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id="toc-The_phonetic_quality_of_the_close_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_phonetic_quality_of_the_close_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 The phonetic quality of the close vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_phonetic_quality_of_the_close_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_phonetic_quality_of_the_mid_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_phonetic_quality_of_the_mid_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 The phonetic quality of the mid vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_phonetic_quality_of_the_mid_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_phonetic_quality_of_the_open_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_phonetic_quality_of_the_open_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 The phonetic quality of the open vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_phonetic_quality_of_the_open_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Other notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasalized_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasalized_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Nasalized vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasalized_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-/ɪø,_ɪə,_ʊə/" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#/ɪø,_ɪə,_ʊə/"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 /ɪø, ɪə, ʊə/ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-/ɪø,_ɪə,_ʊə/-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Other diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Long diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'False'_diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'False'_diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 'False' diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'False'_diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Consonants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Consonants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obstruents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obstruents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Obstruents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obstruents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonorants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonorants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sonorants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonorants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Afrikaans for Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">Help:IPA/Afrikaans</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System of sounds for the Afrikaans language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a> has a similar phonology to other <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrikaans_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Afrikaans_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Afrikaans_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Afrikaans_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Afrikaans_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Afrikaans_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Afrikaans_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> of Afrikaans on a vowel chart, from <a href="#CITEREFWissing2012">Wissing (2012</a>:711)</figcaption></figure> Afrikaans has an extensive <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> inventory consisting of 17 vowel phonemes, including 10 <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a> and 7 <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>. There are also 7 marginal monophthongs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monophthongs">Monophthongs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Monophthongs">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Monophthong phonemes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932–7-1">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> </th> <th colspan="2">unrounded </th> <th colspan="2">rounded </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>(ː) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">əː</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central rounded vowel">œ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central rounded vowel">œː</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_phonetic_quality_of_the_close_vowels">The phonetic quality of the close vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The phonetic quality of the close vowels">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>/y/ tends to be merged with /i/ into [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935-2">[2]</a></li> <li>/u/ is weakly rounded and could be more narrowly transcribed as [u̜] or [ɯ̹]. Thus, it is sometimes transcribed /ɯ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935-2">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_phonetic_quality_of_the_mid_vowels">The phonetic quality of the mid vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The phonetic quality of the mid vowels">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>/ɛ, ɛː, ɔ, ɔː/ vary between mid [<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝ː</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">ɔ̝</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">ɔ̝ː</a>] or close-mid [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>]./ɛ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_and_"The_rounded_mid-high_back_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/ɔ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016sections_"The_unrounded_mid-front_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/ɛ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_and_"The_rounded_mid-high_back_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/ɔ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"-3">[3]</a></li> <li>According to some scholars,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> the stressed allophone of /ə/ is actually closer than mid ([<a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel">ɪ̈</a>]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934,_6-5">[5]</a> However, other scholars<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> do not distinguish between stressed and unstressed schwas. This article uses the symbol [ə] regardless of the exact height of the vowel.</li> <li>The central /ə, əː/, not the front /ɛ, ɛː/, are the unrounded counterparts of /œ, œː/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192738-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"-8">[8]</a> Phonetically, /ə, əː, œ, œː/ have been variously described as mid [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">əː</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central rounded vowel">ɞ̝</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central rounded vowel">ɞ̝ː</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"-8">[8]</a> and open-mid [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜː</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞː</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2012711-9">[9]</a></li> <li>/œ, œː/ are rather weakly rounded, and many speakers merge /œ/ with /ə/ into [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>], even in formal speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"-8">[8]</a> The merger has been noted in colloquial speech since the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192739-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_phonetic_quality_of_the_open_vowels">The phonetic quality of the open vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The phonetic quality of the open vowels">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In some words such as vanaand /faˈnɑːnt/ 'this evening; tonight', unstressed ⟨a⟩ is actually a schwa [ə], not [a].