Syria and chemical weapons – all articles

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="This is a complete listing of my blog posts and articles about the Syrian chemical weapons issue, in chronological order. Some of these articles discuss the related propaganda war and for convenience they are also listed on a separate page, grouped according to specific topics:" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://al-bab.com/syria-chemical-weapons-list-all" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="al-bab" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://al-bab.com/syria-chemical-weapons-list-all" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Syria and chemical weapons – all articles" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This is a complete listing of my blog posts and articles about the Syrian chemical weapons issue, in chronological order. Some of these articles discuss the related propaganda war and for convenience they are also listed on a separate page, grouped according to specific topics:" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #22adaa} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style> <link rel="icon" href="/sites/default/files/favicon-16x16.png" type="image/png" /> <title>Syria and chemical weapons – all articles | al-bab</title> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/core.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/controlgroup.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/checkboxradio.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/resizable.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/button.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/dialog.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/align.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/fieldgroup.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/container-inline.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/clearfix.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/details.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/hidden.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/item-list.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/js.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/nowrap.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/position-container.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/progress.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/reset-appearance.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/resize.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/sticky-header.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-counter.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-counters.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tablesort.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tree-child.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/views/css/views.module.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/webform/css/webform.form.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/webform/css/webform.element.details.toggle.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/webform/css/webform.element.message.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/ckeditor5/css/ckeditor5.dialog.fix.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/css/eu_cookie_compliance.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/theme.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/sharethis/css/sharethis.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@unicorn-fail/drupal-bootstrap-styles@0.0.2/dist/3.4.0/8.x-3.x/drupal-bootstrap.css" integrity="sha512-j4mdyNbQqqp+6Q/HtootpbGoc2ZX0C/ktbXnauPFEz7A457PB6le79qasOBVcrSrOBtGAm0aVU2SOKFzBl6RhA==" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//unpkg.com/js-offcanvas@1.2.8/dist/_css/prefixed/js-offcanvas.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/uglitheme/css/bootstrap.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/uglitheme/css/style.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/uglitheme/css/media_queries.css?shnkbt" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/apple-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/apple-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/apple-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/apple-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/apple-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/apple-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/apple-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/apple-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/apple-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/android-icon-192x192.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/icons/favicon-96x96.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://al-bab.com//webicons/favicon-16x16.png"> <script src="//cdn.tiny.cloud/1/uekwq0mdzgmxkrweerzavks2leadl836tfmnzxzvboqevzpk/tinymce/6/tinymce.min.js" referrerpolicy="origin"></script> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-80344466-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script>  <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> </head> <body class="path-node page-node-type-article has-glyphicons"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="above-header-ad">  <ins class="adsbygoogle adslot_1" style="display:block; width: 728px;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2605654659507710" data-ad-slot="9296149186" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> </div> <div class="header-container"> <div class="header-top"> <div class="hamburger-menu-mobile"> <a href="#" id="triggerButtonOffCanvasMenu" href="#offCanvasMenu"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 max-height-header-top"> <a href="https://al-bab.com/" title="Home" rel="home" class="header__logo" id="logo"><img src="/themes/custom/uglitheme/images/albab-new-logo-v4.png" alt="Home" class="header__logo-image"></a> <div class="header__name-and-slogan" id="name-and-slogan"> <h1 class="header__site-name" id="site-name"> <a href="https://al-bab.com/" title="Home" class="header__site-link" rel="home"><span>al-bab.com</span></a> </h1> <div class="header__site-slogan" id="site-slogan">An open door to the Arab world</div> </div> <div class="header-top-countries"><div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-countries view-id-countries