CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>African immigration to the United States - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"25217ff9-d8c6-4726-a80b-a961f1b30fb1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"African_immigration_to_the_United_States","wgTitle":"African immigration to the United States","wgCurRevisionId":1254152118,"wgRevisionId":1254152118,"wgArticleId":9344063,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2023","Articles with dead external links from April 2020","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata", "\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010","African diaspora in the United States","Immigration to the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"African_immigration_to_the_United_States","wgRelevantArticleId":9344063,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline": false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4690023","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="African immigration to the United States - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-African_immigration_to_the_United_States rootpage-African_immigration_to_the_United_States skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=African+immigration+to+the+United+States" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=African+immigration+to+the+United+States" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=African+immigration+to+the+United+States" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=African+immigration+to+the+United+States" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Immigration legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immigration_legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Immigration legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Immigration_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotas_enacted_between_1921_and_1924" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotas_enacted_between_1921_and_1924"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Quotas enacted between 1921 and 1924</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotas_enacted_between_1921_and_1924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeal_of_quotas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeal_of_quotas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Repeal of quotas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeal_of_quotas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity_Immigrant_Visa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Diversity Immigrant Visa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity_Immigrant_Visa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_migration_trends_and_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_migration_trends_and_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Recent migration trends and factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_migration_trends_and_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_attainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_attainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Educational attainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_attainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continental_African_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_African_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Continental African churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_African_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restaurants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restaurants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Restaurants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restaurants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Visibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_of_African_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_of_African_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people of African ancestry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people_of_African_ancestry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people of African ancestry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_of_African_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academia_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Academia and science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academia_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TV_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>TV and film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalism_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Journalism and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">African immigration to the United States</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="هجرة الأفارقة إلى الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هجرة الأفارقة إلى الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrants_africans_als_Estats_Units" title="Immigrants africans als Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Immigrants africans als Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_africana_nos_Estados_Unidos" title="Imigração africana nos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imigração africana nos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="African immigration to the United States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4690023#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:African_immigration_to_the_United_States" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&oldid=1254152118" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&id=1254152118&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAfrican_immigration_to_the_United_States"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAfrican_immigration_to_the_United_States"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4690023" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><span class="nowrap">Sub-Saharan African Americans</span> <span class="nowrap">the United States</span></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Sub-Saharan African Americans</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">African: 3,183,104 (Sub-Saharan African: 2,847,199 + North African: 335,895) (2010 U.S. Census) <sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington-Baltimore_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington-Baltimore metropolitan area">Washington-Baltimore metropolitan area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a>/<a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/African_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African English">African English</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta’ language">Meta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_language" title="Shilluk language">Shilluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Crioulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">others</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>African immigration to the United States</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrants to the United States</a> who are or were nationals of modern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> countries. The term <i>African</i> in the scope of this article refers to geographical or <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">national</a> origins rather than <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial</a> affiliation. From the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a> to 2017, Sub-Saharan African-born population in the United States grew to 2.1 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-Voice_of_America_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voice_of_America-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africans</a> in the United States come from almost all regions in Africa and do not constitute a homogeneous group. They include peoples from different national, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a>, ethnic, racial, cultural and social backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyoso_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyoso-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. and foreign born Sub-Saharan Africans are different and distinct from native-born <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, many of whose ancestors were involuntarily brought from <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial United States</a> by means of the historic <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. African immigration is now driving the growth of the Black population in <a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AfricanMigrationNYC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfricanMigrationNYC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigration_legislation">Immigration legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Immigration legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizenship">Citizenship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1870s, the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act</a> was extended to allow "aliens, being free white persons and to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent" to acquire citizenship. Immigration from Africa was theoretically permitted, unlike non-white immigration from Asia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotas_enacted_between_1921_and_1924">Quotas enacted between 1921 and 1924</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Quotas enacted between 1921 and 1924"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several laws enforcing national origins quotas on U.S. immigration were enacted between 1921 and 1924 and were in effect until they were repealed in 1965. While the laws were aimed at restricting the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> from Southern and Eastern Europe and immigration from Asia, they also impacted African immigrants. The legislation effectively excluded Africans from entering the country. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act</a> of 1921 restricted immigration from a given country to 3% of the number of people from that country living in the U.S. according to the census of 1910. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">The Immigration Act of 1924</a>, also known as the Johnson-Reed Act, reduced that to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. in 1890. Under the system, the quota for immigrants from Africa (excluding Egypt) totaled 1,100 (the number was increased to 1,400 under the 1952 <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">McCarran–Walter Act</a>.) <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That contrasted to immigrants from Germany, which had a limit of 51,227.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repeal_of_quotas">Repeal of quotas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Repeal of quotas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a>, also known as the <i>Hart-Celler Act</i>, repealed the national quotas and subsequently there was a substantial increase in the number of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>, particularly in Africa and Asia. This act also provided a separate category for <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>. The act also provided greater opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Family_reunification" title="Family reunification">family reunification</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity_Immigrant_Visa">Diversity Immigrant Visa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diversity Immigrant Visa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Diversity Visa</a> Program, or green card lottery, is a program created by the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act of 1990</a>. It allows people born in countries with low rates of immigration to the United States to obtain a lawful permanent resident status. Each year, 50,000 of those visas are distributed at random. Almost 38% of those visas were attributed to African born immigrants in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African born persons also represent the most numerous group among the applicants since 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application is free of charge, and the requirements in terms of education are either a high school diploma or two years of a professional experience which requires at least two years of training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_migration_trends_and_factors">Recent migration trends and factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recent migration trends and factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfricanImmigration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/AfricanImmigration.png/220px-AfricanImmigration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/AfricanImmigration.png/330px-AfricanImmigration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/AfricanImmigration.png/440px-AfricanImmigration.png 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>African immigration to the U.S. by broad class of admission</figcaption></figure> <p>The continent of Africa has seen many changes in migrations patterns over the course of history.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The graph below shows African immigration to the United States in 2016 based on class of admission with numbers from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>'s Yearbook.<u><sup id="cite_ref-:03_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></u> The number of Black immigrants living in the United States reached 4.6 million in 2019, an increase from approximately 800,000 in 1980, and which accounted for 19% of the growth in the overall U.S. Black population. Close to 31% came to the U.S. between 2010 and 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influx of African immigrants began in the latter part of the 20th century and is often referred to as the "fourth great migration." About three-fourths of all out-migration from Africa went to the United States after 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend began after <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Africa">decolonization</a>, as many Africans moved to the U.S. seeking an education and to escape <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, and has risen steadily over time. The increase in the rate of migration is projected to continue for the coming decades.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, these immigrants came with the sole purpose of advancing themselves before returning to their respective countries. Nevertheless, many immigrants never return. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of African immigrants interested in gaining permanent residence in the U.S.; this has led to a severe <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a> on the economies of African countries due to many skilled hard-working Africans leaving Africa to seek their economic fortunes in the U.S. and elsewhere. </p><p>One major factor that contributes to migration from Africa to the United States is labor opportunities. It has been relatively easier for African immigrants with advanced education to leave and enter international labor markets. In addition, many Africans move to the United States for advanced training. For example, doctors from different African nations would move to the U.S. in order to gain more economic opportunities compared to their home country.