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<span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_the_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_the_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution of the image</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution_of_the_image-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution of the image subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_the_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_of_youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_of_youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Image of youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_of_youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Magazines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overturning_of_Victorian_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overturning_of_Victorian_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Overturning of Victorian roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overturning_of_Victorian_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petting_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petting_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Petting parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petting_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Slang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Appearance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apparel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apparel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Apparel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apparel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lingerie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lingerie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Lingerie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lingerie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hair_and_accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hair_and_accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hair and accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hair_and_accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Cosmetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_banks_and_"flapper"_employees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_banks_and_"flapper"_employees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>American banks and "flapper" employees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_banks_and_"flapper"_employees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semiotics_of_the_flapper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiotics_of_the_flapper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Semiotics of the flapper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiotics_of_the_flapper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_flapper_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_flapper_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>End of the flapper era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_flapper_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="المتحررات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المتحررات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%A7onne" title="Garçonne – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Garçonne" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%A7onne" title="Garçonne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Garçonne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="فلاپر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلاپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%A7onne_(mode)" title="Garçonne (mode) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Garçonne (mode)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%98%ED%8D%BC" title="플래퍼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플래퍼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="פלאפר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלאפר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Флаперка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Флаперка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC" title="フラッパー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フラッパー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper_(livsstil)" title="Flapper (livsstil) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flapper (livsstil)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%82opczyca_(styl)" title="Chłopczyca (styl) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chłopczyca (styl)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melindrosa" title="Melindrosa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Melindrosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Флэпперы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флэпперы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Флаперка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Флаперка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Flapper" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Флеперки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Флеперки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E4%BE%86%E6%B3%A2%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" title="飛來波女郎 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="飛來波女郎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">1920's women's subculture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Flapper_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Flapper (disambiguation)">Flapper (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:365px;max-width:365px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg/177px-Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg/266px-Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg/354px-Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3335" data-file-height="6445" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Actress <a href="/wiki/Louise_Brooks" title="Louise Brooks">Louise Brooks</a> (1927)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FlapperOnShip1929_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FlapperOnShip1929_crop.jpg/180px-FlapperOnShip1929_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FlapperOnShip1929_crop.jpg/270px-FlapperOnShip1929_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/FlapperOnShip1929_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="584" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A flapper on board a ship (1929)</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Flappers</b> were a <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> of young <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> women prominent after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and through the <a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</a> who wore short skirts (knee height was considered short during that period), <a href="/wiki/Bob_cut" title="Bob cut">bobbed</a> their hair, listened to <a href="/wiki/Jazz#1920s_and_1930s" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and flaunted their disdain for prevailing codes of decent behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes in public, driving automobiles, treating sex in a casual manner, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As automobiles became more available, flappers gained freedom of movement and privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flappers are icons of the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>, a period of postwar social and political turbulence and increased transatlantic cultural exchange, as well as of the export of American jazz culture to Europe. More conservative people, who belonged mostly to older generations, reacted with claims that the flappers' dresses were "near nakedness" and that flappers were "flippant", "reckless", and unintelligent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="These quotes are unsourced. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While primarily associated with the United States, this "modern girl" <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> was a worldwide phenomenon that had other names depending on the country, such as <i>joven moderna</i> in Argentina<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETossounian202033_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETossounian202033-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>garçonne</i> in France or <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_girl" title="Modern girl">moga</a></i> in Japan, although the American term "flapper" was the most widespread internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETossounian202036_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETossounian202036-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The slang term "flapper" may derive from an earlier use in northern England to mean "teenage girl", referring to one whose hair is not yet put up and whose plaited pigtail "flapped" on her back,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from an older word meaning "prostitute".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slang word "flap" was used for a young prostitute as early as 1631.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1890s, the word "flapper" was used in some localities as slang both for a very young prostitute,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-teenage_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teenage-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in a more general and less derogatory sense, of any lively mid-teenage girl.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress,_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress%2C_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg/237px-Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress%2C_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress%2C_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg/356px-Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress%2C_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress%2C_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg/474px-Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress%2C_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="3749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Violet_Romer" title="Violet Romer">Violet Romer</a> in a flapper dress c. 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>The standard non-slang usage appeared in print as early as 1903 in England and 1904 in the United States, when novelist Desmond Coke used it in his college story of Oxford life, <i>Sandford of Merton</i>: "There's a stunning flapper".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, English actor <a href="/wiki/George_Graves_(actor)" title="George Graves (actor)">George Graves</a> explained it to Americans as theatrical slang for acrobatic young female stage performers.<sup id="cite_ref-Graves_1907_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves_1907-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flapper was also known as a dancer, who danced like a bird—flapping her arms while doing the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">Charleston</a> move. This move became quite a competitive dance during this era.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> By 1908, newspapers as serious as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> used the term, although with careful explanation: "A 'flapper', we may explain, is a young lady who has not yet been promoted to long frocks and the wearing of her hair 'up<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1908, the fashion section of London's <i>The Globe and Traveller</i> contained a sketch entitled "The Dress of the Young Girl" with the following explanation: </p><blockquote><p>Americans, and those fortunate English folk whose money and status permit them to go in freely for slang terms ... call the subject of these lines the 'flapper.' The appropriateness of this term does not move me to such whole-hearted admiration of the amazing powers of enriching our language which the Americans modestly acknowledge they possess ..., [and] in fact, would scarcely merit the honour of a moment of my attention, but for the fact that I seek in vain for any other expression that is understood to signify that important young person, the maiden of some sixteen years.</p></blockquote><p> The sketch is of a girl in a frock with a long skirt, "which has the waistline quite high and semi-<a href="/wiki/Empire_silhouette" title="Empire silhouette">Empire</a>, ... quite untrimmed, its plainness being relieved by a sash knotted carelessly around the skirt."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Flapper_(1920)_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Flapper_%281920%29_-_1.jpg/200px-The_Flapper_%281920%29_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Flapper_%281920%29_-_1.jpg/300px-The_Flapper_%281920%29_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Flapper_%281920%29_-_1.jpg/400px-The_Flapper_%281920%29_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>An advertisement for the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> comedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flapper" title="The Flapper">The Flapper</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Olive_Thomas" title="Olive Thomas">Olive Thomas</a>, before the look of the flapper had started to coalesce.</figcaption></figure> <p>By November 1910, the word was popular enough for A. E. James to begin a series of stories in the <i><a href="/wiki/London_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="London Magazine">London Magazine</a></i> featuring the misadventures of a pretty fifteen-year-old girl and titled "Her Majesty the Flapper".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1911, a newspaper review indicates the mischievous and flirtatious "flapper" was an established stage-type.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1912, the London theatrical impresario <a href="/wiki/John_Tiller" title="John Tiller">John Tiller</a>, defining the word in an interview he gave to <i>The New York Times</i>, described a "flapper" as belonging to a slightly older age group, a girl who has "just come out".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiller's use of the phrase "come out" means "to make a formal entry into 'society' on reaching womanhood".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In polite society at the time, a teenage girl who had not <a href="/wiki/Debutante" title="Debutante">come out</a> would still be classed as a child. She would be expected to keep a low profile on social occasions and ought not to be the object of male attention. Although the word was still largely understood as referring to high-spirited teenagers,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gradually in Britain it was being extended to describe any impetuous immature woman.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1914, the British magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> was reporting that the Flapper was beginning to disappear in England, being replaced by the so-called "Little Creatures."