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href="#History_of_volcanic_eruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of volcanic eruptions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_volcanic_eruptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of volcanic eruptions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_volcanic_eruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geological_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geological history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_eruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_eruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Historical eruptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_eruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern-day_eruptions_(1923–present_day)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern-day_eruptions_(1923–present_day)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern-day eruptions (1923–present day)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-day_eruptions_(1923–present_day)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volcanic_explosivity_index_of_recent_eruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic_explosivity_index_of_recent_eruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Volcanic explosivity index of recent eruptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic_explosivity_index_of_recent_eruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vortex_rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vortex_rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Vortex rings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vortex_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geopolitical_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geopolitical_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geopolitical boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geopolitical_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Etna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84tna" title="Ätna – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ätna" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%BEna" title="Eþna – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eþna" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A5%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جبل إتنا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبل إتنا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Etna" title="Mont Etna – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mont Etna" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4" title="এটনা পর্বত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এটনা পর্বত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Этна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Этна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Этна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Этна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="माउंट एटना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="माउंट एटना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan_Etna" title="Bulkan Etna – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bulkan Etna" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Етна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Етна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨེཏ་ན་རི་བོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨེཏ་ན་རི་བོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Этна – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этна" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Etna" title="Monte Etna – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Monte Etna" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84tna" title="Ätna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ätna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Αίτνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αίτνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="کوه اتنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه اتنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna_(fulkaan)" title="Etna (fulkaan) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Etna (fulkaan)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etne" title="Etne – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Etne" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliabh_Etna" title="Sliabh Etna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sliabh Etna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Etna" title="Monte Etna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monte Etna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%98%EC%82%B0" title="에트나산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에트나산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Էտնա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էտնա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="माउण्ट एटना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माउण्ट एटना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Etna" title="Gunung Etna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung Etna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אטנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8" title="ಎಟ್ನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಟ್ನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ეტნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეტნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Этна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Этна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iyay%C3%AA_Etna" title="Çiyayê Etna – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çiyayê Etna" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Этна – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Этна" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2" title="ພູເຂົາໄຟເອຕນາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພູເຂົາໄຟເອຕນາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetna_mons" title="Aetna mons – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aetna mons" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Етна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Етна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="എറ്റ്ന അഗ്നിപർ‌‌വതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എറ്റ്ന അഗ്നിപർ‌‌വതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="माउंट एटना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माउंट एटना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ეტნა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეტნა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جبل اتنا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبل اتنا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Etna" title="Gunung Etna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gunung Etna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Этна галт уул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Этна галт уул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna_(vulkaan)" title="Etna (vulkaan) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Etna (vulkaan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="エトナ火山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エトナ火山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Этна – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Этна" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84tna" title="Ätna – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ätna" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88tna" title="Ètna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ètna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ایٹنا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایٹنا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آتینا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آتینا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Етна – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Етна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Этна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moont_Etna" title="Moont Etna – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Moont Etna" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84tna" title="Ätna – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ätna" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna_(vurcanu)" title="Etna (vurcanu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Etna (vurcanu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mount Etna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Етна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Етна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna" title="Etna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="எட்னா எரிமலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எட்னா எரிமலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="เขาเอตนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เขาเอตนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna_Yanarda%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Etna Yanardağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Etna Yanardağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Этна – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Этна" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Етна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Етна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86%D8%A7" title="کوہ ایٹنا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوہ ایٹنا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_Etna" title="Núi Etna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Núi Etna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_Etna" title="Bukid Etna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bukid Etna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="埃特纳火山 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃特纳火山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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For the fictional location, see <a href="/wiki/The_Talented_Mr._Ripley" title="The Talented Mr. Ripley">The Talented Mr. Ripley</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Mount Etna</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg/272px-Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg/408px-Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg/544px-Mt_Etna_and_Catania1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1225" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Etna with the city of <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> in the foreground (December 2007)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,403 m (11,165 ft)(varies)<sup id="cite_ref-SetAnsa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SetAnsa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-summit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pezzella_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pezzella-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,403 m (11,165 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-SetAnsa_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SetAnsa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_by_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peaks by prominence">Ranked 54th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_isolation" title="Topographic isolation">Isolation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">998.79 km (620.62 mi) <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16990?uselang=en#P2659" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra prominent peak">Ultra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Etna&params=37_45.3_N_14_59.7_E_type:mountain_region:IT_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°45.3′N</span> <span class="longitude">14°59.7′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.7550°N 14.9950°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.7550; 14.9950</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-summit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">Muncibbeḍḍu</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Italy_Sicily.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Etna is located in Sicily"><img alt="Mount Etna is located in Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Relief_map_of_Italy_Sicily.png/272px-Relief_map_of_Italy_Sicily.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Relief_map_of_Italy_Sicily.png/408px-Relief_map_of_Italy_Sicily.