Hands-on Collaboration: Building Robot Muscle Memory

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" class="no-js no-svg"> <head>  <script src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzyzptTmRlqVd2LRf/35dc3c72-774a-4891-b1e8-4acff9c285e9/osano.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cookie-consent.ieee.org/ieee-cookie-banner.css" type="text/css"/>  <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"054b97878e",applicationID:"19376273"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/images/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/images/ieee-favicon-android-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/images/ieee-favicon-apple-180x180.png" sizes="180x180"/>  <script> 'use strict' !(function (a, e) { if (!a.aap) { a.aap = function (e) { ;(a.acuityAdsEventQueue = a.acuityAdsEventQueue || []).push(e) } var t = 'script' var i = e.createElement(t) i.async = true i.src = 'https://origin.acuityplatform.com/event/v2/pixel.js' var c = e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0] c.parentNode.insertBefore(i, c) a.acuityPiggybackCallback = function (e) { a.acuityParseResponse(e) } } })(window, document) aap({pixelKey: '5420214933852395407'}) </script>   <script>(function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-T7JRHVG');</script>  <script>(function(html){html.className = html.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);</script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpp-js" src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-popular-posts/assets/js/wpp.min.js?ver=7.1.0" data-sampling="0" data-sampling-rate="100" data-api-url="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-json/wordpress-popular-posts" data-post-id="18507" data-token="74c9a973a7" data-lang="en" data-debug="0"></script>  <title>Hands-on Collaboration: Building Robot Muscle Memory - IEEE Transmitter</title> <meta name="description" content="Imagine working side by side with a robot that understands the way you move and senses exactly how much force you are using to lift a box, or how gently A new technique to improve robotic hands is based on the “muscle memory” it learns from humans." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Hands-on Collaboration: Building Robot Muscle Memory" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Imagine working side by side with a robot that understands the way you move and senses exactly how much force you are using to lift a box, or how gently A new technique to improve robotic hands is based on the “muscle memory” it learns from humans." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="IEEE Transmitter" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-12T13:00:00+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-12T15:05:43+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IEEE-Engineer-examining-robotic-arm-in-office-1800x650-1.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1800" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="650" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="Jennifer Chavarria" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Jennifer Chavarria" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="3 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/","url":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/","name":"Hands-on Collaboration: Building Robot Muscle Memory - IEEE Transmitter","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IEEE-Engineer-examining-robotic-arm-in-office-1800x650-1.jpg","datePublished":"2024-11-12T13:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-12T15:05:43+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/#/schema/person/4ef858e78153babf1a547dcbd3c72695"},"description":"Imagine working side by side with a robot that understands the way you move and senses exactly how much force you are using to lift a box, or how gently A new technique to improve robotic hands is based on the “muscle memory” it learns from humans.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/#primaryimage","url":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IEEE-Engineer-examining-robotic-arm-in-office-1800x650-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IEEE-Engineer-examining-robotic-arm-in-office-1800x650-1.jpg","width":1800,"height":650,"caption":"Engineer-examining-robotic-arm-in-office"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Hands-on Collaboration: Building Robot Muscle Memory"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/#website","url":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/","name":"IEEE Transmitter","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/#/schema/person/4ef858e78153babf1a547dcbd3c72695","name":"Jennifer Chavarria","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/64eede8835d75bd139a325c5cd837623?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/64eede8835d75bd139a325c5cd837623?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Jennifer Chavarria"},"url":"https://transmitter.ieee.org/author/jennifer-chavarria/"}]}</script>  <script> var MP3jPLAYLISTS = []; var MP3jPLAYERS = []; </script> <meta property="og:image" content="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IEEE-Engineer-examining-robotic-arm-in-office-1800x650-1-1200x630.