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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Tappan Morris</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="روبرت تابان موريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت تابان موريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="رابرت تاپن موریس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت تاپن موریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Ռոբերտ Թեպման Մորիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Թեպման Մորիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_(hacker)" title="Robert Morris (hacker) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Morris (hacker)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Роберт Тэппэн Моррис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт Тэппэн Моррис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="روبرت تابان موريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت تابان موريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BBT%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ロバート・T・モリス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・T・モリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Моррис, Роберт Тэппэн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моррис, Роберт Тэппэн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris" title="Robert Morris – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Robert Morris" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Tappan Morris" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_T._Morris" title="Robert T. Morris – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert T. Morris" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81" title="Роберт Теппен Морріс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Теппен Морріс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E6%BD%98%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="罗伯特·泰潘·莫里斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·泰潘·莫里斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American computer scientist; creator of Morris Worm; associate professor at MIT</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Robert Morris, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Robert Morris (disambiguation)">Robert Morris (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></div><div class="fn">Robert Tappan Morris</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Tappan_Morris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Robert_Tappan_Morris.jpg/220px-Robert_Tappan_Morris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Robert_Tappan_Morris.jpg/330px-Robert_Tappan_Morris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Robert_Tappan_Morris.jpg/440px-Robert_Tappan_Morris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Robert Morris in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1965-11-08</span>) </span>November 8, 1965<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 59)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">RTM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University </a> (BA) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (PhD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">Entrepreneur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, partner at <a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator" title="Y Combinator">Y Combinator</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ycombinator_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ycombinator-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Worm">Morris Worm</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Viaweb" title="Viaweb">Viaweb</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator" title="Y Combinator">Y Combinator</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Fulfilled</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(cryptographer)" title="Robert Morris (cryptographer)">Robert Morris</a>, Anne Farlow Morris</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data">"To demonstrate the inadequacies of current security measures on <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> by exploiting the security defects that Morris had discovered."<sup id="cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usvmorris505-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>: Title 18 (<a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030">§ 1030</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a> (CFAA), March 7, 1991)<sup id="cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usvmorris505-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data">3 years of <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a>, 400 hours of <a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">community service</a>, and fines of $10,050 plus costs of his supervision<sup id="cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usvmorris505-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/rtm">pdos<wbr />.csail<wbr />.mit<wbr />.edu<wbr />/rtm</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Tappan Morris</b> (born November 8, 1965) is an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a>. He is best known for creating the <a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a> in 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered the first <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">computer worm</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-morris-worm_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris-worm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morris was prosecuted for releasing the worm, and became the first person convicted under the then-new <a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a> (CFAA).<sup id="cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usvmorris505-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to cofound the online store <a href="/wiki/Viaweb" title="Viaweb">Viaweb</a>, one of the first <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later the <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> funding firm <a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator" title="Y Combinator">Y Combinator</a>, both with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Blackwell" title="Trevor Blackwell">Trevor Blackwell</a>. </p><p>He later joined the faculty in the department of <a href="/wiki/Computer_Science_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science and Engineering">Electrical Engineering and Computer Science</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), where he received <a href="/wiki/Tenure_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure (academic)">tenure</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-csail_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csail-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> in 2019. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Tappan_Morris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morris was born in 1965 to parents <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(cryptographer)" title="Robert Morris (cryptographer)">Robert Morris</a> and Anne Farlow Morris. The senior Robert Morris was a computer scientist at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, who helped design <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>; and later became the chief scientist at the <a href="/wiki/National_Computer_Security_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Computer Security Center">National Computer Security Center</a>, a division of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA). </p><p>Morris grew up in the <a href="/wiki/Millington,_New_Jersey" title="Millington, New Jersey">Millington</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Long_Hill_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Long Hill Township, New Jersey">Long Hill Township, New Jersey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attended <a href="/wiki/The_Peck_School" title="The Peck School">The Peck School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Delbarton_School" title="Delbarton School">Delbarton School</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-CW1988_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW1988-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morris attended <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and later went on to graduate school at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. During his first year there, he designed a <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">computer worm</a> (see below) that disrupted many computers on what was then a fledgling internet. This led to him being indicted a year later. </p><p>After serving his conviction term, he returned to Harvard to complete his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> (Ph.D.) under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/H._T._Kung" title="H. T. Kung">H. T. Kung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finished in 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morris_worm">Morris worm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Tappan_Morris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Morris worm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></div> <p>Morris's <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">computer worm</a> was developed in 1988, while he was a graduate student at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US_v._Morris,_928_F._2d_504_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_v._Morris,_928_F._2d_504-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He released the worm from MIT, rather than from Cornell.<sup id="cite_ref-US_v._Morris,_928_F._2d_504_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_v._Morris,_928_F._2d_504-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worm exploited several vulnerabilities to gain entry to targeted systems, including: </p> <ul><li>A hole in the debug mode of the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">sendmail</a></i> program</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow" title="Buffer overflow">buffer overflow</a> or overrun hole in the <i><a href="/wiki/Fingerd" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerd">fingerd</a></i> network service</li> <li>The transitive trust enabled by people setting up network <a href="/wiki/Login" title="Login">logins</a> with no <a href="/wiki/Password" title="Password">password</a> requirements via <i><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_r-commands" title="Berkeley r-commands">remote execution</a></i> (rexec) with <i><a href="/wiki/Remote_Shell" title="Remote Shell">Remote Shell</a></i> (rsh), termed <i>rexec/rsh</i></li></ul> <p>The worm was programmed to check each computer it found to determine if the infection was already present. However, Morris believed that some <a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">system administrators</a> might try to defeat the worm by instructing the computer to report a <a href="/wiki/False_positives_and_false_negatives" title="False positives and false negatives">false positive</a>. To compensate for this possibility, Morris programmed the worm to copy itself anyway, 14% of the time, no matter what the response was to the infection-status interrogation. </p><p>This level of persistence was a design flaw: it created system loads that brought it to the attention of administrators, and disrupted the target computers. During the ensuing trial, it was estimated that the cost in "potential loss in productivity" caused by the worm and efforts to remove it from individual system ranged from $200 to $53,000 per system, representing a total economic impact of up to $10,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-US_v._Morris,_928_F._2d_504_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_v._Morris,_928_F._2d_504-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_prosecution">Criminal prosecution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Tappan_Morris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criminal prosecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1989, Morris was indicted for violating <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> Title 18 (<a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030">§ 1030</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a> (CFAA).<sup id="cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usvmorris505-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first person to be indicted under this act. In December 1990, he was sentenced to three years of probation, 400 hours of community service, and a fine of $10,050 plus the costs of his supervision. He appealed, but his conviction was affirmed the following March.<sup id="cite_ref-morris-worm_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris-worm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris's stated motive during the trial was "to demonstrate the inadequacies of current security measures on computer networks by exploiting the security defects [he] had discovered."<sup id="cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usvmorris505-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed his sentence as of 1994. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_work">Later life and work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Tappan_Morris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life and work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morris's principal research interest is computer network architectures which includes work on <a href="/wiki/Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">distributed hash tables</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chord_(peer-to-peer)" title="Chord (peer-to-peer)">Chord</a> and wireless <a href="/wiki/Mesh_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh networks">mesh networks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Roofnet" title="Roofnet">Roofnet</a>. </p><p>He is a longtime friend and collaborator of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a>. Along with cofounding two companies with him, Graham dedicated his book <i>ANSI Common Lisp</i> to Morris and named the <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> that generates the online stores' web pages <a href="/wiki/RTML" title="RTML">RTML</a> (Robert T. Morris Language) in his honor. Graham lists Morris as one of his personal heroes, saying that Morris is "never wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Tappan_Morris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1983 – Graduated from <a href="/wiki/Delbarton_School" title="Delbarton School">Delbarton School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown, New Jersey</a><sup id="cite_ref-CW1988_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW1988-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1987 – Received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> (B.A.) from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li>1988 – Released the <a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a> (when he was a graduate student at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>)</li> <li>1989 – Indicted under the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a> (CFAA) of 1986 on July 26, 1989; the first person to be indicted under the Act</li> <li>1990 – Convicted in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morris_(1991)" title="United States v. Morris (1991)"><i>United States v. Morris</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usvmorris505-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1995 – Cofounded <a href="/wiki/Viaweb" title="Viaweb">Viaweb</a>, a start-up company that made software for building online stores (with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a>)</li> <li>1998 – Viaweb sold for $49 million<sup id="cite_ref-Cnet_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cnet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a>, which renamed the software <i>Yahoo! Store</i></li> <li>1999 – Received Ph.D. in Applied Sciences from Harvard for thesis titled <i>Scalable TCP Congestion Control</i></li> <li>1999 – Appointed as an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a> at MIT</li> <li>2005 – Cofounded <a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator" title="Y Combinator">Y Combinator</a>, a seed-stage <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup</a> <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> funding firm that provides seed money, advice, and connections at two 3-month programs per year (with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Blackwell" title="Trevor Blackwell">Trevor Blackwell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Livingston" title="Jessica Livingston">Jessica Livingston</a>)</li> <li>2006 – Awarded <a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenure</a> at MIT<sup id="cite_ref-mit_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006 – Technical advisor for <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Meraki" title="Cisco Meraki">Cisco Meraki</a><sup id="cite_ref-meraki_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meraki-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008 – Released the <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> <a href="/wiki/Arc_(programming_language)" title="Arc (programming language)">Arc</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">dialect</a> (with Paul Graham)</li> <li>2010 – Awarded the 2010 Special Interest Group in Operating Systems (SIGOPS) <a href="/wiki/Mark_Weiser" title="Mark Weiser">Mark Weiser</a> award<sup id="cite_ref-mark-weiser-award_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mark-weiser-award-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015 – Elected a Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM, 2014) for <i>"contributions to <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>."</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019 – Elected to <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Tappan_Morris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convicted_computer_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of convicted computer criminals">List of convicted computer criminals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Tappan_Morris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-usvmorris505-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usvmorris505_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morris_(1991)" title="United States v. Morris (1991)">United States v. Morris (1991)</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=551386241451639668">928 F.2d 504</a>, 505 (2d Cir. 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ycombinator-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ycombinator_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ycombinator.com/people.html">"Y Combinator: Partners"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator" title="Y Combinator">Y Combinator</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Y+Combinator&rft.atitle=Y+Combinator%3A+Partners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ycombinator.com%2Fpeople.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Timothy B. (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/11/01/how-a-grad-student-trying-to-build-the-first-botnet-brought-the-internet-to-its-knees/">"How a grad student trying to build the first botnet brought the Internet to its knees"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+a+grad+student+trying+to+build+the+first+botnet+brought+the+Internet+to+its+knees&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Timothy+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-switch%2Fwp%2F2013%2F11%2F01%2Fhow-a-grad-student-trying-to-build-the-first-botnet-brought-the-internet-to-its-knees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morris-worm-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morris-worm_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morris-worm_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehoe2007" class="citation web cs1">Kehoe, Brendan P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/morris-worm.html">"The Robert Morris Internet Worm"</a>. <i>Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL)</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Science+%26+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory+%28CSAIL%29&rft.atitle=The+Robert+Morris+Internet+Worm&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kehoe&rft.aufirst=Brendan+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.csail.mit.edu%2Fmac%2Fclasses%2F6.805%2Farticles%2Fmorris-worm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenningLin1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_E._Denning" title="Dorothy E. Denning">Denning, Dorothy Elizabeth Robling</a>; Lin, Herbert S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780309050906/page/74"><i>Rights and responsibilities of participants in networked communities</i></a>. National Academies Press. p. 74 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780309050906/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-05090-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-05090-6"><bdi>978-0-309-05090-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rights+and+responsibilities+of+participants+in+networked+communities&rft.pages=74+74&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-309-05090-6&rft.aulast=Denning&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+Elizabeth+Robling&rft.au=Lin%2C+Herbert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780309050906%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/first-computer-worm-unleashed/">"First Computer "Worm" Unleashed"</a>. <i>History Channel</i>. 