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as more Africans emigrate to the United States, their reasoning and factors tend to become more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Africans who migrate to the United States return their income to Africa in the source of <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittances</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, for example, remittances from Nigerians in the United States to Nigeria totaled to $6.1 billion in 2012, approximately 3% of Nigeria's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The important role of remittances in improving the lives of family members in the United States has led to both migration and migrants remaining in the United States. </p><p>Following educational and economic trends of migration, family reunification has driven recent trends of migration. <a href="/wiki/Family_reunification" title="Family reunification">Family reunification</a> refers to the ability of U.S. citizens to sponsor family members for immigration. Sponsoring immediate family members and other family preferences led to 45% and 10% of all African immigration in 2016 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal service organizations such as the African Advocacy Network aid in family members sponsoring new immigrants to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> make up a large class of admission to the United States. Recent crises in the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> have been sources of migrants in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With recent restrictions on refugee entrance to the United States, refugees may face a harder time entering the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><b> African immigrants' (US) <a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">ancestries</a> in the 2000<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 2010<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> (from more than 1,000 people)</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef"> <th>Ancestry</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2000 (% of U.S. population)</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2010 (% of U.S. population) </th></tr> <tr> <td>"African" </td> <td>1,183,316<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>1,676,413<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian</a> </td> <td>8,752<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>14,716<sup id="cite_ref-Congoancestry2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congoancestry2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/46px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Angolan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan American">Angolan</a> </td> <td>1,642<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroonian American">Cameroonian</a> </td> <td>8,099<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>16,894<sup id="cite_ref-USCB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean American">Cape Verdean</a> </td> <td>77,103<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>95,003<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Congolese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese American">Congolese</a> </td> <td>5,488 (of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>11,009<sup id="cite_ref-USCB_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Eastern Africans" </td> <td>2,129<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/46px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian American">Egyptian</a> </td> <td>142,832<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>197,000<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean American">Eritrean</a> </td> <td>18,917<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian American">Ethiopian</a> </td> <td>68,001<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>202,715<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/46px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gambian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambian American">Gambian</a> </td> <td>3,035<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian American">Ghanaian</a> </td> <td>49,944<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>91,322<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guinean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean American">Guinea</a> </td> <td>3,016<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/46px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivorian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivorian American">Ivorian</a> </td> <td>3,110<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan American">Kenyan</a> </td> <td>17,336<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>51,749<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberian American">Liberian</a> </td> <td>25,575<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>51,296<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan American">Libyan</a> </td> <td>2,979<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Malian American">Malian</a> </td> <td>1,790<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Americans" title="Moroccan Americans">Moroccan</a> </td> <td>38,923<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>82,073 </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian American">Nigerian</a> </td> <td>162,938<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>264,550<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North African</a>/<a href="/wiki/Berber_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber American">Berber</a>" </td> <td>4,544 <br />("North Africans": 3,217; "Berbers": 1,327)<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Rwandan </td> <td>1,480<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegalese American">Senegalese</a> </td> <td>6,124<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>11,369<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean American">Sierra Leonean</a> </td> <td>12,410<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>16,929<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Somalian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian American">Somali</a> </td> <td>36,313<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>120,102<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="South African American">South African</a> </td> <td>44,991<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>57,491<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese American">Sudanese</a> </td> <td>14,458<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>42,249<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian American">Tanzanian</a> </td> <td>2,921<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/46px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Togolese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese American">Togolese</a> </td> <td>1,716<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian American">Tunisian</a> </td> <td>4,735<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan American">Ugandan</a> </td> <td>4,707<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>12,549 </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">Western African</a>" </td> <td>6,810<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zambian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian Americans">Zambian</a> </td> <td>1,500<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean American">Zimbabwean</a> </td> <td>4,521<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td> <td>7,323<sup id="cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>negligible (no data) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>TOTAL</b> </td> <td><b>More than 1,000,000</b> </td> <td><b>0.2%</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><b>NA</b> </td> <td><b>NA</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px;"> <caption><br /><b>Metros with largest African-born population (2010 Census)</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Metropolitan area </th> <th width="75">African population </th> <th width="75">% of total metro population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington, DC</a>, MD-VA-WV </td> <td>171,000 </td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis-St. Paul</a>, MN </td> <td>70,100 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta metropolitan area">Atlanta</a>, GA </td> <td>70,100 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston</a>, MA-NH </td> <td>61,600 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_metropolitan_area" title="Baltimore metropolitan area">Baltimore Area</a>, MD </td> <td>33,100 </td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York, NY</a> </td> <td>223,000 </td> <td>1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth, TX</a> </td> <td>64,300 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston</a>, TX </td> <td>56,100 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_San_Antonio" title="Greater San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, TX <sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>68,100 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles Area">Greater Los Angeles Area</a> </td> <td>68,100 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> </td> <td>24,500 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>The total immigrant population from Africa estimated for 2015-2019 was 2,256,700.<sup id="cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top counties were:</b> </p><p>1) <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County, TX</a> ----------------------------- 70,200 </p><p>2) <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County, CA</a> ------------------- 59,900 </p><p>3) <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx Borough, NY</a> --------------------------- 56,000 </p><p>4) <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County, MD</a> ----------------- 54,700 </p><p>5) <a href="/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota" title="Hennepin County, Minnesota">Hennepin County, MN</a> ---------------------- 53,700 </p><p>6) <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's County, MD</a> ------------- 53,000 </p><p>7) <a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas" title="Dallas County, Texas">Dallas County, TX</a> ----------------------------- 46,700 </p><p>8) <a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King County, WA</a> ------------------------------- 42,500 </p><p>9) <a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook County, IL</a> -------------------------------- 42,100 </p><p>10) <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Ohio" title="Franklin County, Ohio">Franklin County, OH</a> ----------------------- 41,400 </p><p>11) <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax County, VA</a> -------------------------- 39,400 </p><p>12) <a href="/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas" title="Tarrant County, Texas">Tarrant County, TX</a> ------------------------- 34,900 </p><p>13) <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn Borough, NY</a> -------------------- 32,500 </p><p>14) <a href="/wiki/Gwinnett_County,_Georgia" title="Gwinnett County, Georgia">Gwinnett County, GA</a> ---------------------- 26,800 </p><p>15) <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Essex County, New Jersey">Essex County, NJ</a> --------------------------- 26,700 </p><p>16) <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk County, Mass.</a> -------------------- 25,000 </p><p>17) <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia County, PA</a> ----------------- 25,000 </p><p>18) <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens Borough, NY</a> ---------------------- 24,700 </p><p>19) <a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Georgia" title="DeKalb County, Georgia">DeKalb County, GA</a> ------------------------- 24,500 </p><p>20) <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County, AZ</a> --------------------- 24,000 </p><p>21) <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex County, Mass.</a> --------------- 23,500 </p><p>22) <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Fort Bend County, Texas">Fort Bend County, TX</a> --------------------- 22,000 </p><p>23) <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan Borough, NY</a> ---------------- 21,700 </p><p>24) <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_County,_Maryland" title="Baltimore County, Maryland">Baltimore County, MD</a> ------------------ 21,500 </p><p>25) <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_County,_Minnesota" title="Ramsey County, Minnesota">Ramsey County, MN</a> ---------------------- 20,300 </p><p>It is estimated that the 2017 population of African immigrants to the United States was about 2.1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Voice_of_America_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voice_of_America-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a>, as of 2009 two-thirds of the African immigrants were from either East or West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries with the most immigrants to the U.S. are <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. Seventy five percent (75%) of the African immigrants to the U.S. come from 12 of the 55 countries, namely Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Ethiopia, South Africa, Kenya, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, Somalia, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (including what is now the independent country of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>), which is based on the 2000 census data.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, the African immigrant population in the United States continued to grow steadily. According to the latest data, the number of African immigrants in the United States has already surpassed that of 2017, with the immigrant population increasing from about 2.1 million to more than 2.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend that African immigrants mainly come from West Africa and East Africa remains unchanged. Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya and Ethiopia continue to be the main source countries for immigrants to the United States. </p><p>Recently, the proportion of immigrants from sub-Saharan African countries has increased, reflecting the rapid population growth in the region and the impact of economic, social, and political factors. The immigrant population from West African countries has increased significantly. Most immigrants from these countries are well educated and seek opportunities in technical and professional fields in the United States. Meanwhile, immigrants from countries such as Eritrea and Sudan are mostly seeking refuge due to political and conflict-related difficulties. </p><p>A major push factor for African immigration was the Diversity Visa Program and the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act</a>, which facilitated the immigration of many Africans from conflict-affected regions such as Somalia and Eritrea. African immigrants are highly concentrated in states such as Texas, New York, and California, and they account for a significant proportion of the immigrant population in places such as Maryland and Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census</a>, 55% of immigrants from Africa are male, while 45% are female. Age groups with the largest cohort of African-born immigrants are 25–34, 35–44, and 45–54 with 24.5%, 27.9%, and 15.0% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-USCensus_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensus-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Africans typically congregate in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>, moving to <a href="/wiki/Suburban_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban area">suburban areas</a> over time. They are also one of the groups who are least likely to live in <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racially segregated</a> areas.