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="630"/> <script> var addthis_share = { templates: { twitter: 'Hands-on Collaboration: Building Robot Muscle Memory - {{url}}' }, url_transforms : { shorten: { twitter: 'bitly' } }, shorteners : { bitly : {} } }; </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='easy_load_more-frontend-css' href='https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-load-more/assets/css/frontend.css?ver=1.0.0' type='text/css' media='none' onload='this.media="all"' /> <style id='easy_load_more-frontend-inline-css' type='text/css'> .elm-button { background: #009FDA; color: #FFFFFF; } .elm-button:hover, .elm-button:active, .elm-button:focus { background: #33b2e1; } .elm-loading-icon { fill: #FFFFFF; stroke: #FFFFFF; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sb_instagram_styles-css' href='https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/instagram-feed-pro/css/sb-instagram.css?ver=4.0.6' type='text/css' media='none' onload='this.media="all"' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wordpress-popular-posts-css-css' href='https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-popular-posts/assets/css/wpp.css?ver=7.1.0' type='text/css' media='none' onload='this.media="all"' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ieee-style-css' href='https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/style.css?ver=9399867ce1de053ba3582685f4dea188' type='text/css' media='none' onload='this.media="all"' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ieee-styles-css' href='https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/css/site.min.css?ver=1732270340' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ieee-ionicons-css' href='https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/css/ionicons.css?ver=1732270340' type='text/css' media='none' onload='this.media="all"' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fancybox-css' href='https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-fancybox/fancybox/1.5.4/jquery.fancybox.min.css?ver=9399867ce1de053ba3582685f4dea188' type='text/css' media='none' onload='this.media="screen"' /> <style id='fancybox-inline-css' type='text/css'> #fancybox-content{border-color:#ffffff;}#fancybox-title,#fancybox-title-float-main{color:#fff} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mp3-jplayer-css' href='https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/mp3-jplayer/css/dark.css?ver=2.7.3' type='text/css' media='none' onload='this.media="all"' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpss-style-css' href='https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-simple-survey/assets/build/css/wpss-pkg.css?ver=9399867ce1de053ba3582685f4dea188' type='text/css' media='none' onload='this.media="all"' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpss-custom-db-style-css' href='https://transmitter.ieee.org/?wpss-routing=custom-css&ver=9399867ce1de053ba3582685f4dea188' type='text/css' media='none' onload='this.media="all"' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/js/libs.min.js?ver=1732270344" id="ieee-libs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/js/site.min.js?ver=1732270344" id="ieee-site-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-simple-survey/assets/build/js/wpss-pkg.js?ver=3.0.0" id="wpss-pkg-js"></script> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://transmitter.ieee.org/?p=18507' /> <style id="wpp-loading-animation-styles">@-webkit-keyframes bgslide{from{background-position-x:0}to{background-position-x:-200%}}@keyframes bgslide{from{background-position-x:0}to{background-position-x:-200%}}.wpp-widget-block-placeholder,.wpp-shortcode-placeholder{margin:0 auto;width:60px;height:3px;background:#dd3737;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#dd3737 0%,#571313 10%,#dd3737 100%);background-size:200% auto;border-radius:3px;-webkit-animation:bgslide 1s infinite linear;animation:bgslide 1s infinite linear}</style> <script> if (typeof __gaTracker == 'undefined') { (function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; i[r] = i[r] || function () { (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments) }, i[r].l = 1 * new Date(); a = s.createElement(o), m = s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0]; a.async = 1; a.src = g; m.parentNode.insertBefore(a, m) })(window, document, 'script', 'https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js', 'ga'); if (ga && !window.ga) { window.ga = ga; } ga('create', 'UA-65663325-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); } </script> <style> .parallax-window { min-height: 400px; background: transparent; } </style> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-18507 single-format-standard navigation-2023" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T7JRHVG" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <div class="main-container">  <div class="page-wrap ">  <header class="site-header nav-2021">  <div class="top-bar">  <div class="mobile-nav"> <a href="#" class="button"><i class="fa fa-navicon"></i><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Navigation</span></a> </div> <p class="util-links"> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE.org</a> <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE <em>Xplore</em> Digital Library</a> <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Standards</a> <a href="http://spectrum.