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It was the [[Soviet Union]]'s first such aircraft to enter large-scale production. It was also [[licence-built]] in [[China]] as the '''Harbin H-5'''. Total production in the USSR was 6,316 aircraft, and over 319 H-5s were built. Only 187 examples of the HJ-5 training variant were manufactured. The only H-5s in service currently are approximately 80 aircraft which operate with the [[Korean People's Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/derailing-nuclear-program-force|title=Derailing a Nuclear Program by Force|website=Stratfor|access-date=2017-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423215623/https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/derailing-nuclear-program-force|archive-date=2017-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref> The Il-28 has the [[USAF]]/DoD reporting name "Type 27"<ref name="designation-systems.net">Parsch, Andreas and Aleksey V. Martynov. [http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_DOD_Type "Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011201653/http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_DOD_Type |date=2017-10-11 }} ''designation-systems.net,'' 2008. Retrieved: 22 August 2011.</ref> and [[NATO reporting name|ASCC reporting name]] "Beagle",<ref>Parsch, Andreas and Aleksey V. Martynov. [http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Listings_Bomber "Bomber designations."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011201653/http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Listings_Bomber |date=2017-10-11 }} ''designation-systems.net,'' 2008. Retrieved: 22 August 2011.</ref> while the '''Il-28U''' trainer variant has the USAF/DoD reporting name "Type 30"<ref name="designation-systems.net" /> and NATO reporting name '''Mascot'''.<ref>Parsch, Andreas and Aleksey V. Martynov. [http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Listings_Misc "Listings: Miscellaneous."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011201653/http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Listings_Misc |date=2017-10-11 }} ''designation-systems.net,'' 2008. Retrieved: 22 August 2011.</ref><ref name="Gunston Russ pXXX-XXXI">Gunston 1995, pp. XXX–XXXI.</ref> ==Design and development== After a number of attempts at a four-engined bomber (the [[Lyulka TR-1]] powered [[Ilyushin Il-22]] and the unbuilt [[Rolls-Royce Derwent]] powered Ilyushin Il-24), the Ilyushin [[OKB|Design Bureau]] began development of a new jet-powered tactical bomber in late 1947.<ref>Sweetman and Gunston 1978, p. 113.</ref> Western intelligence focused on the four-engine developments while the twin-engine Ilyushin Il-28 was created to meet a requirement for a bomber to carry a {{convert |3000|kg|lb}} bombload at {{convert |800|km/h|mph}}.<ref name = "AE36 p44">Green and Swanborough 1988, p. 44.</ref><ref name = "Gunston Russ p417">Gunston 1995, p. 417.</ref> The new design took advantage of the sale of a number of [[Rolls-Royce Nene]] jet engines by Great Britain to the Soviet Union, which allowed Soviet engineers to quickly produce an unlicensed copy of the Nene, the [[Klimov VK-1|RD-45]], with Ilyushin designing the new bomber around two RD-45s.<ref name ="AE36 p44" /> The Il-28 was smaller than the previous designs and carried a crew of only three (pilot, navigator and gunner). It was also smaller than the competing design from the Tupolev design bureau, the three-engined (i.e. two Nenes and a [[Rolls-Royce Derwent]]) [[Tupolev Tu-73]], which had been started long before the Ilyushin project, and flew before the design of the Il-28 was approved.<ref name="AE36 p44" /> [[File:C01 152 Il 28, Heckschützenstand.jpg|thumb|An Il-28 in [[Finnish Air Force|Finnish]] colors, showing the tail mounted gun turret with a window for the rear gunner. This aircraft was configured as a [[target tug]]; the device containing the orange target is the target-deploy mechanism]] The Il-28 design was conventional in layout, with high, unswept wings and a [[Swept_wing|swept]] horizontal tail and fin. The engines were carried in bulky nacelles slung directly under the wings. The nosewheel retracted rearwards, while the mainwheels retracted forwards into the engine nacelles. The crew of three were accommodated in separate, pressurised compartments. The navigator, who also acted as [[Bombardier (air force)|bombardier]], was accommodated in the glazed nose compartment and was provided with an OPB-5 [[bombsight]] based on the American [[Norden bombsight]] of the Second World War, while the pilot sat under a sideways opening [[bubble canopy]] with an armoured windscreen. The gunner sat in a separate compartment at the rear of the fuselage, operating a power driven turret armed with two [[Nudelman-Suranov NS-23]] 23&nbsp;mm cannons with 250 rounds each. In service, the turret was sometimes removed as a weight saving measure.