view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-7b380af2307d9c35fc96391671016588ba727b6316898d47ebcc6513c22509f5"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/algeria" hreflang="en">Algeria</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/bahrain" hreflang="en">Bahrain</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/comoros" hreflang="en">Comoros</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/djibouti" hreflang="en">Djibouti</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/egypt" hreflang="en">Egypt</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/iraq" hreflang="en">Iraq</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/jordan" hreflang="en">Jordan</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/kuwait" hreflang="en">Kuwait</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/lebanon" hreflang="en">Lebanon</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/libya" hreflang="en">Libya</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/mauritania" hreflang="en">Mauritania</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/morocco" hreflang="en">Morocco</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/oman" hreflang="en">Oman</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/palestine" hreflang="en">Palestine</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/qatar" hreflang="en">Qatar</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/saudi-arabia" hreflang="en">Saudi Arabia</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/somalia" hreflang="en">Somalia</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/sudan" hreflang="en">Sudan</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/syria" hreflang="en">Syria</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/tunisia" hreflang="en">Tunisia</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/uae" hreflang="en">UAE</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/yemen" hreflang="en">Yemen</a></span></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-top-search form-search-close"> <div class="region region-header-search"> <section class="views-exposed-form block block-views block-views-exposed-filter-blocksearch-page-1 clearfix" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-search-page-1" id="block-exposedformsearchpage-1"> <form action="/search" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-search-page-1" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form--inline form-inline clearfix"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-title js-form-item-title form-no-label form-group"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-title" class="form-text form-control" type="text" id="edit-title" name="title" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" /> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><button data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-info btn" type="submit" id="edit-submit-search" value="Apply" name="">Apply</button></div> </div> </form> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-nav"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12"> <ul class="menu menu--main nav navbar-nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/" data-drupal-link-system-path="<front>">Home</a> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/articles-section/articles-brian-whitaker" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2351">Articles <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/blog/archive/all" data-drupal-link-system-path="blog/archive/all">Blog posts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/articles-section/articles-brian-whitaker" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2351">Other articles</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/articles-section/middle-east-international-articles-about-yemen" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3130">Yemen articles</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/middle-east-news-%E2%80%93-latest" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/92">News <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/middle-east-news-%E2%80%93-latest" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/92">Middle East news – latest</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/online-news-media" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/101">Online news media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/useful-news-sources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/93">Useful news sources</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="https://al-bab.com/official-government-news-services">Official news agencies</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/civil-society" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44">Society & politics <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/civil-society" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44">Civil society</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/corruption" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/45">Corruption</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/economic-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/46">Economic reform</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/educational-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/47">Educational reform</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/free-expression" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/48">Free expression</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/human-rights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/49">Human rights</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/minority-groups" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51">Minority groups</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/political-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/52">Political reform</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/rule-law" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/53">Rule of law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/sexual-diversity-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50">Sexual diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/social-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/54">Social reform</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/wasta" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/55">Wasta</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/arab-and-islamic-architecture" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/56">Arts & culture <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/arab-and-islamic-architecture" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/56">Architecture</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/art" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/57">Art</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/arabic-calligraphy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/58">Calligraphy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/cinema-section/arab-cinema-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/59">Cinema</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/dancing-arabs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/60">Dance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/hennatattoos" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/61">Henna/tattoos</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture-liiterature-section/literature" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/62">Literature</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/music-section/arab-music-introduction" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/63">Music</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/liiterature-section/arabic-poetry" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/64">Poetry</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/arab-theatre" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66">Theatre</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/67">Arabic language <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/67">Introducing Arabic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/68">Is Arabic difficult?</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2931">How to learn Arabic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-7" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3682">Where to learn Arabic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-4" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/69">Arabic words in English</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-5" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/70">- Transliteration</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-3" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71">Arabic proverbs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/arab-history" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/72">Special topics <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/arab-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/72">Arab history</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/arab-islamic-science" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/73">Arab-Islamic science</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/books-about-middle-east" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3717">Books on the Middle East</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/coronavirus-middle-east" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4230">Coronavirus pandemic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/food-and-recipes" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/74">Food and recipes</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/hajj-pilgrimage" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">Hajj (pilgrimage)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/where-middle-east" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3716">Where is the Middle East?</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/who-are-arabs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2752">Who are the Arabs?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown last"> <a href="/index.php/documents-section/documents" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31">Documents <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/documents-section/documents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31">General documents</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/documents-section/country-documents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2334">Country documents</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/documents-section/documents-human-rights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/96">Human rights documents</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-container"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-9"> <div class="row page-container"> <div class="col-lg-4 sidebar"> <div class="block" role="complementary"> <div class="region region-sidebar-first"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-chemicalweapons-menu" id="block-chemicalweapons"> <h2 id="block-chemicalweapons-menu">Chemical weapons</h2> <ul class="menu menu--chemical-weapons-syria nav"> <li class="active active-trail first"> <a href="/syria-chemical-weapons-list-all" class="active-trail is-active" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4139">All articles</a> </li> <li> <a href="/syria-chemical-weapons-list-propaganda" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4140">The propaganda war</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/documents-syria-and-chemical-weapons" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4131">Documents</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="block mt-15"> <div class="region region-sharethis-block"> <section id="block-sharethiswidget" class="block block-sharethis block-sharethis-widget-block clearfix"> <div class="sharethis-wrapper"> <span st_url="https://al-bab.com<front>" st_title="al-bab" class="st_facebook_large" displayText="facebook"></span> <span st_url="https://al-bab.com<front>" st_title="al-bab" class="st_twitter_large" displayText="twitter"></span> <span st_url="https://al-bab.com<front>" st_title="al-bab" class="st_linkedin_large" displayText="linkedin"></span> <span st_url="https://al-bab.com<front>" st_title="al-bab" class="st_email_large" displayText="email"></span> <span st_url="https://al-bab.com<front>" st_title="al-bab" class="st_sharethis_large" displayText="sharethis"></span> <span st_url="https://al-bab.com<front>" st_title="al-bab" class="st_pinterest_large" displayText="pinterest"></span> <span st_url="https://al-bab.com<front>" st_title="al-bab" class="st_plusone_large" displayText="plusone"></span> <span st_url="https://al-bab.com<front>" st_title="al-bab" class="st_fblike_large" displayText="fblike"></span> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-8 content break-word-paragraph"> <div role="heading"> <div class="region region-header"> <h1 class="page-header"> <span property="schema:name">Syria and chemical weapons – all articles</span> </h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="region region-content"> <article data-history-node-id="4139" role="article" about="/syria-chemical-weapons-list-all" typeof="schema:Article" class="article is-promoted full clearfix"> <span property="schema:name" content="Syria and chemical weapons – all articles" class="hidden"></span> <span property="schema:interactionCount" content="UserComments:0" class="hidden"></span> <div class="content"> <div property="schema:text" class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>This is a complete listing of my blog posts and articles about the Syrian chemical weapons issue, in chronological order.