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Spectrum</a> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/sitemap.html" target="_blank">More Sites</a> </p> <p class="top-social"> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/" class="mobile-pad"><img src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/images/ieee-logo-white.png" width="118" height="35" alt="IEEE Transmitter"/></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/IEEE.org/"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/ieeeorg"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ieeeorg/?hl=en"><i class="fa fa-instagram"></i><span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ieee"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i><span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span> </a> </p>  <div class="main-search-area"> <a href="#" class="src-btn"><i class="fa fa-search"></i><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Search</span></a> </div> </div>   <div class="navigation">  <div class="mobile-nav"><a href="#" class="button"><i class="fa fa-navicon"></i><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Navigation</span></a></div>  <div class="logo"><a href="/"><img src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/images/logo-2017.svg" width="342" height="30" alt="IEEE Transmitter"/></a></div>  <div class="social"> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/"><img src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/images/ieee-logo.png" width="118" height="35" alt="IEEE Transmitter"/></a> </div>  <form action="/" class="main-search" reposition-element-large-appendTo=".navigation .main-search-area" reposition-element-medium-insertBefore=".navigation .main-search-area" reposition-element-small-insertBefore=".navigation .main-search-area" reposition-element> <label for="search" class="screen-reader-text">Site Search</label> <input name="s" placeholder="Search" id="search" type="text"> <input class="submit" value="&#xf00d" type="button"> </form> <div class="main-search-area"> <ul id="menu-main" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-13608" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-13608"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/artificial-intelligence-ai/">Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16103" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16103"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/green-technology/">Green Tech</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13609" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13609"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/infrastructure/">Infrastructure</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13618" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13618"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/networked-devices/">Networked Devices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13611" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13611"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/stem/">STEM</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13619" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13619"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/travel-technology/">Travel Technology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13613" class="creators-nav menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13613"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/impact-creators/">Impact Creators</a></li> </ul> <a href="#" class="src-btn"><i class="fa fa-search"></i><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Search</span></a> </div> </div> </header>  <section class="content "> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="content-social social-after-title show-desktop"> <div class="sticky"> <p>Share This:</p> <div class="social"> <p><a href="#" class="social-share facebook"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i><span><br/>Facebook</span></a></p> <p><a href="#" class="social-share twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i><span><br/>Twitter</span></a></p> <p><a href="#" class="social-share linkedin"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i><span><br/>LinkedIn</span></a></p> <p><a href="mailto:?subject=Hands-on Collaboration: Building Robot Muscle Memory&body=https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span><br/>Email</span></a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content-l column-center"> <div class="banner-inside"> <div class=""><div class="img-location"><img src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IEEE-Engineer-examining-robotic-arm-in-office-1800x650-1-620x290.jpg" width="620" height="290" alt="Engineer-examining-robotic-arm-in-office" /></div></div> <div class="blurb"> <h2>Hands-on Collaboration: Building Robot Muscle Memory</h2> </div> <div class="content-social social-after-title show-mobile"> <div class="sticky"> <p>Share This:</p> <div class="social"> <p><a href="#" class="social-share facebook"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i><span><br/>Facebook</span></a></p> <p><a href="#" class="social-share twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i><span><br/>Twitter</span></a></p> <p><a href="#" class="social-share linkedin"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i><span><br/>LinkedIn</span></a></p> <p><a href="mailto:?subject=Hands-on Collaboration: Building Robot Muscle Memory&body=https://transmitter.ieee.org/hands-on-collaboration-building-robot-muscle-memory/"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span><br/>Email</span></a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p class="by"> November 12, 2024 </p> <p>Imagine working side by side with a robot that understands the way you move and senses exactly how much force you are using to lift a box, or how gently you are grasping a tool. That is the future we are building with human-robot teaming.  </p> <p>Robots are becoming our teammates, whether they are used in manufacturing, hospitals or even for everyday tasks like assisting someone with mobility challenges. However, for this teaming to be successful, robots must be able to recognize the strength and subtle movements humans make on a daily basis.</p> <p>For example, they must be able to recognize how gently you hold something delicate or how forcefully you press down when chopping vegetables. The challenge is that it is difficult to predict these hand forces. Think about how different it feels to lift a coffee mug versus carrying a box of books. Your movements vary depending on the task; it takes more than a hunch to have a machine recognize that variance. It is like teaching someone who has never cooked before how to knead dough. Too little pressure would cause it to crumble, and too much pressure will damage the texture. </p> <p>That is where a <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10605060">new approach that we developed</a>, the hierarchical recurrent-inception residual transformer (or HRIRT, for short), comes into play. It is like giving robots their own sense of “muscle memory” and intuition. The approach uses advanced sensors called force myography (FMG) sensors, which are non-intrusive sensors that attach to a person’s body and detect changes in muscle contractions. In the case of recent research conducted with my team, the FMG sensors were attached to a person’s hand, allowing us to monitor the precise amount of pressure that is applied in real time. </p> <p>Then, the proposed HRIRT acts like a translator, instantly interpreting this data and predicting how hard or soft a person is pushing, lifting or grasping something. </p> <p>Think of a robot helping an elderly person who struggles to lift heavy objects. The robot needs to know how much effort the person is putting into lifting something so it can assist without taking over or causing harm. The approach trains the robot to “feel” that effort and react appropriately, adjusting its help as needed. This makes the teaming interaction safe, efficient and intuitive, like working with a human co-worker who understands when to step in and when to let you take the lead. </p> <p>The HRIRT approach not only makes robots better teammates, it also lays the foundation for their application in increasingly complex tasks. This technology has the potential to transform the ways in which humans and robots operate together in a wide range of sectors, whether it is in precision surgery, assisting those with impairments or challenging tasks. The truly fascinating part of this research is how we are tackling this difficulty by combining the most recent advancements in AI, leading to a time when working with robots will feel just as natural as interacting with people. We are heading towards a future in which robots understand how to accomplish and complete the tasks we assign them, resulting in teaming interactions that are safer, smarter, and easier.</p> <p><strong>ABOUT OUR AUTHORS</strong><br><em>Filippo Sanfilippo is an IEEE Senior Member and Head of the Artificial Intelligence, Biomechatronics, and Collaborative Group at the Top Research Centre Mechatronics (TRCM), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway. Muhammad Hamza Zafar is an IEEE Student Member. He is a PhD Fellow at the TRCM.</em></p> </div> <div class="content-r"> <div class="related" reposition-element-large-appendTo=".content-r" reposition-element-medium-appendTo=".content-l" reposition-element-small-appendTo=".content-l" reposition-element> <h3>Related Stories</h3> <div class="callouts"> <div class="callout"> <p class="img-location"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/ai-is-big-some-want-to-make-it-small/" class=""><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/IEEE-Header-Blue-Computer-Chip-2024-1800x650-1-310x150.jpg" class="lazyload" width="310" height="150" alt="Blue Colored Computer Chip on Tip of Index Finger Against Dark Black Background Extreme Close-up View, Macro Photo."/></a></p> <h4><span><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/artificial-intelligence-ai/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a> </span> | 4 weeks ago </h4> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/ai-is-big-some-want-to-make-it-small/">AI is Big. Some Want to Make It Small</a></p> </div> <div class="callout"> <p class="img-location"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/whats-next-for-generative-ai/" class=""><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/IEEE-Header-Connect-to-the-future-2024-1800x650-1-310x150.jpg" class="lazyload" width="310" height="150" alt="touching optical fiber"/></a></p> <h4><span><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/artificial-intelligence-ai/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a> </span> | 4 weeks ago </h4> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/whats-next-for-generative-ai/">What’s Next for Generative AI?