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Relief_map_of_Italy_Sicily.png/544px-Relief_map_of_Italy_Sicily.png 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="705" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.714%;left:79.875%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mount Etna"><img alt="Mount Etna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div>Mount Etna</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Catania" title="Metropolitan City of Catania">Metropolitan City of Catania</a>, Sicily, Italy</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Sicily</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Etna is located in Italy"><img alt="Mount Etna is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/272px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/408px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/544px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.711%;left:68.711%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mount Etna"><img alt="Mount Etna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div>Mount Etna</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Mount Etna (Italy)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Italy</span></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data">350,000 – 500,000 years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">June 7th, 2024 <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Natural: viii</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1427">1427</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2013 (37th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">19,237 ha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">26,220 ha</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mount Etna</b>, or simply <b>Etna</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Etna</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈɛtna]</a></span> or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Mongibello</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[mondʒiˈbɛllo]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>: <i lang="scn">Muncibbeḍḍu</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="scn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">[mʊntʃɪbˈbɛɖɖʊ]</a></span> or <span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">'a Muntagna</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Aetna</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Αἴτνα</span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αἴτνη</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), is an active <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> on the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Catania" title="Metropolitan City of Catania">Metropolitan City of Catania</a>, between the cities of <a href="/wiki/Messina,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Messina, Italy">Messina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>. It is located above the convergent plate margin between the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>. It is one of the tallest active volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the tallest peak in Italy south of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> with a current height (September 2024) of 3,403 m (11,165 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-SetAnsa_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SetAnsa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this varies with summit eruptions. For instance, in 2021 the southeastern crater reached a height of 3,357 m, but was then surpassed by the Voragine crater after the summer 2024 eruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etna covers an area of 1,190 km<sup>2</sup> (459 sq mi) with a basal circumference of 140 km (87 miles). This makes it by far the largest of the three <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanism in Italy">active volcanoes in Italy</a>, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a>. Only <a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Mount Teide</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> surpasses it in the whole of the European–North-African region west of the Black Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the deadly monster <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a> was trapped under this mountain by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, the god of the sky and thunder and king of gods, and the forges of <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> were said also to be underneath it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mount Etna is one of the world's most active volcanoes and is in an almost constant state of activity. The fertile volcanic soils produced from this activity support extensive <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a> spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its history of recent activity and nearby population, Mount Etna has been designated a <a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Decade Volcano">Decade Volcano</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2013, it was added to the list of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etna_multidirectional_Hillshade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Etna_multidirectional_Hillshade.png/220px-Etna_multidirectional_Hillshade.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Etna_multidirectional_Hillshade.png/330px-Etna_multidirectional_Hillshade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Etna_multidirectional_Hillshade.png/440px-Etna_multidirectional_Hillshade.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Multidirectional Hillshade relief of Mount Etna</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Etna_2021_eruption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mount_Etna_2021_eruption.jpg/220px-Mount_Etna_2021_eruption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mount_Etna_2021_eruption.jpg/330px-Mount_Etna_2021_eruption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mount_Etna_2021_eruption.jpg/440px-Mount_Etna_2021_eruption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>February 2021 eruption seen from <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella" title="Naval Air Station Sigonella">Naval Air Station Sigonella</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_mythology">Etymology and mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aetna_(nymph)" title="Aetna (nymph)">Aetna (nymph)</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_asleep_in_mountain" title="King asleep in mountain">King asleep in mountain</a></div> <p>One view is that the word <i>Etna</i> is from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αἴθω</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">aíthō</i></span>), meaning "I burn", through an <a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">iotacist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">pronunciation</a>. Another view is that the name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> word <i><span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn">attuna</i></span></i> meaning 'furnace' or 'chimney'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Classical Greek</a>, it is called <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αἴτνη</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Aítnē</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a name given also to <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> and the city originally known as <a href="/wiki/Aetna_(city)" title="Aetna (city)">Inessa</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> it is called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Aetna</i></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, it is called <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jabal al-Nār</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جبل النار</span></span>, 'the Mountain of Fire').<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to both <a href="/wiki/Roman_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Mythology">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Mythology">Greek</a> mythology, <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>, the god of blacksmithing, had his forge under mount Etna. </p><p>The volcano is also known as <span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">Muncibbeḍḍu</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Mongibello</i></span> in Italian, generally regarded as deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic Languages">Romance</a> word <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">monte</i></span>/<span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">munti</i></span> plus the Arabic word <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">jabal</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جبل</span></span>), both meaning 'mountain'.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to another hypothesis, the term comes from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mulciber</i></span> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">qui ignem mulcet</i></span>, 'he who placates the fire'), one of the Latin names of the god Vulcan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, the name <i>Mongibello</i> is used for the area of Mount Etna containing the two central <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">craters</a>, and the craters located southeast and northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">volcanic cone</a>. </p><p>The name <i>Mongibel</i> is found in <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian Romance">Arthurian Romance</a>, as the name of the <a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">otherworld</a> castle (or realm) of <a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a> and her half-brother, <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, localised at Etna, according to traditions concerning them derived from the stories told by the <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton</a> <i>conteurs</i> who accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a> occupiers of Sicily. What were originally <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> conceptions concerning a dwarf king of a <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradisal</a>, Celtic <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> became attached to the quasi-historic figure of Arthur as "Ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Antipodes" title="Antipodes">Antipodes</a>" and were then transplanted into a Sicilian milieu, by Bretons impressed by the already otherworldly associations of the great, volcanic mountain of their new home. Mediaevalist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Loomis" title="Roger Sherman Loomis">Roger Sherman Loomis</a> quotes passages from the works of <a href="/wiki/Gervase_of_Tilbury" title="Gervase of Tilbury">Gervase of Tilbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Heisterbach" title="Caesarius of Heisterbach">Caesarius of Heisterbach</a> (dating from the late twelfth century) featuring accounts of Arthur's returning of a lost horse which had strayed into his subterranean kingdom beneath Etna. Caesarius quotes as his authority for the story a certain canon <a href="/wiki/Gottschalk" title="Gottschalk">Godescalcus</a> of Bonn, who considered it a matter of historical fact of the time of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Henry</a>'s conquest of Sicily <i>circa</i> 1194. Caesarius employs in his account the Latin phrase <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">in monte Gyber</i></span> ('within Etna') to describe the location of Arthur's kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Fada de Gibel</i> of the Castle of <i>Gibaldar</i> (Fairy of Etna) appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Jaufre" title="Jaufre">Jaufre</a></i>, the only surviving Arthurian romance in the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan language</a>, the composition of which is dated to between 1180 and 1230. However, in <i>Jaufre</i>, while it is clear from her name that the fairy queen in question is Morgan le Fay, the rich underworld queendom of which she is the mistress is accessed not through a fiery grotto on the slopes of Etna, but through a 'fountain' (i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring</a>) – a circumstance more in keeping with Morgan's original watery, rather than fiery, associations, before her incorporation into the folklore of Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Sicilian conception of the fairy realm or castle of Morgan le Fay is the <a href="/wiki/Fata_Morgana_(mirage)" title="Fata Morgana (mirage)">Fata Morgana</a>, an optical phenomenon common in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_volcanic_eruptions">History of volcanic eruptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of volcanic eruptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eruptions of Etna follow multiple patterns. Most occur at the summit, where there are five distinct craters: the Northeast Crater, the Voragine, the Bocca Nuova, and two at the Southeast Crater Complex. Other eruptions occur on the flanks, which have more than 300 vents ranging in size from small holes in the ground to large craters hundreds of metres across. Summit eruptions can be highly explosive and spectacular but rarely threaten the inhabited areas around the volcano. In contrast, flank eruptions can occur down to a few hundred metres <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>, close to or even well within inhabited areas. Numerous villages and small towns lie around or on cones of past flank eruptions. Since the year AD 1600, at least 60 flank eruptions and countless summit eruptions have occurred; nearly half of these have happened since the start of the 20th century. Since 2000, Etna has had four flank eruptions – in 2001, 2002–2003, 2004–2005, and 2008–2009. Summit eruptions occurred in 2006, 2007–2008, January–April 2012, in July–October 2012, December 2018, and again in February 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_history">Geological history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etna_storia_geologica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Etna_storia_geologica.png/400px-Etna_storia_geologica.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Etna_storia_geologica.png/600px-Etna_storia_geologica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Etna_storia_geologica.png/800px-Etna_storia_geologica.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Simplified <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geology)" title="Cross section (geology)">geological cross section</a> of the Mt. Etna volcanic complex (not to scale), showing its evolution from an early stage of submarine fissural activity, producing pillow lavas and a first <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a>, to a subsequent mixed effusive and explosive activity building three main <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> stages (Monte Calanna; Trifoglietto 1; Trifoglietto 2), then to the present Mongibello system (which has developed in two successive stages from about 15,000 years ago). The volcanic activity has gradually shifted from SE to NW (from offshore to onshore). The Valle del Bove is the former eastern flank of the volcano, which collapsed about 64,000 years ago and thus allows the older volcanic edifices to be recognized.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Etna_from_the_south_060313.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mount_Etna_from_the_south_060313.JPG/220px-Mount_Etna_from_the_south_060313.