</strong></p> <p><strong>Some of these articles discuss the related propaganda war and for convenience they are also <a href="https://al-bab.com/syria-chemical-weapons-list-propaganda">listed on a separate page</a>, grouped according to specific topics: </strong></p> <ul><li><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/syria-chemical-weapons-list-propaganda#douma">The Douma controversy</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/syria-chemical-weapons-list-propaganda#propaganda">The 'propaganda professors'</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/syria-chemical-weapons-list-propaganda#mint">The Mint Press Affair</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/syria-chemical-weapons-list-propaganda#hersh">The Seymour Hersh controversies</a> </strong></li> </ul><p><strong>Relevant documents are <a href="https://al-bab.com/documents-syria-and-chemical-weapons">listed here</a>. </strong></p> <p><strong>See also: <a href="https://al-bab.com/quick-guide-chemical-weapons-investigations-syria">Quick guide to chemical weapons investigations in Syria</a>.</strong></p> <table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="width:400px"><tbody><tr><td> <h3><strong>KEY TOPICS</strong></h3> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/07/did-syrian-rebels-acquire-sarin-if-so-how">Did Syrian rebels acquire sarin? If so, how?</a></strong><br /> 17 July 2017</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/08/chlorine-weapon-syrian-conflict-overview">Chlorine as a weapon in the Syrian conflict: an overview</a></strong><br /> 2 August 2018</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.al-bab.com/blog/2018/04/syria-why-tales-western-regime-change-plot-dont-make-sense">Syria: Why tales of a western 'regime change plot' don't make sense</a></strong><br /> 22 April 2018</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/07/syria-russia-and-politics-chemical-weapons">Syria, Russia and the politics of chemical weapons</a></strong><br /> 12 July 2019</p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/11/whistleblower-versus-watchdog-political-machinations-over-chemical-weapons-syria"><strong>Whistleblower versus watchdog: the political machinations over chemical weapons in Syria</strong></a><br /> 21 November 2019</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/12/leaked-opcw-documents-what-they-really-show-about-douma-investigation">Leaked OPCW documents: what they really show about the Douma investigation</a></strong><br /> 23 December 2019</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/01/douma-chemical-weapons-investigation-and-role-ian-henderson">The Douma chemical weapons investigation and the role of Ian Henderson</a></strong><br /> 2 January 2020</p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/01/false-flags-and-fakery-battle-narratives-syria"><strong>False flags and fakery: the battle of narratives in Syria</strong></a><br /> 18 January 2020</p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2021/07/prizes-galore-assad-supporters-win-awards-integrity"><strong>Prizes galore! Assad supporters win awards for 'integrity' – with help from a piano tuner in California</strong></a><br /> 3 July 2021</p> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2012/01/syria-and-zio-american-plot">Syria and the 'Zio-American plot'</a></strong><br /> 8 January 2012<br /> Denying the authenticity of the Syrian uprising is a central plank of the Assad regime's propaganda message</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/08/method-assads-madness">Method in Assad's madness?</a></strong> <br /> 21 August 2013<br /> What would the regime hope to gain by using chemical weapons in Ghouta?</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/08/assad%E2%80%99s-game-changer">Assad’s game-changer</a> </strong><br /> 22 August 2013 <br /> UN Security Council issues "vague, bland and tepid" statement after chemical attack</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/08/chemical-weapons-syria-require-action">Chemical weapons in Syria require action</a></strong> <br /> 25 August 2013<br /> The use of chemical weapons in Syria needs to be addressed – but how?</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/08/us-rallies-support-syria-air-strikes">US rallies support for Syria air strikes</a> </strong><br /> 26 August 2013<br /> UN Secretary-General says "We cannot allow impunity"</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/08/its-time-cast-iraq-war-mindset">It's time to cast off the 'Iraq war' mindset</a></strong> <br /> 27 August 2013<br /> Memories of the deception over Saddam Hussein's weapons are confusing the picture in Syria</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/08/syria-some-unanswered-questions">Syria: some unanswered questions</a> </strong><br /> 28 August 2013<br /> US believes chemical attack too place, but the chemical is not yet identified</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/08/syria-horror-farce">Syria – from horror to farce</a></strong><br /> 29 August 2013<br /> British parliament recalled from summer recess</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/08/syria-another-green-light-assad">Syria: another green light for Assad</a> </strong><br /> 30 August 2013<br /> British parliament rejects mililtary action over Syria chemical attack</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/08/syria-view-us-intelligence">Syria: the view from US intelligence</a> </strong><br /> 31 August 2013<br /> US releases intelligence assessment of Ghouta attack</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/08/syria-question-international-law">Syria: a question of international law</a> </strong><br /> 31 August 2013<br /> The chemical weapons issue should be kept as separate as possible from the broader conflict in Syria</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/syria-chilling-hypothesis">Syria – a chilling hypothesis</a> </strong><br /> 1 September 2013<br /> Why launch a chemical attack when UN investigators were just a few miles away?</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/syria-waiting-game">Syria – the waiting game</a> </strong><br /> 1 September 2013<br /> Obama shifts the decision to Congress</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/walking-fine-line-syria">Walking a fine line on Syria</a> </strong><br /> 4 September 2013<br /> The US is pursuing two Syria strategies at the same time – one related to chemical weapons, the other to the wider conflict</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/has-putin-changed-his-tune-syria">Has Putin changed his tune on Syria?</a></strong> <br /> 5 September 2013<br /> Russian president says he would not rule out supporting a UN Security Council resolution backing military action in Syria </p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/chemical-weapons-diplomatic-way-out">Chemical weapons: a diplomatic way out?