</a></p> </div> <div class="callout"> <p class="img-location"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/ai-energy-and-sustainability-your-questions-answered/" class=""><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/IEEE-Header-Flower-Brain-2024-1800x650-1-310x150.jpg" class="lazyload" width="310" height="150" alt="Flowers petals and leaves forming brain shape inside male's head silhouette made out of grass on yellow background."/></a></p> <h4><span><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/artificial-intelligence-ai/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a> </span> | 3 months ago </h4> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/ai-energy-and-sustainability-your-questions-answered/">AI, Energy and Sustainability – Your Questions Answered</a></p> </div> <div class="callout"> <p class="img-location"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/curve-your-enthusiasm-the-rise-of-flexible-displays/" class=""><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/IEEE-Header-Foldable-Phones-2024-1800x650-1-310x150.jpg" class="lazyload" width="310" height="150" alt="Read more about Curve Your Enthusiasm: The Rise of Flexible Displays"/></a></p> <h4><span><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/artificial-intelligence-ai/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a> </span> | 3 months ago </h4> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/curve-your-enthusiasm-the-rise-of-flexible-displays/">Curve Your Enthusiasm: The Rise of Flexible Displays</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="experiences"><div class="wrapper"> <h3><span>INTERACTIVE EXPERIENCES</span></h3> <div class="interactive"> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/quantum-ai/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/IEEE-Quantum-AI-390x260-1.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Quantum and AI: Safeguards or Threats to Cybersecurity?"/> Quantum and AI: Safeguards or Threats to Cybersecurity?</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/ai-2024/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/36982-24-IEEE-Impact-Theme-Banner-390x260-1.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Why AI Can't Live Without Us"/> Why AI Can't Live Without Us</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/infrastructure-2024/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/28600-IEEE-Impact-Theme-2024-Homepage-Banners-390X260.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Bits, Bytes, Buildings and Bridges: Digital-Driven Infrastructure"/> Bits, Bytes, Buildings and Bridges: Digital-Driven Infrastructure</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/impact-of-technology-2024/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/28591-IEEE-Impact-of-Tech-in-2024-Homepage-Banners-390x260-1.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Impact of Technology in 2024"/> Impact of Technology in 2024</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/cybersecurity-2023/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/28589-IEEE-2023-Cybersecurity-Impact-Theme-Homepage-Banners-390x260-1.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Emerging AI Cybersecurity Challenges and Solutions"/> Emerging AI Cybersecurity Challenges and Solutions</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/space-tech-impact-2023/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/28589-IEEE-2023-Space-Tech-Impact-Theme-Homepage-Banners-390x260-1.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about The Skies are Unlimited"/> The Skies are Unlimited</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/infrastructure-2023/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/28588-IEEE-2023-Infrastructure-Impact-Theme-Homepage-Banners-390x260-2.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Smart Cities 2030: How Tech is Reshaping Urbanscapes"/> Smart Cities 2030: How Tech is Reshaping Urbanscapes</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/impact-of-technology-2023/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/22583-IEEE-Impact-Theme-Impact-of-Tech-in-2023-Banners-390x260-1.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Impact of Technology 2023"/> Impact of Technology 2023</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/cybersecurity-2022/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/22581-IEEE-2022-Impact-Theme-Cybersecurity-Banner-390x260-1.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Cybersecurity for Life-Changing Innovations"/> Cybersecurity for Life-Changing Innovations</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/health-wellness-2022/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/21042-IEEE-Smarter-Wearables-390x260-01jc.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Smarter Wearables Healthier Life"/> Smarter Wearables Healthier Life</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/infrastructure-2022/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/infrastructure-thumbnail.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Infrastructure In Motion banner"/> Infrastructure In Motion</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/impact-of-technology-2022/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Tech-2022-thumb1.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Impact of Tech in 2022 Banner"/> The Impact of Tech in 2022 and Beyond</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/cybersecurity-2021/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/16832-IEEE-Impact-Theme-Cybersecurity-Landing-Page-Banner-Thumbnail-390x260-01jc.