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mount_Etna_from_the_south_060313.JPG/330px-Mount_Etna_from_the_south_060313.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mount_Etna_from_the_south_060313.JPG/440px-Mount_Etna_from_the_south_060313.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mount Etna from the south with the smoking peak in the upper left and a lateral crater in the centre</figcaption></figure> <p>Volcanic activity first took place at Etna about 500,000 years ago, with eruptions occurring beneath the sea off the ancient coastline of Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 300,000 years ago, volcanism began occurring to the southwest of the summit (centre top of the volcano), then activity moved towards the present centre 170,000 years ago. Eruptions at this time built up the first major volcanic edifice, forming a stratovolcano in alternating explosive and effusive eruptions. The growth of the mountain was occasionally interrupted by major eruptions, leading to the collapse of the summit to form <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a>. </p><p>From about 35,000 to 15,000 years ago, Etna experienced some highly explosive eruptions, generating large <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a>, which left extensive <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrite</a> deposits. Ash from these eruptions has been found as far away as south of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>'s border, 800 km (497 mi) to the north. </p><p>Thousands of years ago, the eastern flank of the mountain experienced a catastrophic collapse, generating an enormous <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_landslide" title="Volcanic landslide">landslide</a> in an event similar to that seen in the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a>. The landslide left a large depression in the side of the volcano, known as 'Valle del Bove' (Valley of the Ox). Research published in 2006 suggested this occurred around 8,000 years ago, and caused a huge <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>, which left its mark in several places in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The steep walls of the valley have suffered subsequent collapses on numerous occasions. The <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> exposed in the valley walls provide an important and easily accessible record of Etna's eruptive history. </p><p>The most recent collapse event at the summit of Etna is thought to have occurred about 2,000 years ago, forming what is known as the Piano Caldera. This caldera has been almost entirely filled by subsequent lava eruptions but is still visible as a distinct break in the slope of the mountain near the base of the present-day summit cone. </p><p>Mount Etna is moving towards the Mediterranean Sea at an average rate of 14 mm (0.55 in) per year, the massif sliding on an unconsolidated layer above the older sloping terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_eruptions">Historical eruptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical eruptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known record of eruption at Etna is that of <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eruzione_dell%27Etna_del_1766,_incisione_colorata_di_Alessandro_D%27Anna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eruzione_dell%27Etna_del_1766%2C_incisione_colorata_di_Alessandro_D%27Anna.jpg/170px-Eruzione_dell%27Etna_del_1766%2C_incisione_colorata_di_Alessandro_D%27Anna.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eruzione_dell%27Etna_del_1766%2C_incisione_colorata_di_Alessandro_D%27Anna.jpg/255px-Eruzione_dell%27Etna_del_1766%2C_incisione_colorata_di_Alessandro_D%27Anna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eruzione_dell%27Etna_del_1766%2C_incisione_colorata_di_Alessandro_D%27Anna.jpg/340px-Eruzione_dell%27Etna_del_1766%2C_incisione_colorata_di_Alessandro_D%27Anna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>An artist's impression of the 1766 eruption</figcaption></figure> <p>In 396 BCE, an eruption of Etna reportedly thwarted the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> in their attempt to advance on <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Greek-Punic_wars#The_Second_Sicilian_War_(410_BCE–340_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek-Punic wars">Second Sicilian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A particularly violent explosive (<a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian</a>) summit eruption occurred in 122 BCE, and caused heavy <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> falls to the southeast, including the town of <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, where many roofs collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help with reconstruction after the devastating effects of the eruption, the Roman government exempted the population of Catania from paying taxes for ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> gave what was probably a first-hand description of an eruption in the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first 1500 years CE, many eruptions went unrecorded (or records have been lost); among the more significant are: (1) an eruption in about 1030 CE near Monte Ilice on the lower southeast flank, which produced a lava flow that travelled about 10 km, reaching the sea north of Acireale; the villages of Santa Tecla and Stazzo are built on the broad delta built by this lava flow into the sea;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2) an eruption in about 1160 (or 1224), from a fissure at only 350–450 m (1,148–1,476 ft) elevation on the south-southeast flank near the village of Mascalucia, whose lava flow reached the sea just to the north of Catania, in the area now occupied by the portion of the city named Ognina.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rabban_Bar_Sauma" title="Rabban Bar Sauma">Rabban Bar Sauma</a>, a Chinese traveller to the West, recorded the eruption of Etna on 18 June 1287.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1669_Etna_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="1669 Etna eruption">1669 eruption</a>, Etna's most destructive since 122 BCE, started on 11 March 1669 and produced lava flows that destroyed at least 10 villages on its southern flank before reaching the city walls of the town of <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> five weeks later, on 15 April. The lava was largely diverted by these walls into the sea to the south of the city, filling the harbour of Catania. A small portion of lava eventually broke through a fragile section of the city walls on the western side of Catania and destroyed a few buildings before stopping in the rear of the Benedictine monastery, without reaching the centre of the town. Contrary to widespread reports of up to 15,000 (or even 20,000) human fatalities caused by the lava,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contemporaneous accounts written both in Italian and English<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mention no deaths related to the 1669 eruption (but give very precise figures of the number of buildings destroyed, the area of cultivated land lost, and the economic damage). Therefore, it is uncertain where the enormous number of fatalities can be attributed. One possibility is confusion between this eruption and an earthquake that devastated southeast Sicily (including Catania) 24 years later in <a href="/wiki/1693_Sicily_earthquake" title="1693 Sicily earthquake">1693</a>. A study on the damage and fatalities caused by eruptions of Etna in historical times reveals that only 77 human deaths are attributable with certainty to eruptions of Etna, most recently in 1987 when two tourists were killed by a sudden explosion near the summit.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1750, seven of Etna's eruptions have had durations of more than 5 years, more than any other volcano except Vesuvius.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020-12_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern-day_eruptions_(1923–present_day)"><span id="Modern-day_eruptions_.281923.E2.80.93present_day.29"></span>Modern-day eruptions (1923–present day)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern-day eruptions (1923–present day)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As "Europe's most active volcano",<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eruptions occur frequently (with as many as 16 eruptions taking place in 2001).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several eruptions of note have occurred over the last century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm/220px--Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="492" data-mwtitle="Paroxysm_at_Etna,_16-17_November_2013.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Paroxysm_at_Etna,_16-17_November_2013.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm/Paroxysm_at_Etna%2C_16-17_November_2013.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of Etna's November 2013 eruption</figcaption></figure> <p>A major eruption took place in June 1923, lasting from 6 June until 29 June.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large lava flow from an eruption in 1928 led to the destruction of a population centre for the first time since the 1669 eruption. The eruption started high on Etna's northeast flank on 2 November. Then new eruptive fissures opened at decreasing elevations down the flank of the volcano. The third and most vigorous of these fissures opened late on 4 November at an unusually low elevation, approximately 1,200 m (3,937 ft) above sea-level, in a zone known as Ripe della Naca. The village of <a href="/wiki/Mascali" title="Mascali">Mascali</a>, lying down-slope of the Ripe della Naca, was almost completely destroyed in two days. Only a church and a few surrounding buildings survived in the north part of the village, called Sant'Antonino or "il quartiere". During the last days of the eruption, the flow interrupted the Messina-Catania railway line and destroyed the train station of Mascali. The event was used by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">fascist regime</a> for propaganda purposes, with the evacuation, aid, and rebuilding operations being presented as models of fascist planning. Mascali was rebuilt on a new site, and its church contains the Italian fascist symbol of the torch, placed above the statue of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_etal_1996_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_etal_1996-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etna_eruption_seen_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Etna_eruption_seen_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg/240px-Etna_eruption_seen_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Etna_eruption_seen_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg/360px-Etna_eruption_seen_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Etna_eruption_seen_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg/480px-Etna_eruption_seen_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etna_smoke_seen_from_space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Etna_smoke_seen_from_space.jpg/240px-Etna_smoke_seen_from_space.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Etna_smoke_seen_from_space.jpg/360px-Etna_smoke_seen_from_space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Etna_smoke_seen_from_space.jpg/480px-Etna_smoke_seen_from_space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2004" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Etna's 2002 eruption, photographed from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etna%27s_NSEC_(New_South_East_Crater)_eruption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Etna%27s_NSEC_%28New_South_East_Crater%29_eruption.jpg/240px-Etna%27s_NSEC_%28New_South_East_Crater%29_eruption.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Etna%27s_NSEC_%28New_South_East_Crater%29_eruption.jpg/360px-Etna%27s_NSEC_%28New_South_East_Crater%29_eruption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Etna%27s_NSEC_%28New_South_East_Crater%29_eruption.jpg/480px-Etna%27s_NSEC_%28New_South_East_Crater%29_eruption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Long exposure image of a "dual-vent" eruption from Mount Etna's NSEC (New South East Crater)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Other major 20th-century eruptions occurred in 1949, 1971, 1979, 1981, 1983 and 1991–1993. In 1971, lava buried the Etna Observatory (built in the late 19th century), destroyed the first generation of the Etna cable-car, and seriously threatened several small villages on Etna's east flank. In March 1981, the town of Randazzo on the northwestern flank of Etna narrowly escaped destruction by unusually fast-moving lava flows. That eruption was remarkably similar to one in 1928 that destroyed Mascali. The 1991–1993 eruption saw the town of <a href="/wiki/Zafferana" class="mw-redirect" title="Zafferana">Zafferana</a> threatened by a lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the town with the loss of only one building a few hundred metres from the town's margin. Initially, such efforts consisted of the construction of earth barriers built perpendicularly to the flow direction; it was hoped that the eruption would stop before the artificial basins created behind the barriers would be completely filled. Instead, the eruption continued, and lava surmounted the barriers, heading directly toward Zafferana. Engineers then decided to use explosives near the source of the lava flow, to disrupt a very efficient lava tube system through which the lava travelled for up to 7 km (4 mi) without losing significant heat or fluidity. The main explosion on 23 May 1992 destroyed the tube and forced the lava into a new artificial channel, far from Zafferana, and it would have taken months to re-establish a long lava tube. Shortly after the blasting, the rate of lava emission dropped, and during the remainder of the eruption (until 30 March 1993) the lava never advanced close to the town again.