2016-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Channel&rft.atitle=First+Computer+%22Worm%22+Unleashed&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historychannel.com.au%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Ffirst-computer-worm-unleashed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csail-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-csail_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csail.mit.edu/person/robert-morris">"Robert Morris: Professor"</a>. <i>Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL)</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. October 30, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803094019/http://www.csail.mit.edu/biographies/PI/bioprint.php?PeopleID=301">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Science+%26+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory+%28CSAIL%29&rft.atitle=Robert+Morris%3A+Professor&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csail.mit.edu%2Fperson%2Frobert-morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1990" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Frank (February 1, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/97115172/">"Former resident convicted of creating computer 'worm'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Echoes-Sentinel</i>. Warren Township, New Jersey: Newspapers.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Former township resident Robert Tappan Morris Jr. was convicted last week of federal computer tampering charges for creating a 'worm' that penetrated and crippled 6,000 computers nationwide. Morris, 24, who grew up on Old Mill Road in Millington and now lives with his parents in Maryland, was suspended for a year from Cornell University graduate school after he was charged with the crime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Echoes-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Former+resident+convicted+of+creating+computer+%27worm%27&rft.date=1990-02-01&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F97115172%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-12-mn-687-story.html">"Hackers and Viruses : Computers Stumped by Ethics Code"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 12 November 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Hackers+and+Viruses+%3A+Computers+Stumped+by+Ethics+Code&rft.date=1988-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-11-12-mn-687-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CW1988-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CW1988_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CW1988_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly1988" class="citation web cs1">Daly, James (November 14, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9129344/Portrait_of_an_artist_as_a_young_hacker">"Portrait of an artist as a young hacker"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Draves added that Morris said he enjoyed cracking passwords as a student at the Delbarton School, an exclusive private high school in Morristown, NJ 'But I thought he'd given up on that,' Draves said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+an+artist+as+a+young+hacker&rft.date=1988-11-14&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F9129344%2FPortrait_of_an_artist_as_a_young_hacker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_J._Shapiro" title="Scott J. Shapiro">Shapiro, Scott</a> (2023). <i>Fancy Bear Goes Phishing: The dark history of the information age, in five extraordinary hacks</i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">76–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-60117-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-60117-1"><bdi>978-0-374-60117-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fancy+Bear+Goes+Phishing%3A+The+dark+history+of+the+information+age%2C+in+five+extraordinary+hacks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-374-60117-1&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_v._Morris,_928_F._2d_504-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_v._Morris,_928_F._2d_504_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_v._Morris,_928_F._2d_504_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_v._Morris,_928_F._2d_504_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=551386241451639668">"US v. Morris, 928 F. 2d 504 – Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit 1991"</a>. <i>US v. Morris, 928 F. 2d 504</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+v.+Morris%2C+928+F.+2d+504&rft.atitle=US+v.+Morris%2C+928+F.+2d+504+%E2%80%93+Court+of+Appeals%2C+2nd+Circuit+1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D551386241451639668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Graham, Paul</a> (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulgraham.com/heroes.html">"Some Heroes"</a>. <i>Paul Graham</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paul+Graham&rft.atitle=Some+Heroes&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulgraham.com%2Fheroes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cnet-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cnet_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston1998" class="citation web cs1">Weston, Randy (June 8, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/yahoo-buys-viaweb-for-49-million/">"Yahoo buys Viaweb for $49 million"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. CBS Interactive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Yahoo+buys+Viaweb+for+%2449+million&rft.date=1998-06-08&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fyahoo-buys-viaweb-for-49-million%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mit-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mit_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/tenure-1025.html">"23 faculty members awarded tenure"</a>. <i>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</i>. October 25, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.atitle=23+faculty+members+awarded+tenure&rft.date=2006-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2006%2Ftenure-1025.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meraki-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meraki_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908063217/http://www.meraki.com/about/">"About Meraki"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Meraki" title="Cisco Meraki">Cisco Meraki</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meraki.cisco.com/company/about">the original</a> on September 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Meraki&rft.pub=Cisco+Meraki&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeraki.cisco.com%2Fcompany%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mark-weiser-award-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mark-weiser-award_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigops.org/awards/mw/">"Mark Weiser Award"</a>. <i>SIGOPS</i>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM). 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIGOPS&rft.atitle=Mark+Weiser+Award&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigops.org%2Fawards%2Fmw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/morris_4169967.cfm">"Robert Morris"</a>. <i>ACM Awards</i>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACM+Awards&rft.atitle=Robert+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fawards.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fmorris_4169967.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nae.edu/19579/31222/20095/203308/204037/National-Academy-of-Engineering-Elects-86-Members-and-18-Foreign-Members">"National Academy of Engineering Elects 86 Members and 18 Foreign Members"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">NAE</a>. 