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>Times</i> article on the problem of finding jobs for women made unemployed by the return of the male workforce, following the end of World War One, was titled "The Flapper's Future".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this influence, the meaning of the term changed somewhat, to apply to "independent, pleasure-seeking, khaki-crazy young women".<sup id="cite_ref-teenage_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teenage-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his lecture in February 1920 on Britain's surplus of young women caused by the loss of young men in war, Dr. R. Murray-Leslie criticized "the social butterfly type... the frivolous, scantily-clad, jazzing flapper, irresponsible and undisciplined, to whom a dance, a new hat, or a man with a car, were of more importance than the fate of nations".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May of that year, <a href="/wiki/Selznick_International_Pictures" title="Selznick International Pictures">Selznick Pictures</a> released <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flapper" title="The Flapper">The Flapper</a></i>, a silent comedy film starring <a href="/wiki/Olive_Thomas" title="Olive Thomas">Olive Thomas</a>. It was the first film in the United States to portray the "flapper" lifestyle. By that time, the term had taken on the full meaning of the flapper generation style and attitudes. </p><p>The use of the term coincided with a fashion among teenage girls in the United States in the early 1920s for wearing unbuckled <a href="/wiki/Galoshes" title="Galoshes">galoshes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a widespread <a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">false etymology</a> held that they were called "flappers" because they flapped when they walked, as they wore their overshoes or galoshes unfastened, showing that they defied convention in a manner similar to the 21st century fad for untied shoelaces.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another suggestion to the origin of the term, in relation to fashion, comes from a 1920s fashion trend in which young women left their overcoat unbuttoned to allow it to flap back and forth as they walked, appearing more independent and freed from the tight, <a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Victorian Era style clothing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1930s in Britain, although still occasionally used, the word "flapper" had become associated with the past. In 1936, a <i>Times</i> journalist grouped it with terms such as "blotto" as outdated slang: "[blotto] evokes a distant echo of glad rags and flappers ... It recalls a past which is not yet 'period'."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #CCDDFF;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"In all countries, the First World War weakened old orthodoxies and authorities, and, when it was over, neither government nor church nor school nor family had the power to regulate the lives of human beings as it had once done. One result of this was a profound change in manners and morals that made a freer and less restrained society. Women benefited from this as much as anyone else. Time-worn prescriptions concerning what was or was not proper behavior for them no longer possessed much credibility, and taboos about unaccompanied appearances in public places, or the use of liquor or tobacco, or even pre-marital sexual relationships had lost their force. ... [W]omen were no longer as vulnerable to the tyranny of society as they had been [before]." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Historian <a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>One cause of the change in young women's behavior was <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which ended in November 1918. The death of large numbers of young men in the war, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> pandemic which struck in 1918 killing between 20–40 million people,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inspired in young people a feeling that life is short and could end at any moment. Therefore, young women wanted to spend their youth enjoying their life and freedom rather than staying at home and waiting for a man to marry them.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political changes were another cause of the flapper culture. World War I reduced the grip of the class system on both sides of the Atlantic, encouraging different classes to mingle and share their sense of freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-mcg20to29_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcg20to29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women finally won the right to vote in the United States on August 26, 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women wanted to be men's social equals and were faced with the difficult realization of the larger goals of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>: individuality, full political participation, economic independence, and 'sex rights'.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They wanted to have freedoms like men and go smoking and drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many women had more opportunities in the workplace and had even taken traditionally male jobs such as doctors, lawyers, engineers and pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-langley17_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langley17-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> also promoted the ideals of "fulfilment and freedom",<sup id="cite_ref-mcg20to29_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcg20to29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which encouraged women to think independently about their garments, careers, social activities.<sup id="cite_ref-langley17_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langley17-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Society changed quickly after World War I. For example, customs, technology, and manufacturing all moved quickly into the 20th century after the interruption of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of the automobile was an important factor in flapper culture, as cars meant a woman could come and go as she pleased, travel to <a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">speakeasies</a> and other entertainment venues, and use the large vehicles of the day for heavy petting or even sex.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the economic boom allowed more people the time and money to play golf and tennis and to take vacations,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which required clothing adapted to these activities; the flapper's slender silhouette was very suitable for movement.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_the_image">Evolution of the image</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution of the image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:346px;max-width:346px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg/138px-Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg/207px-Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg/276px-Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="4893" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Actress <a href="/wiki/Alice_Joyce" title="Alice Joyce">Alice Joyce</a>, 1926</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG/200px-Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG/300px-Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG/400px-Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="652" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Clara_Bow" title="Clara Bow">Clara Bow</a> in 1921, before she became a star</div></div></div></div></div><p>The first appearance of the flapper style<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the United States came from the popular 1920 <a href="/wiki/Frances_Marion" title="Frances Marion">Frances Marion</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flapper" title="The Flapper">The Flapper</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Olive_Thomas" title="Olive Thomas">Olive Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-olive_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olive-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas starred in a similar role in 1917, though it was not until <i>The Flapper</i> that the term was used. In her final movies, she was seen as the flapper image.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other actresses, such as <a href="/wiki/Clara_Bow" title="Clara Bow">Clara Bow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Brooks" title="Louise Brooks">Louise Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colleen_Moore" title="Colleen Moore">Colleen Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a> would soon build their careers on the same image, achieving great popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-olive_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olive-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a> wrote of Crawford:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Joan Crawford is doubtless the best example of the flapper, the girl you see in smart night clubs, gowned to the apex of sophistication, toying iced glasses with a remote, faintly bitter expression, dancing deliciously, laughing a great deal, with wide, hurt eyes. Young things with a talent for living.</p></blockquote> <p>In the United States, popular contempt for <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> was a factor in the rise of the flapper. With legal saloons and cabarets closed, back alley <a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">speakeasies</a> became prolific and popular. This discrepancy between the law-abiding, religion-based <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> and the actual ubiquitous consumption of alcohol led to widespread disdain for authority. Flapper independence was also a response to the <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Girl" title="Gibson Girl">Gibson Girls</a> of the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Castelbajac199535_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Castelbajac199535-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conor_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conor-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although that pre-war look does not resemble the flapper style, their independence may have led to the flapper wisecracking tenacity 30 years later. </p><p>Writers in the United States such as <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anita_Loos" title="Anita Loos">Anita Loos</a> and illustrators such as <a href="/wiki/Russell_Patterson" title="Russell Patterson">Russell Patterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Held,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Held, Jr.">John Held, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Hays" title="Ethel Hays">Ethel Hays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faith_Burrows" title="Faith Burrows">Faith Burrows</a> popularized the flapper look and lifestyle through their works, and flappers came to be seen as attractive, reckless, and independent. Among those who criticized the flapper craze was writer-critic <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Parker" title="Dorothy Parker">Dorothy Parker</a>, who penned "Flappers: A Hate Song" to poke fun at the fad. In 1922, Secretary of Labor <a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James J. Davis</a> denounced the "flippancy of the cigarette smoking, cocktail-drinking flapper".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeitz20076_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitz20076-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Harvard psychologist reported that flappers had "the lowest degree of intelligence" and constituted "a hopeless problem for educators".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeitz20076_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitz20076-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another writer, Lynne Frame, said in her book that a large number of scientists and health professionals have analyzed and reviewed the degree of femininity of flappers' appearance and behavior, given the "boyishness" of the flapper look and behavior. Some gynecologists gave the opinion that women were less "marriageable" if they were less "feminine", as the husband would be unhappy in his marriage. In Frame's book, she also wrote that the appearance of flappers, like the short hair and short dress, distracted attention from feminine curves to the legs and body. These attributes were not only a fashion trend but also the expression of a blurring of gender roles.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_of_youth">Image of youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Image of youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flapper stands as one of the more enduring images of youth and new women in the 20th century and is viewed by modern-day Americans as something of a cultural heroine. However, back in the 1920s, many Americans regarded flappers as threatening to conventional society, representing a new moral order. Although most of them were the daughters of the middle class, they flouted middle-class values. Lots of women in the United States were drawn to the idea of being a flapper. There were rival organizations of flappers – the National Flapper Flock and the Royal Order of the Flapper.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flappers shrugged off their chaperones, danced suggestively, and openly flirted with boys. "Flappers prized style over substance, novelty over tradition, and pleasure over virtue."<sup id="cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruth Gillettes, a 1920s singer, had a song titled "Oh Say! Can I See You Tonight?" which expresses the new behavior of girls in the 1920s. Before the 1920s, for a woman to call a man to suggest a date would be impossible. However, in the 1920s, many girls seemed to play a leading role in relationships, actively asking boys out or even coming to their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magazines">Magazines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Magazines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:493px;max-width:493px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Magazine covers depicting Flappers</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThePlasticAge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ThePlasticAge.png/154px-ThePlasticAge.png" decoding="async" width="154" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ThePlasticAge.png/231px-ThePlasticAge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ThePlasticAge.png/308px-ThePlasticAge.png 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Woman depicted in typical flapper outfit in the cover art for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plastic_Age" title="The Plastic Age">The Plastic Age</a></i>, 1924</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flappermag001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flappermag001.jpg/151px-Flappermag001.