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valle_del_bove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Valle_del_bove.jpg/220px-Valle_del_bove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Valle_del_bove.jpg/330px-Valle_del_bove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Valle_del_bove.jpg/440px-Valle_del_bove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A lateral crater of the 2002–2003 eruption near the Torre del Filosofo, about 450 m (1,480 ft) below Etna's summit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EtnaHaus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/EtnaHaus.JPG/220px-EtnaHaus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/EtnaHaus.JPG/330px-EtnaHaus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/EtnaHaus.JPG/440px-EtnaHaus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>House destroyed by lava on the slopes of Etna</figcaption></figure> <p>Following six years (1995–2001) of unusually intense activity at the four summit craters of Etna, the volcano produced its first flank eruption since 1991–1993 in July–August 2001. This eruption, which involved activity from seven distinct eruptive fissures mostly on the south slope of the volcano, was well covered by the mass-media because it occurred at the height of the tourist season and numerous reporters and journalists were already in Italy to cover the <a href="/wiki/G8_Genoa" class="mw-redirect" title="G8 Genoa">G8 summit in Genoa</a>. It also occurred close to one of the tourist areas on the volcano, and thus was easily accessible. Part of the "Etna Sud" tourist area, including the arrival station of the Etna cable car, were damaged by this eruption, which otherwise was a rather modest-sized event by Etna standards. </p><p>In 2002–2003, a much larger eruption threw up a huge column of ash that could easily be seen from space and fell as far away as <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, 600 km (370 mi) south across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the eastern flanks of the volcano to slip by up to two metres, and many houses on the flanks of the volcano experienced structural damage. The eruption also completely destroyed the tourist station Piano Provenzana, on the northeastern flank of the volcano, and part of the tourist station "Etna Sud" around the Rifugio Sapienza on the south flank. Footage from the eruptions was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a> and integrated into the landscape of the planet <a href="/wiki/Mustafar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafar">Mustafar</a> in the 2005 film <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith" title="Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith">Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rifugio Sapienza is near the site of a <a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">cable car</a> station which had previously been destroyed in the 1983 eruption; it has now been rebuilt. Following a slow and non-destructive lava outflow on the upper southeastern flank between September 2004 and March 2005, intense eruptions occurred at the Southeast Crater in July–December 2006. These were followed by four episodes of lava fountaining, again at the Southeast Crater, on 29 March, 11 April, 29 April and 7 May 2007. Ash emissions and <a href="/wiki/Strombolian_eruption" title="Strombolian eruption">Strombolian explosions</a> started from a vent on the eastern side of the Southeast Crater in mid-August 2007. </p><p>On 4 September 2007, a major episode of lava fountaining occurred from the new vent on the east side of the Southeast Crater, also producing a plume of ash and scoriae which fell over the east flank of the volcano. A lava flow travelled about 4.5 km (2.8 mi) into the uninhabited Valle del Bove. This eruption was visible far into the plains of Sicily, ending the following morning between the hours of 5 to 7 a.m. local time. <a href="/wiki/Catania-Fontanarossa_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Catania-Fontanarossa Airport">Catania-Fontanarossa Airport</a> shut down operations during the night for safety precautions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (April 2013)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An eruption on the morning of 13 May 2008, immediately to the east of Etna's summit craters was accompanied by a swarm of more than 200 earthquakes and significant ground deformation in the summit area. The eruption continued at a slowly diminishing rate for 417 days, until 6 July 2009, making this the longest flank eruption of Etna since the 1991–1993 eruption that lasted 473 days. Previous eruptions, in 2001, 2002–2003, and 2004–2005 had lasted 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively. Lava flows advanced 6.5 km during the first few days of this eruption but thereafter stagnated at many minor distances from the vents; during the last months of the eruption lava rarely advanced more than 1 km downslope. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Etna_2001_Flow_061613.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mount_Etna_2001_Flow_061613.JPG/220px-Mount_Etna_2001_Flow_061613.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mount_Etna_2001_Flow_061613.JPG/330px-Mount_Etna_2001_Flow_061613.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mount_Etna_2001_Flow_061613.JPG/440px-Mount_Etna_2001_Flow_061613.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Southern flank of Mount Etna showing lateral cones and flow from the eruption of 2001.</figcaption></figure> <p>Through January 2011 to February 2012, the summit craters of Etna were the site of intense activity. Frequent eruptions and ash columns forced the authorities to shut down the Catania airport on several occasions. <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The July 2011 episode also endangered the Sapienza Refuge, the main tourist hub on the volcano, but the lava flow was successfully diverted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2014, a flank eruption started involving lava flows and <a href="/wiki/Strombolian" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombolian">strombolian</a> eruptions. This was the first flank eruption since 2008–09.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 December 2015, an eruption occurred which climaxed between 03:20 and 04:10 local time. The Voragine crater exhibited a lava fountain which reached 1 km (3,300 ft) in height, with an ash plume which reached 3 km (9,800 ft) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activity continued on the following days, with an ash plume that reached 7 km (23,000 ft) in height that forced Catania airport to shut down for a few hours.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a <a href="/wiki/Multi-Component_Gas_Analyzer_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System">multi-component gas analyzer system</a>, which detects pre-eruptive degassing of rising magmas, improving <a href="/wiki/Prediction_of_volcanic_activity" title="Prediction of volcanic activity">prediction of volcanic activity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An eruption on 16 March 2017 injured 10 people, including a <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> television crew, after magma exploded upon contact with snow.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An eruption on 24 December 2018, following a dyke intrusion at shallow depth, spewed ash into the air, forcing the closure of airspace around Mount Etna. Two days later, a magnitude 4.9 earthquake shook the town of Fleri and surrounding towns and hamlets in the Province of Catania, damaging buildings and injuring four people.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in February 2021, Mount Etna began a series of explosive eruptions, which have had an impact on nearby villages and cities, with volcanic ash and rock falling as far away as Catania. As of 12 March 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the volcano has erupted 11 times in three weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eruptions have consistently sent ash clouds over 10 km (33,000 ft) into the air, closing Sicilian airports. There have been no reports of injuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (March 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In February 2022 there were two eruptions. On 11 February 2022, at 6 pm, there were lava fountains from the Southeast Crater which became a single Strombolian eruption by 7 pm. Between 10 and 11 pm it had reached a height of almost 1,000 m and lava bombs were thrown at a considerable distance. Ash was blown west by the wind and then turned southeast. There was large lava flow in the western flank. On 19 February at 10.15 am there was an explosive eruption, again from the Southeast Crater, high lava fountains and lava flows, the longest of which went down the north-eastern flank towards the Bove Valley. <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 May 2022 a sudden collapse of the Southeast Crater created a fracture on its northern flank at an elevation of circa 2,800 m (9,186 ft). A small lava flow emerged and headed in the direction of the Leone Valley, just above the much larger Bove Valley. It continued for three days and was accompanied by small and sporadic eruptions from two of the many vents at the top of this crater.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etna erupted once again on 4 July 2024 causing the <a href="/wiki/Catania%E2%80%93Fontanarossa_Airport" title="Catania–Fontanarossa Airport">Catania Airport</a> to close due to <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> in the air. The airport reopened the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 14, 2024, Mt. Etna erupted violently sending an ash cloud 9.5km into the atmosphere. Catania Airport was forced to close the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volcanic_explosivity_index_of_recent_eruptions">Volcanic explosivity index of recent eruptions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Volcanic explosivity index of recent eruptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a> has assigned a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">Volcanic Explosivity Index</a> (VEI) to all of Mount Etna's eruptions since January 1955:<sup id="cite_ref-VEIdata_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VEIdata-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">VEI </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 35em">Number of eruptions (total=49) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">VEI 0 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">VEI 1 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:7.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">17</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">VEI 2 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:10.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">24</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">VEI 3 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">7</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vortex_rings">Vortex rings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vortex rings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoke_ring_above_Mount_Etna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Smoke_ring_above_Mount_Etna.jpg/220px-Smoke_ring_above_Mount_Etna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Smoke_ring_above_Mount_Etna.jpg/330px-Smoke_ring_above_Mount_Etna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Smoke_ring_above_Mount_Etna.jpg/440px-Smoke_ring_above_Mount_Etna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Vortex ring above Mount Etna observed on 9 August 2023</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provincia_di_Catania_colori.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Provincia_di_Catania_colori.svg/150px-Provincia_di_Catania_colori.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Provincia_di_Catania_colori.svg/225px-Provincia_di_Catania_colori.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Provincia_di_Catania_colori.svg/300px-Provincia_di_Catania_colori.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Map of municipalities in the Metropolitan City of Catania (Mount Etna at top right)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s Etna erupted <a href="/wiki/Vortex_ring" title="Vortex ring">vortex rings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the first recorded events of this type, which are extremely rare. This happened again in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video footage of 8 June 2000 event was captured.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another event occurred on 11 April 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other similar events occurred during the summer of 2023 (see photo) and 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geopolitical_boundaries">Geopolitical boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geopolitical boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The borders of ten municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Adrano" title="Adrano">Adrano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biancavilla" title="Biancavilla">Biancavilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belpasso" title="Belpasso">Belpasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronte,_Sicily" title="Bronte, Sicily">Bronte</a> (from two sides), <a href="/wiki/Castiglione_di_Sicilia" title="Castiglione di Sicilia">Castiglione di Sicilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maletto" title="Maletto">Maletto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolosi" title="Nicolosi">Nicolosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randazzo" title="Randazzo">Randazzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Alfio" title="Sant'Alfio">Sant'Alfio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zafferana_Etnea" title="Zafferana Etnea">Zafferana Etnea</a>) meet on the summit of Mount Etna, making this a <a href="/wiki/Quadripoint#Multipoints_of_greater_numerical_complexity" title="Quadripoint">multipoint</a> of elevenfold complexity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facilities">Facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapienza_Refuge_Etna_060313.