</a> </strong><br /> 6 September 2013<br /> Solution maybe possible if Assad can be persuaded to give up chemical weapons</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/syria-airstrikes-there-another-way">Syria airstrikes: is there another way?</a></strong> <br /> 7 September 2013<br /> Obama says "I’m not itching for military action"</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/put-russia-test">Put Russia to the test</a></strong> <br /> 8 September 2013<br /> France may seek UN Security Council backing</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/how-get-syria-give-chemical-weapons">How to get Syria to give up chemical weapons</a> </strong><br /> 9 September 2013<br /> If Assad has any sense, he will weigh up the costs and benefits of keeping his chemical weapons versus giving them up</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/why-un-resolution-syria-needed">Why a UN resolution on Syria is needed</a></strong> <br /> 11 September 2013<br /> Russia seems to be angling for a mere "statement" from the Security Council rather than a full-scale resolution</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/syrian-chemical-weapons-reasons-hope">Syrian chemical weapons: reasons for hope</a></strong> <br /> 15 September 2013<br /> Russian-American agreement provides for dismantling Syria's chemical weapons under OPCW supervision</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/more-clues-weapons-inspectors">More clues from the weapons inspectors?</a> </strong><br /> 15 September 2013<br /> What to look out for in the forthcoming report</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/russia-and-weapons-inspectors">Russia and the weapons inspectors</a></strong><br /> 17 September 2013<br /> UN report prompts non-committal response from Russian ambassador</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/chemical-attacks-and-mystery-reporter">Chemical attacks and a mystery reporter</a> </strong><br /> 18 September 2013<br /> Report on Mint Press website claims Saudi Arabia provided rebels with chemical weapons</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/syria-rebel-chemicals-story-gets-weirder">Syria 'rebel chemicals' story gets weirder</a> </strong><br /> 21 September 2013<br /> Questions about authorship of Mint Press article</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/syria-rebel-chemicals-mystery-deepens">Syria 'rebel chemicals' mystery deepens</a></strong> <br /> 21 September 2013<br /> Despite by-line, AP correspondent denies writing article</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/yahya-ababneh-exposed">Yahya Ababneh exposed</a> </strong><br /> 22 September 2013<br /> Author of Mint Press article turns out to be Jordanian student</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/manufacturing-credibility">Manufacturing credibility</a> </strong><br /> 25 September 2013<br /> Reflections on the Mint Press 'rebel chemicals' affair</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/09/lavrov-cites-mystery-reporter-ababneh">Lavrov cites mystery reporter Ababneh</a></strong> <br /> 26 September 2013<br /> Mint Press article is first item in Russia's 'evidence' </p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/10/ababneh-trail-leads-iran">Ababneh trail leads to Iran</a></strong> <br /> 2 October 2013<br /> Mystery journalist re-surfaces</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/10/syria-and-its-chemical-weapons">Syria and its chemical weapons</a></strong> <br /> 12 October 2013<br /> Destruction of government's stockpile begins</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/12/investigating-chemical-weapons-syria-">Investigating chemical weapons in Syria</a></strong> <br /> 10 December 2013<br /> Upstart challenges veteran reporter Seymour Hersh</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/12/syria-chemical-attacks-question-sources">Syria chemical attacks: a question of sources</a></strong> <br /> 11 December 2013<br /> What Seymour Hersh missed </p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/12/sarin-in-syria">Sarin in Syria</a></strong> <br /> 14 December 2013<br /> Latest UN investigations are inconclusive</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2013/12/questions-syria-sarin-sceptics">Questions for the Syria Sarin sceptics</a> </strong><br /> 16 December 2013<br /> Although the regime denies chemical attacks, no one has yet come up with a more plausible explanation</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2014/03/syria-sarin-attacks">Syria sarin attacks</a> </strong><br /> 5 March 2014<br /> UN Human Rights Council suggests sarin used in Ghouta came from Syrian government's stockpile</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/04/why-chemical-weapons-syria-must-not-be-ignored">Why chemical weapons in Syria must not be ignored</a></strong> <br /> 7 April 2017<br /> The importance of the Chemical Weapons Convention</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/04/former-british-ambassador-syria-has-links-assad-family">Former British ambassador in Syria has links to Assad family</a> </strong><br /> 23 April 2017<br /> Ex-diplomat Peter Ford disputes reports of regime atrocities</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/04/syrias-hexamine-smoking-gun">Syria's hexamine: a smoking gun</a></strong> <br /> 27 April 2017<br /> The Khan Sheikhoun attack, and a chemical clue</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/07/syria-seymour-hersh-and-sarin-denialists">Syria, Seymour Hersh and the Sarin denialists</a></strong> <br /> 1 July 2017<br /> Journalist's denial of sarin use is contradicted by lab tests</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/07/syria-and-sarin-who-was-hershs-anonymous-source">Syria and Sarin: who was Hersh's anonymous source?</a></strong><br /> 4 July 2017<br /> Hersh's source confused fertiliser with pesticide</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/07/syria-agrees-sarin-was-used-khan-sheikhoun">Syria agrees that Sarin was used in Khan Sheikhoun</a></strong><br /> 5 July 2017<br /> Regime provided a positive sample</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/07/chemical-weapons-syria-search-culprits-begins">Chemical weapons in Syria: the search for culprits begins</a></strong><br /> 7 July 2017<br /> UN's "Joint Investigative Mechanism" will try to identify perpetrators </p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/07/did-syrian-rebels-acquire-sarin-if-so-how">Did Syrian rebels acquire sarin? If so, how?