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flappermag001.jpg/227px-Flappermag001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flappermag001.jpg/302px-Flappermag001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Billie_Dove" title="Billie Dove">Billie Dove</a> on <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Not for Old Fogies". <i>The Flapper</i> (cover). November 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Flapper&rft.atitle=Not+for+Old+Fogies&rft.date=1922-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturday_Evening_Post_cover_2-4-1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saturday_Evening_Post_cover_2-4-1922.jpg/176px-Saturday_Evening_Post_cover_2-4-1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saturday_Evening_Post_cover_2-4-1922.jpg/264px-Saturday_Evening_Post_cover_2-4-1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Saturday_Evening_Post_cover_2-4-1922.jpg/352px-Saturday_Evening_Post_cover_2-4-1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Bernard_Thompson_Pyle" title="Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle">Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle</a> "The Flapper" <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Evening Post">Saturday Evening Post</a></i> (February 4, 1922)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1922, a small-circulation magazine – <i>The Flapper</i>, located in Chicago – celebrated the flapper's appeal. On the opening page of its first issue, it proudly declared flappers' break with traditional values. Also, flappers defended them by contrasting themselves with earlier generations of women whom they called "clinging vines". They mocked the confining fashions and demure passivity of older women and reveled in their own freedom. They did not even acknowledge that the previous generation of female activists had made the flappers' freedom possible.<sup id="cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, the flapper magazine <i>Experience</i> included an article on police reform, possibly indicating a concern for societal issues.<sup id="cite_ref-historynewsnetwork.org_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historynewsnetwork.org-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, new magazines appealed to young German women with a sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase. The glossy pages of <i>Die Dame</i> and <i>Das Blatt der Hausfrau</i> displayed the "Girl"—the flapper. She was young and fashionable, financially independent, and was an eager consumer of the latest fashions. The magazines kept her up to date on fashion, arts, sports, and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many young women in the 1920s saw flappers as the symbol of a brighter future, some also questioned the flappers' more extreme behavior. Therefore, in 1923, the magazine began asking for true stories from its readers for a new column called "Confessions of a Flapper". Some of these were lighthearted stories of girls getting the better of those who underestimated them, but others described girls betraying their own standards of behavior in order to live up to the image of flappers. There were several examples: a newlywed confessed to having cheated on her husband, a college student described being told by a boyfriend that she was not "the marrying kind" because of the sexual liberties she had permitted him, and a minister's daughter recounted the humiliation of being caught in the lie of pretending she was older and more sophisticated than she was. Many readers thought that flappers had gone too far in their quest for adventure. One 23-year-old "ex-vamp" declared: "In my opinion, the average flappers from 15 to 19 were brainless, inconsiderate of others, and easy to get into serious trouble."<sup id="cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So, among the readers of <i>The Flapper</i>, parts of them were celebrated for flappers' spirit and appropriation of male privilege, while parts of them acknowledged the dangers of emulating flappers too faithfully, with some even confessing to violating their own codes of ethics so as to live up to all the hype.<sup id="cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strand_Theater_ad_-_15_April_1923,_Birmingham,_AL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Strand_Theater_ad_-_15_April_1923%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.png/170px-Strand_Theater_ad_-_15_April_1923%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Strand_Theater_ad_-_15_April_1923%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.png/255px-Strand_Theater_ad_-_15_April_1923%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Strand_Theater_ad_-_15_April_1923%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.png/340px-Strand_Theater_ad_-_15_April_1923%2C_Birmingham%2C_AL.png 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for <i><a href="/wiki/Prodigal_Daughters" title="Prodigal Daughters">Prodigal Daughters</a></i>, 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>Flappers' behavior was considered outlandish at the time and redefined women's roles. In the English media, they were stereotyped as pleasure-loving, reckless and prone to defying convention by initiating sexual relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some<sup id="cite_ref-Graves_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have suggested that the flapper concept as a stage of life particular to young women was imported to England from Germany, where it originated "as a sexual reaction against the over-fed, under-exercised monumental woman, and as a compromise between <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">pederasty</a> and normal sex".<sup id="cite_ref-Graves_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, teenage girls were called "<a href="/wiki/Backfischroman" title="Backfischroman"><i>Backfisch</i></a>", which meant a young fish not yet big enough to be sold in the market.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the concept of "<i>Backfisch</i>" was known in England by the late 1880s, the term was understood to mean a very demure social type<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike the flapper, who was typically rebellious and defiant of convention. The evolving image of flappers was of independent young women who went by night to <a href="/wiki/Jazz_club" title="Jazz club">jazz clubs</a> such as those in <a href="/wiki/Harlem,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlem, New York">Harlem</a>, which were viewed as erotic and dangerous, where they danced provocatively, smoked cigarettes and dated freely, perhaps indiscriminately. They were active, sporting, <a href="/wiki/Bicycles#Female_emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycles">rode bicycles</a>, drove cars, and openly drank alcohol, a defiant act in the American period of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With time, came the development of dance styles such as the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">Charleston</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shimmy" title="Shimmy">Shimmy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bunny_Hug" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunny Hug">Bunny Hug</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Bottom_(dance)" title="Black Bottom (dance)">Black Bottom</a>, which were considered shocking, but were a symbolic badge of the flapper's rejection of traditional standards.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overturning_of_Victorian_roles">Overturning of Victorian roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Overturning of Victorian roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flappers also began working outside the home and challenging women's traditional societal roles and the monolithic historical idea of women being powerless throughout social history.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were considered a significant challenge to traditional <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> gender roles, devotion to plain-living, hard work and religion. Increasingly, women discarded old, rigid ideas about roles and embraced consumerism and personal choice, and were often described in terms of representing a "culture war" of old versus new. Flappers also advocated voting and women's rights. </p><p>In this manner, flappers were a result of larger social changes – women were able to vote in the United States in 1920, and religious society had been rocked by the <a href="/wiki/Scopes_trial" title="Scopes trial">Scopes trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For all the concern about women stepping out of their traditional roles, however, many flappers were not engaged in politics. In fact, older <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragettes</a>, who fought for the right for women to vote, viewed flappers as vapid and in some ways unworthy of the enfranchisement they had worked so hard to win.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dunbar_Bromley" title="Dorothy Dunbar Bromley">Dorothy Dunbar Bromley</a>, a noted liberal writer at the time, summed up this dichotomy by describing flappers as "truly modern", "New Style" feminists who "admit that a full life calls for marriage and children" and also "are moved by an inescapable inner compulsion to be individuals in their own right".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeitz2007117_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitz2007117-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petting_parties">Petting parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Petting parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Petting" class="mw-redirect" title="Petting">Petting</a>" ("<a href="/wiki/Making_out" title="Making out">making out</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">foreplay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">non-penetrative sex</a>) became more common than in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, for example, with the rise in popularity of "petting parties".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At these parties, promiscuity became more commonplace, breaking from the traditions of monogamy or courtship with their expectations of eventual marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was typical on college campuses, where young people "spent a great deal of unsupervised time in mixed company".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Enemy_Sex_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Enemy_Sex_poster.jpg/200px-The_Enemy_Sex_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Enemy_Sex_poster.jpg/300px-The_Enemy_Sex_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Enemy_Sex_poster.jpg/400px-The_Enemy_Sex_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>A flapper is featured on the poster for the 1924 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Sex" title="The Enemy Sex">The Enemy Sex</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Carolyn Van Wyck wrote a column for <i><a href="/wiki/Photoplay_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoplay (magazine)">Photoplay</a></i>, an upmarket magazine that featured articles on pop culture, advice on fashion, and even articles on helping readers channel their inner celebrity. In March 1926, an anonymous young woman wrote in describing petting as a problem, explaining, "The boys all seem to do it and don't seem to come back if you don't do it also. We girls are at our wits' end to know what to do. ... I'm sure that I don't want to marry anyone who is too slow to want to pet. But I want to discover what is right. Please help me." Van Wyck sympathized with the problem the writer faced and added, "It seems to me much better to be known as a flat tire and keep romance in one's mind than to be called a hot date and have fear in one's heart."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, <i>Life</i> magazine depicted petting parties as "that famed and shocking institution of the '20s", and, commenting on the <a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinsey Report">Kinsey Report</a>, said that they have been "very much with us ever since".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Kinsey Report of 1950, there was an indicated increase in premarital intercourse for the generation of the 1920s. Kinsey found that of women born before 1900, 14 percent acknowledged premarital sex before the age of 25, while those born after 1900 were two and a half times more likely (36 percent) to have premarital intercourse and experience an orgasm.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slang">Slang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Slang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flappers were associated with the use of a number of slang words, including "junk", "necker", "heavy petting", and "necking parties",<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although these words existed before the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flappers also used the word "jazz" in the sense of anything exciting or fun. Their language sometimes reflected their feelings about dating, marriage and drinking habits: "I have to <a href="/wiki/See_a_man_about_a_dog" title="See a man about a dog">see a man about a dog</a>" at this period often meant going to buy whiskey, and a "handcuff" or "manacle" was an engagement or wedding ring. Moreover, flappers invented slang terms like "hush money", which meant the allowance from a father or "dropping the pilot", which meant getting a divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also reflective of their preoccupations were phrases to express approval, such as "That's so Jake"<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (okay), "She/he's the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bee%27s_knees" class="extiw" title="wikt:bee's knees">bee's knees</a>" (a superb person), "Cake-eater" (a ladies' man), and the popular "the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cat%27s_meow" class="extiw" title="wikt:cat's meow">cat's meow</a>" (anything wonderful).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were two more slang terms that reflected flappers' behaviors or lifestyles, which were "<a href="/wiki/Treating_(dating)" title="Treating (dating)">treating</a>" and "charity girls". In the social context of <a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">dating</a>, treating was the practice of providing companionship and intimate activity in exchange for entertainment outings, gifts, and other items of monetary value.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activity was prevalent in the large urban areas of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from the 1890s to the 1940s and was most commonly engaged in by young <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class women</a>. As treating became more widespread, the activity acquired the label "charity," and the young women who engaged in the more risqué aspects of the practice were often called charity girls.<sup id="cite_ref-sale_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sale-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg/285px-Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg/428px-Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg/570px-Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="1979" /></a><figcaption>"Where there's smoke there's fire" by <a href="/wiki/Russell_Patterson" title="Russell Patterson">Russell Patterson</a>, showing a fashionably dressed flapper in the 1920s.