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sapienza_Refuge_Etna_060313.JPG/220px-Sapienza_Refuge_Etna_060313.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sapienza_Refuge_Etna_060313.JPG/330px-Sapienza_Refuge_Etna_060313.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sapienza_Refuge_Etna_060313.JPG/440px-Sapienza_Refuge_Etna_060313.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3208" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Sapienza Refuge, the main tourist hub</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skiing_Etna_nord_,_slope_anfiteatro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Skiing_Etna_nord_%2C_slope_anfiteatro.JPG/220px-Skiing_Etna_nord_%2C_slope_anfiteatro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Skiing_Etna_nord_%2C_slope_anfiteatro.JPG/330px-Skiing_Etna_nord_%2C_slope_anfiteatro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Skiing_Etna_nord_%2C_slope_anfiteatro.JPG/440px-Skiing_Etna_nord_%2C_slope_anfiteatro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Etna North <a href="/wiki/Linguaglossa" title="Linguaglossa">Linguaglossa</a> and Etna South <a href="/wiki/Nicolosi" title="Nicolosi">Nicolosi</a> are the two <a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">ski resorts</a> of the volcano</figcaption></figure> <p>Etna is one of Sicily's main tourist attractions, with thousands of visitors every year.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common route is through the road leading to Sapienza Refuge ski area, lying at the south of the crater at elevation of 1,910 m.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Refuge, a <a href="/wiki/Cableway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cableway">cableway</a> runs uphill to an elevation of 2,500 m, from where the crater area at 2,920 m is accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ferrovia_Circumetnea" title="Ferrovia Circumetnea">Ferrovia Circumetnea</a> – Round-Etna railway – is a narrow-gauge railway constructed between 1889 and 1895. It runs around the volcano in a 110-km long semi-circle starting in Catania and ending in <a href="/wiki/Riposto" title="Riposto">Riposto</a> 28 km north of Catania. </p><p>There are two ski resorts on Etna: one at the Sapienza Refuge, with a chairlift and three ski lifts, and a smaller one on the north, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piano_Provenzana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piano Provenzana (page does not exist)">Piano Provenzana</a> near <a href="/wiki/Linguaglossa" title="Linguaglossa">Linguaglossa</a>, with three lifts and a chairlift.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sapienza Refuge was the finish of <a href="/wiki/2011_Giro_d%27Italia,_Stage_1_to_Stage_11#Stage_9" title="2011 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11">Stage 9</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Giro_d%27Italia" title="2011 Giro d'Italia">2011 Giro d'Italia</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Giro_d%27Italia,_Stage_1_to_Stage_11#Stage_4" title="2017 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11">Stage 4</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Giro_d%27Italia" title="2017 Giro d'Italia">2017 Giro</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genista_aetnensis" title="Genista aetnensis">Genista aetnensis</a></i>, the Mount Etna broom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_highest_point" title="List of Italian regions by highest point">List of Italian regions by highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">List of volcanoes in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Seven_Summits" title="Volcanic Seven Summits">Volcanic Seven Summits</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ansa.it/sicilia/notizie/2024/09/18/il-cratere-voragine-delletna-cresce-bordo-supera-3.400-metri_88ddb31e-c620-42ba-b9d5-3b2fc9281410.html">"Il cratere Voragine dell'Etna cresce, bordo supera 3.400 metri - Notizie - Ansa.it"</a>. <i>Agenzia ANSA</i> (in Italian). 18 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agenzia+ANSA&rft.atitle=Il+cratere+Voragine+dell%27Etna+cresce%2C+bordo+supera+3.400+metri+-+Notizie+-+Ansa.it&rft.date=2024-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fsicilia%2Fnotizie%2F2024%2F09%2F18%2Fil-cratere-voragine-delletna-cresce-bordo-supera-3.400-metri_88ddb31e-c620-42ba-b9d5-3b2fc9281410.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-summit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-summit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-summit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The elevation varies with volcanic activity. The volcano last erupted 21 May 2023. It is frequently given as 3,350 m (10,990 ft), but many sources that support this concede that this is approximate. The coordinates given, which are consistent with <a href="/wiki/SRTM" class="mw-redirect" title="SRTM">SRTM</a> data, are from a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/M5/Etna.html">2005 GPS survey</a>. The elevation data are based on a <a href="/wiki/LIDAR" class="mw-redirect" title="LIDAR">LIDAR</a> (Light Detection and Ranging) survey carried out in June 2007, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeri2008" class="citation cs2">Neri, M.; et al. (2008), "The changing face of Mount Etna's summit area documented with Lidar technology", <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>, <b>35</b> (9): L09305, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoRL..35.9305N">2008GeoRL..35.9305N</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008GL033740">10.1029/2008GL033740</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=The+changing+face+of+Mount+Etna%27s+summit+area+documented+with+Lidar+technology&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=L09305&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2008GL033740&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008GeoRL..35.9305N&rft.aulast=Neri&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pezzella-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pezzella_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPezzella" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pezzella, Francesca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810155613/https://www.ingv.it/it/stampa-e-urp/stampa/comunicati-stampa/4910-l-etna-si-supera-nuovo-record-di-altezza-a-3357-metri">"L'Etna si supera. Nuovo record di altezza a 3357 metri"</a>. <i>www.ingv.it</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingv.it/it/stampa-e-urp/stampa/comunicati-stampa/4910-l-etna-si-supera-nuovo-record-di-altezza-a-3357-metri">the original</a> on 10 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ingv.it&rft.atitle=L%27Etna+si+supera.+Nuovo+record+di+altezza+a+3357+metri&rft.aulast=Pezzella&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingv.it%2Fit%2Fstampa-e-urp%2Fstampa%2Fcomunicati-stampa%2F4910-l-etna-si-supera-nuovo-record-di-altezza-a-3357-metri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/environment/mount-etna-erupts-dramatically-sending-ash-45-kilometers-high/3266609">"Mount Etna erupts dramatically, sending ash 4.5 kilometers high"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Etna+erupts+dramatically%2C+sending+ash+4.5+kilometers+high&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fenvironment%2Fmount-etna-erupts-dramatically-sending-ash-45-kilometers-high%2F3266609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alphaiota/375">Suda, alphaiota, 375</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.group.cam.ac.uk/volcanoes/etna/">"Etna & Aeolian Islands 2012 – Cambridge Volcanology"</a>. <i>www.volcano.group.cam.ac.uk</i>. October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.volcano.group.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Etna+%26+Aeolian+Islands+2012+%E2%80%93+Cambridge+Volcanology&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.group.cam.ac.uk%2Fvolcanoes%2Fetna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Geggel2021" class="citation web cs1">Laura Geggel (16 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/mount-etna-grows-100-feet">"Mount Etna is 100 feet taller than it was 6 months ago"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Mount+Etna+is+100+feet+taller+than+it+was+6+months+ago&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft.au=Laura+Geggel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fmount-etna-grows-100-feet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110701123119/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Italy/description_italy_volcanics.html">"Italy volcanoes and Volcanics"</a>. USGS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Italy/description_italy_volcanics.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy+volcanoes+and+Volcanics&rft.pub=USGS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvulcan.wr.usgs.gov%2FVolcanoes%2FItaly%2Fdescription_italy_volcanics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a>, <i>Hist. An.</i> xi. 3, referenced under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0001.001/69?page=root;size=100;view=image">Aetnaeus</a> in William Smith's <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomaidisTrollDeeganFreda2021" class="citation journal cs1">Thomaidis, Konstantinos; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Freda, Carmela; Corsaro, Rosa A.; Behncke, Boris; Rafailidis, Savvas (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gto.12362">"A message from the 'underground forge of the gods': history and current eruptions at Mt Etna"</a>. <i>Geology Today</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 141–149. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021GeolT..37..141T">2021GeolT..37..141T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgto.12362">10.1111/gto.12362</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2451">1365-2451</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238802288">238802288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology+Today&rft.atitle=A+message+from+the+%27underground+forge+of+the+gods%27%3A+history+and+current+eruptions+at+Mt+Etna&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=141-149&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgto.12362&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238802288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1365-2451&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021GeolT..37..141T&rft.aulast=Thomaidis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft.au=Troll%2C+Valentin+R.&rft.au=Deegan%2C+Frances+M.&rft.au=Freda%2C+Carmela&rft.au=Corsaro%2C+Rosa+A.&rft.au=Behncke%2C+Boris&rft.au=Rafailidis%2C+Savvas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fgto.12362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/DecadeVolcanoes/framework.html">"Decade Volcanoes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decade+Volcanoes&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvulcan.wr.usgs.gov%2FVolcanoes%2FDecadeVolcanoes%2Fframework.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italymagazine.com/news/mount-etna-becomes-world-heritage-site"><i>Mount Etna Becomes a World Heritage Site</i></a>, Italy Magazine, 4 May 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mount+Etna+Becomes+a+World+Heritage+Site&rft.pub=Italy+Magazine&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italymagazine.com%2Fnews%2Fmount-etna-becomes-world-heritage-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Room" title="Adrian Room">Adrian Room</a>'s book <i>Place-names of the World</i>. Room dismisses the hypothesis that 'Etna' has a Greek derivation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.oup.com/2010/04/volcano/">"Volcano – Podictionary Word of the Day"</a>. Blog.oup.com. 29 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volcano+%E2%80%93+Podictionary+Word+of+the+Day&rft.pub=Blog.oup.com&rft.date=2010-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.oup.com%2F2010%2F04%2Fvolcano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824091638/http://artflx.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=1010&pageturn=1">"Woodhouse's English-Greek Dictionary Page Image"</a>. Artflx.uchicago.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artflx.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=1010&pageturn=1">the original</a> on 24 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woodhouse%27s+English-Greek+Dictionary+Page+Image&rft.pub=Artflx.uchicago.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartflx.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fefts%2Fdicos%2Fwoodhouse_test.pl%3Fpagenumber%3D1010%26pageturn%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChevedden2010" class="citation cs2">Chevedden, Paul E. (2010), "A Crusade from the First: The Norman Conquest of Islamic Sicily, 1060–1091", <i>Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean</i>, <b>22</b> (2): 191, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2010.488891">10.1080/09503110.2010.488891</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162316105">162316105</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Masaq%3A+Islam+and+the+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.atitle=A+Crusade+from+the+First%3A+The+Norman+Conquest+of+Islamic+Sicily%2C+1060%E2%80%931091&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2010.488891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162316105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chevedden&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/mongibello/">"mongibèllo"</a>. <i>Vocabolario <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a></i> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=mongib%C3%A8llo&rft.btitle=Vocabolario+Treccani&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fvocabolario%2Fmongibello%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce, Christopher W. (1999). The Arthurian Name Dictionary. Taylor & Francis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-2865-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-2865-6">0-8153-2865-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loomis, Roger Sherman <i>Wales and the Arthurian Legend</i>, pub. University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1956 and reprinted by Folcroft Press 1973, Chapter 5 <i>King Arthur and the Antipodes</i>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loomis, Roger Sherman, Arthurian Tradition And Chrétien de Troyes pub. Columbia University Press, New York 1948, pp. 66 & 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages: A Collaborative History ed. Roger Sherman Loomis, pub. Oxford University Press 1959, special edition for Sandpiper Books Ltd. 