</a></strong><br /> 17 July 2017<br /> A look at the ways rebels might have obtained sarin – but probably didn't</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/08/syria-accuses-us-and-uk-supplying-chemical-weapons-rebels">Syria accuses US and UK of supplying chemical weapons to rebels</a></strong><br /> 17 August 2017<br /> Regime says riot control chemicals were found in Aleppo</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/09/chemical-weapons-syria-what-assad-regime-hiding">Chemical weapons in Syria: what is the Assad regime hiding?</a></strong><br /> 6 September 2017<br /> It's now known that Syria's weapons declaration to the OPCW was incomplete</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/09/seymour-hersh-wins-award-discredited-article-about-syria">Seymour Hersh wins award for discredited article about Syria</a></strong><br /> 7 September 2017<br /> Flawed article about Syria gets a prize</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/09/syria-and-sarin-seymour-hersh-pulls-out-award-ceremony">Syria and sarin: Seymour Hersh pulls out of award ceremony</a></strong><br /> 21 September 2017<br /> No reason given for journalist's non-attendance</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2017/09/seymour-hersh-accepts-truth-telling-award-not-articles-syria">Seymour Hersh accepts 'truth-telling' award, but not for articles on Syria</a></strong><br /> 25 September 2017<br /> Journalist collects award after citation is amended</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2018/02/exonerating-assad-how-reports-twisted-mattiss-comments-sarin-syria">Exonerating Assad: how reports twisted Mattis's comments on sarin in Syria</a></strong><br /> 9 February 2018<br /> Newsweek gets it wrong</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2018/02/sarin-syria-newsweek-it-again">Sarin in Syria: Newsweek is at it again</a></strong><br /> 19 February 2018<br /> Ian Wilkie returns, with another article disputing sarin attacks</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2018/02/syrian-conflicts-anti-propaganda-propagandists">The Syrian conflict's anti-propaganda propagandists</a></strong><br /> 24 February 2018<br /> Campaign dressed up as "rigorous academic analysis"</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2018/02/manfucturing-doubt-over-chemical-weapons-syria">Manufacturing doubt over chemical weapons in Syria</a></strong><br /> 27 February 2018<br /> Syria lauds erroneous Newsweek article at UN Security Council meeting</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/03/russia-friendly-syria-propaganda-group-names-more-supporters">Russia-friendly 'Syria propaganda' group names more supporters</a></strong><br /> 6 March 2018<br /> Group says it intends to bid for research funding</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/03/syria-salisbury-russias-propaganda-game">From Syria to Salisbury: Russia's propaganda game</a></strong><br /> 15 March 2018<br /> Here come the false flags again</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/03/propaganda-professors-switch-focus-syria-britain-and-russia">'Propaganda' professors switch focus from Syria to Britain and Russia</a></strong><br /> 18 March 2018<br /> Assad's defenders dispute nerve agent attack on Skripals in Britain</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/03/911-truther-joins-syria-propaganda-research-group">9/11 truther joins Syria 'propaganda research' group</a></strong><br /> 19 March 2018<br /> New York University professor Mark Crispin Miller is latest recruit</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/04/chemical-weapons-syria-problem-obvious-solution-not">Chemical weapons in Syria: the problem is obvious, the solution is not</a></strong><br /> 12 April 2018<br /> Military options have "serious limitations"</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.al-bab.com/blog/2018/04/syria-logic-land-make-believe">Syria: logic in a land of make-believe</a></strong><br /> 16 April 2018<br /> The regime's calculations are different from those of a western democracy</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.al-bab.com/blog/2018/04/syria-propaganda-and-mysterious-sarah-abdallah-hizbullah-connection">Syria propaganda and the mysterious 'Sarah Abdallah': a Hizbullah connection?</a></strong><br /> 20 April 2018<br /> Prominent Twitter personality has a puzzling past</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.al-bab.com/blog/2018/04/how-ian56-keeps-false-flags-flying-twitter">How "Ian56" keeps the false flags flying on Twitter</a></strong><br /> 21 April 2018<br /> In Ian Shilling's world conspiracies are the norm</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.al-bab.com/blog/2018/04/syria-why-tales-western-regime-change-plot-dont-make-sense">Syria: Why tales of a western 'regime change plot' don't make sense</a></strong><br /> 22 April 2018<br /> The historical narrative promoted by Assad's defenders is simply wrong</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.al-bab.com/blog/2018/05/vanessa-beeley%E2%80%8A%E2%80%94%E2%80%8A-syrian-conflict%E2%80%99s-goddess-propaganda">Vanessa Beeley — the Syrian conflict’s goddess of propaganda</a></strong><br /> 3 May 2018<br /> She's the Assadists' favourite journalist but her reports are basically crap</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.al-bab.com/blog/2018/05/assad-defender-vanessa-beeley-speak-union-backed-festival">Assad defender Vanessa Beeley to speak at union-backed festival</a></strong><br /> 7 May 2018<br /> Programme shows Beeley as the only speaker on Syria</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.al-bab.com/blog/2018/05/telling-it-like-it-isnt-john-pilger-and-syria-truthers">Telling it like it isn't: John Pilger and the Syria truthers</a></strong><br /> 22 May 2018<br /> Investigative journalist regurgitates false Russian claim without checking</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2018/06/can-international-ban-chemical-weapons-survive-syrian-war">Can the international ban on chemical weapons survive the Syrian war?