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to their irreverent behavior, flappers were known for their style, which largely emerged as a result of French fashions,<sup id="cite_ref-Rae_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rae-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially those pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a>, the effect on dress of the rapid spread of American jazz, and the popularization of dancing that accompanied it.<sup id="cite_ref-fashion-era_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fashion-era-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Called <i>garçonne</i> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> ("boy" with a feminine suffix), flapper style made girls look young and boyish: short hair, flattened breasts, and straight waists accentuated it. By at least 1913, the association between slim adolescence and a certain characteristic look became fixed in the public's mind. <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Nordica" title="Lillian Nordica">Lillian Nordica</a>, commenting on New York fashions that year, referred to </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> a thin little flapper of a girl donning a skirt in which she can hardly take a step, extinguishing all but her little white teeth with a dumpy bucket of a hat, and tripping down Fifth Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norma_Shearer_in_short_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Norma_Shearer_in_short_dress.jpg/220px-Norma_Shearer_in_short_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Norma_Shearer_in_short_dress.jpg/330px-Norma_Shearer_in_short_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Norma_Shearer_in_short_dress.jpg/440px-Norma_Shearer_in_short_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4241" data-file-height="5785" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer">Norma Shearer</a> in 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>At this early date, it seems that the style associated with a flapper already included the boyish physique<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and close-fitting hat, but a <a href="/wiki/Hobble_skirt" title="Hobble skirt">hobble skirt</a> rather than one with a high hemline.<sup id="cite_ref-Rae_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rae-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the appearance typically associated now with flappers (straight waists, short hair and a hemline above or around the knee) did not fully emerge until 1925,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there was an early association in the public mind between unconventional appearance, outrageous behavior, and the word "flapper". A report in <i>The Times</i> of a 1915 Christmas entertainment for troops stationed in France described a soldier in drag burlesquing feminine flirtatiousness while wearing "short skirts, a hat of Parisian type<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and flapper-like hair".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the scandal flappers generated, their look became fashionable in a toned-down form among respectable older women.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significantly, the flappers removed the <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">corset</a> from female fashion, raised skirt and gown hemlines, and popularized <a href="/wiki/Bob_cut" title="Bob cut">short hair</a> for women. Among actresses closely identified with the style were <a href="/wiki/Tallulah_Bankhead" title="Tallulah Bankhead">Tallulah Bankhead</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Olive_Borden" title="Olive Borden">Olive Borden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Bow" title="Clara Bow">Clara Bow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Brooks" title="Louise Brooks">Louise Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bebe_Daniels" title="Bebe Daniels">Bebe Daniels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billie_Dove" title="Billie Dove">Billie Dove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leatrice_Joy" title="Leatrice Joy">Leatrice Joy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Kane" title="Helen Kane">Helen Kane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_La_Plante" title="Laura La Plante">Laura La Plante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Mackaill" title="Dorothy Mackaill">Dorothy Mackaill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colleen_Moore" title="Colleen Moore">Colleen Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer">Norma Shearer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norma_Talmadge" title="Norma Talmadge">Norma Talmadge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_Thomas" title="Olive Thomas">Olive Thomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alice_White" title="Alice White">Alice White</a>. </p><p>Beginning in the early 1920s, flappers began appearing in newspaper comic strips; <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(comic_strip)" title="Blondie (comic strip)">Blondie Boopadoop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_(comic_strip)" title="Nancy (comic strip)">Fritzi Ritz</a> – later depicted more domestically, as the wife of Dagwood Bumstead and aunt of Nancy, respectively – were introduced as flappers.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apparel">Apparel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Apparel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normatalmadge_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Normatalmadge_crop.jpg/200px-Normatalmadge_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Normatalmadge_crop.jpg/300px-Normatalmadge_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Normatalmadge_crop.jpg/400px-Normatalmadge_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="4337" /></a><figcaption>Actress <a href="/wiki/Norma_Talmadge" title="Norma Talmadge">Norma Talmadge</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1920s_in_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1920s in fashion">1920s in fashion</a></div> <p>Flapper dresses were straight and loose, leaving the arms bare (sometimes no straps at all) and dropping the waistline to the hips. Silk or rayon stockings were held up by garters. Skirts rose to just below the knee by 1927, allowing flashes of leg to be seen when a girl danced or walked through a breeze, although the way they danced made any long loose skirt flap up to show their legs. To enhance the view, some flappers applied <a href="/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)" title="Rouge (cosmetics)">rouge</a> to their knees.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular dress styles included the <a href="/wiki/Robe_de_style" title="Robe de style">robe de style</a>. <a href="/wiki/High-heeled_footwear" class="mw-redirect" title="High-heeled footwear">High heels</a> also came into vogue at the time, reaching 2–3 inches (5–8 cm) high.<sup id="cite_ref-Rae_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rae-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Favored shoe styles were <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)" title="Mary Jane (shoe)">Mary Janes</a> and T-straps in classic black, gold, silver, or nude shades.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lingerie">Lingerie</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lingerie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flappers did away with corsets and pantaloons in favor of "step-in" panties. Without the old restrictive corsets, flappers wore simple bust bodices to restrain their chest when dancing. They also wore new, softer and suppler corsets that reached to their hips, smoothing the whole frame, giving women a straight up and down appearance as opposed to the old corsets that slenderized the waist and accented the hips and bust.<sup id="cite_ref-Rae_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rae-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of curves of a corset promoted a boyish look. Adding an even more boyish look, the Symington Side Lacer was invented and became a popular essential as an everyday bra. This type of bra was made to pull in the back to flatten the chest.<sup id="cite_ref-Rae_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rae-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other women envied flappers for their flat chests and bought the Symington Side Lacer to enhance the same look; large breasts were commonly regarded as a trait of unsophistication. Hence, flat chests became appealing to women, although flappers were the most common to wear such bras. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hair_and_accessories">Hair and accessories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hair and accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg/220px-MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg/330px-MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg/440px-MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>French actress <a href="/wiki/Polaire" title="Polaire">Polaire</a> in 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>Boyish cuts were in vogue and released the weight of the tradition of women being required to grow their hair long, through popular cuts such as the <a href="/wiki/Bob_cut" title="Bob cut">bob cut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eton_crop" title="Eton crop">Eton crop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shingle_bob" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingle bob">shingle bob</a>. <a href="/wiki/Finger_wave" title="Finger wave">Finger waving</a> was used as a means of styling. Hats were still required wear, and popular styles included the <a href="/wiki/Newsboy_cap" title="Newsboy cap">newsboy cap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloche_hat" title="Cloche hat">cloche hat</a>. </p><p>Jewelry usually consisted of <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> pieces, especially many layers of beaded necklaces. Pins, rings, and brooches came into style. <a href="/wiki/Horn-rimmed_glasses" title="Horn-rimmed glasses">Horn-rimmed glasses</a> were also popular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cosmetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_the_1920s" title="Cosmetics in the 1920s">Cosmetics in the 1920s</a></div> <p>As far back as the 1890s, French actress <a href="/wiki/Polaire" title="Polaire">Polaire</a> pioneered a look which included short, disheveled hair, emphatic mouth and huge eyes heavily outlined in <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">kohl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolving flapper look required "heavy makeup" in comparison to what had previously been acceptable outside of professional usage in the theater. With the invention of the metal lipstick container as well as compact mirrors, bee-stung lips came into vogue. Dark eyes, especially kohl-rimmed, were the style. <a href="/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)" title="Rouge (cosmetics)">Blush</a> came into vogue now that it was no longer a messy application process. Women shaped their eyebrows needle-thin and penciled them in dark, emulating such actresses as <a href="/wiki/Clara_Bow" title="Clara Bow">Clara Bow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pale</a> skin was considered most attractive. However, tanned skin became increasingly popular after <a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a> showed off a tan after a holiday – it suggested a life of leisure, without the onerous need to work. Women wanted to look fit, sporty, and, above all, healthy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_banks_and_"flapper"_employees"><span id="American_banks_and_.22flapper.22_employees"></span>American banks and "flapper" employees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: American banks and "flapper" employees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a report in 1922, some banks across the United States started to regulate the dress and deportment of young female employees who were considered to be "flappers". It began with a complaint of a mother in New Jersey who felt dissatisfied because her son did business only with a young female employee, whom she considered illegally attractive. The incident was duly reported to the officials of the bank, and rules adopted regarding requirements in dress for female employees. Those rules included that the dress should not have a pattern, it should be bought from a specific store, it must be worn in either black, blue or brown, its sleeves must not be shortened above the elbow, and its hem must not be worn higher than 12 inches from the ground. After that, the anti-flapper code soon spread to the Federal Reserve, where female employees were firmly told that there was no time for them to beautify themselves during office hours.<sup id="cite_ref-mcg20to29_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcg20to29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semiotics_of_the_flapper">Semiotics of the flapper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Semiotics of the flapper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Flapper_by_Frank_Xavier_Leyendecker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Flapper_by_Frank_Xavier_Leyendecker.jpg/225px-The_Flapper_by_Frank_Xavier_Leyendecker.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Flapper_by_Frank_Xavier_Leyendecker.jpg/338px-The_Flapper_by_Frank_Xavier_Leyendecker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Flapper_by_Frank_Xavier_Leyendecker.jpg/450px-The_Flapper_by_Frank_Xavier_Leyendecker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i>Life Magazine</i> cover "The Flapper" by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Xavier_Leyendecker" title="Frank Xavier Leyendecker">Frank Xavier Leyendecker</a>, 2 February 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>Being liberated from restrictive dress, from laces that interfered with breathing, and from hoops that needed managing suggested liberation of another sort. The new-found freedom to breathe and walk encouraged movement out of the house, and the flapper took full advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-Kriebl_1998_113–128_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kriebl_1998_113–128-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flapper was an extreme manifestation of changes in the lifestyles of American women made visible through dress.<sup id="cite_ref-Yellis_1969_44–64_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellis_1969_44–64-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changes in fashion were interpreted as signs of deeper changes in the American feminine ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short skirt and bobbed hair were likely to be used as a symbol of emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signs of the moral revolution consisted of premarital sex, <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, drinking, and contempt for older values. Before the War, a lady did not set foot in a saloon; after the War, a woman, though no more "a lady", entered a <a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">speakeasy</a> as casually as she would go into a railroad station. Women had started swearing and smoking publicly, using contraceptives, raising their skirts above the knee and rolling their hose below it. Women were now competing with men in the business world and obtaining financial independence and, therefore, other kinds of independence from men.