<ref name= "Winchester p. 112">Winchester 2006, p. 112.</ref> While the pilot and navigator sat on [[Ejection seat|ejector seats]], the gunner had to parachute out of a hatch in the floor in the event of an emergency. Two more fixed, forward-firing 23&nbsp;mm cannon with 100 rounds each were mounted under the nose and fired by the pilot, while a bomb bay was located in the fuselage, capable of holding four 100&nbsp;kg (220&nbsp;lb) bombs in individual containers, or single large bombs of up to 3,000&nbsp;kg (6,600&nbsp;lb) slung from a beam in the bomb bay.<ref name="AE36 p45-6">Green and Swanborough 1988, pp. 45–46.</ref><ref name="Gordon Il p140-4">Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, pp. 140–144.</ref> [[File:Il-28 bomb rack.JPG|thumb|left|Il-28 bomb bay]] One unusual design feature of the Il-28 was that the wings and tail were split horizontally through the centre of the wing, while the fuselage was split vertically at the centreline, allowing the separate parts to be built individually and fitted out with systems before being bolted together to complete assembly of the aircraft.<ref name="Winchester p. 113">Winchester 2006, p. 113.</ref> This slightly increased the weight of the aircraft structure, but eased manufacture and proved to be more economical.<ref name="AE36 p45">Green and Swanborough 1988, p. 45.</ref><ref name="Gunston Russ p114">Gunston 1995, p. 114.</ref> The first prototype, powered by two imported Nenes, made its maiden flight on 8 July 1948, with [[Vladimir Kokkinaki]] at the controls. Testing was successful, with the Il-28 demonstrating good handling and reaching a speed of 833&nbsp;km/h (518&nbsp;mph). It was followed on 30 December 1948 by the second prototype, with Soviet built RD-45 engines replacing the Nenes.<ref name="AE p46">Green and Swanborough 1988, p. 46.</ref> After the completion of state tests in early 1949 the aircraft was ordered into large scale production on 14 May 1949, with the [[Klimov VK-1]], an improved version of the RD-45 to be used in order to improve the aircraft's performance.<ref name="Nemecek">Nemecek 1986, p. 173.</ref><ref name="Gordon Il p117">Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, p. 117.</ref> The first pre-production aircraft with VK-1 engines flew on 8 August 1949, and featured reshaped engine nacelles to reduce drag, while the radome for the navigation radar was moved from the rear fuselage to just aft of the nosewheel. Full production in three factories started in September 1949, with service deliveries starting in early 1950, allowing 25 Il-28s to be displayed at the Moscow May Day parade of 1950 (as ordered by [[Joseph Stalin]] when it was ordered into production in 1949).<ref name="AE36 p47-9">Green and Swanborough 1988, pp. 47–49.</ref><ref name="Gordon Il p118">Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, p. 118.</ref> The Il-28 soon became the standard tactical bomber in the Soviet forces and was widely exported.<ref name="Nemecek" /> ==Operational history== [[File:Polski bombowiec IŁ-28 ląduje ze spadochronem hamującym - 1959 r.jpg|thumb|Polish Il-28 landing, 1959]] [[File:EAF IL-28 Attrition.jpg|thumb|Egyptian Il-28 strikes IDF positions in Sinai during the [[War of Attrition]] (1967).]] [[File:A formation of five brand-new EAF Il-28 bombers, seen at low level over Cairo during a parade in September 1956. As it seems the EAF Il-28s were initially not given serials, but wore code-letters, like E, F, N etc. instead..jpg|thumb|A formation of five brand-new EAF Il-28 bombers, seen at low level over Cairo during a parade in September 1956.]] The Il-28 was widely exported, serving in the air arms of some 20 nations ranging from the [[Warsaw Pact]] to various Middle-Eastern and African air forces. [[Egyptian Air Force|Egypt]] was an early customer, and targeting Egyptian Il-28s on the ground was a priority for the [[Royal Air Force]] during the [[Suez Crisis]] and later by the [[Israeli Air Force]] during the [[Six-Day War]], and [[Yom Kippur War]]. Egyptian Il-28s also took part in the [[North Yemen Civil War]], starting in 1963. In addition to attacks on the royalist forces, they also bombed the Saudi cities of [[Jizan]], [[Najran]], and [[Khamis Mushait]].<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|2017|pp=17-18}}</ref> Two Egyptian Il-28s may have been shot down near [[Sanaa]] by [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] [[Hawker Hunter]]s flown by British pilots, in 1966.