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934,_6-5">[5]</a></li> <li>/a/ is open near-front [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a̠</a>],/ɑ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_unrounded_low-central_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/ɑ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"-11">[11]</a> but older sources describe it as near-open central [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937-13">[13]</a> and open central [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass198476,_93–94,_105-14">[14]</a></li> <li>/ɑː/ is either open near-back [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ̟ː</a>] or open back [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a>]. Especially in stressed positions, the back realization may be rounded [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a>], and sometimes it may be even as high as the /ɔː/ phoneme. The rounded realization is associated with younger white speakers, especially female speakers of northern accents./a/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_unrounded_low-central_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/a/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_notes">Other notes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>As phonemes, /iː/ and /uː/ occur only in the words spieël /spiːl/ 'mirror' and koeël /kuːl/ 'bullet', which used to be pronounced with sequences /i.ə/ and /u.ə/ respectively. In other cases, [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>] occur as allophones of /i/ and /u/ respectively before /r/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934–6-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Close vowels are phonetically long before /r/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935–6-17">[17]</a></li> <li>/ɛ/ contrasts with /ɛː/ only in the minimal pair pers /pɛrs/ 'press' – pêrs /pɛːrs/ 'purple'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Before the sequences /rt, rd, rs/, the /ɛ–ɛː/ and /ɔ–ɔː/ contrasts are neutralized in favour of the long variants /ɛː/ and /ɔː/, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937-13">[13]</a></li> <li>/əː/ occurs only in the word wîe 'wedges', which is realized as either [ˈvəːə] or [ˈvəːɦə] (with a weak [ɦ]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934,_6–7-19">[19]</a></li> <li>The orthographic sequence ⟨ûe⟩ is realised as either [œː.ə] or [œː.ɦə] (with a weak [ɦ]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937-13">[13]</a></li> <li>/œː, ɔː/ occur only in a few words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937-13">[13]</a></li> <li>As a phoneme, /æ/ occurs only in some loanwords from English, such as pêl /pæːl/ 'pal', or as a dialectal allophone of /ɛ/ before /k, χ, l, r/, most commonly in the former <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_State_(South_African_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State (South African province)">Free State</a> provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933,_7-20">[20]</a></li> <li>/a/ has been variously transcribed with ⟨a⟩,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> ⟨ɐ⟩<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and ⟨ɑ⟩.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> This article uses ⟨a⟩.</li> <li>/ɑː/ has been variously transcribed with ⟨ɑː⟩<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and ⟨aː⟩.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This article uses the former symbol.</li> <li>In some words, such as hamer, short /a/ is in free variation with long /ɑː/ despite the fact that the spelling suggests the latter. In some words, such as laat (vb. 'let'), the pronunciation with short /a/ occurs only in colloquial language, to distinguish from homophones (laat, adj. 'late'). In some other words, such as aan 'on', the pronunciation with short /a/ is already a part of the standard language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19936-26">[26]</a> The shortening of /ɑː/ has been noted as early as 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192722-27">[27]</a></li> <li>The orthographic sequence ⟨ae⟩ can be pronounced as either [ɑː] or [ɑːɦə] (with a weak [ɦ]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19936-26">[26]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Example words for monophthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Short </th> <th colspan="4">Long </th></tr> <tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Gloss </th> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>/i/ </td> <td>/dif/ </td> <td>dief </td> <td>'thief' </td> <td>/iː/ </td> <td>/spiːl/ </td> <td>spieël </td> <td>'mirror' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/y/ </td> <td>/ˈsykis/ </td> <td>suutjies </td> <td>'quietly' </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:gray"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/u/ </td> <td>/buk/ </td> <td>boek </td> <td>'book' </td> <td>/uː/ </td> <td>/kuːl/ </td> <td>koeël </td> <td>'bullet' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td>/bɛt/ </td> <td>bed </td> <td>'bed' </td> <td>/eː/ </td> <td>/seː/ </td> <td>sê </td> <td>'say' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ə/ </td> <td>/kənt/ </td> <td>kind </td> <td>'child' </td> <td>/əː/ </td> <td>/ˈvəːə/ </td> <td>wîe </td> <td>'wedges' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/œ/ </td> <td>/kœs/ </td> <td>kus </td> <td>'kiss' </td> <td>/œː/ </td> <td>/rœːə/ </td> <td>rûe </td> <td>'backs' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td>/bɔk/ </td> <td>bok </td> <td>'goat' </td> <td>/oː/ </td> <td>/soːə/ </td> <td>sôe </td> <td>'sows' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/æ/ </td> <td>/pæl/ </td> <td>pêl </td> <td>'pal' </td> <td>/æː/ </td> <td>/fæːr/ </td> <td>ver </td> <td>'far' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/a/ </td> <td>/kat/ </td> <td>kat </td> <td>'cat' </td> <td>/ɑː/ </td> <td>/kɑːrt/ </td> <td>kaart </td> <td>'map' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasalized_vowels">Nasalized vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nasalized vowels">edit</a>]</div> In some instances of the postvocalic sequence /ns/, /n/ is realized as nasalisation (and lengthening, if the vowel is short) of the preceding monophthong, which is stronger in some speakers than others, but there also are speakers retaining [n] as well as the original length of the preceding vowel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933,_5-28">[28]</a> <ul><li>The sequence /ans/ in words such as dans (meaning "dance") is realised as [ãːs]. In monosyllabic words, that is the norm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933-18">[18]</a></li> <li>The sequence /ɑːns/ in more common words (such as Afrikaans) is realized as either [ɑ̃ːs] or [ɑːns]. In less common words (such as Italiaans, meaning Italian), [ɑːns] is the usual pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933-18">[18]</a></li> <li>The sequence /ɛns/ in words such as mens (meaning "human") is realized as [ɛ̃ːs].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933-18">[18]</a></li> <li>The sequence /œns/ in words such as guns (meaning "favour") is realised more often as [œns] than as [œ̃ːs].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935-2">[2]</a> For speakers with the /œ–ə/ merger, these transcriptions are to be read as [əns] and [ə̃ːs], respectively.</li> <li>The sequence /ɔns/ in words such as spons (meaning "sponge") is realised as [ɔ̃ːs].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935-2">[2]</a></li></ul> <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a> analyze the pre-/s/ sequences /an, ɛn, ɔn/ as phonemic short vowels /ɑ̃, ɛ̃, ɔ̃/ and note that this process of nasalising the vowel and deleting the nasal occurs in many dialects of Dutch as well, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Hague_dialect" title="The Hague dialect">The Hague dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200371-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthong</a> phonemes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932,_8–10-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119-31">[31]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Starting point </th> <th colspan="3">Ending point </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Closed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed vowel">Closed</a> </th> <th>unrounded </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>iʊ̯ </td></tr> <tr> <th>rounded </th> <td>uɪ̯ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <th>unrounded </th> <td>əɪ̯ </td> <td>ɪə </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>rounded </th> <td>œɪ̯, ɔɪ̯, oːɪ̯ </td> <td>ʏə, ʊə </td> <td>œʊ̯ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <th>unrounded </th> <td>aɪ̯, ɑːɪ̯ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="/ɪø,_ɪə,_ʊə/">/ɪø, ɪə, ʊə/</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: /ɪø, ɪə, ʊə/">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFLass1987">Lass (1987)</a>, the first elements of [ʏə, ɪə, ʊə] are close-mid,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119-31">[31]</a> more narrowly transcribed [ë, ë, ö] or [ɪ̞, ɪ̞, ʊ̞]. According to <a href="#CITEREFDe_Villiers1976">De Villiers (1976)</a>, the onsets of [ɪə, ʊə] are near-close [ɪ, ʊ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Villiers197656–57-32">[32]</a> For simplicity, both variants will be written simply as [ɪø, ɪə, ʊə]. [ɪ, ʊ] are commonly used for centralized close-mid vowels anyway - see <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">near-close near-front unrounded vowel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">near-close near-back rounded vowel</a>.