</a></strong><br /> 25 June 2018<br /> OPCW member states to hold special session</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2018/06/seymour-hersh-syria-theres-no-such-thing-chlorine-bomb">Seymour Hers</a></strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2018/06/seymour-hersh-syria-theres-no-such-thing-chlorine-bomb"><strong>h on Syria: "There's no such thing as a chlorine bomb"</strong></a><br /> 27 June 2018<br /> Reporter gives bizarre TV interview</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/blog/2018/06/ban-chemical-weapons-reinforced-todays-crucial-vote">Ban on chemical weapons is reinforced by today's crucial vote</a></strong><br /> 27 June 2018<br /> Following vote, OPCW will seek to identify perpetrators of chemical attacks in Syria</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.al-bab.com/blog/2018/07/opcw-finds-possible-use-chlorine-no-evidence-sarin-douma">OPCW finds possible use of chlorine, no evidence of sarin, in Douma</a></strong><br /> 7 July 2018<br /> Fact-Finding Mission issues preliminary report</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/08/chlorine-weapon-syrian-conflict-overview">Chlorine as a weapon in the Syrian conflict: an overview</a></strong><br /> 2 August 2018<br /> Sarin is more lethal, but chlorine appears to be used far more often</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/08/ex-ambassador-calls-syria-sanctions-be-lifted">Ex-ambassador calls for Syria sanctions to be lifted</a></strong><br /> 16 August 2018<br /> Lords and bishops join in lobbying effort</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/08/why-airstrikes-syria-wont-solve-chemical-weapons-problem">Why airstrikes in Syria won't solve the chemical weapons problem</a></strong><br /> 29 August 2018<br /> Using the law is slow, but likely to be more productive in the long run</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/09/false-flags-and-russias-failed-predictions-syria">False flags and Russia's failed predictions in Syria</a></strong><br /> 12 September 2018<br /> Rebels accused of planning faked chemical attacks</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/09/syria-conflict-unanswered-questions-about-douma-chemical-attack">Syria conflict: unanswered questions about the Douma 'chemical attack'</a></strong><br /> 13 September 2018<br /> UN commission suggests chlorine was dropped by helicopter</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/09/peter-hitchens-and-imaginary-battle-over-chemical-weapons-reports">Peter Hitchens and an imaginary battle over chemical weapons reports</a></strong><br /> 19 September 2018<br /> "If official reports don't justify punitive attacks on Syria, new reports then appear, which do provide justification"</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/10/libyan-warlords-pr-man-joins-panel-syria">Libyan warlord's PR man joins panel on Syria</a></strong><br /> 19 October 2018<br /> "European Centre for the Study of Extremism" provides key speakers</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2018/11/syria-chemical-attacks-russia-fails-move-obstruct-investigation">Syria chemical attacks: Russia fails in move to obstruct investigation</a></strong><br /> 21 November 2018<br /> New OPCW team will seek to indentify perpetrators of chemical attacks in Syria</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/03/opcws-douma-investigation-points-gas-cylinders-dropped-air">OPCW's Douma investigation points to gas cylinders dropped from the air</a></strong><br /> 2 March 2019<br /> Fact-Finding Mission's final report on Douma</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/03/how-yellow-cylinder-became-propaganda-weapon-syria">How a yellow cylinder became a propaganda weapon in Syria</a></strong><br /> 17 March 2019<br /> PCW finds no evidence to support claims of a rebel "chemical weapons lab"</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/05/five-years-inspectors-still-doubt-syria-has-disclosed-all-its-chemical-weapons">Five years on, inspectors still doubt that Syria has disclosed all its chemical weapons</a></strong><br /> 9 May 2019<br /> "Gaps, inconsistencies and discrepancies" persist</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/05/leaked-document-revives-controversy-over-syria-chemical-attacks">Leaked document revives controversy over Syria chemical attacks</a></strong><br /> 16 May 2019<br /> Internal memo conflicts with OPCW's official report on Douma</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/05/opcw-and-leaked-douma-document-what-we-know-so-far">OPCW and the leaked Douma document: what we know so far</a></strong><br /> 21 May 2019<br /> Arguments hinge on technical analysis</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/05/us-threatens-strong-swift-response-use-chlorine-weapons-syria">US threatens 'strong, swift response' to use of chlorine weapons in Syria</a></strong><br /> 23 May 2019<br /> Warning follows unconfirmed report of attack</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/05/leaked-opcw-document-where%E2%80%99s-conspiracy">Leaked OPCW document: where’s the conspiracy?</a></strong><br /> 25 May 2019<br /> Source says leaked document came too close to attributing responsibility</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/05/syria-refuses-visa-chemical-weapons-investigation-chief">Syria refuses visa for chemical weapons investigation chief</a></strong><br /> 25 May 2019<br /> Regime says it does not recognise OPCW's newly-created Investigation and Identification Team </p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/05/russia-issues-new-challenge-opcw-over-douma-report">Russia issues new challenge to OPCW over Douma report</a></strong><br /> 28 May 2019<br /> Critique of Fact-Finding Mission's report echoes content of leaked document</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/05/opcw-replies-russian-and-syrian-critiques-its-douma-report">OPCW replies to Russian and Syrian critiques of its Douma report</a></strong><br /> 29 May 2019<br /> Organisation doesn't normally engage in public debate about its investigations</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/06/opcw-chief-speaks-about-douma-leaked-document">OPCW chief speaks about the Douma leaked document</a></strong><br /> 13 June 2019<br /> New details emerge</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/07/syria-russia-and-politics-chemical-weapons">Syria, Russia and the politics of chemical weapons</a></strong><br /> 12 July 2019<br /> Obstruction over investigations in Syria threatens to jeopardise the OPCW's effectiveness</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/07/political-pressures-expected-new-team-starts-investigating-chemical-attacks-syria">Political pressures expected as new team starts investigating chemical attacks in Syria</a></strong><br /> 15 July 2019<br /> Investigation and Identification Team has initial list of nine cases</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/08/syria-truther-heads-fundraising-campaign-sue-british-labour-party">Syria 'truther' heads fundraising campaign to sue British Labour Party</a></strong><br /> 14 August 2019<br /> Bristol University professor David Miller – a member of the "propaganda professors" group which defends the Assad regime against accusations of chemical weapons use in Syria and disputes Russia's use of a nerve agent against the Skripals in Britain – is behind a new campaign to sue the British Labour Party.