<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|2017|p=23}}</ref> The Soviet Union was in the process of providing the type for local assembly in [[Cuba]] when this was halted by the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], after which [[Nikita Khrushchev]] agreed to remove them. The type also saw limited use in [[Vietnam]] and with the Afghan forces in [[Afghanistan]]. Four ex-Egyptian and two ex-Soviet Il-28s (all with Egyptian crews) were operated by the [[Nigerian Air Force]] in the [[Biafra Wars]]. [[Finnish Air Force|Finland]] also had four examples of this type delivered between 1961 and 1966 for target-towing duties. They remained in service until the 1980s. The Soviet Union had relegated the Il-28 to second-line duties by the late-1950s. The supersonic [[Yak-28]] was introduced in the early 1960s to take over the Beagle's low-level attack role; some Il-28 variants lingered in Soviet service into the 1980s.<ref>[http://www.airvectors.net/avil28.html#m5 The Ilyushin Il-28 "Beagle"]. ''Air Vectors.net''.</ref><ref>[http://www.airvectors.net/avyak25.html#m7 The Yakovlev Yak-25 & Yak-28]. ''Air Vectors.net.</ref> The last Soviet-built examples were still flying in Egypt into the 1990s. The People's Republic of China received over 250 Soviet-built Il-28s from 1952,<ref name="AE71 p20">Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p. 20.</ref> and when the [[Sino-Soviet split]] occurred in the late 1950s, it decided to place the Il-28 into production, despite no manufacturing license being obtained.<ref name="Gordon China p113">Gordon and Komissarov 2008, p. 113.</ref> Chinese-built aircraft differed from the original Soviet aircraft in that they have a redesigned wing structure, abandoning the horizontal manufacturing break, saving {{convert|110|kg|lb}} at the cost of a more difficult construction. Chinese aircraft also used a different tail turret based on that of the [[Tupolev Tu-16]], and fitted with faster-firing [[Afanasev Makarov AM-23|AM-23]] cannons.<ref name="Gordon China p113-4">Gordon and Komissarov 2008, pp. 113–114.</ref> Chinese-built Il-28s designated H-5 and built by [[Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation|HAMC]] were still flying in the 1990s with several hundreds in China itself, and a smaller number in [[Korean People's Air Force|North Korea]] and [[Romanian Air Force|Romania]]. The three main Chinese versions are the '''H-5''' bomber, followed by the '''HJ-5''' trainer, and the '''H-5R (HZ-5)''' long range (in comparison to the reconnaissance version of the [[Shenyang J-6]]) reconnaissance aircraft, and later, the '''HD-5''' [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]]/[[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]] version. The latter two types have been phased out. The type is known to still be in active service with the North Korean Air Force, although little is known as to whether they are a mix of survivors from the batch of 24 Soviet-manufactured aircraft delivered in the 1960s and some of the newer Chinese-built H-5 variant, or are solely H-5s. Some of these are probably used for spares to maintain a small group of around a dozen serviceable aircraft.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} They give North Korea a means of bombing targets in South Korea and Western Japan, although they would be vulnerable to modern anti air missiles and interceptors. Several Ilyushin Il-28s are preserved in museums and as monuments in Russia, Germany, Hungary and in other countries. ==Variants== ===Soviet Union variants=== Note: Order of variants determined chronologically by production/development dates. ;Il-28 :Basic three-seat bomber version, powered by two VK-1 engines.<ref name="Gordon Il p118-9">Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, pp. 118–119.</ref> [[File:Egyptian Il-28 Beagle.JPEG|thumb|An Il-28U trainer of the [[Egyptian Air Force]] in 1981.]] ;Il-28U :Unarmed training version fitted with new nose housing cockpit for instructor, while the trainee sat in the normal cockpit. First flown 18 March 1950.<ref name="AE71 p11">Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p. 11.</ref> ;Il-28R :Three-seat tactical photo reconnaissance version, with extra fuel in bomb bay and tip-tanks, and with one forward firing cannon removed. Fitted with revised undercarriage to deal with heavier weights. First flew 19 April 1950.<ref name="AI36 p49">Green and Swanborough 1988, p. 49.</ref><ref name="AE71 p14">Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p. 14.</ref> ;Il-28RTR :[[ELINT]] version of Il-28R.<ref name="Gordon Il p122">Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, p. 122.</ref> ;Il-28REB :Electronic warfare, electronic jamming version, fitted with wingtip electronic pods housed in the former wing tanks.