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B19%2B811588%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/0+19+811588+1">0 19 811588 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin-Schutz,_Alicia" class="citation web cs1">Martin-Schutz, Alicia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Italy/description_italy_volcanics.html">"Mt. Etna"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mt.+Etna&rft.au=Martin-Schutz%2C+Alicia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvulcan.wr.usgs.gov%2FVolcanoes%2FItaly%2Fdescription_italy_volcanics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It has been suggested that this was the reason why the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Atlit_Yam" title="Atlit Yam">Atlit Yam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>), now below sea level, was suddenly abandoned around that time. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareschiBoschiFavalli2007" class="citation cs2">Pareschi, M. T.; Boschi, E. & Favalli, M. (2007), "Holocene tsunamis from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic communities", <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>, <b>34</b> (16): L16317, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..3416317P">2007GeoRL..3416317P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL030717">10.1029/2007GL030717</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129407252">129407252</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Holocene+tsunamis+from+Mount+Etna+and+the+fate+of+Israeli+Neolithic+communities&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=L16317&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129407252%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007GL030717&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeoRL..3416317P&rft.aulast=Pareschi&rft.aufirst=M.+T.&rft.au=Boschi%2C+E.&rft.au=Favalli%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span>. This claim has been contested, however, as "there is no evidence of tsunami deposits, nor of sudden and catastrophic changes such as damaged structures, whole animal carcases or evidence of traumatic injury, such as might be expected to result from a tsunami event" (Galili E., Rosen B., Evron M.W., Hershkovitz I., Eshed V., Horwitz L.K. (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37367-2_23">Israel: Submerged Prehistoric Sites and Settlements on the Mediterranean Coastline—the Current State of the Art</a>. In: Bailey G., Galanidou N., Peeters H., Jöns H., Mennenga M. (eds) <i>The Archaeology of Europe’s Drowned Landscapes. Coastal Research Library</i>, vol 35. Springer, Cham). See also, Galili, E., Horwitz, L. K., Hershkovitz, I., Eshed, V., Salamon, A., Zviely, D., Weinstein‐Evron, M., and Greenfield, H. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033445">Comment on "Holocene tsunamis from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic communities" by Maria Teresa Pareschi, Enzo Boschi, and Massimiliano Favalli</a>, <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>, 35, L08311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayvan_Wyk_de_VriesPitty2018" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, J.B.; van Wyk de Vries, B.; Pitty, A. (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oro.open.ac.uk/54264/1/445_2018_Article_1209.pdf">"Gravitational sliding of the Mt. Etna massif along a sloping basement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_Volcanology" title="Bulletin of Volcanology">Bulletin of Volcanology</a></i>. <b>80</b> (4): 40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BVol...80...40M">2018BVol...80...40M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00445-018-1209-1">10.1007/s00445-018-1209-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6560784">6560784</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31258237">31258237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Volcanology&rft.atitle=Gravitational+sliding+of+the+Mt.+Etna+massif+along+a+sloping+basement&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6560784%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31258237&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00445-018-1209-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018BVol...80...40M&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft.au=van+Wyk+de+Vries%2C+B.&rft.au=Pitty%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foro.open.ac.uk%2F54264%2F1%2F445_2018_Article_1209.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aat9700">Gravitational collapse of Mount Etna’s southeastern flank</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanguyCondominesGoffChillemi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tanguy, J. C.; Condomines, M.; Goff, M.; Chillemi, V.; Delfa, S.; Patanè, G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipgp.fr/~legoff/Download-PDF/ArcheoItalia/TanguyetAl_Bull_Volc_2007.pdf">"Mount Etna eruptions of the last 2,750 years: Revised chronology and location through archeomagnetic and 226Ra-230Th dating"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of Volcanology</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007BVol...70...55T">2007BVol...70...55T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00445-007-0121-x">10.1007/s00445-007-0121-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44241302">44241302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Volcanology&rft.atitle=Mount+Etna+eruptions+of+the+last+2%2C750+years%3A+Revised+chronology+and+location+through+archeomagnetic+and+226Ra-230Th+dating&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44241302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00445-007-0121-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007BVol...70...55T&rft.aulast=Tanguy&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Condomines%2C+M.&rft.au=Goff%2C+M.&rft.au=Chillemi%2C+V.&rft.au=Delfa%2C+S.&rft.au=Patan%C3%A8%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipgp.fr%2F~legoff%2FDownload-PDF%2FArcheoItalia%2FTanguyetAl_Bull_Volc_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1854" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William (1854). <i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</i>. London: Walton and Maberly. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Walton+and+Maberly&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColtelliDel_CarloVezzoli1998" class="citation cs2">Coltelli, M.; Del Carlo, P. & Vezzoli, L. (1998), "Discovery of a Plinian basaltic eruption of Roman age at Etna Volcano, Italy", <i><a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a></i>, <b>26</b> (12): 1095–1098, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Geo....26.1095C">1998Geo....26.1095C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281998%29026%3C1095%3ADOAPBE%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<1095:DOAPBE>2.3.CO;2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+a+Plinian+basaltic+eruption+of+Roman+age+at+Etna+Volcano%2C+Italy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1095-1098&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281998%29026%3C1095%3ADOAPBE%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Geo....26.1095C&rft.aulast=Coltelli&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Del+Carlo%2C+P.&rft.au=Vezzoli%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChester2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chester, David K. (2001). "The 122 BCE Eruption of Mount Etna: Causes, Impacts, and Aftermath". <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>. <b>104</b> (1–4): 91–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=The+122+BCE+Eruption+of+Mount+Etna%3A+Causes%2C+Impacts%2C+and+Aftermath&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=91-99&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aeneid, edition of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Chickering_Williams" title="Theodore Chickering Williams">Theodore C. Williams</a>, ca. 1908 [book III, lines 569–579]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChester2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chester, David K. (2003). "Eruptions of Mount Etna from 1030 to 1224: Historical Records and Volcanological Implications". <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>. <b>125</b>: 197–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=Eruptions+of+Mount+Etna+from+1030+to+1224%3A+Historical+Records+and+Volcanological+Implications&rft.volume=125&rft.pages=197-211&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChester2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chester, David K. (2006). "Historical Eruptions of Mount Etna: 1160 to 1224". <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>. <b>150</b>: 123–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=Historical+Eruptions+of+Mount+Etna%3A+1160+to+1224&rft.volume=150&rft.pages=123-134&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/sauma.html">The history of the life and travels of Rabban Sawma</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194532/Mount-Etna">Mount Etna (volcano, Italy)</a>". (the Encyclopædia Britannica has been wrongly cited as one source of this false information).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i> 5th edition (1817) quotes from the eyewitness report of Lord Winchelsea, Ambassador to Constantinople, to the Court of England. It happens not to mention casualties. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-icoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved</i></a>. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). Edinburgh: A. Constable. 1823. pp. 248–249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%3A+Or%2C+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+and+Miscellaneous+Literature%2C+Enlarged+and+Improved&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=248-249&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=A.+Constable&rft.date=1823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-icoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_HuttonGeorges_ShawRichard_Pearson1809" class="citation book cs1">Charles Hutton; Georges Shaw; Richard Pearson (1809). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPGomGMoQJoC&pg=PA383"><i>The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, from Their Commencement, in 1665, to the Year 1800; Abridged...: From 1665 to 1672. 1</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erupting+Mt.+Etna+coughs+up+a+smoke+ring&rft.date=2011-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wjla.com%2Fblogs%2Fweather%2F2011%2F08%2Ferupting-mt-etna-coughs-up-a-smoke-ring-video--12367.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoff" class="citation web cs1">Geoff, Mackley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230110236/http://www.emergency.co.nz/archive/etna.html">"Mt Etna – Sicily, Italy – the greatest show on earth !"</a>. Geoff Mackley. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vortex+rings+made+of+water+vapour+rise+from+Italy%27s+Mount+Etna+volcano&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2024-04-08%2Fmount-etna-volcanic-vortex-rings%2F103680958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417150641/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/parks/etna-italy/"><i>Etna National Park, Italy</i></a>, National Geographic Travel, 8 April 2011, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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original</a> on 26 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rifugio+Sapienza%3A+who+we+are&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rifugiosapienza.com%2Fchi-siamo%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712213720/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/italy/sicily/mt-etna/activities/tour-self-guided/funivia-delletna"><i>Funivia dell'Etna</i></a>, Lonely Planet, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/italy/sicily/mt-etna/activities/tour-self-guided/funivia-delletna">the original</a> on 12 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funivia+dell%27Etna&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fitaly%2Fsicily%2Fmt-etna%2Factivities%2Ftour-self-guided%2Ffunivia-delletna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/snowandski/italy/7427820/Skiing-Mount-Etna-Hit-the-slopes-one-day-sail-the-next.html">"Skiing Mount Etna: Hit the slopes one day, sail the next"</a>, <i>Telegraph</i>, 12 March 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Skiing+Mount+Etna%3A+Hit+the+slopes+one+day%2C+sail+the+next&rft.date=2010-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fsnowandski%2Fitaly%2F7427820%2FSkiing-Mount-Etna-Hit-the-slopes-one-day-sail-the-next.