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Cybersecurity 2021"/> Cybersecurity, Technology and Protecting Our World</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/health-wellness-2021/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/slider-thumb-HW2021.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about How Technology Helps us Understand Our Health and Wellness"/> How Technology Helps us Understand Our Health and Wellness</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/infrastructure-2021/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/slider-thumb-Inf2021.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about The Resilience of Humanity"/> The Resilience of Humanity</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/impact-theme/sustainable-natural-capital/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/slider-thumb-NatCap-2020-1.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Harnessing and Sustaining our Natural Resources"/> Harnessing and Sustaining our Natural Resources</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/health-wellness-2020/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/slider-thumb-HW-2020.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Creating Healthy Spaces Through Technology"/> Creating Healthy Spaces Through Technology</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/infrastructure-2020" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Thumb-2020-Inf.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Exceptional Infrastructure Challenges, Technology and Humanity"/> Exceptional Infrastructure Challenges, Technology and Humanity</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/802-standards/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/hero-802-standardsedit.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about The Global Impact of IEEE's 802 Standards"/> The Global Impact of IEEE's 802 Standards</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/privacy-and-security-2020/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/slider-thumb-PS-2020@2x.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Scenes of our Cyber Lives: The Security Threats and Technology Solutions Protecting Us"/> Scenes of our Cyber Lives: The Security Threats and Technology Solutions Protecting Us</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/health-2019/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Slider-health2019-thmb-2.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about How Millennial Parents are Embracing Health and Wellness Technologies for Their Generation Alpha Kids"/> How Millennial Parents are Embracing Health and Wellness Technologies for Their Generation Alpha Kids</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/natural-capital-2019/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Bnr-NC-thmb.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Space Exploration, Technology and Our Lives"/> Space Exploration, Technology and Our Lives</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/environment/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Bnr-impact-thmb.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Global Innovation and the Environment"/> Global Innovation and the Environment</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/privacy-and-security-2019/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/impact-PrivacySecurity2019@2x.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about How Technology, Privacy and Security are Changing Each Other (And Us)"/> How Technology, Privacy and Security are Changing Each Other (And Us)</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="http://transmitter.ieee.org/ces/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Ht-CES2019.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Find us in booth 31506, LVCC South Hall 3 and experience the Technology Moon Walk"/> Find us in booth 31506, LVCC South Hall 3 and experience the Technology Moon Walk</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/interactive-experiences/vr-mr-2018/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Bnr-hottopic-thm-ARMR2018.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Virtual and Mixed Reality"/> Virtual and Mixed Reality</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/robotics/ " target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Bnr-hottopic-thm-Robotics2018-1.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about How Robots are Improving our Health"/> How Robots are Improving our Health</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/interactive-experiences/robotics-2017/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/robotics-2017.jpg" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about IEEE Experts and the Robots They are Teaching"/> IEEE Experts and the Robots They are Teaching</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="http://transmitter.ieee.org/ai/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Bnr-hottopic-thm-GenAI2018.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Generation AI 2018"/> See how millennial parents around the world see AI impacting the lives of their tech-infused offspring</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="http://transmitter.ieee.org/iot-2018/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ht-IOT-2018@2x-1.