<ref name="Winchester p. 112"/><ref name="Gordon Il p122"/> ;Il-28T :[[Torpedo bomber]] version for the [[Soviet Naval Aviation]] able to accommodate two small or one large torpedo (including RAT-52 rocket propelled torpedoes) in a lengthened weapons bay.<ref name="AE71 p14-6">Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p. 14–16.</ref> ;Il-28N :Nuclear bomber for the Soviet Air Force with modified bomb-bay and revised avionics. (N - ''Nositel'' - carrier, also known as Il-28A - ''Atomnyy'' - atomic).<ref name="AE71 p17">Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p. 17.</ref> ;Il-28P :Unarmed civil conversion for [[Aeroflot]], used as jet conversion trainer and to carry high priority cargo (i.e. [[Matrix (printing)|newspaper matrices]] to allow simultaneous printing of ''[[Pravda]]'' and ''[[Izvestia]]'' in Moscow, [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]] and [[Novosibirsk]]). Also designated Ilyushin Il-20.<ref name="Gunston Russ p115">Gunston 1995, p. 115.</ref><ref name="Stroud p126-7">Stroud 1968, pp. 126–127.</ref> ;Il-28S :Proposed swept-wing version with more powerful [[Klimov VK-5]] engines. Unbuilt.<ref name="AE71 p17"/> ;Il-28RM : Modified Il-28R with VK-5 engine. One prototype built plus two similarly converted bombers (which carried no special designation) but no production.<ref name="AE71 p17"/> ;Il-28TM :Il-28T with VK-5. One converted, no production.<ref name="AE71 p17"/> ;Il-28PL :High-speed anti-submarine conversion of Il-28 bomber or Il-28T torpedo bomber. Capable of carrying dropping sonobuoys or acoustic homing torpedoes on direction of other anti-submarine assets.<ref name="AE71 p18">Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p. 18.</ref> ;Il-28Sh :Ground attack (''Shturmovik'') conversion of Il-28 with 12 underwing pylons for rocket pods. Small number converted which saw limited service.<ref name="AE71 p18"/><ref name="Gordon Il p128">Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, p. 128.</ref> ;Il-28ZA :Atmospheric sampling version.<ref name="Gordon Il p128"/> ;Il-28M :Target drone conversion of Il-28. Also known as '''M-28'''.<ref name="AE71 p18"/> ===Czechoslovak variants=== ;B-228 :Czechoslovak designation of Soviet built Il-28s.<ref name="Gordon Il p136">Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, p. 136.</ref> ;CB-228 :Czechoslovak designation of Soviet built Il-28Us.<ref name="Gordon Il p136"/> ===Chinese variants=== ;H-5 :(''Hongzhaji'' - bomber) - Standard three-seat tactical bomber.<ref Name="JAWA82 p36-7"/> The structure of the two halves of the Soviet Union's IL-28 aircraft was changed to a common structure. The engine uses WP-5. The tail turret using H-6s caused some changes in the tail structure. ;H-5A :Speculative designation of for nuclear capable H-5 variant.<ref name="Gordon China p115">Gordon and Komissarov 2008, p. 115.</ref> ;HD-5: :(''Hongzhaji Dian'' - bomber/electronic reconnaissance) Chinese ECM jammer version.<ref name="Gordon China p117">Gordon and Komissarov 2008, p. 117.</ref> ;HJ-5 :(''Hongzhaji Jiaolianji'' - bomber trainer) Chinese trainer version with similar layout to Il-28U.<ref Name="JAWA82 p36-7"/><ref name="Gordon China p115-6">Gordon and Komissarov 2008, pp. 115–116</ref> ;HZ-5 :(''Hongzhaji Zhenchaji'' - bomber/reconnaissance) Tactical reconnaissance aircraft. Fitted with underwing drop tanks instead of tip tanks of Il-28R.<ref Name="JAWA82 p36-7"/><ref name="Gordon China p117"/> ;B-5 :Export designation of the H-5.<ref name="Gordon China p115"/> ;B-5R :Export version of HZ-5.<ref name="Gordon China p117"/> ;BT-5 :Export version of the HJ-5.<ref name="Gordon China p117"/> ;H-5 Ying :(''Ying'' - eagle) Avionics testbed for [[Xian JH-7]] programme.<ref name="Gordon China p118">Gordon and Komissarov 2008, p. 118.</ref> ;H-5B :Speculative designation for unflown H-5 testbed for [[List of Chinese aircraft engines#Turbofan engines|WS-5]] turbofan engines.<ref name="Gordon China p118"/> ==Operators== [[File:World operators of the Il-28.png|thumb|Il-28 operators]] ===Current=== ;{{PRK}} *[[Korean People's Army Air Force]] - 80 Il-28 and H-5 as of 2023.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Studies (IISS) |first1=The International Institute for Strategic |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-91070-4 |pages=262−265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyquEAAAQBAJ |access-date=2 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ===Former=== ;{{Flag|Afghanistan|1980}} *[[Afghan Air Force]] :54 aircraft acquired (including four Il-28U examples) from 1957. Only trainers were retained beyond 1994.