<sup id="cite_ref-Yellis_1969_44–64_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellis_1969_44–64-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Woman" title="New Woman">New Woman</a> was pushing the boundaries of gender roles, representing sexual and economic freedom. She cut her hair short and took to loose-fitting clothing and low cut dresses. No longer restrained by a tight waist and long trailing skirts, the modern woman of the 1920s was an independent thinker, who no longer followed the conventions of those before her.<sup id="cite_ref-Kriebl_1998_113–128_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kriebl_1998_113–128-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flapper was an example of the prevailing conceptions of women and their roles during the Roaring 1920s. The flappers' ideal was motion with characteristics of intensity, energy, and volatility. She refused the traditional moral code. Modesty, chastity, morality, and traditional concepts of masculinity and femininity were seemingly ignored. The flapper was making an appeal to authority and was being attached to the impending "demoralization" of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Yellis_1969_44–64_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellis_1969_44–64-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Victorian American conception of sexuality and other roles of men and women in society and to one another were being challenged. Modern clothing was lighter and more flexible, better suiting the modern woman such as the flapper who wanted to engage in active sport. Women were now becoming more assertive and less willing to keep the home fires burning. The flappers' costume was seen as sexual and raised deeper questions of the behavior and values it symbolized.<sup id="cite_ref-Yellis_1969_44–64_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellis_1969_44–64-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_flapper_era">End of the flapper era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: End of the flapper era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An obituary for the "Flapper" ran on the front page of <i>The New York Times</i> at the end of 1928, suggesting that she was being replaced by the "Siren", a mysterious, stylish, "vaguely European" ideal woman.<sup id="cite_ref-israel_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-israel-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flapper lifestyle and look disappeared and the roaring '20s era of glitz and glamour came to an end in America after the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash">Wall Street Crash</a> of 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to afford the latest trends and lifestyle, the once-vibrant flapper women returned to their dropped hemlines, and the flapper dress disappeared. A sudden serious tone washed over the public with the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. The high-spirited attitude and <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a> were less acceptable during the economic hardships of the 1930s. When hemlines began to rise again, numerous states took action, making laws that restricted women to wear skirts with hemlines no shorter than three inches (7.5 centimeters) above the ankle. The ever-popular bobbed haircut was the cause for some women being fired from their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Transitioning into the 1930s was no easy task. Campaigns such as the "Make Do and Mend" slogan were becoming prevalent to ensure there was no <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a> throughout society.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fabric choices were among the many items to be cut back during this poverty-stricken time. Artificial fabrics were used instead of elegant fabrics such as silk, which were so popular in the early 1900s. No longer were party dresses adorned with decorative embellishments or made brightly colored. Instead, women headed to work to take over roles of men at war. The physically demanding jobs called for the creation and social acceptance of women's trousers in society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 60%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Boop" title="Betty Boop">Betty Boop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawksian_woman" title="Hawksian woman">Hawksian woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_gap" title="Generation gap">Generation gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbellum_Generation" title="Interbellum Generation">Interbellum Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_girl" title="Modern girl">Modern girl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie" title="Thoroughly Modern Millie">Thoroughly Modern Millie</a></i>, 1962 film and <a href="/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie_(musical)" title="Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)">2002 stage musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929 United Kingdom general election</a>, "the flapper election"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">Youth Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelda_Fitzgerald" title="Zelda Fitzgerald">Zelda Fitzgerald</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In a 1913 letter a man addressed his 21-year-old girlfriend as his "flapper".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word itself was introduced earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Graves_1907_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves_1907-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> First occurring as American criminal slang before 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040825114116/http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/a/flappers.htm">"Flappers in the Roaring Twenties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/a/flappers.htm">the original</a> on August 25, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flappers+in+the+Roaring+Twenties&rft.pub=About.com&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory1900s.about.com%2Fod%2F1920s%2Fa%2Fflappers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/flappers">"Flappers"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Flappers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Froaring-twenties%2Fflappers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETossounian202033-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETossounian202033_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTossounian2020">Tossounian 2020</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETossounian202036-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETossounian202036_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTossounian2020">Tossounian 2020</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, Ivan H. <i><a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable" title="Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable">Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</a></i> (rev. ed.) New York: Harper & Row, 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-014903-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-014903-5">0-06-014903-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flapper">"flapper"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. April 26, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=flapper&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fflapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Mabbe" title="James Mabbe">Mabbe, James</a>. <i>Celestina</i> IX. 110 "Fall to your flap, my Masters, kisse and clip"; 112 "Come hither, you foule flappes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrereLeland1889" class="citation book cs1">Barrere; Leland (1889). <i>Dictionary of Slang</i>. <q>Flippers, flappers, very young girls trained to vice</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Slang&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Barrere&rft.au=Leland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teenage-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teenage_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teenage_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Savage" title="Jon Savage">Savage, Jon</a>. <i>Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture</i>. New York: Viking, 2007. p. 202. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03837-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03837-4">978-0-670-03837-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowsley, Barzillai. <i>A glossary of Berkshire words and phrases</i> 1888 (E.D.S.): "Vlapper, .. applied in joke to a girl of the bread-and-butter age."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr&egraveLelandFarmerWare2024" class="citation web cs1">Barr&egrave, A.; Leland, C. G.; Farmer, J. S.; Ware, J. R.; Lowsley, B. (March 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/flapper_n2?tab=meaning_and_use&show-all-quotations=true&tl=true">"flapper, n.² meanings, etymology and more"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=flapper%2C+n.%C2%B2+meanings%2C+etymology+and+more&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft.aulast=Barr%26egrave&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Leland%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=Farmer%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Ware%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Lowsley%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fflapper_n2%3Ftab%3Dmeaning_and_use%26show-all-quotations%3Dtrue%26tl%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graves_1907-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graves_1907_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graves_1907_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Comedy Old Man and His Troubles". <i>The New York Times</i> (interview with English comedy actor George Graves). February 3, 1907. <q>What are 'flappers'? Why, they are the young girls with their hair still hanging down their backs. They are the sort that can climb up ropes hand over hand and pose at the top.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Comedy+Old+Man+and+His+Troubles&rft.date=1907-02-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Jazz Age. The 20s</i>. Alexandria, Virginia.: Editors of the Time-Life Books. 1997. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jazz+Age.+The+20s.&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia.&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Editors+of+the+Time-Life+Books.&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>The Times</i>. No. 38574. February 20, 1908. page 15, col F.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.issue=38574&rft.pages=page+15%2C+col+F&rft.date=1908-02-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Dress of the Young Girl". <i>The Globe and Traveller</i>. April 11, 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Traveller&rft.atitle=The+Dress+of+the+Young+Girl&rft.date=1908-04-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, A. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philsp.com/homeville/FMI/f25.htm">"Her Majesty the Flapper"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091204031128/http://www.philsp.com/homeville/fmi/f25.htm">Archived</a> December 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="London Magazine">London Magazine</a></i> (November, 1910)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Review of the 1911 comedy <i>Lady Patricia</i>". <i>The Times</i>. No. 39540. March 23, 1911. p 10, col C. <q>Now the 'flapper' is Miss Clare Lesley, the Dean's tomboy daughter...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+1911+comedy+Lady+Patricia&rft.issue=39540&rft.pages=p+10%2C+col+C&rft.date=1911-03-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span> In the play a mature married couple, Patricia and Michael, vainly pursue slang-talking teenagers Billy and Clare, and so "Clare, out of the charity of youth for enamoured maturity, indulges Michael with a little mild flirtation" before at the end finding real love with Billy, who is her own age. The actress playing the flapper is characterized as "full of youth and 'go<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Some facts about the ballet". <i>The New York Times</i>. March 31, 1912. <q>Mr. Tiller explained the difference between a "pony" and a "flapper". A pony, he said, is a small dancer who may be of any age. A flapper is a girl who has just "come out". She is at an awkward age, neither a child nor a woman, and she is just as likely to develop into a show girl as a pony.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Some+facts+about+the+ballet&rft.date=1912-03-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>The Times</i>. No. 40576. July 15, 1914. page 1, col B. <q>The father of a young lady, aged 15 – a typical "FLAPPER" – with all the self assurance of a woman of 30 would be grateful for the recommendation of a seminary (not a convent) where she might be placed for a year or two with the object of taming her. It is not EDUCATION she requires, she has too much of that already...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.issue=40576&rft.pages=page+1%2C+col+B&rft.date=1914-07-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"£600 Damages For Breach of Promise". <i>The Times</i>. No. 40344. October 16, 1913. p 15, col D. <q>I cannot bear to think of my flapper without an engagement ring.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=%C2%A3600+Damages+For+Breach+of+Promise&rft.issue=40344&rft.pages=p+15%2C+col+D&rft.date=1913-10-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anonymous (December 1914) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/1914-FLAPPERS-pdf">"The Melancholy Passing of the Flapper"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Training demobilized women: the flapper's future". <i>The Times</i>. No. 42232. October 16, 1919. page 7, col B.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Training+demobilized+women%3A+the+flapper%27s+future&rft.issue=42232&rft.pages=page+7%2C+col+B&rft.date=1919-10-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>The Times</i>. No. 42326. February 5, 1920. page 9, col A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.issue=42326&rft.pages=page+9%2C+col+A&rft.date=1920-02-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/01/29/107046892.pdf">"Flappers flaunt fads in footwear"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. January 29, 1922<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2021</span>. <q>But you have perhaps heard that there is a movie play, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1921_film)" title="The Three Musketeers (1921 film)">The Three Musketeers</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a> is the D'Artagnan. You may remember having seen, in the long ago, illustrated editions of Mr. Dumas's novel showing D'Artagnan in his musketeer costume. And you may possibly remember that he wore boots, with turned down tops, which flopped as he walked. It is merely that we girls are following the style set by D'Artagnan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Flappers+flaunt+fads+in+footwear&rft.date=1922-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1922%2F01%2F29%2F107046892.