2%80%93Erci%C5%9F_earthquake" title="1941 Van–Erciş earthquake">1941 Van–Erciş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Niksar%E2%80%93Erbaa_earthquake" title="1942 Niksar–Erbaa earthquake">1942 Niksar–Erbaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Adapazar%C4%B1%E2%80%93Hendek_earthquake" title="1943 Adapazarı–Hendek earthquake">1943 Adapazarı–Hendek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Tosya%E2%80%93Ladik_earthquake" title="1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake">1943 Tosya–Ladik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Bolu%E2%80%93Gerede_earthquake" title="1944 Bolu–Gerede earthquake">1944 Bolu–Gerede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Gulf_of_Edremit%E2%80%93Ayvacik_earthquake" title="1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik earthquake">1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Varto%E2%80%93H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s_earthquake" title="1946 Varto–Hınıs earthquake">1946 Varto–Hınıs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Karl%C4%B1ova_earthquake" title="1949 Karlıova earthquake">1949 Karlıova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Kur%C5%9Funlu_earthquake" title="1951 Kurşunlu earthquake">1951 Kurşunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Hasankale_earthquake" title="1952 Hasankale earthquake">1952 Hasankale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Yenice%E2%80%93G%C3%B6nen_earthquake" title="1953 Yenice–Gönen earthquake">1953 Yenice–Gönen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Fethiye_earthquakes" title="1957 Fethiye earthquakes">1957 Fethiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Abant_earthquake" title="1957 Abant earthquake">1957 Abant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Manyas_earthquake" title="1964 Manyas earthquake">1964 Manyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Varto_earthquake" title="1966 Varto earthquake">1966 Varto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Mudurnu_earthquake" title="1967 Mudurnu earthquake">1967 Mudurnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Bart%C4%B1n_earthquake" title="1968 Bartın earthquake">1968 Bartın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Ala%C5%9Fehir_earthquake" title="1969 Alaşehir earthquake">1969 Alaşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Gediz_earthquake" title="1970 Gediz earthquake">1970 Gediz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bing%C3%B6l_earthquake" title="1971 Bingöl earthquake">1971 Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Lice_earthquake" title="1975 Lice earthquake">1975 Lice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye_earthquake" title="1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake">1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Erzurum_earthquake" title="1983 Erzurum earthquake">1983 Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Biga_earthquake" title="1983 Biga earthquake">1983 Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Malatya_earthquake" title="1986 Malatya earthquake">1986 Malatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Erzincan_earthquake" title="1992 Erzincan earthquake">1992 Erzincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Dinar_earthquake" title="1995 Dinar earthquake">1995 Dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Adana%E2%80%93Ceyhan_earthquake" title="1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake">1998 Adana–Ceyhan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1999 İzmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_D%C3%BCzce_earthquake" title="1999 Düzce earthquake">1999 Düzce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Afyon_earthquake" title="2002 Afyon earthquake">2002 Afyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Bing%C3%B6l_earthquake" title="2003 Bingöl earthquake">2003 Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t_earthquake" title="2004 Doğubayazıt earthquake">2004 Doğubayazıt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_earthquake" title="2010 Elazığ earthquake">2010 Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_K%C3%BCtahya_earthquake" title="2011 Kütahya earthquake">2011 Kütahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Van_earthquakes" title="2011 Van earthquakes">2011 Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Aegean_Sea_earthquake" title="2014 Aegean Sea earthquake">2014 Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aegean_Sea_earthquake" title="2017 Aegean Sea earthquake">2017 Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Istanbul_earthquake" title="2019 Istanbul earthquake">2019 Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_earthquake" title="2020 Elazığ earthquake">2020 Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_earthquakes" title="2020 Iran–Turkey earthquakes">2020 Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Bing%C3%B6l_earthquake" title="2020 Bingöl earthquake">2020 Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Aegean_Sea_earthquake" title="2020 Aegean Sea earthquake">2020 Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_D%C3%BCzce_earthquake" title="2022 Düzce earthquake">2022 Düzce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquakes" title="2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes">2023 Gaziantep–Kahramanmaraş</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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