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goals of Africans vary tremendously. While some look to create new lives in the US, some plan on using the resources and skills gained to go back and help their countries of origin. Either way, African communities contribute millions to the economies of Africa through <a href="/wiki/Remittances" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances">remittances</a>. Ogbuagu (2013) found that <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diasporic</a> Nigerians across the globe reportedly remitted $21 billion (N3.36 trillion-Naira) to the homeland in 2012 alone. </p><p>Immigrants from Africa, once they arrive in the U.S., typically settle in heavily urban areas upon arrival. Areas such as <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> have heavy concentrations of African immigrant populations.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often there are clusters of nationalities within these cities. The longer African immigrants live in the United States, the more likely they are to live in suburban areas. </p><p>In the San Francisco Bay Area, there are officially 40,000 African immigrants, although it has been estimated that the population is actually four times this number when considering <a href="/wiki/Undocumented_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Undocumented immigrants in the United States">undocumented immigrants</a>. The majority of these immigrants were born in Ethiopia, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa. </p><p>African immigrants like many other immigrant groups are likely to establish and find success in small businesses. Many Africans that have seen the economic stability that comes from <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic enclaves">ethnic enclaves</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatowns">Chinatowns</a> have recently been establishing ethnic <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">enclaves</a> of their own at much higher rates to reap the benefits of such communities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such examples include <a href="/wiki/Little_Ethiopia,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles">Little Ethiopia</a> in Los Angeles and <a href="/wiki/Little_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Senegal">Little Senegal</a> in New York City. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>State/territory</th> <th>Subsaharan African<br />population (2019 Census)<sup id="cite_ref-2019_Census_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019_Census-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> <td>44,872</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/21px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/43px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td> <td>2,200<sup id="cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td>58,584</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td>42,549</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>319,119</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td>56,591</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td>38,138</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></td> <td>15,648</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></td> <td>20,108</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>161,983</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)"><img alt="Georgia (U.S. state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td>199,299</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td> <td>4,510</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/19px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/29px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/38px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td>3,243</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/23px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/35px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/46px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td>127,008</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td>61,567</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>31,301</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>26,179</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td> <td>38,745</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td>45,340</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/19px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/29px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/38px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td>14,674</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td>248,180</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td>149,753</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td>80,461</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/46px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td>178,662</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td>2,300<sup id="cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>54,003</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></td> <td>2,760</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>28,566</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td>45,510</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td> <td>8,701</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td>122,485</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td>6,826</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td>263,282</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td> <td>133,428</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/31px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/41px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="921" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></td> <td>8,100<sup id="cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td>137,487</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td> <td>17,477</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td>24,159</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>131,704</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/19px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/39px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></td> <td>30,235</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td> <td>47,684</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></td> <td>7,200<sup id="cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td>95,626</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>446,330</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></td> <td>18,672</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></td> <td>2,400<sup id="cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td>226,140</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="658" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td> <td>114,071</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/46px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td>8,748</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td>32,632</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/33px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/43px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td> <td>-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>USA</i></td> <td>2 million</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_attainment">Educational attainment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Educational attainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></div> <p>African immigrants to the US are among the most educated groups in the United States. Some 48.9 percent of all African immigrants hold a college diploma. This is more than double the rate of native-born white Americans, and nearly four times the rate of native-born African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2000 Census, the rate of college diploma acquisition is highest among Egyptian Americans at 59.7 percent, followed closely by Nigerian Americans at 58.6 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-census.gov:_Nigeria_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov:_Nigeria-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census.gov:_Egypt_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov:_Egypt-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, 19.4 percent of all adult African immigrants in the United States held a graduate degree, compared to 8.1 percent of adult white Americans and 3.8 percent of adult black Americans in the United States, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 Census</a>, the percentage of Africans with a graduate degree is highest among Nigerian Americans at 28.3 percent, followed by Egyptian Americans at 23.8 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-census.gov:_Nigeria_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov:_Nigeria-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census.gov:_Egypt_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov:_Egypt-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the African-born population in the US age 25 and older, 87.9% reported having a <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degree</a> or higher,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared with 78.8% of <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> and 76.8% of <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Africans from <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (90.8 percent), <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (89.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> (85.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> (84.7 percent), and <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> (83 percent) were the most likely to report having a high school degree or higher. </p><p>Those born in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> (44.8 percent) and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> (60.8 percent) were the least likely to report having completed a high school education.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon,_D._2006_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon,_D._2006-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The educational attainment of immigrant groups varies by region of origin. Among all black immigrant subgroups, the share of adults aged 25 and over with a bachelor's degree or higher increased. Between 2000 and 2019, the degree attainment of black adults born in the Caribbean and South America increased by 7 percentage points (from 16% to 23% for black Caribbean adults and from 20% to 27% for black South American adults). As of 2019, about 40 percent (41 percent) of black adults aged 25 and older had a bachelor's degree or higher, while about a quarter (23 percent) of black adults of Caribbean descent had at least a bachelor's degree, compared with 33 percent of all foreign-born and U.S.-born adults.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa are generally more highly educated than other groups in the United States (this region accounts for more than 40% of the foreign-born black population). This phenomenon is related to immigration patterns and the way in which people enter the United States. Many African immigrants come to the United States through the <a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Diversity Visa Program</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which requires applicants to have completed formal primary and secondary education. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African immigrants excel in many ways. They have a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a>, a higher level of education than the overall U.S. population, and are more likely to earn degrees in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). In addition, they make important contributions to several key economic sectors, such as healthcare, which have been facing labor shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. immigrants that come from predominantly black nations in Africa are generally healthier than black immigrants from predominantly white nations or from Europe. A study conducted by Jen'nan Ghazal Read, a <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">UC Irvine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Emerson" title="Michael Emerson">Michael O. Emerson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> professor at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, studied the health of more than 2,900 black immigrants from top regions of emigration: the West Indies, Africa, South America and Europe. Black people born in Africa and South America have been shown to be healthier than U.S.-born black people.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study was published in the September issue of <a href="/wiki/Social_Forces" title="Social Forces">Social Forces</a> and is the first to look at the health of black immigrants by their region of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>African immigrants tend to retain their culture once in the United States. Instead of abandoning their various traditions, they find ways to reproduce and reinvent themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural bonds are cultivated through shared ethnic or national affiliations. Some organizations like the Ghanaian group Fantse-Kuo and the Sudanese Association organize by country, region, or ethnic group. Other nonprofits like the <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Washington_Association" title="Malawi Washington Association">Malawi Washington Association</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organize by national identity, and are inclusive of all <a href="/wiki/Malawians" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawians">Malawians</a>. Other groups present traditional culture from a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-African</a> perspective. Using traditional skills and knowledge, African-born entrepreneurs develop services for immigrants and the community at large. In the Washington area, events such as the annual Ethiopian soccer tournament, institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">AME Church</a> African Liberation Ministry, and "friends" and "sister cities" organizations bring together different communities. The extent to which African immigrants engage in these activities naturally varies according to the population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Green; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 157.57478599687px; border-left-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 54.975465219277px; border-left-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3.2162452993533E-14px; border-left-color:#d4213d"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#d4213d"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#d4213d"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:30.901699437495px 95.105651629515px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion of African-born Americans (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestantism</a> (55%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d4213d; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in the United States">Catholicism</a> (20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DeepSkyBlue; color:black;"> </span> Other Christian (8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Honeydew; color:black;"> </span> Unaffiliated (8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> Other Religion (10%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The religious traditions of African immigrants tend to be pluralistic; they are seen not only as religious institutions, but in many cases also as civic centers. These organizations are central to persevering ethnic identity among these communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Olupona_&_Gemignani,_2007_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olupona_&_Gemignani,_2007-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="page (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> African immigrant religious communities are also central networks and provide services such as counseling, shelter, employment, financial assistance, health services, and real estate tips. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity in Africa</a></div> <p>African immigrants practice a diverse array of religions, including <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">traditional African faiths</a>. Of these adherents, the largest number are <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostals</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a> Christians. This form of Christianity is a "primarily <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a>, born-again Pentecostal sect that emphasizes holiness, fervent prayer, <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic revival">charismatic revival</a>, proximate salvation, speaking in <a href="/wiki/Tongues,_Gift_Of" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongues, Gift Of">tongues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">baptism of the Holy Spirit</a>, faith healing, visions, and divine revelations."<sup id="cite_ref-Olupona_&_Gemignani,_2007_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olupona_&_Gemignani,_2007-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among popular <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominational churches</a> are the Brotherhood of the Cross and Star, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh Day Adventist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestial_Church_of_Christ" title="Celestial Church of Christ">Celestial Church of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherubim_and_Seraphim_(Nigerian_church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim and Seraphim (Nigerian church)">Cherubim and Seraphim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ_Apostolic_Church" title="Christ Apostolic Church">Christ Apostolic</a> Church, Church of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, Deeper Life Bible Church, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_of_Fire_and_Miracles_Ministries" title="Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries">Mountain of Fire</a> and Miracle Ministries (MFM), the Presbyterian Church of Ghana, the Redeemed Christian Church of God and <sup id="cite_ref-Olupona_&_Gemignani,_2007_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olupona_&_Gemignani,_2007-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="page (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Christ Embassy. </p><p>Additionally, Ethiopians and Eritreans have their own churches wherever there is a significant Ethiopian or Eritrean population. Their churches are mainly <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean</a> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> and a few Catholic churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continental_African_churches">Continental African churches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Continental African churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African-initiated_church" title="African-initiated church">African-initiated church</a></div> <p>Many African communities have created their own churches in the United States modeled on continental African churches. Many African churches are Pan-African, but some consist only of nationals from the country of origin. This allows for worship in the native languages of the congregation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam in Africa</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> immigrants from nations in Africa adhere to diverse Islamic traditions. These include various <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> mainstream orders and schools (madhhab) from <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Ocean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian Ocean islands">Indian Ocean islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many local cable channels are now purchasing programming channels operated by various African communities. For example, the <a href="/wiki/The_Africa_Channel" title="The Africa Channel">Africa Channel</a> is broadcast in the United States through <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charter_Communications" title="Charter Communications">Charter Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cox_Communications" title="Cox Communications">Cox Communications</a> and also available in Jamaica, the Bahamas, Trinidad & Tobago, St. Lucia, Barbados, Bermuda, Grenada and other islands throughout the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The channel is a showcase for outstanding travel, lifestyle and cultural series, specials and documentaries. These programs feature people of African descent and their stories. The network's premiere on September 1, 2005, marked a milestone in U.S. television history. For the first time, American audiences were able to experience the successes, celebrations and challenges of people living throughout Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a>, all via a general entertainment network. The network is broadcast in the U.S. through national distribution deals with the largest cable MSOs in the country, including Comcast, Charter, and Cox. TV news services such as the Nigerian Television Authority, South African Broadcasting Channel and Ethiopian Television Programming are also available in some areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restaurants">Restaurants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Restaurants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immigrants from Africa have opened restaurants in urban areas. The Atlanta, DC, Dallas, Houston, New York and San Antonio Metro areas host many eateries belonging to the Liberian, Senegalese, Nigerian, Ethiopian, Tanzanian, South African and other communities.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The New York Times</i> and academic scholar Nnamdi O. Madichie have credited American African artists <a href="/wiki/Kelela" title="Kelela">Kelela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akon" title="Akon">Akon</a> for employing fluidity of their cultural heritage through their U.S. and African identities. Recently, academic scholars have brought attention to the influence of African American music on U.S. culture. According to ethnomusicologist <a href="/wiki/Portia_K._Maultsby" title="Portia K. Maultsby">Portia Maultsby</a>, African immigrant artists have impacted the U.S. through fashion and mainstream music by utilizing their cultural heritage as a foundation for their artistry. In "Marketing Senegal through hip-hop-a discourse analysis of Akon's music and lyrics", Madichie cites Senegalese-American singer, Akon, as a first-generation African immigrant musician whose music and lyrics create a confluence of West Africa-styled vocals mixed with North America's East Coast and Southern beats.<sup id="cite_ref-Madichie_169–197_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madichie_169–197-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mama_Africa_and_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mama Africa and Senegal (page does not exist)"><i>Mama Africa</i> and <i>Senegal</i></a>, Akon builds connections between Diasporic communities and the "homeland" through his music.<sup id="cite_ref-Madichie_169–197_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madichie_169–197-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An examination of the role of Black American entrepreneurs in the hip-hop industry suggests that young Black people have been able to influence the White dominated music industry through transforming "Blackness into capital, staffing and business connections".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New York Times article, "25 Songs That Tell Us Where Music Is Going" illustrates how African immigrants have used their heritage to influence a new sound of mainstream music in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wortham cites Kelela, an Ethiopian-American musician, as an American African immigrant who has impacted U.S. culture by defying the notion that Blackness is monolithic through music that pushes the boundaries of R&B in uninhibited experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnomusicologist <a href="/wiki/Mellonee_V._Burnim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mellonee V. Burnim">Mellonee Burnim</a>'s area of aesthetic significance are style of delivery, sound quality, and mechanics of delivery-qualities common to African-derived music.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Style of delivery is one of the most important aspects of Africanisms in music. This refers to the stage presentation and physical appearance of when music is performed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical appearance is a fundamental part of the Black cultural expression in regard to African-American music. The sways and sashays as well as the physical appearance of African immigrant musicians has a significant influence on U.S. culture exemplified through fashion trends.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with style of delivery, sound quality is another significant tradition of Black music that derives from Africanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sound quality of African-American music distinguishes itself because of its African sentiments that are foreign to Western patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maultsby describes how in Africa and the black diaspora, black musicians have managed to cultivate an array of unique sounds that imitate nature, animals, spirits, and speech into their music.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanics of delivery involves improvisation of time, text, and pitch to deliver Black audiences a variety in performances.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Textures can be increased through solo voices or adding layers of handclaps. This technique described as "staggered entrances" derives from the improvised singing of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time is another basic component that can be expanded by extending the length of notes. Finally, pitch produces juxtaposing voices of different ranges in a single voice.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visibility">Visibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Visibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable African academics in the U.S. include full tenured professors at the nation's top universities, including, at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elfatih_Eltahir" title="Elfatih Eltahir">Elfatih A.B. Eltahir</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a>, 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Winner <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a> from Egypt; at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>, professor <a href="/wiki/Lamin_Sanneh" title="Lamin Sanneh">Lamin Sanneh</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Gambia; at Pennsylvania State University, professor <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Banyaga" title="Augustin Banyaga">Augustin Banyaga</a>, from Rwanda; at Harvard, professors <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Olupona" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Olupona">Jacob Olupona</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> from Kenya, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_K._Akyeampong" title="Emmanuel K. Akyeampong">Emmanuel K. Akyeampong</a> from Ghana,<sup id="cite_ref-aaas.fas.harvard.edu_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaas.fas.harvard.edu-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biodun Jeyifo from Nigeria,<sup id="cite_ref-aaas.fas.harvard.edu_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaas.fas.harvard.edu-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and John Mugane from Kenya;<sup id="cite_ref-aaas.fas.harvard.edu_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaas.fas.harvard.edu-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at Princeton, Adel Mahmoud <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soboyejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wole Soboyejo">Wole Soboyejo</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Gikandi" title="Simon Gikandi">Simon Gikandi</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Kenya, V. Kofi Agawu from Ghana,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Kwame Anthony Appiah</a> from Ghana. </p><p>In sports, <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Olajuwon" title="Hakeem Olajuwon">Hakeem Olajuwon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dikembe_Mutombo" title="Dikembe Mutombo">Dikembe Mutombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Nagbe" title="Darlington Nagbe">Darlington Nagbe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freddy_Adu" title="Freddy Adu">Freddy Adu</a> are prominent. </p><p>Academy Award-winning actress <a href="/wiki/Charlize_Theron" title="Charlize Theron">Charlize Theron</a>, entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a>-winning musician <a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews" title="Dave Matthews">Dave Matthews</a>, are all white South Africans; and two-time <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>-nominated actor <a href="/wiki/Djimon_Hounsou" title="Djimon Hounsou">Djimon Hounsou</a> and Grammy-winning musician <a href="/wiki/Angelique_Kidjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelique Kidjo">Angelique Kidjo</a>, both from Benin; and recently <a href="/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o" title="Lupita Nyong'o">Lupita Nyong'o</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie" title="Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie">Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie</a>, are most notable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_of_African_ancestry">Notable people of African ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable people of African ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia_and_science">Academia and science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Academia and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Ake" title="Claude Ake">Claude Ake</a>, Nigerian, professor at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_K._Akyeampong" title="Emmanuel K. Akyeampong">Emmanuel K. Akyeampong</a>, Ghanaian, professor of history at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Kwame Anthony Appiah</a>, British-born <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghanaian</a> national, born to a Ghanaian father and British mother, philosopher and writer, professor of philosophy at Princeton University, 2012 <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a> winner <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Banyaga" title="Augustin Banyaga">Augustin Banyaga</a>, Rwandan, professor at Pennsylvania State University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Zerhouni" title="Elias Zerhouni">Elias Zerhouni</a>, Algerian former director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwabena_Boahen" title="Kwabena Boahen">Kwabena Boahen</a>, Ghanaian, professor of bioengineering, Stanford University <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_El_Gamal" title="Abbas El Gamal">Abbas El Gamal</a>, Egyptian-American electrical engineer, educator and entrepreneur, the recipient of the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon_Award" title="Claude E. Shannon Award">Claude E. Shannon Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taher_ElGamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Taher ElGamal">Taher ElGamal</a>, Egyptian-American cryptographer, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/ElGamal_discrete_log_cryptosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="ElGamal discrete log cryptosystem">ElGamal discrete log cryptosystem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ElGamal_signature_scheme" title="ElGamal