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasinger2000" class="citation book cs1">Basinger, Jeanne (2000). <i>Silent Stars</i>. Wesleyan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Stars&rft.pub=Wesleyan&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Basinger&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, Marion in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2001" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Kathleen (2001). <i>Lucille: The life of Lucille Ball</i>. Billboard. <q>The more noise the buckles made, the better they flapped, that's why we were called flappers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucille%3A+The+life+of+Lucille+Ball&rft.pub=Billboard&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corrigan, Jim. <i>The 1920s Decade in photos: The Roaring Twenties</i>. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc, 2009, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (London, England): "Delivering Drunkards", December 2, 1936, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Craig, Gordon A.</a> (1991) <i>The Germans</i> New York: Merdian. p.161. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780452010857" title="Special:BookSources/9780452010857">9780452010857</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagert2010" class="citation book cs1">Sagert, Kelly Boyer (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flappersguidetoa00sage"><i>Flappers: A Guide to an American Subculture</i></a></span>. Santa Barbara CA: Greenwood Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flappersguidetoa00sage/page/n26">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37690-0"><bdi>978-0-313-37690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flappers%3A+A+Guide+to+an+American+Subculture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara+CA&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37690-0&rft.aulast=Sagert&rft.aufirst=Kelly+Boyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflappersguidetoa00sage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cellania, M. (2013, March 25). The Rise of the Flapper - Sociological Images. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/03/25/guest-post-the-rise-of-the-flapper/">https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/03/25/guest-post-the-rise-of-the-flapper/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcg20to29-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcg20to29_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcg20to29_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcg20to29_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McGlinchey, S. (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glamourdaze.com/history-of-womens-fashion/1920-to-1929">"History of Women's Fashion: 1920 to 1929"</a> <i>Glamour Daze</i> Retrieved April 12, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in <i>Roaring '20s Fashions</i>. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.16 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764323199" title="Special:BookSources/0764323199">0764323199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham2000" class="citation book cs1">Latham, Angela J. (2000). <i>Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s</i>. Hanover NH: University Press of New England. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6401-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6401-6"><bdi>978-0-8195-6401-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Posing+a+Threat%3A+Flappers%2C+Chorus+Girls%2C+and+other+Brazen+Performers+of+the+American+1920s&rft.place=Hanover+NH&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6401-6&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Angela+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in <i>Roaring '20s Fashions</i>. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.18 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764323199" title="Special:BookSources/0764323199">0764323199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langley17-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-langley17_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langley17_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in <i>Roaring '20s Fashions</i>. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.17 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764323199" title="Special:BookSources/0764323199">0764323199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boland, J. (April 15, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1920s-fashion-and-music.com/">"1920s Fashion & Music"</a>. Retrieved April 12, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cellania, M. (March 25, 2013) 6, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/03/25/guest-post-the-rise-of-the-flapper/">"The Rise of the Flapper - Sociological Images"</a>. Retrieved April 26, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bramlett, L. A. (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fuzzylizzie.com/sportswear.html">"Vintage Sportswear"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422121432/http://fuzzylizzie.com/sportswear.html">Archived</a> April 22, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Fuzzylizzie Vintage</i> Retrieved April 12, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, N. J. (2012) <i>Fashion: A visual history from regency & romance to retro & revolution: A complete illustrated chronology of fashion from the 1800s to the present day</i> (1st ed.). New York: The Ivy Press Limited. p.92-93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>New Brunswick Times</i>. February 24, 1910. <q>And over in England, as I learned, they call a girl of about fifteen a "flapper."...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Brunswick+Times&rft.date=1910-02-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olive-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olive_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olive_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130412055632/http://www1.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/Olive%20Thomas/">"Olive Thomas"</a>. <i>Memories of Olive</i>. Assumption. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/Olive%20Thomas/">the original</a> on April 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memories+of+Olive&rft.atitle=Olive+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assumption.edu%2Fahc%2F1920s%2FOlive%2520Thomas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong" class="citation web cs1">Long, Bruce (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.asu.edu/~ialong/Taylor33.txt">"Taylorology: A Continuing Exploration of the Life and Death of William Desmond Taylor"</a>. Arizona State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taylorology%3A+A+Continuing+Exploration+of+the+Life+and+Death+of+William+Desmond+Taylor&rft.pub=Arizona+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.asu.edu%2F~ialong%2FTaylor33.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Thomas, Pauline Weston (May 21, 2021). "Flapper Fashion 1920s Fashion History". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fashion-Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fashion-Era (page does not exist)">Fashion-Era</a></i>. p.vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Castelbajac199535-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Castelbajac199535_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Castelbajac1995">De Castelbajac 1995</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conor-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-conor_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conor, Liz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWG2_Pt2Dw8C&pg=PA301"><i>The Spectacular Modern Woman: Feminine Visibility in The 1920s</i></a> 2004. p. 301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitz20076-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeitz20076_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeitz20076_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZeitz2007">Zeitz 2007</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinsch, O. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genderforum.org/issues/gender-and-consumerism/flapper-girls-feminism-and-consumer-society-in-the-1920">"Gender and Consumerism"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <i>Gender Forum</i> Retrieved April 26, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalzell2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalzell, Tom (2010). <i>Flappers 2 Rappers</i>. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47587-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47587-5"><bdi>978-0-486-47587-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flappers+2+Rappers&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-486-47587-5&rft.aulast=Dalzell&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferentinos, S. (n.d.). <i>Not for Old Fogies: The Flapper</i>. Retrieved May 18, 2016, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/flapper.html">http://www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/flapper.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langley, S. (2006). <i>Roaring '20s fashions: Deco</i>. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historynewsnetwork.org-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historynewsnetwork.org_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jason Ulysses Rose (August 7, 2022). <i> A Primary Source Shows the Connection Between 1920s Flappers and Social Media Youth Organizers Today</i>. Retrieved February 23, 2023, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/183623">https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/183623</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nina Sylvester, "Before Cosmopolitan: The Girl in German women's magazines in the 1920s". <i>Journalism Studies</i> 8#4 (2007): 550–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraga1917" class="citation magazine cs1">Praga, Mrs. Alfred (July 29, 1917). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Sporting" girls and the risks they run. An open letter to "The Flappers" of England". <i>The Weekly Dispatch</i>. p. 7. <q>My dear "Flappers" – I wonder if any of you in your gay youthfulness ever realise what a lot of harm you are doing to your future happiness by the way you sometimes cheapen yourselves in the eyes of your men "pals", as you love to call them ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Dispatch&rft.atitle=%22Sporting%22+girls+and+the+risks+they+run.+An+open+letter+to+%22The+Flappers%22+of+England&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1917-07-29&rft.aulast=Praga&rft.aufirst=Mrs.+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span> The article goes on to describe flappers haunting public venues in order to "get off" with men.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graves-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graves_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graves_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravesHodge1994" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Robert; Hodge, Alan (1994). <i>The Long Week End: a Social History of Great Britain, 1918–1939</i>. pp. 33–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Week+End%3A+a+Social+History+of+Great+Britain%2C+1918%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=33-34&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Hodge%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNBOAwopuZsC&pg=PT14"><i>Backfisch</i></a>. In: Sigi Kube: <i>Wie kommt die Katze in den Sack und was weiß der Kuckuck davon?: Tierische Redewendungen und ihre Bedeutung</i>. Heyne, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-641-05361-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-641-05361-1">978-3-641-05361-1</a> (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>New Brunswick Times</i>. February 24, 1910. <q>... a typical German girl of the well to do class between the ages of fifteen and seventeen. Before she gets to be fifteen she is simply a 'kid' as we say in this country. But for those two years she is a backfisch pure and simple.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Brunswick+Times&rft.date=1910-02-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The article implies the girl is so designated to prevent someone no longer a child attempting to assume the airs of an adult woman: "These German <i>frauleins</i> dare not do so, because they know they are mere <i>backfisches</i>." The article concludes "And over in England, as I learned, they call a girl of about fifteen a 'flapper'. If I were still but fifteen I am sure I would prefer being a backfisch."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>. Vol. 3, no. 2. August 29, 1891. <q>Let us introduce the word 'Backfisch', for we have the Backfisch always with us. She ranges from fifteen to eighteen years of age, keeps a diary, climbs trees secretly, blushes on the smallest provocation, and has no conversation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pall+Mall+Gazette&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1891-08-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>, in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrs_William_Atherton_du_Puy1921" class="citation news cs1">Mrs William Atherton du Puy (October 15, 1921). "Let Girls Smoke, Mrs Dupuy's Plea". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <q>Yes, girls do smoke, and there is no harm if they don't go to excess. It is not like the rush of girls to the cafés to drink which happened twenty years ago. It was that which brought about prohibition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Let+Girls+Smoke%2C+Mrs+Dupuy%27s+Plea&rft.date=1921-10-15&rft.au=Mrs+William+Atherton+du+Puy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumenil (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham2000" class="citation book cs1">Latham, Angela J. (2000). <i>Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s</i>. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6401-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6401-6"><bdi>978-0-8195-6401-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Posing+a+Threat%3A+Flappers%2C+Chorus+Girls%2C+and+other+Brazen+Performers+of+the+American+1920s&rft.place=Hanover%2C+NH&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6401-6&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Angela+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeitz, 2007. "Here was where the modern culture could prove threatening to the Victorians. The ethos of the consumer market glorified not only self-indulgence and satisfaction, but also personal liberty and choice. It invited relativism in all matters ranging from color schemes and bath soap to religion, politics, sex and morality."