<ref name="vector">Goebel, Greg. [http://www.vectorsite.net/avil28.html "Ilyushin Il-28 'Beagle'."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221135857/http://www.vectorsite.net/avil28.html |date=2006-02-21 }} ''Air Vectors''. Retrieved: 22 August 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/afghanistan/afg.html "Afghanistan (AFG), World Air Forces - Historical Listings."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115115045/http://worldairforces.com/Countries/afghanistan/afg.html |date=2007-01-15 }} ''worldairforces.com.'' Retrieved: 22 August 2011.</ref> All grounded during the civil war in the 1990s. Some were displayed during military parades such as the one in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghan Military Show in 1980s Babrak Karmal era - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mtDv5HHoAY|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> ;{{Flag|Albania|1946}} *[[Albanian Air Force]] :[[Albanian Aviation Regiment 4020|Aviation Regiment 4020]] operated one Il-28 acquired in 1957 attached to ''2 Skuadrilja'' (2nd Squadron). This aircraft was traded for an H-5, the Chinese version of the Soviet Il-28, in 1971 and retired from service in 1992.<ref>[http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/albania/af/units/4020.htm " Albania Air Force: AviatioSkuadronnt 4020 (7594 Regiment)."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611145921/http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/albania/af/units/4020.htm |date=2011-06-11 }} ''aeroflight.co.'' Retrieved: 22 August 2011.</ref> ;{{DZA}} *[[Algerian Air Force]] :Fourteen Il-28s were ordered from the USSR in 1965-1966. At least twelve of them were donated to Egypt following the [[Six-Day War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Grandolini |first2=Albert |title=Showdown in Western Sahara, Volume 1: Air Warfare over the Last African Colony, 1945-1975 |date=2018 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Warwick, UK |isbn=978-1-912390-35-9 |pages=48–49}}</ref> ;{{flag|Bulgaria|1971}} *[[Bulgarian Air Force]] :14 Il-28Rs and one Il-28U received in 1955 and retired in 1974. ;{{CHN}} [[File:038 Harbin H-5 PLAAF (3223304620).jpg|thumb|This is a Russian Ilyushin Il-28 'Beagle' bomber licence built in China as the Harbin (where the factory is) H-5.]] * Hundreds of these aircraft were operated by the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] and [[People's Liberation Army Navy Air Force]]. Originally equipped with Soviet-built aircraft, the Chinese began full production of the H-5 by 1965. All Il-28s are retired as of 2011. * Second Aviation School<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1991/plaaf-appe.htm |title=People's Republic of China People's Liberation Army Air Force |access-date=2019-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218190914/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1991/plaaf-appe.htm |archive-date=2009-02-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> ;{{CUB}} *[[Cuban Air Force]] :A total of 42 were received in 1962, but soon returned to the Soviet Union as a result of the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].<ref name="AE71 p21">Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p. 21.</ref> ;{{CZS}} [[File:Ilyushin Il-28RT Beagle 2404 (8128775993).jpg|thumb|This is a recce variant, with tip tanks for extra fuel. msn 52404. Vyskov Museum, Czech Republic. 06-10-2012]] [[File:Il-28R 47 pzlp.jpg|thumb|Ilyushin Il-28R, LZ-32, of the 47th Reconnaissance Air Regiment of the Czechoslovak Air Force, spring 1957]] *[[Czechoslovak Air Force]] :Il-28 and Il-28Us locally designated B-228 and CB-228 which operated from 1954 until 1973. 90 Il-28s, 30 Il-28RTs and an unknown number of Il-28Us were delivered. ;{{DDR}} *[[Air Forces of the National People's Army|East German Air Force]] :Operated 12 Il-28s and one Il-28U aircraft, primarily on [[target tug]] and engine testing duties between 1954 and 1982. ;{{EGY}} *[[Egyptian Air Force]] :Received 70 Czechoslovakian-built Il-28s in 1956, shortly before the [[Suez Crisis]]. The [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] rated the Il-28 as a high priority target during the Six-Day War.<ref>Gordan, Yefim, and Dmitry Komissarov. "Egypt Pg.8-68." Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft in the Middle East. N.p.: Hikoki, 2013. 164-65. Print.