signature scheme">ElGamal signature scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa El-Sayed</a>, Egyptian-American U S. <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> laureate; leading nanoscience researcher; known for the <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> rule named after him, the <a href="/wiki/El-Sayed_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Sayed rule">El-Sayed rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farouk_El-Baz" title="Farouk El-Baz">Farouk El-Baz</a> Egyptian-American space scientist who worked with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> to assist in the planning of scientific exploration of the Moon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Adam_El-Sheikh" title="Mohammed Adam El-Sheikh">Mohammed Adam El-Sheikh</a>, Sudanese, executive director of the <a href="/wiki/Fiqh_Council_of_North_America" title="Fiqh Council of North America">Fiqh Council of North America</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisi_Ezerioha" title="Bisi Ezerioha">Bisi Ezerioha</a>, Nigerian, automotive engineer, racecar driver and industrialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hany_Farid" title="Hany Farid">Hany Farid</a>, Professor of computer science at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Digital_forensics" title="Digital forensics">Digital forensics</a> (Egyptian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Gikandi" title="Simon Gikandi">Simon Gikandi</a>, Kenyan, professor at Princeton University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sossina_M._Haile" title="Sossina M. Haile">Sossina M. Haile</a>, Ethiopian, fuel cell engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_Heggy" title="Essam Heggy">Essam Heggy</a>, Egyptian-American <a href="/wiki/Planetary_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary scientist">Planetary scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jibrell" title="Fatima Jibrell">Fatima Jibrell</a>, Somali, environmentalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kallon" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Kallon">Abdul Kallon</a>, Sierra Leonean, US District Judge for the Northern District of Alabama <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Kludze" title="Ave Kludze">Ave Kludze</a>, Ghanaian, senior NASA spacecraft systems engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawal_M._Nour" title="Nawal M. Nour">Nawal M. Nour</a>, Sudanese, obstetrician and gynecologist, 2003 <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">Genius Award</a> winner<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ogbu" title="John Ogbu">John Ogbu</a>, Nigerian, professor at University of California at Berkeley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noureddine_Melikechi" title="Noureddine Melikechi">Noureddine Melikechi</a>, Algerian-American Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physicist, member of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyi_Osundare" title="Niyi Osundare">Niyi Osundare</a>, Nigerian, professor at University of New Orleans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ato_Quayson" title="Ato Quayson">Ato Quayson</a>, Ghanaian, professor of literature <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Sheikh_Samatar" title="Said Sheikh Samatar">Said Sheikh Samatar</a>, Somali, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamin_Sanneh" title="Lamin Sanneh">Lamin Sanneh</a>, Gambian, professor at Yale University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jem_Spectar" title="Jem Spectar">Jem Spectar</a>, Cameroonian, president of the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Tewfik" title="Ahmed Tewfik">Ahmed Tewfik</a>, Egyptian-American electrical engineer, Professor and college administrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ukpolo" title="Victor Ukpolo">Victor Ukpolo</a>, Nigerian, chancellor of Southern University at New Orleans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Wiredu" title="Kwasi Wiredu">Kwasi Wiredu</a>, Ghanaian, distinguished university professor of philosophy at the Department of Philosophy in the University of South Florida<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tiyambe_Zeleza" title="Paul Tiyambe Zeleza">Paul Tiyambe Zeleza</a>, Case Western Reserve University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a>, Egyptian, winner of 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry; professor at California Institute of Technology</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muna_Khalif" title="Muna Khalif">Muna Khalif</a>, Somali, fashion designer and politician; MP in the Federal Parliament of Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Mahmoud_Ould_Mohamedou" title="Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou">Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou</a>, Mauritanian, scholar and politician; former Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Mauritania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Neguse" title="Joe Neguse">Joe Neguse</a>, Eritrean-American politician; first Eritrean-American elected to the United States Congress and Colorado's first congressman of African descent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a>, Kenyan immigrant who fathered the 44th President of the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Ilhan Omar</a>, Somali, incumbent U.S. Representative for Minnesota's 5th congressional district</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Powell" title="Dina Powell">Dina Powell</a>, Egyptian, current U.S. Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategy,</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_and_film">TV and film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: TV and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Addai-Robinson" title="Cynthia Addai-Robinson">Cynthia Addai-Robinson</a>, Ghanaian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blackson" title="Michael Blackson">Michael Blackson</a>, Ghanaian, actor and comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Owusu-Breen" title="Monica Owusu-Breen">Monica Owusu-Breen</a>, Ghanaian, American <a href="/wiki/Television_producer" title="Television producer">TV producer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriter</a>; work includes <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost (2004 TV series)">Lost</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brothers_%26_Sisters_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brothers & Sisters (TV series)">Brothers & Sisters</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alias_(TV_series)" title="Alias (TV series)">Alias</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fringe_(TV_series)" title="Fringe (TV series)">Fringe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akosua_Busia" title="Akosua Busia">Akosua Busia</a>, Ghanaian, played Nettie in <a href="/wiki/Academy-Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy-Award">Academy-Award</a>-nominated film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple_(1985_film)" title="The Color Purple (1985 film)">The Color Purple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edi_Gathegi" title="Edi Gathegi">Edi Gathegi</a>, Kenyan, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danai_Gurira" title="Danai Gurira">Danai Gurira</a>, American of Zimbabwean descent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa_Hamri" title="Sanaa Hamri">Sanaa Hamri</a>, Moroccan, film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djimon_Hounsou" title="Djimon Hounsou">Djimon Hounsou</a>, Beninese, two-time Academy Award-nominated actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Malek" title="Rami Malek">Rami Malek</a>, American of Egyptian descent, Academy Award-winning actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mensah" title="Peter Mensah">Peter Mensah</a>, Ghanaian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o" title="Lupita Nyong'o">Lupita Nyong'o</a>, Mexican Kenyan, Academy Award-winning actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Sharif" title="Omar Sharif">Omar Sharif</a>, Egyptian, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe">Golden Globe</a>-winning actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Simon" title="Cliff Simon">Cliff Simon</a>, South African</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libianca" title="Libianca">Libianca</a>, Cameroonian, singer (born in Minneapolis, Minnesota)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomzamo_Mbatha" title="Nomzamo Mbatha">Nomzamo Mbatha</a>, South African Actress & <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNCHR</a> Ambassador</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyla_(South_African_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyla (South African singer)">Tyla</a>, South African Musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuso_Mbedu" title="Thuso Mbedu">Thuso Mbedu</a>, South African Actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlize_Theron" title="Charlize Theron">Charlize Theron</a>, South African, Academy Award-winning actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Vosloo" title="Arnold Vosloo">Arnold Vosloo</a>, South African</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramy_Youssef" title="Ramy Youssef">Ramy Youssef</a>, American of Egyptian descent, actor and comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Mdee" title="Vanessa Mdee">Vanessa Mdee</a>, Tanzanian singer/songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Noah" title="Trevor Noah">Trevor Noah</a>, South African comedian</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Ansah" title="Ezekiel Ansah">Ezekiel Ansah</a>, Ghanaian, NFL football</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addai" title="Joseph Addai">Joseph Addai</a>, Ghanaian, NFL football (born in Houston to Ghanaian parents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_Agbossoumonde" title="Gale Agbossoumonde">Gale Agbossoumonde</a>, Togo by way of Benin, soccer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Anderson_(tennis)" title="Kevin Anderson (tennis)">Kevin Anderson</a>, South Africa, tennis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Asomugha" title="Nnamdi Asomugha">Nnamdi Asomugha</a>, Nigerian, NFL football (born to Nigerian parents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Clottey" title="Joshua Clottey">Joshua Clottey</a>, Ghanaian, professional boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luol_Deng" title="Luol Deng">Luol Deng</a>, South Sudanese, NBA basketball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Davies" title="Charlie Davies">Charlie Davies</a>, half Gambian, soccer (born in New Hampshire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Edu" title="Maurice Edu">Maurice Edu</a>, Nigerian parents, soccer (born in the Inland Empire of California)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Ekuban" title="Ebenezer Ekuban">Ebenezer Ekuban</a>, Ghanaian, NFL football</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Embiid" title="Joel Embiid">Joel Embiid</a>, Cameroonian, NBA basketball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_Ezeli" title="Festus Ezeli">Festus Ezeli</a>, Nigerian, NBA basketball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Ibaka" title="Serge Ibaka">Serge Ibaka</a>, Republic of the Congo, NBA basketball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Iguodala" title="Andre Iguodala">Andre Iguodala</a>, half Nigerian, basketball (born in Springfield, Illinois)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meb_Keflezighi" title="Meb Keflezighi">Meb Keflezighi</a>, Eritrean, runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Kingston" title="Kofi Kingston">Kofi Kingston</a>, Ghanaian, professional wrestling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathias_Kiwanuka" title="Mathias Kiwanuka">Mathias Kiwanuka</a>, Ugandan, NFL Football</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Kuffour" title="Nana Kuffour">Nana Kuffour</a>, Ghanaian, soccer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lagat" title="Bernard Lagat">Bernard Lagat</a>, Kenyan, runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazr_Mohammed" title="Nazr Mohammed">Nazr Mohammed</a>, Ghanaian parents, NBA basketball player (born in Chicago)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Mbah_a_Moute" title="Luc Mbah a Moute">Luc Mbah a Moute</a>, Cameroonian, NBA basketball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikembe_Mutombo" title="Dikembe Mutombo">Dikembe Mutombo</a>, D.R. Congo, NBA basketball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Mwanga" title="Danny Mwanga">Danny Mwanga</a>, D.R. Congo, soccer player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Nana" title="Prince Nana">Prince Nana</a>, Ghanaian, professional wrestler (born in the US to Ghanaian parents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeka_Okafor" title="Emeka Okafor">Emeka Okafor</a>, Nigerian, NBA basketball player (born in Houston to Nigerian parents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Okino" title="Betty Okino">Betty Okino</a>, Ugandan, gymnastics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amobi_Okoye" title="Amobi Okoye">Amobi Okoye</a>, Nigerian, football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Olajuwon" title="Hakeem Olajuwon">Hakeem Olajuwon</a>, Nigerian, NBA basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rono" title="Henry Rono">Henry Rono</a>, Kenyan, professional runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbie_Russell_(soccer)" title="Robbie Russell (soccer)">Robbie Russell</a>, Ghanaian, soccer player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Siakam" title="Pascal Siakam">Pascal Siakam</a>, Cameroonian, NBA basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tchani" title="Tony Tchani">Tony Tchani</a>, Cameroonian, soccer player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasheem_Thabeet" title="Hasheem Thabeet">Hasheem Thabeet</a>, Tanzanian, NBA basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Tokoto" title="Jean-Pierre Tokoto">Jean-Pierre Tokoto</a>, Cameroonian, soccer player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_Ujiri" title="Masai Ujiri">Masai Ujiri</a>, Nigerian, NBA basketball (general manager)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaru_Usman" title="Kamaru Usman">Kamaru Usman</a>, Nigerian, mixed-martial artist, UFC Welterweight Champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madieu_Williams" title="Madieu Williams">Madieu Williams</a>, Sierra Leonean, NFL football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedion_Zelalem" title="Gedion Zelalem">Gedion Zelalem</a>, Ethiopian, soccer player</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roelof_Botha" title="Roelof Botha">Roelof Botha</a>, South African, former chief financial officer of PayPal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kase_Lukman_Lawal" title="Kase Lukman Lawal">Kase Lukman Lawal</a>, Nigerian, chairman and chief executive officer, CAMAC Holdings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, South African, co-founder of PayPal, SpaceX and Tesla Motors; CEO and CTO of SpaceX; CEO and product architect of Tesla Motors; chairman of SolarCity</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsale_Aberra" title="Amsale Aberra">Amsale Aberra</a>, Ethiopian, fashion designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(model)" title="Iman (model)">Iman</a>, Somali, fashion and cosmetics entrepreneur; former supermodel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiara_Kabukuru" title="Kiara Kabukuru">Kiara Kabukuru</a>, Ugandan, supermodel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Borges" title="Maria Borges">Maria Borges</a>, Angolan, Supermodel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liya_Kebede" title="Liya Kebede">Liya