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Take the journey from farm to table and learn how IoT will help us reach the rising demand for food production"/> Take the journey from farm to table and learn how IoT will help us reach the rising demand for food production</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/category/cybersecurity/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Bnr-hottopic-slider-Cybersec2018-1.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Watch technical experts discuss the latest cyber threats"/> Watch technical experts discuss the latest cyber threats</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="http://transmitter.ieee.org/arvr-2017" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2017-11-14.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Explore how researchers, teachers, explorers, healthcare and medical professionals use immersive technologies"/> Explore how researchers, teachers, explorers, healthcare and medical professionals use immersive technologies</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/ai-2017/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ht-GenAI.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Follow the timeline to see how Generation AI will be impacted by technology"/> Follow the timeline to see how Generation AI will be impacted by technology</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="http://transmitter.ieee.org/iot-2017/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/ht-iot-bigdata-2017.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="IoT and Big Data"/> Learn how your IoT data can be used by experiencing a day in a connected life</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/ieee-cyber-security/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ht-cybersecurity-.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Listen to technical experts discuss the biggest security threats today"/> Listen to technical experts discuss the biggest security threats today</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/summergames/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ht-games.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about See how tech has influenced and evolved with the Games"/> See how tech has influenced and evolved with the Games</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/iot-2016/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ht-iot-smarthome.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Enter our virtual home to explore the IoT (Internet of Things) technologies"/> Enter our virtual home to explore the IoT (Internet of Things) technologies</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/robotics-2016/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ht-robotics.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Explore an interactive map showcasing exciting innovations in robotics"/> Explore an interactive map showcasing exciting innovations in robotics</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="http://transmitter.ieee.org/ai-2016/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ht-ai.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Interactively explore A.I. in recent Hollywood movies"/> Interactively explore A.I. in recent Hollywood movies</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/health-tech/" target="_blank"><img data-src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ht-healthtech.png" width="197" height="131" class="lazyload" alt="Read more about Get immersed in technologies that will improve patients' lives"/> Get immersed in technologies that will improve patients' lives</a></p> </div> </div> </div></div> </section>  </div>  <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <p class="nav"> <a href="/">Home</a>  <a href="http://www.ieee.org/sitemap.html" target="_blank" >Sitemap</a> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/about/contact_center/index.html" target="_blank" >Contact & Support</a> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/accessibility_statement.html" target="_blank" >Accessibility</a> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/p9-26.html" target="_blank" >Nondiscrimination</a> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/security_privacy.html" target="_blank" >Policy Privacy & Opting Out of Cookies</a> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/about/feedback_ieee_site.html" target="_blank" >Feedback</a> </p> <p>© Copyright 2024 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this website signifies your agreement to the <a href="http://www.ieee.org/site_terms_conditions.html">IEEE Terms and Conditions</a>. <br />A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. </p> </div> </footer> </div>   <div class="mobile-overlayer"></div> <div class="global-mobile-nav"> <div class="global-mobile-bg"> <p class="mobile-logo"><a href="/"><img src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/themes/wp_IEEE_v2/images/logo-2017.svg" width="342" height="30" alt="IEEE Transmitter" /></a></p> <form action="/"> <label for="mobile-search" class="screen-reader-text">Mobile Search</label> <input type="text" placeholder="Search" name="s" id="mobile-search" /><input type="submit" value="" /> </form> <ul