7 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Academy+of+Engineering+Elects+86+Members+and+18+Foreign+Members&rft.pub=NAE&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nae.edu%2F19579%2F31222%2F20095%2F203308%2F204037%2FNational-Academy-of-Engineering-Elects-86-Members-and-18-Foreign-Members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Tappan_Morris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hackerscrackersandthieves.com/robert-tappan-morris-the-morris-worm/">"Robert Tappan Morris – The Morris Worm"</a>. <i>Hackers, Crackers and Thieves</i>. 2 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hackers%2C+Crackers+and+Thieves&rft.atitle=Robert+Tappan+Morris+%E2%80%93+The+Morris+Worm&rft.date=2019-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hackerscrackersandthieves.com%2Frobert-tappan-morris-the-morris-worm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafnerMarkoff1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katie_Hafner" title="Katie Hafner">Hafner, Katie</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Markoff" title="John Markoff">Markoff, John</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyberpunk00kati"><i>Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68322-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68322-5"><bdi>0-671-68322-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyberpunk%3A+Outlaws+and+Hackers+on+the+Computer+Frontier&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-671-68322-5&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Markoff%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcyberpunk00kati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/hack/iworm.html">A Report on the Internet Worm</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpafford1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Spafford" title="Gene Spafford">Spafford, Eugene H.</a> (June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dga/15-712/F13/papers//Spafford89.pdf">"The Internet Worm—Crisis and Aftermath"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>32</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM): <span class="nowrap">678–</span>687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F63526.63527">10.1145/63526.63527</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782">0001-0782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7267857">7267857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Worm%E2%80%94Crisis+and+Aftermath&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E678-%3C%2Fspan%3E687&rft.date=1989-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7267857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0001-0782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F63526.63527&rft.aulast=Spafford&rft.aufirst=Eugene+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2F~dga%2F15-712%2FF13%2Fpapers%2F%2FSpafford89.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Tappan+Morris" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Tappan_Morris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/~rtm">Official website</a></span></span>, at MIT</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lisp_programming_language" title="Template:Lisp programming language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lisp_programming_language" title="Template talk:Lisp programming language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lisp_programming_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lisp programming language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lisp_programming880" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp programming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Automatic storage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">Conditionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic typing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">Higher-order functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">Linked lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-expression" title="M-expression">M-expressions</a> (deprecated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">Read–eval–print loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">Self-hosting</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree data structure">Tree data structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_Object_System" title="Common Lisp Object System">Common Lisp Object System</a> (CLOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommonLoops" title="CommonLoops">CommonLoops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavors_(programming_language)" title="Flavors (programming language)">Flavors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Standardized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common<br />Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_Common_Lisp" title="Allegro Common Lisp">Allegro Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Bear_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Bear Common Lisp">Armed Bear Common Lisp</a> (ABCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLISP" title="CLISP">CLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozure_CL" title="Clozure CL">Clozure CL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMU_Common_Lisp" title="CMU Common Lisp">CMU Common Lisp</a> (CMUCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corman_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Corman Common Lisp">Corman Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddable_Common_Lisp" title="Embeddable Common Lisp">Embeddable Common Lisp</a> (ECL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Common_Lisp" title="GNU Common Lisp">GNU Common Lisp</a> (GCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LispWorks" title="LispWorks">LispWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Common_Lisp" title="Macintosh Common Lisp">Macintosh Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocl" title="Mocl">Mocl</a></li> <li>Movitz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplog" title="Poplog">Poplog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Bank_Common_Lisp" title="Steel Bank Common Lisp">Steel Bank Common Lisp</a> (SBCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Symbolics Common Lisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Scheme_programming_language" title="History of the Scheme programming language">History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigloo" title="Bigloo">Bigloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Chicken (Scheme implementation)">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit_(scheme_implementation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambit (scheme implementation)">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Oriented_Assembly_Lisp" title="Game Oriented Assembly Lisp">Game Oriented Assembly Lisp</a> (GOAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guile" title="GNU Guile">GNU Guile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikarus_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Ikarus (Scheme implementation)">Ikarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScheme" title="JScheme">JScheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawa_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Kawa (Scheme implementation)">Kawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT/GNU_Scheme" title="MIT/GNU Scheme">MIT/GNU Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiLisp" title="MultiLisp">MultiLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_(programming_language)" title="Pico (programming language)">Pico</a></li> <li>Pocket