Kebede</a>, Ethiopian, supermodel, actress and philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Maryland_USA" title="Miss Maryland USA">Nana Meriwether</a>, South African-born,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> half South African and half African American, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Maryland_USA" title="Miss Maryland USA">Miss Maryland USA 2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_USA_2012" title="Miss USA 2012">Miss USA 2012</a> first runner-up</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluchi_Onweagba" title="Oluchi Onweagba">Oluchi Onweagba</a>, Nigerian, model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alek_Wek" title="Alek Wek">Alek Wek</a>, South Sudanese, supermodel and designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herieth_Paul" title="Herieth Paul">Herieth Paul</a>, Tanzanian, model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Abloh" title="Virgil Abloh">Virgil Abloh</a>, Ghanaian American, fashion designer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism_and_literature">Journalism and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Journalism and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimamanda_Adichie" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimamanda Adichie">Chimamanda Adichie</a>, Nigerian, author; winner of 2008 <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a> "Genius Grant", 2007 <a href="/wiki/Orange_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Prize">Orange Prize</a> and 2005 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Writer%27s_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writer's Prize">Commonwealth Writer's Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selamawi_Asgedom" title="Selamawi Asgedom">Selamawi Asgedom</a>, Ethiopian and Eritrean, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sade_Baderinwa" title="Sade Baderinwa">Folasade Olayinka Baderinwa</a>, known professionally as Sade Baderinwa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teju_Cole" title="Teju Cole">Teju Cole</a>, Nigerian-American, novelist, writer, photographer and art historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoda_Kotb" title="Hoda Kotb">Hoda Kotb</a>, Egyptian, broadcast journalist and TV host on Dateline NBC and the Today Show</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinaw_Mengestu" title="Dinaw Mengestu">Dinaw Mengestu</a>, Ethiopian, author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mudede" title="Charles Mudede">Charles Mudede</a>, Zimbabwean, filmmaker and film critic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micere_Mugo" class="mw-redirect" title="Micere Mugo">Micere Mugo</a>, Kenyan, poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluse_Olorunnipa" title="Toluse Olorunnipa">Toluse Olorunnipa</a>, Nigerian-American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laila_Lalami" title="Laila Lalami">Laila Lalami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-nominated Moroccan novelist, journalist, essayist, and professor journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Adly_Guirgis" title="Stephen Adly Guirgis">Stephen Adly Guirgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning Egyptian American playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filloux" title="Catherine Filloux">Catherine Filloux</a>, French-Algerian-American playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o" title="Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o">Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o</a>, Kenyan poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Eltahawy" title="Mona Eltahawy">Mona Eltahawy</a>, Egyptian American Feminist and independent journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a>, Nigerian writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaza_Mengiste" title="Maaza Mengiste">Maaza Mengiste</a>, Ethiopian American writer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">African immigration to Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">African immigration to Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Latin_America" title="African immigration to Latin America">African immigration to Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Africa" title="Emigration from Africa">Emigration from Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africans_in_Baltimore" title="History of Africans in Baltimore">History of Africans in Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrants%27_African_routes" title="Migrants' African routes">Migrants' African routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ancestry2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2010_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">"Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">the original</a> on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+ancestry+categories+tallied+for+people+with+one+or+more+ancestry+categories+reported+2010+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_10_1YR_B04003%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voice_of_America-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voice_of_America_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voice_of_America_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2017" class="citation web cs1">Solomon, Salem (February 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/a/african-immigrant-population-on-the-rise-in-us/3728715.html/">"Sub-Saharan African Population on Rise in US"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sub-Saharan+African+Population+on+Rise+in+US&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Salem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fafrican-immigrant-population-on-the-rise-in-us%2F3728715.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyoso-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kyoso_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David E. Kyoso, <i>Immigrants in the United States</i>, (Godfrey Mwakikagile: 2010), p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AfricanMigrationNYC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AfricanMigrationNYC_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimiko_de_Freytas-Tamura2023" class="citation news cs1">Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura (January 13, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/nyregion/west-african-immigrants-nyc.html">"African and Invisible: The Other New York Migrant Crisis"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=African+and+Invisible%3A+The+Other+New+York+Migrant+Crisis&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft.au=Kimiko+de+Freytas-Tamura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F01%2F13%2Fnyregion%2Fwest-african-immigrants-nyc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Bashi, V. (2004, July 4). Globalizing Anti-Blackness: Transnationalzing Western Immigration law, policy and practice. Retrieved May 1, 2010, from Ethnic and Racial Studies: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.arts.yorku.ca/soci/goldring/4390/readings/pdf/bashi_globalized_anti-blackness.pdf">http://www.arts.yorku.ca/soci/goldring/4390/readings/pdf/bashi_globalized_anti-blackness.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Mason University. (1998). Who was Shut Out?: Immigration Quotas, 1925-1927. Retrieved May 1, 2010, from History Matters: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078/">http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151216211400/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078/">Archived</a> 2015-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2016/table10">"Table 10. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status By Broad Class Of Admission And Region And Country Of Birth: Fiscal Year 2016"</a>. <i>Department of Homeland Security</i>. 2017-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft.atitle=Table+10.+Persons+Obtaining+Lawful+Permanent+Resident+Status+By+Broad+Class+Of+Admission+And+Region+And+Country+Of+Birth%3A+Fiscal+Year+2016&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fimmigration-statistics%2Fyearbook%2F2016%2Ftable10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/immigrate/diversity-visa-program-entry/diversity-visa-program-statistics.html">"Diversity Visa Program Statistics"</a>. <i>travel.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=travel.state.gov&rft.atitle=Diversity+Visa+Program+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.state.gov%2Fcontent%2Ftravel%2Fen%2Fus-visas%2Fimmigrate%2Fdiversity-visa-program-entry%2Fdiversity-visa-program-statistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collyer, Michael, ed. <i>Emigration nations: Policies and ideologies of emigrant engagement</i>. Springer, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/01/27/key-findings-about-black-immigrants-in-the-u-s/">"Key findings about Black immigrants in the U.S."</a> <i>Pew Research</i>. Pew Research Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research&rft.atitle=Key+findings+about+Black+immigrants+in+the+U.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2022%2F01%2F27%2Fkey-findings-about-black-immigrants-in-the-u-s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gambino, Christine P., Edward N. Trevelyan, and John Thomas Fitzwater. "The foreign-born population from Africa: 2008–2012." <i>American Community Survey Briefs</i> 5 (2014). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/831693984 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829493546 cite #7 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagopian, Amy, et al. "The migration of physicians from sub-Saharan Africa to the United States of America: measures of the African brain drain." <i>Human resources for health</i> 2.1 (2004): 17. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/831693984 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829493546 cite #14 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Kevin JA. "What explains the increasing trend in African emigration to the US?." <i>International Migration Review</i> 45.1 (2011): 3-28. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/831693984 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829493546 cite #15 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Nigerian Diaspora in the United States". <i>Migration Policy Institute</i>. June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Nigerian+Diaspora+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2015-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aansf.org/">"African Advocacy Network"</a>. <i>African Advocacy Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Advocacy+Network&rft.atitle=African+Advocacy+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aansf.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation news cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/africa.html">"Africa"</a>. <i>UNHCR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNHCR&rft.atitle=Africa&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fen-us%2Fafrica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancestry2000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestry2000_18-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls">"Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000"</a>. US Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1.+First%2C+Second%2C+and+Total+Responses+to+the+Ancestry+Question+by+Detailed+Ancestry+Code%3A+2000&rft.pub=US+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fsocdemo%2Fancestry%2Fancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congoancestry2010-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Congoancestry2010_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212212314/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_SF4_B05001&prodType=table">"Citizenship Status in the United States: Total population in the United States. 2006–2010 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables"</a>. US Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_SF4_B05001&prodType=table">the original</a> on 2020-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizenship+Status+in+the+United+States%3A+Total+population+in+the+United+States.+2006%E2%80%932010+American+Community+Survey+Selected+Population+Tables.&rft.pub=US+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_10_SF4_B05001%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCB-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCB_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCB_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_B05006&prodType=table">"Place of Birth for the Foreign-Born Population in the United States, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Place+of+Birth+for+the+Foreign-Born+Population+in+the+United+States%2C+Universe%3A+Foreign-born+population+excluding+population+born+at+sea%2C+2007%E2%80%932011+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder2.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_11_5YR_B05006%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tpr.org/border-immigration/2019-06-10/san-antonio-is-temporary-home-for-central-african-migrants?_amp=true">"San Antonio is home for Central African Migrants"</a>. 10 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Antonio+is+home+for+Central+African+Migrants&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpr.org%2Fborder-immigration%2F2019-06-10%2Fsan-antonio-is-temporary-home-for-central-african-migrants%3F_amp%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-migrationpolicy.org-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrationpolicy.org_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-immigrant-population-state-and-county">"U.S. Immigrant Population by State and County"</a>. <i>migrationpolicy.org</i>. 2014-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=migrationpolicy.org&rft.atitle=U.S.+Immigrant+Population+by+State+and+County&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Fprograms%2Fdata-hub%2Fcharts%2Fus-immigrant-population-state-and-county&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCabe, Kristen. "African immigrants in the United States." <i>Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute</i> (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtiso2007" class="citation news cs1">Otiso, Kefa (11 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622204743/http://mshale.com/article.cfm?articleID=1464">"African Immigrants a Successful Bunch, But Not Overall"</a>. <i>MShale news</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mshale.com/article.cfm?articleID=1464">the original</a> on 22 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MShale+news&rft.atitle=African+Immigrants+a+Successful+Bunch%2C+But+Not+Overall&rft.date=2007-06-11&rft.aulast=Otiso&rft.aufirst=Kefa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mshale.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FarticleID%3D1464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2017" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Monica (2017-02-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/02/14/african-immigrant-population-in-u-s-steadily-climbs/">"African immigrant population in U.S. steadily climbs"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=African+immigrant+population+in+U.S.