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=211060">"Etna"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Etna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D211060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesterDuncan,_A._M.Guest,_J._E.Kilburn,_C._R._J.1985" class="citation book cs1">Chester, D. K.; Duncan, A. M.; Guest, J. E.; Kilburn, C. R. J. (1985). <i>Mount Etna: The Anatomy of a Volcano</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapman_and_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapman and Hall">Chapman and Hall</a>. pp. 412 pp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1308-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1308-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-1308-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mount+Etna%3A+The+Anatomy+of+a+Volcano&rft.pages=412+pp&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1308-5&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=D.+K.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Guest%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Kilburn%2C+C.+R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Etna" class="extiw" title="commons:Etna"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Etna</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mount_Etna#Q16990" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetna.it/webcam-etna/index.php">Mount Etna Nord Live Webcams by Linguaglossa H24</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ct.ingv.it/index.php/monitoraggio-e-sorveglianza/prodotti-del-monitoraggio/comunicati-vona">"VONA bulletin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VONA+bulletin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ct.ingv.it%2Findex.php%2Fmonitoraggio-e-sorveglianza%2Fprodotti-del-monitoraggio%2Fcomunicati-vona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Etna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parks.it/parco.etna/Eindex.php">Mount Etna Regional Park</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fC5TmUq8YfA">Youtube video: eruption phases of Etna in 2018 (in Italian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=211060">Smithsonian Institution: Global Volcanism Program: Etna</a></li> <li>Footage of the 1971 eruption is featured in the <a href="//archive.org/details/days-of-fury-1979" class="extiw" title="iarchive:days-of-fury-1979">1979 film <i>Days of Fury</i></a>, hosted by Vincent Price</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sicily&#124;link=Sicily_Sicily" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sicily" title="Template:Sicily"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sicily" title="Template talk:Sicily"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sicily" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sicily"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sicily&#124;link=Sicily_Sicily" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily"><img alt="Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces, <br /> metropolitan cities<br /> and places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Agrigento" title="Province of Agrigento">Agrigento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caltanissetta" title="Province of Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Catania" title="Metropolitan City of Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Enna" title="Province of Enna">Enna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Messina" title="Metropolitan City of Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Palermo" title="Metropolitan City of Palermo">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ragusa" title="Province of Ragusa">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Syracuse" title="Province of Syracuse">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trapani" title="Province of Trapani">Trapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Sicily" title="Category:Islands of Sicily">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Sicily" title="Category:Cities and towns in Sicily">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Sicily">List of communes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Sicily,_Italy,_with_provinces-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/230px-Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/345px-Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/460px-Map_of_region_of_Sicily%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8803" data-file-height="6748" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sicily" title="History of Sicily">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia province</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards_of_Sicily" title="Lombards of Sicily">Lombards of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sicily">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sicily" title="List of viceroys of Sicily">Viceroys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Parliament" title="Sicilian Parliament">Sicilian Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bourbon_Sicily" title="History of Bourbon Sicily">Bourbon Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy#Two_Sicilies_insurrection" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">1848 Sicilian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sicily" title="Politics of Sicily">Politics and<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sicily" title="Politics of Sicily">Politics of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Sicily" title="Statute of Sicily">Statute of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sicily" title="Elections in Sicily">Elections in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sicily" title="List of presidents of Sicily">List of presidents of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Regional_Assembly" title="Sicilian Regional Assembly">Sicilian Regional Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture and<br />heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sicily" title="List of people from Sicily">List of people from Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_dishes" title="List of Sicilian dishes">List of Sicilian dishes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_di_Sicilia" title="Derby di Sicilia">Derby di Sicilia (football)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sicily" title="Music of Sicily">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Baroque" title="Sicilian Baroque">Sicilian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cart" title="Sicilian cart">Sicilian cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppola_cap" title="Coppola cap">Coppola cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sicily" title="Flag of Sicily">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion#Sicily" title="Triskelion">Triskeles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Etna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_network_of_Sicily" title="Railway network of Sicily">Railway network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mining_in_Sicily" title="Sulfur mining in Sicily">Sulfur mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sicily" title="Category:Sicily">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ultra-prominent_peaks_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ultras_of_Europe" title="Template:Ultras of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ultras_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Ultras of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ultras_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ultras of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ultra-prominent_peaks_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_ultra-prominent_peaks" title="List of European ultra-prominent peaks">Ultra-prominent peaks of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scandinavia & Arctic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galdh%C3%B8piggen" title="Galdhøpiggen">Galdhøpiggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebnekaise" title="Kebnekaise">Kebnekaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiehkkev%C3%A1rri" title="Jiehkkevárri">Jiehkkevárri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%B8hetta" title="Snøhetta">Snøhetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_Lenangstind" title="Store Lenangstind">Store Lenangstind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarektj%C3%A5kk%C3%A5" title="Sarektjåkkå">Sarektjåkkå</a> — <b>On islands</b>: <a href="/wiki/Beerenberg" title="Beerenberg">Beerenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvannadalshn%C3%BAkur" class="mw-redirect" title="Hvannadalshnúkur">Hvannadalshnúkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtontoppen" title="Newtontoppen">Newtontoppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kruzenshtern" title="Mount Kruzenshtern">Mount Kruzenshtern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Spain</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mulhac%C3%A9n" title="Mulhacén">Mulhacén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneto" title="Aneto">Aneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_de_Cerredo" class="mw-redirect" title="Torre de Cerredo">Torre de Cerredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_Almanzor" title="Pico Almanzor">Almanzor</a> — <b>Massif Central</b>: <a href="/wiki/Puy_de_Sancy" title="Puy de Sancy">Puy de Sancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atlantic islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Canaries</b>: <a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_de_los_Muchachos" title="Roque de los Muchachos">Roque de los Muchachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_las_Nieves" title="Pico de las Nieves">Pico de las Nieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Malpaso" title="Pico de Malpaso">Malpaso</a> — <b>Azores</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pico" title="Mount Pico">Pico</a></li> <li><b>Madeira</b>: <a href="/wiki/Pico_Ruivo" title="Pico Ruivo">Ruivo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alps <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Alpine_peaks_by_prominence" title="List of Alpine peaks by prominence">List</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossglockner" title="Grossglockner">Grossglockner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsteraarhorn" title="Finsteraarhorn">Finsteraarhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildspitze" title="Wildspitze">Wildspitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piz_Bernina" title="Piz Bernina">Bernina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochk%C3%B6nig" title="Hochkönig">Hochkönig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufourspitze" title="Dufourspitze">Dufourspitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoher_Dachstein" title="Hoher Dachstein">Hoher Dachstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmolada" title="Marmolada">Marmolada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Viso" title="Monte Viso">Viso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglav" title="Triglav">Triglav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barre_des_%C3%89crins" title="Barre des Écrins">Barre des Écrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4ntis" title="Säntis">Säntis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortler" title="Ortler">Ortler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Baldo" title="Monte Baldo">Baldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Paradiso" title="Gran Paradiso">Gran Paradiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzo_Coca" title="Pizzo Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cima_Dodici" title="Cima Dodici">Cima Dodici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dents_du_Midi" title="Dents du Midi">Dents du Midi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamechaude" title="Chamechaude">Chamechaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugspitze" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelao" title="Antelao">Antelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcalod" title="Arcalod">Arcalod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grintovec" title="Grintovec">Grintovec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Priel" title="Großer Priel">Großer Priel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigna" title="Grigna">Grigna Settentrionale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Bondone" title="Monte Bondone">Bondone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presanella" title="Presanella">Presanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birnhorn" title="Birnhorn">Birnhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_Nudo" title="Col Nudo">Col Nudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_Perc%C3%A9e" title="Pointe Percée">Pointe Percée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B4f_di_Montasio" title="Jôf di Montasio">Jôf di Montasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6lltaler_Polinik" title="Mölltaler Polinik">Polinik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6di" title="Tödi">Tödi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkkarspitze" title="Birkkarspitze">Birkkarspitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellmauer_Halt" title="Ellmauer Halt">Ellmauer Halt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_T%C3%AAte_de_l%27Obiou" title="Grande Tête de l'Obiou">Grande Tête de l'Obiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochtor" title="Hochtor">Hochtor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimming" title="Grimming">Grimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Combin" title="Grand Combin">Grand Combin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Tournette" title="La Tournette">Tournette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirbitzkogel" title="Zirbitzkogel">Zirbitzkogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piz_Kesch" title="Piz Kesch">Kesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cima_Brenta" title="Cima Brenta">Cima Brenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apennines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corno_Grande" title="Corno Grande">Corno Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiella" title="Maiella">Amaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollino" title="Pollino">Serra