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeitz, 2007. "Others argued, though, that flappers' laissez-faire attitude was simply a natural progression of feminine liberation, the right having already been won."; p.107: "T[he Jazz Age flapper ... [was] [d]isengaged from politics..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitz2007117-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeitz2007117_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZeitz2007">Zeitz 2007</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_Linton2015" class="citation web cs1">Weeks, Linton (June 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/05/26/409126557/when-petting-parties-scandalized-the-nation">"When 'Petting Parties' Scandalized The Nation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=When+%27Petting+Parties%27+Scandalized+The+Nation&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft.au=Weeks%2C+Linton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fnpr-history-dept%2F2015%2F05%2F26%2F409126557%2Fwhen-petting-parties-scandalized-the-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mothers Complain that Modern Girls 'Vamp' Their Sons at Petting Parties". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. February 17, 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mothers+Complain+that+Modern+Girls+%27Vamp%27+Their+Sons+at+Petting+Parties&rft.date=1922-02-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.<br />An earlier article in the same newspaper rebutted an attack on the behaviour of American girls made recently in the <i>Cosmopolitan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Glyn" title="Elinor Glyn">Elinor Glyn</a>. It admitted the existence of petting parties but considered the activities were no worse than those which had gone on in earlier times under the guise of "kissing games", adding that tales of what occurred at such events were likely to be exaggerated by an older generation influenced by traditional misogyny<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuy1921" class="citation news cs1">Dupuy, Mrs William Atherton (October 15, 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE2DC133EEE3ABC4D52DFB667838A639EDE&legacy=true">"Let Girls Smoke, Mrs. Dupuy's Plea; Penwomen's President Rises in Defense of Young Thing Who 'Parks Corsets' Before Dance. MRS.GLYN WRONG, SHE SAYS Declares Short-Skirt Girl of Today Who Goes to "Petting Parties" Is All She Should Be"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Let+Girls+Smoke%2C+Mrs.+Dupuy%27s+Plea%3B+Penwomen%27s+President+Rises+in+Defense+of+Young+Thing+Who+%27Parks+Corsets%27+Before+Dance.+MRS.GLYN+WRONG%2C+SHE+SAYS+Declares+Short-Skirt+Girl+of+Today+Who+Goes+to+%22Petting+Parties%22+Is+All+She+Should+Be&rft.date=1921-10-15&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=Mrs+William+Atherton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D990DE2DC133EEE3ABC4D52DFB667838A639EDE%26legacy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcArthurSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">McArthur, Judith N; Smith, Harold L (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_txLjKkckCYC&pg=PA105"><i>Texas Through Women's Eyes: The Twentieth-Century Experience</i></a>. University of Texas Press. pp. 104–05. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77835-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77835-1"><bdi>978-0-292-77835-1</bdi></a>. <q>The spirit of the petting party is light and frivolous. Its object is not marriage – only a momentary thrill. It completely gives the lie to those sweet, old phrases, "the only man" and "the only girl". For where there used to be only one girl there may be a score of them now.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas+Through+Women%27s+Eyes%3A+The+Twentieth-Century+Experience&rft.pages=104-05&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77835-1&rft.aulast=McArthur&rft.aufirst=Judith+N&rft.au=Smith%2C+Harold+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_txLjKkckCYC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrowneHuber2004" class="citation book cs1">Drowne, Kathleen Morgan; Huber, Patrick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CecCHiI95dYC&pg=PA45"><i>The 1920s</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32013-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32013-2"><bdi>978-0-313-32013-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1920s&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32013-2&rft.aulast=Drowne&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Morgan&rft.au=Huber%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCecCHiI95dYC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2003" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Lawrence J (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o0hCZkuwlhAC&pg=PA39"><i>Rumors of Indiscretion</i></a>. University of Missouri Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6290-5"><bdi>978-0-8262-6290-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rumors+of+Indiscretion&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-6290-5&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do0hCZkuwlhAC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragdon2007" class="citation book cs1">Bragdon, Claude (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z12OIL1jIMYC&pg=PA45"><i>Delphic Woman</i></a>. Cosimo. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-430-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-430-1"><bdi>978-1-59605-430-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delphic+Woman&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59605-430-1&rft.aulast=Bragdon&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ12OIL1jIMYC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuboisDumenil2012" class="citation book cs1">Dubois, Ellen Carol; Dumenil, Lynn (2012). <i>Through Women's Eyes</i> (Third ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 561.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+Women%27s+Eyes&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=561&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Carol&rft.au=Dumenil%2C+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Havemann, Ernest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45">"The Kinsey Report on Women"</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>Life</i> magazine</a> (August 24, 1953)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuenil1995" class="citation book cs1">Duenil, Lynn (1995). <i>The Modern Temper:American Culture and Society in the 1920s</i>. New York, NY: Hill and Wang. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Temper%3AAmerican+Culture+and+Society+in+the+1920s&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Duenil&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Shifters No Longer Appeal to Slackers". <i>The New York Times</i>. March 26, 1922. <q>The epithets she has evolved from her own lexicon are "junk", "necker" and "heavy necker". "Junk" is anything she considers unimportant or unworthy of consideration. A "necker" is a "petter" who puts her arms around a boy's neck. A "heavy necker" is a "petter" who hangs heavily on said neck. "Necking parties" have superseded "petting parties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shifters+No+Longer+Appeal+to+Slackers&rft.date=1922-03-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, online ed., March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcts9.org/article/flapper-slang-talk-1920s-talk">"Flapper Slang: Talk the 1920s talk"</a>. <i>KCTS 9</i>. November 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KCTS+9&rft.atitle=Flapper+Slang%3A+Talk+the+1920s+talk&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcts9.org%2Farticle%2Fflapper-slang-talk-1920s-talk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonHellyer1914" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Louis E; Hellyer, CR (1914). <i>A dictionary of criminal slang</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+criminal+slang&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Louis+E&rft.au=Hellyer%2C+CR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (online ed.). March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2012-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The jazz age: the 20s</i>. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. 1998. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7835-5509-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7835-5509-1"><bdi>0-7835-5509-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39706802">39706802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+jazz+age%3A+the+20s&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39706802&rft.isbn=0-7835-5509-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Clement, Elizabeth Alice. <i>Love for Sale: Courting, Treating, and Prostitution in New York City, 1900–1945</i> (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 1, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sale-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sale_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Clement, Elizabeth Alice. <i>Love for Sale: Courting, Treating, and Prostitution in New York City, 1900–1945</i> (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 1, 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rae-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rae_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rae_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rae_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rae_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rae_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemper1977" class="citation book cs1">Kemper, Rachel (December 1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/costume00kemp"><i>History of Costume</i></a></span>. New York: WW Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88225-137-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88225-137-0"><bdi>978-0-88225-137-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Costume&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=WW+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=1977-12&rft.isbn=978-0-88225-137-0&rft.aulast=Kemper&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcostume00kemp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fashion-era-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fashion-era_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2021" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Pauline Weston (May 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fashion-era.com/1920s/flapper-fashion/">"Flapper Fashion 1920s Fashion History"</a>. <i>Fashion-Era</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fashion-Era&rft.atitle=Flapper+Fashion+1920s+Fashion+History&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Pauline+Weston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffashion-era.com%2F1920s%2Fflapper-fashion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mme Nordica Buys No Paris Gowns". <i>The New York Times</i>. January 1, 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mme+Nordica+Buys+No+Paris+Gowns&rft.date=1913-01-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mme Nordica Buys No Paris Gowns". <i>The New York Times</i>. January 1, 1913. <q>...when a lady of uncertain age and very certain development attempts the same little costume because it looks well on the thin little girl, well – " And Mme. Nordica left the result to the interviewer's imagination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mme+Nordica+Buys+No+Paris+Gowns&rft.date=1913-01-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoy2009" class="citation book cs1">McEvoy, Anna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yztuN1PVWcQC"><i>The 1920s And 1930s</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase" title="Infobase">Facts On File</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-383-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-383-7"><bdi>978-1-60413-383-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1920s+And+1930s&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-383-7&rft.aulast=McEvoy&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyztuN1PVWcQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>The Times</i>. December 23, 1915. p. 11. <q>...the jaunty little toque</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1915-12-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Pantomime At The Front, Soldier "Heroines"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Times</i>. No. 41050. December 30, 1915. p 7, col E. <q>There was, for instance, a Maid Marian in the cast, who was described as a "dainty dam'sell" because she was a sergeant. There was something ridiculously fascinating about that sergeant, for he was in blue short skirts, a hat of Parisian type and flapper-like hair; and when she was instructing Ferdinand, a Bad Lad... in the use of the "glad eye", the great audience shouted with laughter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Pantomime+At+The+Front%2C+Soldier+%22Heroines%22&rft.issue=41050&rft.pages=p+7%2C+col+E&rft.date=1915-12-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Merril D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrCCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-2332-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-2332-8"><bdi>978-0-7591-2332-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+the+Breast&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-2332-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Merril+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrCCBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, Kathryn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jun/01/flappers-judith-mackrell-review">"Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation by Judith Mackrell – review"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (June 1, 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523214534/http://cartoonician.com/fritzi-ritz-before-bushmiller-shes-come-a-long-way-baby/">"Fritzi Ritz Before Bushmiller: She's Come a Long Way, Baby!"</a>. <i>Hogan's Alley</i>. September 22, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartoonician.com/fritzi-ritz-before-bushmiller-shes-come-a-long-way-baby/">the original</a> on May 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hogan%27s+Alley&rft.atitle=Fritzi+Ritz+Before+Bushmiller%3A+She%27s+Come+a+Long+Way%2C+Baby%21&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartoonician.com%2Ffritzi-ritz-before-bushmiller-shes-come-a-long-way-baby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowry, Helen Bullitt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/02/12/98781527.pdf">"On the Knees of Our College Girls"</a> <i>The New York Times</i> (February 2, 1922)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergstein, Rachelle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ev9FSyj7DgQC&dq=flapper+rouge+knees+-baton+-maison&pg=PT13"><i>Women From the Ankle Down: The Story of Shoes and How They Define Us</i></a> New York: HarperCollins, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-209707-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-209707-5">0-06-209707-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://picvpic.com/fashion101/2015/gatsby-party-fashion/">"Gatsby Party - Your Definitive Fashion Guide"</a>. <i>picVpic-Fashion101</i>. August 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=picVpic-Fashion101&rft.atitle=Gatsby+Party+-+Your+Definitive+Fashion+Guide&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpicvpic.com%2Ffashion101%2F2015%2Fgatsby-party-fashion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Lorrain1936" class="citation book cs1">Jean Lorrain (1936). <i>La Ville Empoisonnée</i>. Paris: Jean Cres. p. 279. <q>...the great voracious mouth, the immense black eyes, ringed, bruised, discolored, the incandescence of her pupils, the bewildered nocturnal hair...