</ref> ;{{FIN}} *[[Finnish Air Force]] :Received four aircraft (one IL-28 and three Il-28Rs), coded NH-1..4, in the 1960s. The aircraft were used as target tugs and for maritime reconnaissance and patrolling as well as aerial mapping until 1981. The code letters of the type (NH) originated from Neuvostoliittolainen Hinauskone (Soviet towplane) but since they also matched initials of the Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (spelled Hruštšov in Finnish), their usual nickname was ''Nikita''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Iljushin IL-28 in Finnish Air Force|last=Laukkanen|first=Jyrki|publisher=Apali|year=2008|isbn=978-952-5026-79-5|pages=85, 99}}</ref> ;{{flag|Hungarian People's Republic|1949}} *[[Hungarian Air Force|Hungarian People's Army Air Force]] ;{{IDN}} *[[Indonesian Air Force]] :[[:id:Skadron Udara 21|21st Air Squadron]] based at [[Kemayoran Airport|Kemayoran Air Force Base]], Jakarta received 12 Il-28s acquired in 1961. Aircraft were used during [[Operation Trikora]] in 1962 (the conquest of [[Western New Guinea]]). All of the aircraft were grounded in 1969 and retired in 1970. *[[Indonesian Navy]] :Received more than 30 Il-28T torpedo-bombers and six Il-28U trainers in 1961. They were based at [[Surabaya]], in what is now [[Juanda International Airport]]. The last one was retired in 1972.<ref name="AE71 p23">Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p. 23.</ref> [[File:II-28 Beagle Iraq 2.jpeg|thumb|An Iraqi Il-28 bomber abandoned at [[Al Taqaddum]], Iraq.]] ;{{flag|Iraq|1963}} *[[Iraqi Air Force]] :Received twelve Il-28s, two Il-28Us and two Il-28BM target tugs starting in January 1959. Some additional aircraft may have been acquired from Egypt in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sipos |first1=Milos |last2=Cooper |first2=Tom |title=Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970 |date=2020 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Warwick, UK |isbn=978-1-913118-74-7 |pages=48,V}}</ref> All destroyed or grounded after [[Desert Storm]]. ;{{MAR}} *[[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] :Morocco operated two Il-28s.<ref name="AE71 p23"/> ;{{NGA}} *[[Nigerian Air Force]]<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|Weinert|Hinz|Lepko|2011|p=87}}</ref> ;{{flag|North Yemen}} *[[Yemeni Air Force|Yemen Arab Republic Air Force]] :Four Il-28s donated by [[Libya]] in October 1972.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |title=Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1 |page=34}}</ref> ;{{PAK}} *[[Pakistani Air Force]] :Operated a number of H-5s under the designation B-56. These aircraft served alongside American-built Martin B-57s. The H-5s were not popular with Pakistani pilots, and they were eventually traded back to China in exchange for more Shenyang F-6s. ;{{POL}} [[File:Ilyushin Il-28R, Poland - Air Force AN2202871.jpg|thumb|Ilyushin Il-28R]] *[[Polish Air Force]]: Received 72 Il-28s, 15 Il-28Rs and 16 Il-28Us. The first aircraft arrived in 1952, last was retired in 1977. **[[Polish 7th Bomb Reconnaissance Regiment|7 ''Pułk Lotnictwa Bombowo-Rozpoznawczego'']] was based in [[Powidz]]. **[[Polish 21st Tactical Reconnaissance Regiment|21 ''Pułk Rozpoznania Taktycznego'']] operated Il-28R variant and was based in [[Sochaczew]]. **[[Polish 33rd Bomb Regiment|33 ''Pułk Lotnictwa Bombowego'']] was based in [[Modlin Fortress|Modlin]]. *[[Polish Navy]] ;{{ROM}} *[[Romanian Air Force]] :About 22 Il-28s, three Il-28Rs and eight Il-28Us, both Soviet- and Chinese-built, operated from 1955. All remaining Il-28s were retired from service by June 2001. ;{{SOM}} *[[Somali Air Force]],<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|Weinert|Hinz|Lepko|2011|p=96}}</ref> 4 units prior to 1977. ;{{flag|South Yemen}} *[[Yemeni Air Force|People's Democratic Republic of Yemen Air Force]] :Received a single Il-28, one Il-28R and two Il-28Us from the USSR around 1972.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |title=Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1 |page=35}}</ref> [[File:Airplane monument.jpg|thumb|Soviet Il-28 bomber monument in [[Tokmok]] (Chüy Region, Kyrgyzstan)]] ;{{USSR}} :About 1,500 served with the [[Soviet Air Forces]] and the [[Soviet Navy]] ([[Soviet Naval Aviation]]), with operations beginning in 1950. Front line operations continued through the 1950s, with a few examples remaining into the 1980s. A small number of demilitarized aircraft were provided to [[Aeroflot]].<ref name="vector"/> ;{{SYR}} *[[Syrian Air Force]] :Syria operated six Il-28s. Two were destroyed during the Six-Day War. The other four were dumped<ref>Gordan, Yefim, and Dmitry Komissarov. "Syria Pg.164." Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft in the Middle East. N.p.: Hikoki, 2013. 164-65. Print.</ref> in airbases around Syria.<ref name="AE71 p24">Gordon and Komissarov 1997, p. 24.</ref> Replaced in 1980s by [[Su-24]] ;{{VIE}} *[[Vietnam People's Air Force]] Retired. ==Specifications (Il-28)== [[File:Ilyushin Il-28 3-view line drawing.svg|thumb|Ilyushin Il-28 3-view drawing]] {{Aircraft specs |ref=''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83''<ref name="JAWA82 p36-7">Taylor 1982, pp. 36–37.