Dolcedorme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montalto_(Aspromonte)" title="Montalto (Aspromonte)">Montalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cimone" title="Monte Cimone">Cimone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Carpathians</b>: <a href="/wiki/Gerlachovsk%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%ADt" title="Gerlachovský štít">Gerlachovský štít</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A2ngu_Mare" title="Parângu Mare">Parângu Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldoveanu_Peak" title="Moldoveanu Peak">Moldoveanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleaga" title="Peleaga">Peleaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodna_Mountains" title="Rodna Mountains">Pietrosul Rodnei</a> — <b>Crimea</b>: <a href="/wiki/Roman-Kosh" title="Roman-Kosh">Roman-Kosh</a> — <b>Urals</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Narodnaya" title="Mount Narodnaya">Narodnaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Balkans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musala" title="Musala">Musala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihren" title="Vihren">Vihren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygetus" title="Taygetus">Taygetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korab_(mountain)" title="Korab (mountain)">Korab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezerc%C3%AB" title="Jezercë">Jezercë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kyllini" title="Mount Kyllini">Kyllini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ossa_(Greece)" title="Mount Ossa (Greece)">Ossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_e_Papingut" title="Maja e Papingut">Papingu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaion_Hills" title="Pangaion Hills">Pangaion Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajmak%C4%8Dalan" title="Kajmakčalan">Kajmakčalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolikas" title="Smolikas">Smolikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Giona" title="Mount Giona">Giona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakupica" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakupica">Jakupica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_e_K%C3%ABndrevic%C3%ABs" class="mw-redirect" title="Maja e Këndrevicës">Këndrevica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_(mountain)" title="Radomir (mountain)">Radomir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Parnassus" title="Mount Parnassus">Parnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botev_Peak" title="Botev Peak">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_e_%C3%87ik%C3%ABs" class="mw-redirect" title="Maja e Çikës">Çika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valamara" title="Valamara">Valamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_(North_Macedonia)" title="Baba (North Macedonia)">Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_Mountains" title="Acarnanian Mountains">Psili Koryfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mediterranean islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Corsica</b>: <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cinto" title="Monte Cinto">Cinto</a> — <b>Sardinia</b>: <a href="/wiki/Punta_La_Marmora" title="Punta La Marmora">Punta La Marmora</a> — <b>Sicily</b>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Etna</a> — <b>Crete</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefka_Ori" title="Lefka Ori">Lefka Ori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikti" title="Dikti">Dikti</a> — <b>Other Greek islands</b>:  <a href="/wiki/Dirfi" title="Dirfi">Dirfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ainos" title="Mount Ainos">Ainos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengari" title="Fengari">Fengari</a> — <b>Cyprus</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus_(Cyprus)" title="Mount Olympus (Cyprus)">Olympus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Elbrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bazard%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Mount Bazardüzü">Bazardüzü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kazbek" title="Mount Kazbek">Kazbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebulosmta" title="Tebulosmta">Tebulosmta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Aragats" title="Mount Aragats">Aragats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dykh-Tau" title="Dykh-Tau">Dykh-Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Dyultydag" title="Mount Dyultydag">Mount Dyultydag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kaputjugh" title="Mount Kaputjugh">Kaputjugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Addala-Shukhgelmeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Addala-Shukhgelmeer">Mount Addala-Shukhgelmeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shani" title="Mount Shani">Shani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crespi_d%27Adda" title="Crespi d'Adda">Crespi d'Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Genoa" title="Historic center of Genoa">Historic center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabbioneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Giorgio" title="Monte San Giorgio">Monte San Giorgio</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Venere" title="Porto Venere">Porto Venere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmaria_(island)" title="Palmaria (island)">Palmaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tino_(island)" title="Tino (island)">Tino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinetto" title="Tinetto">Tinetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Terre" title="Cinque Terre">Cinque Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_the_Royal_House_of_Savoy" title="Residences of the Royal House of Savoy">Residences of the Royal House of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">Rhaetian Railway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Albula_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albula Railway">Albula</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernina_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernina railway">Bernina</a> Landscapes<sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacri_Monti_of_Piedmont_and_Lombardy" title="Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy"><i>Sacri Monti</i> of Piedmont and Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)">Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Landscape_of_Piedmont:_Langhe-Roero_and_Monferrato" title="Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato">Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont</a>: <a href="/wiki/Langhe" title="Langhe">Langhe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Roero" title="Roero">Roero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montferrat" title="Montferrat">Monferrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li>Le Colline del <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a> di <a href="/wiki/Conegliano" title="Conegliano">Conegliano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Valdobbiadene" title="Valdobbiadene">Valdobbiadene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modena_Cathedral" title="Modena Cathedral">Modena Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torre_della_Ghirlandina" title="Torre della Ghirlandina">Torre della Ghirlandina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modena#Main_sights" title="Modena">Piazza Grande, Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Padova" title="Orto botanico di Padova">Orto botanico di Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padua%27s_fourteenth-century_fresco_cycles" title="Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles">Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticoes_of_Bologna" title="Porticoes of Bologna">Porticoes of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna#Main_sights" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Vicenza_and_the_Palladian_Villas_of_the_Veneto" title="City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto">City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li>Etruscan Necropolises of <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Florence" title="Historic Centre of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Medici villas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_dei_Miracoli" title="Piazza dei Miracoli">Piazza del Duomo, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pienza" title="Pienza">Pienza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Orcia" title="Val d'Orcia">Val d'Orcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberobello" title="Alberobello">Alberobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Monte,_Apulia" title="Castel del Monte, Apulia">Castel del Monte, Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Padula" title="Certosa di Padula">Certosa di Padula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Naples" title="Historic Centre of Naples">Historic Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Vanvitelli" title="Aqueduct of Vanvitelli">Aqueduct of Vanvitelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Leucio" title="San Leucio">San Leucio Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassi_di_Matera" title="Sassi di Matera">Sassi di Matera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Norman_Palermo_and_the_Cathedral_Churches_of_Cefal%C3%B9_and_Monreale" title="Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale">Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Archaeological Area of Agrigento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Nuraxi_(Barumini)" title="Su Nuraxi (Barumini)">Barumini nuraghes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Etna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Pantalica" title="Necropolis of Pantalica">Necropolis of Pantalica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_di_Noto" title="Val di Noto">Val di Noto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countrywide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longobards_in_Italy,_Places_of_Power_(568%E2%80%93774_A.D.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)">Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Castelseprio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Clitumnus" title="Temple of Clitumnus">Temple of Clitumnus</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Campello_sul_Clitunno" title="Campello sul Clitunno">Campello sul Clitunno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Monte Sant'Angelo">Monte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Works_of_Defence_between_15th_and_17th_centuries:_Stato_da_Terra_%E2%80%93_western_Stato_da_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar">Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries</a><sup>5</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmanova" title="Palmanova">Palmanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peschiera_del_Garda" title="Peschiera del Garda">Peschiera del Garda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> with 17 other countries</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Decade_Volcanoes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decade_Volcanoes" title="Template:Decade Volcanoes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decade_Volcanoes" title="Template talk:Decade Volcanoes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decade_Volcanoes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decade Volcanoes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decade_Volcanoes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avachinsky" title="Avachinsky">Avachinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_de_Colima" title="Volcán de Colima">Colima</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Etna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeras" title="Galeras">Galeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryaksky" title="Koryaksky">Koryaksky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Merapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyiragongo" title="Mount Nyiragongo">Nyiragongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Rainier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurajima" title="Sakurajima">Sakurajima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)" title="Santa María (volcano)">Santa María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santorini_caldera" title="Santorini caldera">Santorini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulawun" title="Ulawun">Ulawun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Unzen" title="Mount Unzen">Unzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16990#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16990#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16990#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4084764-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85045454">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974404r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974404r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Etna (Itálie : hora)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge305372&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX461363">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557937105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/462077">Pleiades</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=211060">Global Volcanism Program</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027773361">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&oldid=1256406565">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Etna&oldid=1256406565</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mount_Etna" title="Category:Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_volcanic_events" title="Category:17th-century volcanic 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