id="menu-main-1" class="list"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-13608"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/artificial-intelligence-ai/">Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16103"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/green-technology/">Green Tech</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13609"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/infrastructure/">Infrastructure</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13618"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/networked-devices/">Networked Devices</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13611"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/stem/">STEM</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13619"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/category/travel-technology/">Travel Technology</a></li> <li class="creators-nav menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13613"><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/impact-creators/">Impact Creators</a></li> </ul> <a href="#" class="x"><i class="ion ion-close"></i><span class="screen-reader-text">Close Navigation</span></a> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var elm_button_vars = { wrapper: '.posts-list' }; </script>  <script type="module"> var sbiajaxurl = "https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"; </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-load-more/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=1.0.0" id="easy_load_more-frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4" id="underscore-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-includes/js/backbone.min.js?ver=1.5.0" id="backbone-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-fancybox/vendor/purify.min.js?ver=9399867ce1de053ba3582685f4dea188" id="fancybox-purify-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-fancybox/fancybox/1.5.4/jquery.fancybox.min.js?ver=9399867ce1de053ba3582685f4dea188" id="jquery-fancybox-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-fancybox-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fb_timeout, fb_opts={'autoScale':true,'showCloseButton':true,'width':560,'height':340,'margin':20,'pixelRatio':'false','padding':10,'centerOnScroll':false,'enableEscapeButton':true,'speedIn':300,'speedOut':300,'overlayShow':true,'hideOnOverlayClick':true,'overlayColor':'#000','overlayOpacity':0.6,'minViewportWidth':320,'minVpHeight':320,'disableCoreLightbox':'true','enableBlockControls':'true','fancybox_openBlockControls':'true' }; if(typeof easy_fancybox_handler==='undefined'){ var easy_fancybox_handler=function(){ jQuery([".nolightbox","a.wp-block-file__button","a.pin-it-button","a[href*='pinterest.com\/pin\/create']","a[href*='facebook.com\/share']","a[href*='twitter.com\/share']"].join(',')).addClass('nofancybox'); jQuery('a.fancybox-close').on('click',function(e){e.preventDefault();jQuery.fancybox.close()}); /* YouTube */ jQuery('a.fancybox-youtube,area.fancybox-youtube,.fancybox-youtube>a').each(function(){jQuery(this).fancybox(jQuery.extend(true,{},fb_opts,{'type':'iframe','width':1200,'height':675,'padding':0,'keepRatio':1,'aspectRatio':1,'titleShow':false,'titlePosition':'float','titleFromAlt':true,'onStart':function(a,i,o){var splitOn=a[i].href.indexOf("?");var urlParms=(splitOn>-1)?a[i].href.substring(splitOn):"";o.allowfullscreen=(urlParms.indexOf("fs=0")>-1)?false:true;o.href=a[i].href.replace(/https?:\/\/(?:www\.)?youtu(?:\.be\/([^\?]+)\??|be\.com\/watch\?(.*(?=v=))v=([^&]+))(.*)/gi,"https://www.youtube.com/embed/$1$3?$2$4&autoplay=1");}}))}); /* Vimeo */ jQuery('a.fancybox-vimeo,area.fancybox-vimeo,.fancybox-vimeo>a').each(function(){jQuery(this).fancybox(jQuery.extend(true,{},fb_opts,{'type':'iframe','width':1200,'height':675,'padding':0,'keepRatio':1,'aspectRatio':1,'titleShow':false,'titlePosition':'float','titleFromAlt':true,'onStart':function(a,i,o){var splitOn=a[i].href.indexOf("?");var urlParms=(splitOn>-1)?a[i].href.substring(splitOn):"";o.allowfullscreen=(urlParms.indexOf("fullscreen=0")>-1)?false:true;o.href=a[i].href.replace(/https?:\/\/(?:www\.)?vimeo\.com\/([0-9]+)\??(.*)/gi,"https://player.vimeo.com/video/$1?$2&autoplay=1");}}))}); };}; jQuery(easy_fancybox_handler);jQuery(document).on('post-load',easy_fancybox_handler); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-fancybox/vendor/jquery.mousewheel.min.js?ver=3.1.13" id="jquery-mousewheel-js"></script> <script type="module"> var elm_button_vars = { wrapper: '.posts-list' }; </script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Assistant:400,700&display=swap" type='text/css' media="none" onload="this.media='all'" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Quicksand:400,700&display=swap" type='text/css' media="none" onload="this.media='all'" rel="stylesheet"> <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro%3A400%2C600%2C700%2C900%7CRajdhani%3A400%2C600%2C700&ver=5.5.3&display=swap' type='text/css' media="none" onload="this.media='all'" rel='stylesheet' /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cookieconsent2/3.0.3/cookieconsent.min.css" /> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"054b97878e","applicationID":"19376273","transactionName":"NVdaNRRUDxAAUURYWQwdeQISXA4NTkFZX1EOVw==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":2192,"atts":"GRBZQ1xOHB4=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Hands-on Collaboration: Building Robot Muscle Memory - IEEE Transmitter