</ref> |prime units?=met  |crew=3 |length m=17.65 |length note= |span m=21.45 |span note= |height m=6.7 |height note= |wing area sqm=60 |wing area note= |aspect ratio= |airfoil=TsAGI SR-5S (12%)<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> |empty weight kg=12890 |empty weight note= |gross weight kg=18400 |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight kg=21200 |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity= |more general=  |eng1 number=2 |eng1 name=[[Klimov VK-1A]] |eng1 type=centrifugal-flow [[turbojet]] engines |eng1 kn=26.5 |eng1 note=  |max speed kmh=902 |max speed note=at {{cvt|4500|m}} |max speed mach= |cruise speed kmh=770 |cruise speed note=at {{cvt|10000|m}} |stall speed kmh= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed kmh= |never exceed speed note= |minimum control speed kmh= |minimum control speed note= |range km=2180 |range note= |combat range km= |combat range note= |ferry range km= |ferry range note= |endurance= |ceiling m=12300 |ceiling note= |g limits= |roll rate= |climb rate ms=15 |climb rate note= |time to altitude= |wing loading kg/m2= |wing loading note= |fuel consumption kg/km= |thrust/weight= |more performance=  |guns= 4 × [[Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23]] cannons (2 in nose and 2 in tail [[barbette]]) |bombs= 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) of bombs in internal bay (1,000 kg (2,200 lb) normal) |avionics= }} ==See also== {{Portal|Aviation}} {{aircontent |related= * [[Ilyushin Il-30]] * [[Ilyushin Il-46]] |similar aircraft= * [[English Electric Canberra]]/[[Martin B-57 Canberra]] * [[North American B-45 Tornado]] * [[Sud Aviation Vautour|Sud Aviation Vautour 2B ]] * [[Tupolev Tu-14]] |lists= * [[List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS]] * [[List of bomber aircraft]] |see also= }} ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ===Bibliography=== * Bernád, Dénes. "Rumanian 'Beagles': The Ilyushin Il-28 in Rumanian Service". ''Air Enthusiast'', No. 78, November/December 1998, pp.&nbsp;68–72. ISSN 0143-5450. * {{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |title=Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994 |date=2017 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Solihull, UK |isbn=978-1-912174-23-2}} * {{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Weinert |first2=Peter |last3=Hinz |first3=Fabian |last4=Lepko |first4=Mark |title=African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe |date=2011 |publisher=Harpia Publishing |location=Houston |isbn=978-0-9825539-8-5}} * Gordon, Yefim and Dmitry Komissarov. ''Chinese Aircraft: China's Aviation Industry since 1951''. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-902109-04-6}}. * Gordon, Yefim and Dmitry Komissarov. "Soviet Canberra: Ilyushin's incredible Il-28". ''Air Enthusiast'', No. 71, September/October 1997, pp.&nbsp;8–24. ISSN 0143-5450. * Gordon, Yefim, Dmitry Komissarov and Sergei Komissarov. ''OKB Ilyushin: A History of the Design Bureau and Its Aircraft''. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|1-85780-187-3}}. * Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Il-28 ... A Quadragenarian Ilyushin". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', Thirty-six, May–August 1988, pp.&nbsp;39–51. ISSN 0143-5450. * [[Bill Gunston|Gunston, Bill]]. ''The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1975–1995''. London: Osprey, 1995. {{ISBN|1-85532-405-9}}. * Nemecek, Vaclav. ''The History of Soviet Aircraft from 1918''. London: Willow Books, 1986. {{ISBN|978-0-00218-033-7}}. *{{cite journal|title=Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation|journal=Air Enthusiast Quarterly |date=n.d. |issue=2 |pages=154–162 |issn=0143-5450}} * Stroud, John. ''Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945''. London: Putnam, 1968. {{ISBN|0-370-00126-5}}. * Sweetman, Bill and Bill Gunston. ''Soviet Air Power: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Warsaw Pact Air Forces Today''. London: Salamander Books, 1978. {{ISBN|0-517-24948-0}}. * [[John W. R. Taylor|Taylor, John W. R.]] ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83''. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. {{ISBN|0-7106-0748-2}}. * Winchester, Jim, ed. "Ilyushin Il-28 'Beagle'." ''Military Aircraft of the Cold War'' (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. {{ISBN|1-84013-929-3}}.  ==External links== {{Commons|Ilyushin Il-28}} * [http://scalemodels.ru/modules/photo/viewcat_cid_258.html Walkaround Il-28 Beagle for Hodynskoye pole, Moscow, Russia] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=lyEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1951+2-Jet+Bomber&pg=RA1-PA10-IA2 ''Russia's New 2-Jet Bomber'' by Chamlers Goodlin, one of the earliest articles printed in the US on the Il-28 with cutaway drawing, published 1951] {{Ilyushin aircraft}} {{PRC bombers}} {{PRC trainers}} {{Chinese Military Aircraft}} {{Czech bombers}} {{USAF/DoD reporting names}}  {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ilyushin aircraft|Il-028]] [[Category:1940s Soviet bomber aircraft]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1948]] [[Category:High-wing aircraft]] [[Category:Twinjets]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span 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href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/data" title="Module:Category handler/data">Module:Category handler/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/data&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/shared" title="Module:Category handler/shared">Module:Category handler/shared</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/shared&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/shared">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">Module:Check for unknown parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_isxn" title="Module:Check isxn">Module:Check isxn</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_isxn&action=edit" title="Module:Check isxn">view 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href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Commons_link" title="Module:Commons link">Module:Commons link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Commons_link&action=edit" title="Module:Commons link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Convert" title="Module:Convert">Module:Convert</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Convert&action=edit" title="Module:Convert">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Convert/data" title="Module:Convert/data">Module:Convert/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Convert/data&action=edit" title="Module:Convert/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Convert/text" title="Module:Convert/text">Module:Convert/text</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Convert/text&action=edit" title="Module:Convert/text">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:CountryData" title="Module:CountryData">Module:CountryData</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:CountryData&action=edit" title="Module:CountryData">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:CountryData/cacheA" title="Module:CountryData/cacheA">Module:CountryData/cacheA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:CountryData/cacheA&action=edit" title="Module:CountryData/cacheA">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:CountryData/cacheB" title="Module:CountryData/cacheB">Module:CountryData/cacheB</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:CountryData/cacheB&action=edit" title="Module:CountryData/cacheB">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:CountryData/cacheC" 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href="/wiki/Module:Disambiguation/templates" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">Module:Disambiguation/templates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Disambiguation/templates&action=edit" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:EditAtWikidata" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">Module:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Exponential_search" title="Module:Exponential search">Module:Exponential search</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Exponential_search&action=edit" title="Module:Exponential search">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Flag" title="Module:Flag">Module:Flag</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Flag&action=edit" title="Module:Flag">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Flagg" title="Module:Flagg">Module:Flagg</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Flagg&action=edit" title="Module:Flagg">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes" title="Module:Footnotes">Module:Footnotes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list">Module:Footnotes/anchor id list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list/data" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data">Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list/data&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a 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