Scheme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a> (<a href="/wiki/Racket_features" title="Racket features">features</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_48" title="Scheme 48">Scheme 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCM_(Scheme_implementation)" title="SCM (Scheme implementation)">SCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIOD" title="SIOD">SIOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_(programming_language)" title="T (programming language)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TinyScheme" title="TinyScheme">TinyScheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenLisp" title="OpenLisp">OpenLisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unstandardized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MSWLogo" title="MSWLogo">MSWLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLogo" title="NetLogo">NetLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarLogo" title="StarLogo">StarLogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCBLogo" title="UCBLogo">UCBLogo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COWSEL" title="COWSEL">COWSEL</a> (POP-1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/POP-2" title="POP-2">POP-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(programming_language)" title="Arc (programming language)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">AutoLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBN_LISP" title="BBN LISP">BBN LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apple_Dylan" title="Apple Dylan">Apple</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dylan_programming_language" title="History of the Dylan programming language">history</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuLisp" title="EuLisp">EuLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lisp" title="Franz Lisp">Franz Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/PC-LISP" title="PC-LISP">PC-LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy_(programming_language)" title="Hy (programming language)">Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlisp" title="Interlisp">Interlisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Engineering_Environment" title="Knowledge Engineering Environment">Knowledge Engineering Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/*Lisp" title="*Lisp">*Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="LeLisp">LeLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LFE_(programming_language)" title="LFE (programming language)">LFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lispkit_Lisp" title="Lispkit Lisp">Lispkit Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclisp" title="Maclisp">Maclisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDL_(programming_language)" title="MDL (programming language)">MDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLisp" title="MLisp">MLisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewLISP" title="NewLISP">newLISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIL_(programming_language)" title="NIL (programming language)">NIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-LISP" title="PC-LISP">PC-LISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picolisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Picolisp">Picolisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Standard_Lisp" title="Portable Standard Lisp">Portable Standard Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPL_(programming_language)" title="RPL (programming language)">RPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Lisp" title="S-1 Lisp">S-1 Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadence_SKILL" title="Cadence SKILL">SKILL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_Lisp" title="Spice Lisp">Spice Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetalisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Zetalisp">Zetalisp</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)#Operating_systems" title="Lisp (programming language)">List</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_Interface_Manager" title="Common Lisp Interface Manager">Common Lisp Interface Manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCLIM" title="McCLIM">McCLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scsh" title="Scsh">Scsh</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TI_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Explorer">TI Explorer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-cadet_keyboard" title="Space-cadet keyboard">Space-cadet keyboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community<br />of practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_Requests_for_Implementation" title="Scheme Requests for Implementation">Scheme Requests for Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_HyperSpec" title="Common Lisp HyperSpec">Common Lisp HyperSpec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3J13" title="X3J13">X3J13</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp_the_Language" title="Common Lisp the Language">Common Lisp the Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Design_Programs" title="How to Design Programs">How to Design Programs</a> (HTDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Lisp" title="On Lisp">On Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Common_Lisp" title="Practical Common Lisp">Practical Common Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a> (SICP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Curriculum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProgramByDesign" title="ProgramByDesign">ProgramByDesign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlequin_(software_company)" title="Harlequin (software company)">Harlequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucid_Inc." title="Lucid Inc.">Lucid Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanalys" title="Xanalys">Xanalys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> (CSAIL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Berkeley" title="Edmund Berkeley">Edmund Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_G._Bobrow" title="Daniel G. Bobrow">Daniel G. Bobrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clinger_(computer_scientist)" title="William Clinger (computer scientist)">William Clinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Kent_Dybvig" title="R. Kent Dybvig">R. Kent Dybvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Findler" title="Robert Bruce Findler">Robert Bruce Findler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flatt" title="Matthew Flatt">Matthew Flatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Fox" title="Phyllis Fox">Phyllis Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Greenblatt_(programmer)" title="Richard Greenblatt (programmer)">Richard Greenblatt</a></li> <li>Timothy P. Hart</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hodes" title="Louis Hodes">Louis Hodes</a></li> <li>Mike Levin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Luckham" title="David Luckham">David Luckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Tappan Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Moses" title="Joel Moses">Joel Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Park_(computer_scientist)" title="David Park (computer scientist)">David Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Fahlman" title="Scott Fahlman">Scott Fahlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Gabriel" title="Richard P. Gabriel">Richard P. Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Greenspun" title="Philip Greenspun">Philip Greenspun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenspun%27s_tenth_rule" title="Greenspun's tenth rule">10th rule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Moon" title="David A. Moon">David A. Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Pitman" title="Kent Pitman">Kent Pitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Daniel Weinreb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriram_Krishnamurthi" title="Shriram Krishnamurthi">Shriram Krishnamurthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Sussman" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Sussman">Julie Sussman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_Bollay" title="Denison Bollay">Denison Bollay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Feurzeig" title="Wally Feurzeig">Wally Feurzeig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Harvey_(lecturer)" title="Brian Harvey (lecturer)">Brian Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchel_Resnick" title="Mitchel Resnick">Mitchel Resnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Solomon" title="Cynthia Solomon">Cynthia Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/POP-11" title="POP-11">POP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Burstall" title="Rod Burstall">Rod Burstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Popplestone" title="Robin Popplestone">Robin Popplestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lisp-family_programming_languages" title="List of Lisp-family programming languages">List</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Lisp_programming_language" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Subject:Lisp programming language">Books</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lisp_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lisp (programming language)">Commons</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Category:Lisp (programming language)">Category</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Lisp_programming_language_family" title="Category:Lisp programming language family">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Y_Combinator213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Y_Combinator" title="Template:Y Combinator"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Y_Combinator" title="Template talk:Y Combinator"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Y_Combinator" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Y Combinator"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Y_Combinator213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator" title="Y Combinator">Y Combinator</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding Partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Livingston" title="Jessica Livingston">Jessica Livingston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Blackwell" title="Trevor Blackwell">Trevor Blackwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners (past/present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adora_Cheung" title="Adora Cheung">Adora Cheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Caldwell" title="Dalton Caldwell">Dalton Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gross_(entrepreneur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Gross (entrepreneur)">Daniel Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Shear" title="Emmett Shear">Emmett Shear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_Tan" title="Garry Tan">Garry Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Ralston" title="Geoff Ralston">Geoff Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Liu" title="Holly Liu">Holly Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Friedman" title="Jared Friedman">Jared Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Kan" title="Justin Kan">Justin Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Seibel" title="Michael Seibel">Michael Seibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Buchheit" title="Paul Buchheit">Paul Buchheit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Y_Combinator_startups" title="List of Y Combinator startups">Y Combinator startups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005−2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustrix" title="Clustrix">Clustrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loopt" title="Loopt">Loopt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMGPop" title="OMGPop">OMGPop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xobni" title="Xobni">Xobni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouOS" title="YouOS">YouOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007–2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/280_North,_Inc." title="280 North, Inc.">280 North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppJet" title="AppJet">AppJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographicon" title="Biographicon">Biographicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disqus" title="Disqus">Disqus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroku" title="Heroku">Heroku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin.tv" title="Justin.tv">Justin.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninite" title="Ninite">Ninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopart" title="Octopart">Octopart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakey" title="Parakey">Parakey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterous" title="Posterous">Posterous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkick" title="Songkick">Songkick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtualmin" title="Virtualmin">Virtualmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weebly" title="Weebly">Weebly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009−2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1000Memories" title="1000Memories">1000Memories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbnb" title="Airbnb">Airbnb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_(application)" title="Bump (application)">Bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homejoy" title="Homejoy">Homejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listia" title="Listia">Listia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixpanel" title="Mixpanel">Mixpanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimizely" title="Optimizely">Optimizely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OwnLocal" title="OwnLocal">OwnLocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PagerDuty" title="PagerDuty">PagerDuty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurse_Center" title="Recurse Center">Recurse Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RethinkDB" title="RethinkDB">RethinkDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stripe (company)">Stripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WakeMate" title="WakeMate">WakeMate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WePay" title="WePay">WePay</a></li> <li>Zencoder</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_(company)" title="Circle (company)">Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codecademy" title="Codecademy">Codecademy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DrChrono" title="DrChrono">DrChrono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HackerRank" title="HackerRank">HackerRank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humble_Bundle" title="Humble