+steadily+climbs&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2017%2F02%2F14%2Fafrican-immigrant-population-in-u-s-steadily-climbs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Wendy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africacenter.org/spotlight/african-migration-trends-to-watch-in-2024/">"African Migration Trends to Watch in 2024"</a>. <i>Africa Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africa+Center&rft.atitle=African+Migration+Trends+to+Watch+in+2024&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafricacenter.org%2Fspotlight%2Fafrican-migration-trends-to-watch-in-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensus-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCensus_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/STP-159-africa.pdf">"US Census Bureau – People Born in Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Census+Bureau+%E2%80%93+People+Born+in+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fcen2000%2Fstp-159%2FSTP-159-africa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoganDeane2003" class="citation web cs1">Logan, John; Deane, Glenn (15 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mumford.albany.edu/census/BlackWhite/BlackDiversityReport/black-diversity07.htm">"Black Diversity in Metropolitan America"</a>. <i>Lewis Mumford Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lewis+Mumford+Center&rft.atitle=Black+Diversity+in+Metropolitan+America&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Deane%2C+Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmumford.albany.edu%2Fcensus%2FBlackWhite%2FBlackDiversityReport%2Fblack-diversity07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theglobalist.com/african-americans-african-immigrants-differ/">"How African-Americans and African Immigrants Differ"</a>. <i>The Globalist</i>. 16 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globalist&rft.atitle=How+African-Americans+and+African+Immigrants+Differ&rft.date=2013-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobalist.com%2Fafrican-americans-african-immigrants-differ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/01/14/african-immigrants-hope-for-a-chicago-community-of-their-own/">"African immigrants hope for a Chicago community of their own"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. 14 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=African+immigrants+hope+for+a+Chicago+community+of+their+own&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2013%2F01%2F14%2Fafrican-immigrants-hope-for-a-chicago-community-of-their-own%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2019_Census-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2019_Census_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006&g=0400000US55&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006&hidePreview=true">"2019 Census"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2019+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3DACSDT1Y2019.B04006%26g%3D0400000US55%26tid%3DACSDT1Y2019.B04006%26hidePreview%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">African Immigrants in the United States are the Nation's Most Highly Educated Group. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 26 (Winter, 1999–2000), pp. 60–61 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2999156">10.2307/2999156</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census.gov:_Nigeria-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census.gov:_Nigeria_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census.gov:_Nigeria_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/STP-159-nigeria.pdf">"Table FBP-1. Profile of Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics: 2000; Population Universe: People Born in Nigeria; Geographic Area: United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>census.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=Table+FBP-1.+Profile+of+Selected+Demographic+and+Social+Characteristics%3A+2000%3B+Population+Universe%3A+People+Born+in+Nigeria%3B+Geographic+Area%3A+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fcen2000%2Fstp-159%2FSTP-159-nigeria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census.gov:_Egypt-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census.gov:_Egypt_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census.gov:_Egypt_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/STP-159-egypt.pdf">"Table FBP-1. Profile of Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics: 4113; Population Universe: People Born in Egypt; Geographic Area: United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>census.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=Table+FBP-1.+Profile+of+Selected+Demographic+and+Social+Characteristics%3A+4113%3B+Population+Universe%3A+People+Born+in+Egypt%3B+Geographic+Area%3A+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fcen2000%2Fstp-159%2FSTP-159-egypt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">African Immigrants in the United States have the highest rate of education. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 26 (Winter, 1999–2000), pp. 60–61 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2999156">10.2307/2999156</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asian-nation.org/immigrant-stats.shtml">"Demographics and Statistics of Immigrants : Asian-Nation :: Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues"</a>. Asian-Nation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographics+and+Statistics+of+Immigrants+%3A+Asian-Nation+%3A%3A+Asian+American+History%2C+Demographics%2C+%26+Issues&rft.pub=Asian-Nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asian-nation.org%2Fimmigrant-stats.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Characteristics of the African Born in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. January, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon,_D._2006-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon,_D._2006_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, D. (2006). Characteristics of the African Born in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. January, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2022" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Christine Tamir and Monica (2022-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/2022/01/20/a-growing-share-of-black-immigrants-have-a-college-degree-or-higher/">"3. A growing share of Black immigrants have a college degree or higher"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=3.+A+growing+share+of+Black+immigrants+have+a+college+degree+or+higher&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Christine+Tamir+and+Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2F2022%2F01%2F20%2Fa-growing-share-of-black-immigrants-have-a-college-degree-or-higher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/immigrate/diversity-visa-program-entry/diversity-visa-if-you-are-selected/diversity-visa-confirm-your-qualifications.html#:~:text=The%20Diversity%20Immigrant%20Visa%20(DV)%20Program%20requires%20the,you%20are%20not%20eligible%20for%20a%20diversity%20visa.">"Confirm Your Qualifications"</a>. <i>travel.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=travel.state.gov&rft.atitle=Confirm+Your+Qualifications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.state.gov%2Fcontent%2Ftravel%2Fen%2Fus-visas%2Fimmigrate%2Fdiversity-visa-program-entry%2Fdiversity-visa-if-you-are-selected%2Fdiversity-visa-confirm-your-qualifications.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Diversity%2520Immigrant%2520Visa%2520%28DV%29%2520Program%2520requires%2520the%2Cyou%2520are%2520not%2520eligible%2520for%2520a%2520diversity%2520visa.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immigrationresearch.org/report/other/power-purse-how-sub-saharan-africans-contribute-us-economy">"Power of the Purse: How Sub-Saharan Africans Contribute to the U.S. Economy | Immigration Research Library"</a>. <i>www.immigrationresearch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.immigrationresearch.org&rft.atitle=Power+of+the+Purse%3A+How+Sub-Saharan+Africans+Contribute+to+the+U.S.+Economy+%7C+Immigration+Research+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.immigrationresearch.org%2Freport%2Fother%2Fpower-purse-how-sub-saharan-africans-contribute-us-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicineworld.org/cancer/lead/9-2005/black-immigrants-from-africa-arrive-healthier-than-those-from-europe.html">"Black immigrants from Africa arrive healthier than those from Europe: From MedicineWorld.Org"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+immigrants+from+Africa+arrive+healthier+than+those+from+Europe%3A+From+MedicineWorld.Org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicineworld.org%2Fcancer%2Flead%2F9-2005%2Fblack-immigrants-from-africa-arrive-healthier-than-those-from-europe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027033401/http://today.uci.edu/news/release_detail.asp?key=1374">Today@UCI: Press Releases:</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/social_forces/v084/84.1read.html">"Project MUSE"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+MUSE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Furi%3D%2Fjournals%2Fsocial_forces%2Fv084%2F84.1read.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olupona, J. K., & Gemignani, R. (Eds.). (2007). African Immigrant Religion in America. New York: New York University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207233006/http://www.malawiwashginton.org/">Malawi Washington Association</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2021/02/16/religious-affiliation-and-congregations/">"Faith Among Black Americans - 2. Religious affiliation and congregations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. February 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faith+Among+Black+Americans+-+2.+Religious+affiliation+and+congregations&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2021%2F02%2F16%2Freligious-affiliation-and-congregations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olupona_&_Gemignani,_2007-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olupona_&_Gemignani,_2007_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olupona_&_Gemignani,_2007_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olupona_&_Gemignani,_2007_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Olupona & Gemignani, 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theafricachannel.com/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. <i>The Africa Channel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Channel&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheafricachannel.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/americas-best-new-restaurant-celebrates-the-flavors-of-west-africa-180984531/}">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/americas-best-new-restaurant-celebrates-the-flavors-of-west-africa-180984531/}</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madichie_169–197-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madichie_169–197_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madichie_169–197_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadichie2011" class="citation journal cs1">Madichie, Nnamdi O. (2011-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emeraldinsight.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1108%2F17538331111153179">"Marketing Senegal through hip-hop – a discourse analysis of Akon's music and lyrics"</a>. <i>Journal of Place Management and Development</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 169–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F17538331111153179">10.1108/17538331111153179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-8335">1753-8335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Place+Management+and+Development&rft.atitle=Marketing+Senegal+through+hip-hop+%E2%80%93+a+discourse+analysis+of+Akon%27s+music+and+lyrics&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-197&rft.date=2011-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F17538331111153179&rft.issn=1753-8335&rft.aulast=Madichie&rft.aufirst=Nnamdi+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emeraldinsight.com%2Faction%2FcaptchaChallenge%3FredirectUri%3D%252Fdoi%252Fabs%252F10.1108%252F17538331111153179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmondson, V. (2008) A preliminary review of competitive reactions in the hip-hop music industry: Black American entrepreneurs in a new industry. Management Research News, Vol. 31, No. 9, pp. 637-649.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbebe2017" class="citation news cs1">Abebe, Nitsuh, ed. (March 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/09/magazine/25-songs-that-tell-us-where-music-is-going.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'25 Songs That Tell Us Where Music Is Going.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%2725+Songs+That+Tell+Us+Where+Music+Is+Going.%27&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2017%2F03%2F09%2Fmagazine%2F25-songs-that-tell-us-where-music-is-going.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaultsby1997" class="citation book cs1">Maultsby, Portia (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/163"><i>Africanisms in African-American Music. In A Turbulent Voyage: Readings in African American Studies</i></a>. San Diego, CA: Collegiate Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/163">163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939693269" title="Special:BookSources/9780939693269"><bdi>9780939693269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africanisms+in+African-American+Music.+In+A+Turbulent+Voyage%3A+Readings+in+African+American+Studies&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Collegiate+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780939693269&rft.aulast=Maultsby&rft.aufirst=Portia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8%2Fpage%2F163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaultsby1997" class="citation book cs1">Maultsby, Portia (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/162"><i>Africanisms in African-American Music. In A Turbulent Voyage: Readings in African American Studies</i></a>. San Diego, CA: Collegiate Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/162">162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939693269" title="Special:BookSources/9780939693269"><bdi>9780939693269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africanisms+in+African-American+Music.+In+A+Turbulent+Voyage%3A+Readings+in+African+American+Studies&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Collegiate+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780939693269&rft.aulast=Maultsby&rft.aufirst=Portia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8%2Fpage%2F162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaultsby1997" class="citation book cs1">Maultsby, Portia (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/164"><i>Africanisms in African-American Music. In A Turbulent Voyage: Readings in African American Studies</i></a>. San Diego, CA: Collegiate Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939693269" title="Special:BookSources/9780939693269"><bdi>9780939693269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africanisms+in+African-American+Music.+In+A+Turbulent+Voyage%3A+Readings+in+African+American+Studies&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Collegiate+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780939693269&rft.aulast=Maultsby&rft.aufirst=Portia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8%2Fpage%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaultsby1997" class="citation book cs1">Maultsby, Portia (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/167"><i>Africanisms in African-American Music. In A Turbulent Voyage: Readings in African American Studies (2nd ed., pp. 158-174). San Diego, CA: Collegiate Press</i></a>. San Diego, CA: Collegiate Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/167">167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939693269" title="Special:BookSources/9780939693269"><bdi>9780939693269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africanisms+in+African-American+Music.+In+A+Turbulent+Voyage%3A+Readings+in+African+American+Studies+%282nd+ed.%2C+pp.+158-174%29.+San+Diego%2C+CA%3A+Collegiate+Press.