</li> <li>Some sources prescribe monophthongal [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>] realizations of these; that is at least partially outdated:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938-33">[33]</a> <ul><li>There is not a complete agreement about the realisation of /ɪø/: <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFLass1987">Lass (1987)</a>, it is realised as either rising [ɪ̯ø] or falling [ɪø̯], with the former being more common. The unrounded onset is a rather recent development and is not described by older sources. The monophthongal realisation [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a>] is virtually nonexistent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117-34">[34]</a></li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, it is realised as [øə]. Its onset is sometimes unrounded, which can cause it to merge with /eə/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938–9-35">[35]</a></li></ul></li> <li>There is not a complete agreement about the realisation of /ɪə, ʊə/ <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFLass1987">Lass (1987)</a>, they may be realised in four ways: <ul><li>Falling diphthongs. Their first element may be short [ɪə̯, ʊə̯] or somewhat lengthened [ɪˑə̯, ʊˑə̯].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Rising diphthongs [ɪ̯ə, ʊ̯ə]. These variants do not seem to appear word-finally. The sequence /ɦʊə/ is commonly realised as [ɦʊ̯ə] or, more often, [ʊ̤̑ə̤], with /ɦ/ realised as <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voice</a> on the diphthong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Phonetically disyllabic sequences of two short monophthongs [ɪ.ə, ʊ.ə], which may occur in all environments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Monophthongs, either short [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>] or somewhat lengthened [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪˑ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊˑ</a>]. The monophthongal realisations occur in less stressed words as well as in stressed syllables in words that have more than one syllable. In the latter case, they are in free variation with all of the three diphthongal realisations. In case of /ʊə/, the monophthongal [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>] also appears in unstressed word-final syllables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119-31">[31]</a></li></ul></li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, they are realized as either [eə, oə] or [iə, uə].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938-33">[33]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>/ɪə/ also occurs in words spelled with ⟨eë⟩, like reël /ˈrɪəl/ 'rule'. Historically, these were pronounced with a disyllabic sequence /eː.ə/ and so reël used to be pronounced /ˈreː.əl/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938-33">[33]</a></li> <li>There is not a complete agreement about the dialectal realisation of /ɪə, ʊə/ in the <a href="/wiki/Boland,_Western_Cape" title="Boland, Western Cape">Boland</a> area: <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFLass1987">Lass (1987)</a>, they are centralized close-mid monophthongs [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>], which do not merge with /i/ and /u/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987118-36">[36]</a></li> <li>According to <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a> and De Villiers,<a href="#cite_note-dv-37">[37]</a> they are close monophthongs, long [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>] according to <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, short [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] according to De Villiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-dv-37">[37]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_diphthongs">Other diphthongs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The scholar Daan Wissing argues that /əɪ̯/ is not a phonetically correct transcription and that /æɛ̯/ is more accurate. In his analysis, he found that [æɛ̯] makes for 65% of the realisations, the other 35% being monophthongal, [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2009333-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Most often, /œɪ̯/ has an unrounded offset. For some speakers, the onset is also unrounded. That can cause /œɪ̯/ to merge with /əɪ̯/, which is considered non-standard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310-39">[39]</a></li> <li>/ɔɪ̯, aɪ̯/ occur mainly in loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310-39">[39]</a></li> <li>Older sources describe /œu/ as a narrow back diphthong [ou].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19939-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192744-41">[41]</a> However, newer sources describe its onset as more front. For example, <a href="#CITEREFLass1984">Lass (1984)</a>, states that the onset of /œu/ is central [ɵu].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1984102-42">[42]</a> <ul><li>In some words which, in English, are pronounced with /əʊ̯/, the Afrikaans equivalent tends to be pronounced with /œʊ̯/, rather than /ʊə/. That happens because Afrikaans /œʊ̯/ is more similar to the usual South African realization of English /əʊ̯/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19939-40">[40]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Example words for diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>/ɪø/ </td> <td>/sɪøn/ </td> <td>seun </td> <td>'son' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/əɪ̯/ </td> <td>/ɦəɪ̯/ </td> <td>hy </td> <td>'he' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɪə/ </td> <td>/vɪət/ </td> <td>weet </td> <td>'to know' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/œɪ̯/ </td> <td>/ɦœɪ̯s/ </td> <td>huis </td> <td>'house' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔɪ̯/ </td> <td>/ˈχɔɪ̯əŋ/ </td> <td>goiing </td> <td>'burlap' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʊə/ </td> <td>/brʊət/ </td> <td>brood </td> <td>'bread' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/œʊ̯/ </td> <td>/kœʊ̯t/ </td> <td>koud </td> <td>'cold' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/aɪ̯/ </td> <td>/ˈbaɪ̯ə/ </td> <td>baie </td> <td>'many' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long_diphthongs">Long diphthongs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Long diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> The long diphthongs, also known as 'double vowels', are phonemically sequences of a free vowel and a non-syllabic equivalent of /i/ or /u/: /iu, ui, oːi, eu, ɑːi/. Although both /iu/ and /eu/ are typically pronounced as [iu], they are spelled differently; the former as ⟨ieu⟩, and the latter as ⟨eeu⟩.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199312-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="'False'_diphthongs">'False' diphthongs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 'False' diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> In diminutives ending in /ki/ formed to monosyllabic nouns, the vowels /u, ɪə, ʊə, ɛ, ə, œ, ɔ, a, ɑː/ are realised as closing diphthongs [ui, ei, oi, ɛi, əi, œi, ɔi, ai, ɑːi]. In the same environment, the sequences /ɛn, ən, œn, ɔn, an/ are realized as [ɛiɲ, əiɲ, œiɲ, ɔiɲ, aiɲ], i.e. as closing diphthongs followed by palatal nasal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310–11-44">[44]</a> <ul><li>The suffixes ⟨-aad⟩ and ⟨-aat⟩ (phonemically /ɑːd/ and /ɑːt/, respectively) and the diminutive suffix /ki/ are realised as [ɑːki] (with a monophthong), rather than [ɑːiki].