Bundle">Humble Bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanyrd" title="Lanyrd">Lanyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeadGenius" title="LeadGenius">LeadGenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SingleStore" title="SingleStore">MemSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(web_framework)" title="Meteor (web framework)">Meteor</a></li> <li>MongoHQ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrderAhead" title="OrderAhead">OrderAhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parse,_Inc." title="Parse, Inc.">Parse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble_(watch)" title="Pebble (watch)">Pebble (watch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzy" title="Quartzy">Quartzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Exchange_(company)" title="Science Exchange (company)">Science Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upverter" title="Upverter">Upverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbling" title="Verbling">Verbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyard" title="Vidyard">Vidyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeroCater" class="mw-redirect" title="ZeroCater">ZeroCater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9GAG" class="mw-redirect" title="9GAG">9GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boosted_(company)" title="Boosted (company)">Boosted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BufferBox" title="BufferBox">BufferBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_Labs" title="Canopy Labs">Canopy Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinbase" title="Coinbase">Coinbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Robotics" title="Double Robotics">Double Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exec_(errand_service)" title="Exec (errand service)">Exec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullstack_Academy" title="Fullstack Academy">Fullstack Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusto_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusto (company)">Gusto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackpad" title="Hackpad">Hackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instacart" title="Instacart">Instacart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamcord" title="Kamcord">Kamcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LendUp" title="LendUp">LendUp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Table_(software)" title="Light Table (software)">LightTable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanGrid" title="PlanGrid">PlanGrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialcam" title="Socialcam">Socialcam</a></li> <li>Survata</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftype" title="Swiftype">Swiftype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Muse_(website)" title="The Muse (website)">The Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt.com" title="Tilt.com">Tilt.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapier" title="Zapier">Zapier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Cups" title="7 Cups">7 Cups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airware" title="Airware">Airware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitnami" title="Bitnami">Bitnami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Linux" title="Container Linux">Container Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrowdMed" title="CrowdMed">CrowdMed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoorDash" title="DoorDash">DoorDash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment_(website)" title="Experiment (website)">Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldbelly" title="Goldbelly">Goldbelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikingly" title="Strikingly">Strikingly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teespring" title="Teespring">Teespring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Link" title="True Link">True Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watsi" title="Watsi">Watsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webflow" title="Webflow">Webflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenefits" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenefits">Zenefits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014–2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/80,000_Hours" title="80,000 Hours">80,000 Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPair" title="AirPair">AirPair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algolia" title="Algolia">Algolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluesmart" title="Bluesmart">Bluesmart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_Genomics" title="Cofactor Genomics">Cofactor Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexport" title="Flexport">Flexport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigster" title="Gigster">Gigster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitLab" title="GitLab">GitLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickback_(video_game_platform)" title="Kickback (video game platform)">Kickback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi_(company)" title="Lumi (company)">Lumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move_Loot" title="Move Loot">Move Loot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paribus" title="Paribus">Paribus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platzi" title="Platzi">Platzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Hunt" title="Product Hunt">Product Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigetti_Computing" title="Rigetti Computing">Rigetti Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBiome" title="UBiome">uBiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbabel" title="Unbabel">Unbabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zesty_(company)" title="Zesty (company)">Zesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidisha" title="Zidisha">Zidisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016–2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boom_Technology" title="Boom Technology">Boom Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brex" title="Brex">Brex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coub" title="Coub">Coub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LendEDU" title="LendEDU">LendEDU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal Commerce">Modal Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netomi" title="Netomi">Netomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappi" title="Rappi">Rappi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replit" title="Replit">Replit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Who_Code" title="Women Who Code">Women Who Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsolve" title="Upsolve">Upsolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writesonic" title="Writesonic">Writesonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hacker_News" title="Hacker News">Hacker News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiraclePlus" title="MiraclePlus">MiraclePlus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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