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Ville+Empoisonn%C3%A9e&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Jean+Cres&rft.date=1936&rft.au=Jean+Lorrain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polaire">"Commons"</a>. <i>Polaire</i> (category). Wikimedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polaire&rft.atitle=Commons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3APolaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glamourdaze.com/history-of-makeup/1920s">"A Brief History of 1920s Makeuop"</a> <i>Glamour Daze</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valenti, Lauren (April 10, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marieclaire.com/beauty/makeup/a9381/eyebrows-through-the-years/">"The History of Women and Their Eyebrows"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Claire" title="Marie Claire">Marie Claire</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kriebl_1998_113–128-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kriebl_1998_113–128_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kriebl_1998_113–128_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriebl1998" class="citation book cs1">Kriebl, Karen J (1998). <i>From bloomers to flappers: the American women's dress reform movement, 1840–1920</i>. Ohio State University. pp. 113–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+bloomers+to+flappers%3A+the+American+women%27s+dress+reform+movement%2C+1840%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=113-28&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kriebl&rft.aufirst=Karen+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yellis_1969_44–64-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yellis_1969_44–64_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yellis_1969_44–64_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yellis_1969_44–64_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yellis_1969_44–64_103-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYellis1969" class="citation news cs1">Yellis, Kenneth A (1969). "Prosperity's Child: Some thoughts on the Flapper". <i>The American Quarterly</i>. pp. 44–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Prosperity%27s+Child%3A+Some+thoughts+on+the+Flapper&rft.pages=44-64&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Yellis&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry1921" class="citation news cs1">Lowry, Helen (January 30, 1921). "As the debutante tells it: more about Mrs Grundy and Miss 1921". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+the+debutante+tells+it%3A+more+about+Mrs+Grundy+and+Miss+1921&rft.date=1921-01-30&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman1974" class="citation journal cs1">Freedman, Estelle B. (1974). "The New Woman: Changing views of Women in the 1920s". <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 372–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1903954">10.2307/1903954</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1903954">1903954</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155502077">155502077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+New+Woman%3A+Changing+views+of+Women+in+the+1920s&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=372-93&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155502077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1903954%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1903954&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Estelle+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-israel-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-israel_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2002" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Betsy (2002). <i>Bachelor Girl</i>. HarperCollins. pp. 137–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0380976498" title="Special:BookSources/0380976498"><bdi>0380976498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bachelor+Girl&rft.pages=137-138&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0380976498&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebubblebubble.com/1929-crash/">"The Stock Market Crash of 1929 |"</a>. <i>www.thebubblebubble.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thebubblebubble.com&rft.atitle=The+Stock+Market+Crash+of+1929+%7C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebubblebubble.com%2F1929-crash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/Modern-World-1919-1929/Flappers.html#ixzz3nJ0tToBB">"Flappers – Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages"</a>. <i>www.fashionencyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fashionencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Flappers+%E2%80%93+Fashion%2C+Costume%2C+and+Culture%3A+Clothing%2C+Headwear%2C+Body+Decorations%2C+and+Footwear+through+the+Ages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fashionencyclopedia.com%2Ffashion_costume_culture%2FModern-World-1919-1929%2FFlappers.html%23ixzz3nJ0tToBB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forgeofinnovation.org/Springfield_Armory_1892-1945/Themes/People/Women/World_War_II/Fashion_in_War_Work/index.html">"Women's Fashion in War Work"</a>. <i>www.forgeofinnovation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.forgeofinnovation.org&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Fashion+in+War+Work&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forgeofinnovation.org%2FSpringfield_Armory_1892-1945%2FThemes%2FPeople%2FWomen%2FWorld_War_II%2FFashion_in_War_Work%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abra, Allison. (September 2016) "Going to the palais: a social and cultural history of dancing and dance halls in Britain, 1918–1960." <i>Contemporary British History</i> 30#3 pp. 432–433.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2003" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Whitney (2003). <i>The Modern Woman Revisited: Paris Between the Wars</i>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3292-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3292-9"><bdi>978-0-8135-3292-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Woman+Revisited%3A+Paris+Between+the+Wars&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3292-9&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Castelbajac1995" class="citation book cs1">De Castelbajac, Kate (1995). <i>The Face of the Century: 100 Years of Makeup and Style</i>. Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-1895-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-1895-2"><bdi>978-0-8478-1895-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Face+of+the+Century%3A+100+Years+of+Makeup+and+Style&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-1895-2&rft.aulast=De+Castelbajac&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Dumenil, Lynn (1995) <i>The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s</i>. New York: Hill and Wang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-1566-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-1566-5">978-0-8090-1566-5</a></li> <li>Fass, Paula S. (2007) <i>The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s</i>. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502492-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502492-0">978-0-19-502492-0</a></li> <li>Gourley, Kathleen (2007) <i>Flappers and the New American Woman: Perceptions of Women from 1918 Through the 1920s (Images and or of Women in the Twentieth Century)</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-6060-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-6060-9">978-0-8225-6060-9</a></li> <li>Hudovernik, Robert (2006) <i>Jazz Age Beauties: The Lost Collection of Ziegfeld Photographer Alfred Cheney Johnston</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-1381-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-1381-2">978-0-7893-1381-2</a></li> <li>Latham, Angela J. (2000) <i>Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6401-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6401-6">978-0-8195-6401-6</a></li> <li>Lauber, Ellie (2000) <i>Fashions of the Roaring '20s</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-0017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7643-0017-2">978-0-7643-0017-2</a></li> <li>Sagert, Kelly Boyer. <i>Flappers: A Guide to an American Subculture</i>. Santa Barbara, CA:   Greenwood Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37690-0">978-0-313-37690-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTossounian2020" class="citation book cs1">Tossounian, Cecilia (2020). <i>La Joven Moderna in Interwar Argentina: Gender, Nation, and Popular Culture</i>. Gainesville: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Florida Press">University of Florida Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6834-0116-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6834-0116-2"><bdi>978-1-6834-0116-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Joven+Moderna+in+Interwar+Argentina%3A+Gender%2C+Nation%2C+and+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-6834-0116-2&rft.aulast=Tossounian&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitz2007" class="citation book cs1">Zeitz, Joshua (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kul2AAAAMAAJ"><i>Flapper: a madcap story of sex, style, celebrity, and the women who made America modern</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8054-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8054-0"><bdi>978-1-4000-8054-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flapper%3A+a+madcap+story+of+sex%2C+style%2C+celebrity%2C+and+the+women+who+made+America+modern&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-8054-0&rft.aulast=Zeitz&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkul2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mackrell, Judith (2014) <i>Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation</i>. Clerkenwell, London, England: Pan MacMillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-52952-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-52952-5">978-0-330-52952-5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lady_Diana_Cooper" title="Lady Diana Cooper">Diana Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cunard" title="Nancy Cunard">Nancy Cunard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallulah_Bankhead" title="Tallulah Bankhead">Tallulah Bankhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zelda_Fitzgerald" title="Zelda Fitzgerald">Zelda Fitzgerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker">Josephine Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamara_de_Lempicka" title="Tamara de Lempicka">Tamara de Lempicka</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper1922" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avila_Mayer#Personal_life" title="Paul Avila Mayer">Hooper, Ruth</a> (July 16, 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1922/07/16/archives/flapping-not-repented-of.html">"Flapping Not Repented Of"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Flapping+Not+Repented+Of&rft.date=1922-07-16&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1922%2F07%2F16%2Farchives%2Fflapping-not-repented-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper1922" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avila_Mayer#Personal_life" title="Paul Avila Mayer">Hooper, Ruth</a> (July 16, 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425040546/http://www.humanitiesresource.com/twentieth_cen/articles/flapper.htm">"Flapping Not Repented Of"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanitiesresource.com/twentieth_cen/articles/flapper.htm">the original</a> on April 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2024</span> – via humanitiesresource.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Flapping+Not+Repented+Of&rft.date=1922-07-16&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanitiesresource.com%2Ftwentieth_cen%2Farticles%2Fflapper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flapper&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flappers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Flappers">Flappers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1920s-fashion-and-music.com/1920s-Flapper.html">"1920s fashion & music"</a>. <i>1920s Flapper: Young Women in a Modern World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1920s+Flapper%3A+Young+Women+in+a+Modern+World&rft.atitle=1920s+fashion+%26+music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1920s-fashion-and-music.com%2F1920s-Flapper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618074534/http://local.aaca.org/bntc/slang/slang.htm">"Slang of the 1920s"</a>. AACA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://local.aaca.org/bntc/slang/slang.htm">the original</a> on June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slang+of+the+1920s&rft.pub=AACA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flocal.aaca.org%2Fbntc%2Fslang%2Fslang.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821210850/http://www.rambova.com/fashion/fash4.html">"Flappers and fashion"</a>. Rambova. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rambova.com/fashion/fash4.html">the original</a> on August 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flappers+and+fashion&rft.pub=Rambova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rambova.com%2Ffashion%2Ffash4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/LouiseBrooksFanClub">"Thousands of photos of flappers can be viewed at Louise Brooks Fan Club on Facebook"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+photos+of+flappers+can+be+viewed+at+Louise+Brooks+Fan+Club+on+Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FLouiseBrooksFanClub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlapper" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoreticians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tad_Dorgan" title="Tad Dorgan">Tad Dorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula" title="Mohawk Valley formula">Mohawk Valley formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand_strike_of_1936%E2%80%931937" title="Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937">Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flapper&oldid=1258734132">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flapper&oldid=1258734132</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flappers" 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