&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Collegiate+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780939693269&rft.aulast=Maultsby&rft.aufirst=Portia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8%2Fpage%2F167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/eltahir/www2/eltahir_cv.htm">"Eltahir CV"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eltahir+CV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Feltahir%2Fwww2%2Feltahir_cv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101232233/http://www.yale.edu/history/faculty/sanneh_l.html">"Welcome"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/history/faculty/sanneh_l.html">the original</a> on 1 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fhistory%2Ffaculty%2Fsanneh_l.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hds.harvard.edu/people/jacob-k-olupona">"Jacob K. Olupona"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacob+K.+Olupona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhds.harvard.edu%2Fpeople%2Fjacob-k-olupona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaas.fas.harvard.edu-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aaas.fas.harvard.edu_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaas.fas.harvard.edu_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aaas.fas.harvard.edu_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416020520/http://www.aaas.fas.harvard.edu/directory/faculty">"Department of African and African American Studies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/directory/faculty">the original</a> on 2012-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+African+and+African+American+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faaas.fas.harvard.edu%2Fdirectory%2Ffaculty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinceton_University" class="citation web cs1">Princeton University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310145838/http://www.princeton.edu/molfac/mahmoud/">"Adel Mahmoud"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/molfac/mahmoud/">the original</a> on 2015-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adel+Mahmoud&rft.au=Princeton+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fmolfac%2Fmahmoud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/mae/people/faculty/soboyejo/">"Soboyejo – Princeton University – Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soboyejo+%E2%80%93+Princeton+University+%E2%80%93+Mechanical+%26+Aerospace+Engineering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fmae%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fsoboyejo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/complit/people/display_person.xml?netid=sgikandi&display=Associated%20Faculty">"Comparative Literature"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparative+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fcomplit%2Fpeople%2Fdisplay_person.xml%3Fnetid%3Dsgikandi%26display%3DAssociated%2520Faculty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinceton_University" class="citation web cs1">Princeton University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173451/http://www.princeton.edu/music/people/display_person.xml?netid=kagawu&display=All">"Department of Music"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/music/people/display_person.xml?netid=kagawu&display=All">the original</a> on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Music&rft.au=Princeton+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fmusic%2Fpeople%2Fdisplay_person.xml%3Fnetid%3Dkagawu%26display%3DAll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S32/91/44I78/index.xml?section=topstories">"Princeton University - Appiah awarded National Humanities Medal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Princeton+University+-+Appiah+awarded+National+Humanities+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fmain%2Fnews%2Farchive%2FS32%2F91%2F44I78%2Findex.xml%3Fsection%3Dtopstories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110730151129/http://www.stanford.edu/group/brainsinsilicon/boahen.html">"Kwabena Boahen"</a>. Stanford.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/brainsinsilicon/boahen.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwabena+Boahen&rft.pub=Stanford.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fbrainsinsilicon%2Fboahen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616064723/http://bioengineering.stanford.edu/faculty/boahen.html">"Faculty - Department of Bioengineering - Stanford University School of Medicine and School of Engineering"</a>. Bioengineering.stanford.edu. 2008-06-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioengineering.stanford.edu/faculty/boahen.html">the original</a> on 2010-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculty+-+Department+of+Bioengineering+-+Stanford+University+School+of+Medicine+and+School+of+Engineering&rft.pub=Bioengineering.stanford.edu&rft.date=2008-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioengineering.stanford.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fboahen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/10/AR2005061001869.html">"Leader Named at Mosque"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Leader+Named+at+Mosque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F06%2F10%2FAR2005061001869.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=3225&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na">"Abdul Kallon"</a>. Fjc.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abdul+Kallon&rft.pub=Fjc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fservlet%2FnGetInfo%3Fjid%3D3225%26cid%3D999%26ctype%3Dna%26instate%3Dna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/11/health/conversation-with-nawal-nour-life-devoted-stopping-suffering-mutilation.html?pagewanted=1">"A Conversation With Nawal Nour; A Life Devoted to Stopping The Suffering of Mutilation"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Dreifus" title="Claudia Dreifus">Claudia Dreifus</a>, July 11, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bakweri.com/2007/10/dr-jem-spectar-.html">"President of the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+of+the+University+of+Pittsburgh+at+Johnstown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bakweri.com%2F2007%2F10%2Fdr-jem-spectar-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.usf.edu/faculty/kwiredu/">"Kwasi Wiredu"</a>. Usf.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kwasi+Wiredu&rft.pub=Usf.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophy.usf.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fkwiredu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2012/06/04/more-on-miss-usa-maryland-nana-meriwether/">"More on Miss USA Maryland Nana Meriwether"</a>. <i>tribunedigital-baltimoresun</i>. 4 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121223090523/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-06-04/features/bs-ae-miss-usa-meriwether-20120604_1_beauty-pageant-miss-maryland-usa-pageant-experience">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tribunedigital-baltimoresun&rft.atitle=More+on+Miss+USA+Maryland+Nana+Meriwether&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F2012%2F06%2F04%2Fmore-on-miss-usa-maryland-nana-meriwether%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/reliable-source/post/nana-meriwether-sidwell-friends-grad-is-first-runner-up-at-miss-usa/2012/06/04/gJQAaLPSDV_blog.html">"Nana Meriwether, Sidwell Friends grad, is first runner-up at Miss USA (updated)"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 4 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Nana+Meriwether%2C+Sidwell+Friends+grad%2C+is+first+runner-up+at+Miss+USA+%28updated%29&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Freliable-source%2Fpost%2Fnana-meriwether-sidwell-friends-grad-is-first-runner-up-at-miss-usa%2F2012%2F06%2F04%2FgJQAaLPSDV_blog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+immigration+to+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/travel/04weekend.html?fta=y"><i>New York Times</i>: Tastes of Nigeria, Sounds of Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/travel/01weekend.html"><i>New York Times</i>: Bronx: Beyond the Yankees and the Zoo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/nyregion/thecity/18mali.html?ex=1331870400&en=6267a0c820415bb3&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss"><i>New York Times</i>: Solace From a Multiethnic Tapestry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20070318/ai_n18741604"><i>Oakland Tribune</i>: Black immigrants: The invisible model minority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v2n3-13.pdf">Remittances and in-kind products as agency for community development and anti-poverty sustainability: Making a case for Diasporic Nigerians</a>. Ogbuagu, B.C. (2013).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isdsnet.com/ijds-v2n3.html">International Journal of Development and Sustainability</a> 2(3), 1828–1857. Online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2186-8662">2186-8662</a> – www.isdsnet.com/ijds ISDS Article ID: IJDS13052905</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emigration_from_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emigration_from_Africa" title="Template:Emigration from Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emigration_from_Africa" title="Template talk:Emigration from Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emigration_from_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emigration from Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emigration_from_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Africa" title="Emigration from Africa">Emigration from Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Latin_America" title="African immigration to Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Belgian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Belgian">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigrants to Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_emigrants_to_Italy" title="African emigrants to Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Dutch">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Polish">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Portuguese_people" title="Afro-Portuguese people">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Romanian">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Spaniard" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Spaniard">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Sweden" title="African immigrants to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Switzerland" title="African immigrants to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Turks" title="Afro-Turks">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ukrainians" title="Afro-Ukrainians">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Scotland</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asian">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="African immigration to Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Japan" title="Nigerians in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_immigration_to_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_immigration_to_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the World (page does not exist)">African immigration to the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="African immigration to Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_immigration_to_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_immigration_to_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">African immigration to North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_immigration_to_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_immigration_to_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">African immigration to the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Argentina (page does not exist)">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Bolivia (page does not exist)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Brazil (page does not exist)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Chile (page does not exist)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Paraguay (page does not exist)">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Venezuela (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="African immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Latin_America" title="African immigration to Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African immigration to South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_immigration_to_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template:African immigration to the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template talk:African immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_immigration_to_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African immigration to the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Americans" title="Moroccan Americans">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_Americans" title="Mauritanian Americans">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African ethnic groups</a><br />in the United States<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somali_Bantus_in_Maine" title="History of Somali Bantus in Maine">Bantu in Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Several African ethnic groups are dispersed throughout different areas of Africa, regardless of countries or regions.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic<br />and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and<br />ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li>Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&oldid=1254152118">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&oldid=1254152118</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_diaspora_in_the_United_States" title="Category:African diaspora in the United States">African diaspora in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Category:Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2017">Articles with dead external links from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_September_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2020">Articles with dead external links from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 17:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_immigration_to_the_United_States&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2c6ql","wgBackendResponseTime":268,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.231","walltime":"1.685","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13059,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":338769,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25040,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":218,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":291321,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1227.082 1 -total"," 34.47% 422.985 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.03% 209.012 40 Template:Cite_web"," 13.72% 168.347 1 Template:World_topic"," 8.65% 106.182 9 Template:Fix"," 8.52% 104.546 50 Template:Flag"," 7.13% 87.476 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 6.43% 78.892 2 Template:Short_description"," 5.41% 66.333 1 Template:African_American_topics"," 4.62% 56.704 4 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.546","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7982254,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-d6pvq","timestamp":"20241123105646","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"African immigration to the United States","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/African_immigration_to_the_United_States","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4690023","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4690023","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-02-06T09:27:25Z","dateModified":"2024-10-29T17:20:44Z","headline":"long term or permanent movement of humans of a specific continent to a specific North American country"}</script> </body> </html>