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310-39">[39]</a></li> <li>In practice, the diphthong [əi] is realised the same as the phonemic diphthong /əi/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199311-45">[45]</a></li> <li>[œi], when it has arisen from diphthongisation of [œ], differs from the phonemic diphthong /œi/ by having a slightly different onset, although the exact nature of that difference is unclear. This means that puntjie 'point' sounds somewhat different than puintjie 'rubble'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199311-45">[45]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowel comparison between Standard Dutch and Afrikaans </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Pronunciation </th> <th colspan="2">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th>Standard Dutch</th> <th>Afrikaans </th> <th>Standard Dutch</th> <th>Afrikaans </th></tr> <tr> <td>short a /<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/ </td> <td>/a/ </td> <td>kat /ˈkɑt/</td> <td>kat /ˈkat/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>long a /<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a>/ </td> <td>/ɑː/ </td> <td>kaart /ˈkaːrt/</td> <td>kaart /ˈkɑːrt/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>short e /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ </td> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td colspan="2">bed /ˈbɛt/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>long e /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/ </td> <td>/ɪə/ </td> <td>weet /ˈʋeːt/</td> <td>weet /ˈvɪət/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>eu /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a>/ </td> <td>/ʏə/ </td> <td>neus /ˈnøːs/</td> <td>neus /ˈnʏəs/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>short i /<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/ </td> <td>/ə/ </td> <td>kind /ˈkɪnt/</td> <td>kind /ˈkənt/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>long i, ie /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ </td> <td colspan="2">dief /ˈdif/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>short o /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/ </td> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td colspan="2">bok /ˈbɔk/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>long o /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/ </td> <td>/ʊə/ </td> <td>brood /ˈbroːt/</td> <td>brood /ˈbrʊət/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>oe /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td colspan="2">boer /ˈbur/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>short u /<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a>/ </td> <td>/œ/ </td> <td>kus /ˈkʏs/</td> <td>kus /ˈkœs/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>long u /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/ </td> <td>/y/ </td> <td colspan="2">duur /ˈdyr/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ai /ɑɪ̯/ </td> <td>/aɪ̯/ </td> <td>ai /ˈɑɪ̯/</td> <td>ai /ˈaɪ̯/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>aai /aːɪ̯/ </td> <td>/ɑːɪ̯/ </td> <td>haai /ˈhaːɪ̯/</td> <td>haai /ˈhɑːɪ̯/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>au, auw /ɔʊ̯/ ou, ouw /ɔʊ̯/ </td> <td>ou /œʊ̯/ </td> <td>dauw /ˈdɔʊ̯/ koud, vrouw /ˈkɔʊ̯t, ˈvrɔʊ̯/</td> <td>dou /ˈdœʊ̯/ koud, vrou /ˈkœʊ̯t, ˈfrœʊ̯/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ei /ɛɪ̯/ ij /ɛɪ̯/ </td> <td>ei /əɪ̯/ y /əɪ̯/ </td> <td>eiland /ˈɛɪ̯lɑnt/ hij /ˈhɛɪ̯/</td> <td>eiland /ˈəɪ̯lant/ hy /ˈhəɪ̯/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>eeu, eeuw /eːʊ̯/ </td> <td>eeu /iʊ̯/ </td> <td>leeuw /ˈleːʊ̯/</td> <td>leeu /ˈliʊ̯/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ieu, ieuw /iʊ̯/ </td> <td>ieu /iʊ̯/ </td> <td>kieuw /ˈkiʊ̯/</td> <td>kieu /ˈkiʊ̯/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>oei /uɪ̯/ </td> <td>/uɪ̯/ </td> <td>groei /ˈɣruɪ̯/</td> <td>groei /ˈχruɪ̯/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ooi /oːɪ̯/ </td> <td>/oːɪ̯/ </td> <td colspan="2">mooi /ˈmoːɪ̯/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ui /œʏ̯/ </td> <td>/œɪ̯/ </td> <td>huis /ˈhœʏ̯s/</td> <td>huis /ˈhœɪ̯s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>uw /yʊ̯/ </td> <td>u /y/ </td> <td>schaduw /ˈsxaːdyʊ̯/</td> <td>skadu /ˈskɑːdy/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">v</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labio-velar approximant">w</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obstruents">Obstruents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Obstruents">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>All obstruents at the ends of words are <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">devoiced</a> so that, for instance, a final /d/ is realised as [t].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–15-46">[46]</a></li> <li>/p, b/ are <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a>, whereas /f, v/ are <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">labiodental</a>. <ul><li>According to some authors,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> /v/ is actually an approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>].</li></ul></li> <li>/p, t, k, tʃ/ are unaspirated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199314–16-48">[48]</a></li> <li>/k/ may be somewhat more front before front vowels; the fronted allophone of /k/ also occurs in diminutives ending in -djie and -tjie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199315-49">[49]</a></li> <li>/dʒ, z/ occur only in loanwords.</li> <li>/χ/ is most often uvular, either a fricative, [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] or a voiceless trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a>], the latter especially in initial position before a stressed vowel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDen_Besten2012-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-wellsblog-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-bowerman-52">[52]</a> The uvular fricative is also used by many speakers of white <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a> as a realisation of the marginal English phoneme /x/.<a href="#cite_note-bowerman-52">[52]</a> In Afrikaans, velar [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] may be used in a few "hyper-posh" varieties [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] , and it may also, rarely, occur as an allophone before front vowels in speakers with otherwise uvular [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>].</li> <li>/ɡ/ occurs mostly in loanwords, but also occurs as an allophone of /χ/ at the end of an inflected root where G is preceded by a short vowel and /r/ and succeeded by a schwa such as in berg(e) ('mountain', /bæːrχ, ˈbæ(ː)rɡə/).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–14-53">[53]</a></li> <li>/w/ occurs frequently as an allophone of /v/ after other obstruents, such as in kwaad ('angry').</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonant comparison between Standard Dutch and Afrikaans </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Pronunciation </th> <th colspan="2">Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th>Standard Dutch</th> <th>Afrikaans </th> <th>Standard Dutch</th> <th>Afrikaans </th></tr> <tr> <td>z /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ voiced s /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td> <td>s /s/ </td> <td>zuid /ˈzœʏ̯t/ analyse /aːnaːˈlizə/</td> <td>suid /ˈsœɪ̯t/ analise /ɑːnɑːˈlisə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>starting v /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ </td> <td>/f/ </td> <td>vier /ˈvir/</td> <td>vier /ˈfir/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>middle v /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ </td> <td>w /v/ </td> <td>haven /ˈɦaːvən/</td> <td>hawe /ˈɦɑːvə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>v (for Latin and French loanwords) /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ </td> <td>v, w /v/ </td> <td>visueel /vizyˈeːl/ conservatief /kɔnsɛrvaːtif/</td> <td>visueel /visyˈɪəl/ konserwatief /kɔnsɛrvɑːtif/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>w /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>/ </td> <td>/v, w/ </td> <td>weet /ˈʋeːt/ kwaad /ˈkʋaːt/ wraak /ˈvraːk/</td> <td>weet /ˈvɪət/ kwaad /ˈkwɑːt/ wraak /ˈvrɑːk/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ g /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/ </td> <td>g /χ/ </td> <td>acht /ˈɑxt/ gat /ˈɣɑt/</td> <td>agt /ˈaχt/ gat /ˈχat/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sch /sx/ </td> <td>sk /sk/ </td> <td>school /ˈsxoːl/</td> <td>skool /ˈskʊəl/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>-rgen /-rɣən/ </td> <td>-rge /-rgə/ </td> <td>bergen /ˈbɛrɣə(n)/</td> <td>berge /ˈbɛrgə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>-rv- /-rv/ </td> <td>-rw- /-rv/ </td> <td>sterven /ˈstɛrvə(n)/</td> <td>sterwe /ˈstɛrvə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>-tie /-tsi, -si/ </td> <td>-sie /-si/ </td> <td>actie /ˈɑktsi ~ ˈɑksi/</td> <td>aksie /ˈaksi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>-st /-st/ </td> <td>-s /-s/ </td> <td>best /ˈbɛst/</td> <td>bes /ˈbɛs/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>-cht /-xt/ </td> <td>-g /-χ/ </td> <td>lucht, echtgenoot /ˈlʏxt, ˈɛxtxənoːt/</td> <td>lug, eggenoot /ˈlœχ, ˈɛχənʊət/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ct /-kt/ </td> <td>-k /-k/ </td> <td>contact /ˈkɔntɑkt/</td> <td>kontak /ˈkɔntak/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>-isch /-is/ </td> <td>-ies /-is/ </td> <td>Tsjechisch /ˈtʃɛxis/</td> <td>Tsjeggies /ˈtʃɛχis/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonorants">Sonorants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sonorants">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>/m/ is <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a>.</li> <li>/n/ merges with /m/ before labial consonants. Phonetically, this merged consonant is realized as bilabial [m] before /p, b/, and labiodental [ɱ] before /f, v/. <ul><li>/n/ merges with /ŋ/ before dorsals (/k, χ/).</li></ul></li> <li>/l/ is <a href="/wiki/Velarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarisation">velarised</a> [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>] in all positions, especially noticeably non-prevocalically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199315-49">[49]</a></li> <li>/r/ is usually an alveolar trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] or tap [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117-34">[34]</a> In some parts of the former <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a>, it is realised uvularly, either as a trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>] or a fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199315-49">[49]</a> The uvular trill may also be pronounced as a tap [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ʀ̆</a>].</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Afrikaans consonants with example words </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Voiceless </th> <th colspan="4">Voiced </th></tr> <tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <th colspan="3">Example </th> <th>Phoneme </th> <th colspan="3">Example </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Gloss </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:gray"> </td> <td>/m/ </td> <td>/man/ </td> <td>man </td> <td>'man' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:gray"> </td> <td>/n/ </td> <td>/noːɪ̯/ </td> <td>nooi </td> <td>'invite' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:gray"> </td> <td>/ŋ/ </td> <td>/səŋ/ </td> <td>sing </td> <td>'to sing' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/p/ </td> <td>/pɔt/ </td> <td>pot </td> <td>'pot' </td> <td>/b/ </td> <td>/bɛt/ </td> <td>bed </td> <td>'bed' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/t/ </td> <td>/ˈtɑːfəl/ </td> <td>tafel </td> <td>'table' </td> <td>/d/ </td> <td>/dak/ </td> <td>dak </td> <td>'roof' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/k/ </td> <td>/kat/ </td> <td>kat </td> <td>'cat' </td> <td>/ɡ/ </td> <td>/ˈsɔrɡə/ </td> <td>sorge </td> <td>'cares' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/tʃ/ </td> <td>/ˈtʃɛχis/ </td> <td>Tsjeggies </td> <td>'Czech' </td> <td>/dʒ/ </td> <td>/ˈbadʒi/ </td> <td>budjie </td> <td>'budgerigar' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/f/ </td> <td>/fits/ </td> <td>fiets </td> <td>'bicycle' </td> <td>/v/ </td> <td>/ˈvɑːtər/ </td> <td>water </td> <td>'water' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/s/ </td> <td>/sɪøn/ </td> <td>seun </td> <td>'son' </td> <td>/z/ </td> <td>/ˈzulu/ </td> <td>Zoeloe </td> <td>'Zulu' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/χ/ </td> <td>/χut/ </td> <td>goed </td> <td>'good' </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:gray"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʃ/ </td> <td>/ˈʃina/ </td> <td>Sjina </td> <td>'China' </td> <td>/ʒ/ </td> <td>/viʒyˈɪəl/ </td> <td>visueel </td> <td>'visually' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:gray"> </td> <td>/ɦ/ </td> <td>/ɦœɪ̯s/ </td> <td>huis </td> <td>'house' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:gray"> </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td>/lif/ </td> <td>lief </td> <td>'dear' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:gray"> </td> <td>/j/ </td> <td>/ˈjɪəsœs/ </td> <td>Jesus </td> <td>'Jesus' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:gray"> </td> <td>/r/ </td> <td>/roːɪ̯/ </td> <td>rooi </td> <td>'red' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonogenesis">Tonogenesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tonogenesis">edit</a>]</div> Some studies<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> suggest Afrikaans is currently undergoing tonogenesis, whereby the contrast in voicing of onset plosives is turning into a contrast in the tone of the following vowel. This change is especially prevalent among younger and female speakers, and it is attributed to prolonged contacts with <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afrikaans.us/afrikaans/pronunciation/specific-focus/b-pronunciation-lists/for-dutch/">Afrikaans - Dutch Phonology Comparison Chart</a> (Open Learning Environment)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932–7-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932–7_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 2–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016sections_"The_unrounded_mid-front_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/ɛ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_and_"The_rounded_mid-high_back_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/ɔ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016sections_"The_unrounded_mid-front_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/ɛ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_and_"The_rounded_mid-high_back_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/ɔ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWissing2016">Wissing (2016)</a>, sections "The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/" and "The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/". </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Such as <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934,_6-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934,_6_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934,_6_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 4, 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Such as <a href="#CITEREFLe_Rouxde_Villiers_Pienaar1927">Le Roux & de Villiers Pienaar (1927)</a> or <a href="#CITEREFWissing2016">Wissing (2016)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192738-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192738_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwanepoel1927">Swanepoel (1927)</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_and_unrounded_mid-central_vowels"_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWissing2016">Wissing (2016)</a>, section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2012711-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2012711_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWissing2012">Wissing (2012)</a>, p. 711. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192739-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192739_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwanepoel1927">Swanepoel (1927)</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_unrounded_low-central_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/ɑ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_unrounded_low-central_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/ɑ/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWissing2016">Wissing (2016)</a>, section "The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/". </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> See the vowel chart in <a href="#CITEREFLe_Rouxde_Villiers_Pienaar1927">Le Roux & de Villiers Pienaar (1927</a>:46). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19937_13-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass198476,_93–94,_105-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass198476,_93–94,_105_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass1984">Lass (1984)</a>, pp. 76, 93–94, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_unrounded_low-central_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/a/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_unrounded_low-central_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/a/[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWissing2016">Wissing (2016)</a>, section "The unrounded low-central vowel /a/". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934–6-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934–6_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 4–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935–6-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19935–6_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934,_6–7-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19934,_6–7_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 4, 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933,_7-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933,_7_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 3, 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> For example by <a href="#CITEREFLe_Rouxde_Villiers_Pienaar1927">Le Roux & de Villiers Pienaar (1927)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> For example by <a href="#CITEREFLass1984">Lass (1984)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> For example by <a href="#CITEREFWissing2016">Wissing (2016)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> For example by <a href="#CITEREFLe_Rouxde_Villiers_Pienaar1927">Le Roux & de Villiers Pienaar (1927)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFLass1984">Lass (1984)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> For example by <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFWissing2016">Wissing (2016)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19936-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19936_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19936_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192722-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192722_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwanepoel1927">Swanepoel (1927)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933,_5-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19933,_5_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 3, 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200371-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees200371_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932,_8–10-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19932,_8–10_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 2, 8–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119_31-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117–119_31-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass1987">Lass (1987)</a>, pp. 117–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Villiers197656–57-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Villiers197656–57_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Villiers1976">De Villiers (1976)</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938_33-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass1987">Lass (1987)</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938–9-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19938–9_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987118-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987118_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass1987">Lass (1987)</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-dv-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dv_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dv_37-1">b</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFLass1987">Lass (1987</a>:117–118). The preview on Google Books makes it unclear whether De Villiers' book is "Afrikaanse klankleer. Fonetiek, fonologie en woordbou" or "Nederlands en Afrikaans", as both are cited at the end of Lass's chapter. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWissing2009333-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWissing2009333_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWissing2009">Wissing (2009)</a>, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310_39-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19939-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19939_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson19939_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192744-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanepoel192744_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwanepoel1927">Swanepoel (1927)</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1984102-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1984102_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLass1984">Lass (1984)</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199312-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199312_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310–11-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199310–11_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199311-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199311_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199311_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–15-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–15_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 13–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> For example <a href="#CITEREFDen_Besten2012">Den Besten (2012)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199314–16-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199314–16_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 14–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199315-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199315_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199315_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199315_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDen_Besten2012-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDen_Besten2012_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDen_Besten2012">Den Besten (2012)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-wellsblog-51"><a href="#cite_ref-wellsblog_51-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/12/velar-or-uvular.html">"John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?"</a>. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wells%27s+phonetic+blog%3A+velar+or+uvular%3F&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphonetic-blog.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F12%2Fvelar-or-uvular.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"> Only this source mentions the trilled realization. </li> <li id="cite_note-bowerman-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bowerman_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowerman_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowerman2004">Bowerman (2004</a>:939): "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme /x/ (see <a href="#CITEREFLass2002">Lass (2002</a>:120)), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a> (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative [χ] rather than the velar." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–14-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson199313–14_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1993">Donaldson (1993)</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoetzeeBeddorSheddenStyler2018" class="citation journal cs1">Coetzee, A. W.; Beddor, Patrice S.; Shedden, Kirby; Styler, Will; Wissing, Daan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095447016300894">"Plosive voicing in Afrikaans: Differential cue weighting and tonogenesis"</a>. Journal of Phonetics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phonetics&rft.atitle=Plosive+voicing+in+Afrikaans%3A+Differential+cue+weighting+and+tonogenesis&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Coetzee&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft.au=Beddor%2C+Patrice+S.&rft.au=Shedden%2C+Kirby&rft.au=Styler%2C+Will&rft.au=Wissing%2C+Daan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0095447016300894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowerman2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bowerman, Sean (2004). "White South African English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 931–942. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=White+South+African+English%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+varieties+of+English&rft.pages=931-942&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Bowerman&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2003" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981]. The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004103406" title="Special:BookSources/9004103406"><bdi>9004103406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonetics+of+English+and+Dutch&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9004103406&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDen_Besten2012" class="citation book cs1">Den Besten, Hans (2012). "Speculations of [χ]-elision and intersonorantic [ʋ] in Afrikaans". In van der Wouden, Ton (ed.). Roots of Afrikaans: Selected Writings of Hans Den Besten. <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. pp. 79–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5267-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5267-8"><bdi>978-90-272-5267-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Speculations+of+%3Cspan+class%3D%22IPA+nowrap%22+lang%3D%22und-Latn-fonipa%22+title%3D%22Representation+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet+%28IPA%29%22%3E%5B%CF%87%5D%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3APages+with+plain+IPA-elision+and+intersonorantic+%3Cspan+class%3D%22IPA+nowrap%22+lang%3D%22und-Latn-fonipa%22+title%3D%22Representation+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet+%28IPA%29%22%3E%5B%CA%8B%5D%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3APages+with+plain+IPA+in+Afrikaans&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Afrikaans%3A+Selected+Writings+of+Hans+Den+Besten&rft.pages=79-93&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5267-8&rft.aulast=Den+Besten&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Villiers1976" class="citation book cs1">De Villiers, Meyer (1976). Afrikaanse klankleer: fonetiek, fonologie en woordbou. Balkema.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrikaanse+klankleer%3A+fonetiek%2C+fonologie+en+woordbou&rft.pub=Balkema&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=De+Villiers&rft.aufirst=Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1993" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993). "1. Pronunciation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzioRvJzTUC">A Grammar of Afrikaans</a>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 1–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-0134261" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-0134261"><bdi>978-3-11-0134261</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Pronunciation&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Afrikaans&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=1-35&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-11-0134261&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Bruce+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftzioRvJzTUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass1984" class="citation journal cs1">Lass, Roger (1984). "Vowel System Universals and Typology: Prologue to Theory". <a href="/wiki/Phonology_(journal)" title="Phonology (journal)">Phonology Yearbook</a>. 1. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 75–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952675700000300">10.1017/S0952675700000300</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4615383">4615383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonology+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Vowel+System+Universals+and+Typology%3A+Prologue+to+Theory&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=75-111&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0952675700000300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4615383%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass1987" class="citation book cs1">Lass, Roger (1987). "Intradiphthongal Dependencies". In Anderson, John; Durand, Jacques (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWEjAAAAQBAJ">Explorations in Dependency Phonology</a>. Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland. pp. 109–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9067652970" title="Special:BookSources/9067652970"><bdi>9067652970</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intradiphthongal+Dependencies&rft.btitle=Explorations+in+Dependency+Phonology&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=109-131&rft.pub=Foris+Publications+Holland&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9067652970&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWEjAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass2002" class="citation book cs1">Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521791052" title="Special:BookSources/9780521791052"><bdi>9780521791052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+African+English&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521791052&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Rouxde_Villiers_Pienaar1927" class="citation book cs1">Le Roux, Thomas Hugo; <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Villiers_Pienaar" title="Pierre de Villiers Pienaar">de Villiers Pienaar, Pierre</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/8380?show=full">Afrikaanse Fonetiek</a> (7th ed.). Cape Town: Juta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrikaanse+Fonetiek&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Juta&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Le+Roux&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Hugo&rft.au=de+Villiers+Pienaar%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nwu.ac.za%2Fhandle%2F10394%2F8380%3Fshow%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanepoel1927" class="citation book cs1">Swanepoel, J.F. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/arch/swan020soun01_01/pag/swan020soun01_01.pdf">The sounds of Afrikaans. Their Dialectic Variations and the Difficulties They Present to an Englishman</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longmans, Green & Co</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sounds+of+Afrikaans.+Their+Dialectic+Variations+and+the+Difficulties+They+Present+to+an+Englishman&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Swanepoel&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Farch%2Fswan020soun01_01%2Fpag%2Fswan020soun01_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWissing2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wissing, Daan (2009) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phdtree.org/pdf/47381663-die-afrikaanse-diftong-e-n-eksperimentele-ondersoek/">"Die Afrikaanse diftong /E+/: 'n Eksperimentele ondersoek"</a>. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies. 23 (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis Group">Taylor & Francis Group</a>: 319–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2989%2F16073610509486393">10.2989/16073610509486393</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145686875">145686875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+African+Linguistics+and+Applied+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=Die+Afrikaanse+diftong+%2FE%2B%2F%3A+%27n+Eksperimentele+ondersoek&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-334&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2989%2F16073610509486393&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145686875%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wissing&rft.aufirst=Daan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphdtree.org%2Fpdf%2F47381663-die-afrikaanse-diftong-e-n-eksperimentele-ondersoek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWissing2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wissing, Daan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litnet.co.za/integrasie-van-artikulatoriese-en-akoestiese-eienskappe-van-vokale-n-beskrywingsraamwerk/">"Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: 'n beskrywingsraamwerk"</a>. LitNet Akademies (in Afrikaans). 9 (2). Stellenbosch: LitNet: 701–743. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1995-5928">1995-5928</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415220843/http://www.litnet.co.za/integrasie-van-artikulatoriese-en-akoestiese-eienskappe-van-vokale-n-beskrywingsraamwerk/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LitNet+Akademies&rft.atitle=Integrasie+van+artikulatoriese+en+akoestiese+eienskappe+van+vokale%3A+%27n+beskrywingsraamwerk&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=701-743&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1995-5928&rft.aulast=Wissing&rft.aufirst=Daan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litnet.co.za%2Fintegrasie-van-artikulatoriese-en-akoestiese-eienskappe-van-vokale-n-beskrywingsraamwerk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWissing2016" class="citation web cs1">Wissing, Daan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011">"Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory"</a>. Taalportaal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415194042/http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taalportaal&rft.atitle=Afrikaans+phonology+%E2%80%93+segment+inventory&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wissing&rft.aufirst=Daan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taalportaal.org%2Ftaalportaal%2Ftopic%2Fpid%2Ftopic-14610909940908011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikaans_phonology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombrinkDe_Stadler1987" class="citation book cs1">Combrink, J.G.H.; De Stadler, L.G. (1987). Afrikaanse Fonologie. Johannesburg: Macmillan South Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrikaanse+Fonologie&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=Macmillan+South+Africa&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Combrink&rft.aufirst=J.G.H.&rft.au=De+Stadler%2C+L.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebaene2014" class="citation cs2">Debaene, Mathijs (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/162/802/RUG01-002162802_2014_0001_AC.pdf">The close front vowels of Northern Standard Dutch, Southern Standard Dutch and Afrikaans: A descriptive, comparative and methodological inquiry</a> (PDF), Ghent: University of Ghent Faculty of Arts and Philosophy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+close+front+vowels+of+Northern+Standard+Dutch%2C+Southern+Standard+Dutch+and+Afrikaans%3A+A+descriptive%2C+comparative+and+methodological+inquiry&rft.place=Ghent&rft.pub=University+of+Ghent+Faculty+of+Arts+and+Philosophy&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Debaene&rft.aufirst=Mathijs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Ffulltxt%2FRUG01%2F002%2F162%2F802%2FRUG01-002162802_2014_0001_AC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Villiers1979" class="citation book cs1">De Villiers, Meyer (1979). Nederlands en Afrikaans. Goodwood: NASOU Beperk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nederlands+en+Afrikaans&rft.place=Goodwood&rft.pub=NASOU+Beperk&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=De+Villiers&rft.aufirst=Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Rouxde_Villiers_Pienaar1950" class="citation book cs1">Le Roux, Thomas Hugo; <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Villiers_Pienaar" title="Pierre de Villiers Pienaar">de Villiers Pienaar, Pierre</a> (1950). Uitspraakwoordeboek van Afrikaans. J.L. van Schaik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8716066497" title="Special:BookSources/978-8716066497"><bdi>978-8716066497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uitspraakwoordeboek+van+Afrikaans&rft.pub=J.L.+van+Schaik&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-8716066497&rft.aulast=Le+Roux&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Hugo&rft.au=de+Villiers+Pienaar%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdendal1989" class="citation book cs1">Odendal, F. (1989). "Afrikaanse fonetiek". In Botha, T.J.R. (ed.). Language in South Africa. Pretoria and Cape Town: Academica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780868743516" title="Special:BookSources/9780868743516"><bdi>9780868743516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afrikaanse+fonetiek&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Africa&rft.place=Pretoria+and+Cape+Town&rft.pub=Academica&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780868743516&rft.aulast=Odendal&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinsloo2000" class="citation thesis cs1">Prinsloo, Claude Pierre (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.up.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2263/22950/00front.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">A comparative acoustic analysis of the long vowels and diphthongs of Afrikaans and South African English</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Pretoria: University of Pretoria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+comparative+acoustic+analysis+of+the+long+vowels+and+diphthongs+of+Afrikaans+and+South+African+English&rft.inst=University+of+Pretoria&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Prinsloo&rft.aufirst=Claude+Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.up.ac.za%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2263%2F22950%2F00front.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_MerweGroenewaldvan_AardtTesner2012" class="citation journal cs1">van der Merwe, A.; Groenewald, E.; van Aardt, D.; Tesner, H. E.C.; Grimbeek, R. J. (2012) [1993]. "The formant patterns of Afrikaans vowels as produced by male speakers". South African Journal of Linguistics. 11 (2). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis Group">Taylor & Francis Group</a>: 71–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10118063.1993.9723910">10.1080/10118063.1993.9723910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+formant+patterns+of+Afrikaans+vowels+as+produced+by+male+speakers&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=71-79&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10118063.1993.9723910&rft.aulast=van+der+Merwe&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Groenewald%2C+E.&rft.au=van+Aardt%2C+D.&rft.au=Tesner%2C+H.+E.C.&rft.au=Grimbeek%2C+R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_WykOdendalNkatini2012" class="citation journal cs1">van Wyk, E. B.; Odendal, F. F.; Nkatini, N. L. (2012) [1988]. "Comparison between the phonetic systems of Afrikaans and Tsonga". South African Journal of Linguistics. 7 (1). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis Group">Taylor & Francis Group</a>: 38–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10118063.1989.9723787">10.1080/10118063.1989.9723787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Comparison+between+the+phonetic+systems+of+Afrikaans+and+Tsonga&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-45&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10118063.1989.9723787&rft.aulast=van+Wyk&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft.au=Odendal%2C+F.+F.&rft.au=Nkatini%2C+N.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1965" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, James Lawrence (1965). The Phonology of Afrikaans with Some Remarks on Contrasts with Standard Dutch Phonology. Indiana University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Afrikaans+with+Some+Remarks+on+Contrasts+with+Standard+Dutch+Phonology&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWissing1982" class="citation book cs1">Wissing, Daan (1982). Algemene en Afrikaanse Generatiewe Fonologie. Macmillan South Africa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780869541098" title="Special:BookSources/9780869541098"><bdi>9780869541098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algemene+en+Afrikaanse+Generatiewe+Fonologie&rft.pub=Macmillan+South+Africa&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780869541098&rft.aulast=Wissing&rft.aufirst=Daan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWissingMartensGoedertierJanke2004" class="citation conference cs1">Wissing, Daan; Martens, J.P.; Goedertier, W.; Janke, U. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puk.ac.za/fakulteite/lettere/HLT_Resources/">Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation: A spoken Afrikaans language resource designed for research on pronunciation variations</a>. Lisbon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Conference+on+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation%3A+A+spoken+Afrikaans+language+resource+designed+for+research+on+pronunciation+variations&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wissing&rft.aufirst=Daan&rft.au=Martens%2C+J.P.&rft.au=Goedertier%2C+W.&rft.au=Janke%2C+U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.puk.ac.za%2Ffakulteite%2Flettere%2FHLT_Resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrikaans+phonology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Phonologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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