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/09/us-blames-assad-regime-chemical-attack-promises-opcw-funding">US blames Assad regime for chemical attack, promises $4.5m for OPCW investigations</a></strong><br /> 27 September 2019<br /> The United States has concluded that the Assad regime carried out a chemical attack in north-western Syria last May, secretary of state Mike Pompeo announced on Thursday. He also announced that the US will provide $4.5 million to the OPCW "to help its investigations of continued chemical weapons use in Syria".</p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/10/mit-professor-postol-resigns-science-journal-spat-over-article-syria"><strong>MIT professor Postol resigns from science journal in spat over article on Syria</strong></a><br /> 17 October 2019<br /> An emeritus professor at the renowned Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has angrily resigned from the board of a science journal after it declined to publish a paper he co-authored about a nerve agent attack in Syria.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/10/former-opcw-chief-denounces-official-investigation-alleged-chemical-attack-douma">Former OPCW chief denounces official investigation of alleged chemical attack in Douma</a></strong><br /> 24 October 2019<br /> A former head of the chemical weapons watchdog OPCW has accused the organisation of "irregular behaviour" during its investigation of an alleged chemical attack in Syria last year, according to reports circulating on the internet.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/11/whistleblower-versus-watchdog-political-machinations-over-chemical-weapons-syria">Whistleblower versus watchdog: the political machinations over chemical weapons in Syria</a></strong><br /> 21 November 2019<br /> An anonymous whistleblower who recently emerged from inside the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons has spoken of "huge internal arguments" over one of its investigations in Syria.</p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/11/leaked-opcw-email-what-does-it-show"><strong>The leaked OPCW email: what does it show?</strong></a><br /> 25 November 2019<br /> A leaked email discusses two unpublished drafts of a report on the suspected chemical attack in Douma which are said to have caused "huge internal arguments".</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/12/douma-whistleblower-and-long-wait-leaked-documents">The Douma whistleblower and the long wait for leaked documents</a></strong><br /> 11 December 2019<br /> Eight weeks ago a whistleblower claimed to have documents showing "irregularities" in the OPCW's investigation of a suspected chemical attack in Syria. Since then, only one document has surfaced. Where are the others? </p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/12/revealed-opcw-whistleblower-made-false-claims-about-suppressed-douma-report">Revealed: OPCW whistleblower made false claims about 'suppressed' Douma report</a></strong><br /> 15 December 2019<br /> A document released by WikiLeaks on Saturday shows that two key allegations reportedly made by the OPCW whistleblower are untrue. </p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/12/how-reporter-who-made-mistakes-became-hero-internet"><strong>How a reporter who made mistakes became a hero on the internet</strong></a><br /> 17 December 2019<br /> Newsweek reporter Tareq Haddad announced on Twitter that he had resigned from his job after editors rejected his "newsworthy revelations" for "no valid reason". Almost instantly – and without waiting to find out more – Twitter users and "alternative" websites rushed to support him ...</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2019/12/leaked-opcw-documents-what-they-really-show-about-douma-investigation">Leaked OPCW documents: what they really show about the Douma investigation</a></strong><br /> 23 December 2019<br /> Recently-leaked documents disprove claims by a whistleblower that the OPCW doctored a draft report of its investigation into a suspected chemical attack in Syria. They also cast doubt on claims that the views of staff were systematically ignored. They do, however, confirm a dispute involving one staff member who was eventually suspended and escorted out of the office.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/01/douma-chemical-weapons-investigation-and-role-ian-henderson">The Douma chemical weapons investigation and the role of Ian Henderson</a></strong><br /> 2 January 2020<br /> Many of the recent claims about "irregularities" in the OPCW's investigation of a suspected chemical attack in Syria revolve around an employee called Ian Henderson. His exact role has been a matter of dispute but now leaked documents give a clearer picture.</p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/01/douma-investigation-look-leaked-opcw-minutes"><strong>Douma investigation: a look at the leaked OPCW minutes</strong></a><br /> 17 January 2020<br /> On 6 June 2018, four staff from the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons met a group of toxicologists in connection with the investigation of a suspected chlorine attack in Douma, Syria.</p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/01/false-flags-and-fakery-battle-narratives-syria"><strong>False flags and fakery: the battle of narratives in Syria</strong></a><br /> 18 January 2020<br /> Banned chemical weapons have been used repeatedly during the Syrian conflict and in most cases, if not quite all of them, the Assad regime is the obvious suspect. Nevertheless, President Assad insists his regime has never used such weapons.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/01/russia-steps-its-campaign-discredit-opcw-investigations">Russia steps up its campaign to discredit OPCW investigations</a></strong><br /> 21 January 2020<br /> On Monday, Russia stepped up its campaign against identifying the perpetrators of chemical attacks in Syria with a specially-convened meeting at the UN.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/01/former-british-special-forces-chief-discusses-douma-affair-russian-tv">Former British special forces chief discusses Douma affair on Russian TV</a></strong><br /> 27 January 2020<br /> A former Director of Special Forces in the British army appeared on Russia's RT channel on Sunday, talking about the OPCW's investigation of a suspected chemical attack in Douma, Syria.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/01/opcw-whistleblowing-affair-and-inimitable-dr-whelan">The OPCW whistleblowing affair and the 'inimitable' Dr Whelan</a></strong><br /> 30 January 2020<br /> The mystery author of the OPCW toxicology document is identified as Dr Brendan Whelan.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/01/search-alex-elusive-opcw-whistleblower">In search of 'Alex', the elusive OPCW whistleblower</a></strong><br /> 31 January 2020<br /> Whistleblower "Alex" turns out to be Brendan Whelan</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/02/douma-victims-were-murdered-gas-chamber-professor-claims">Douma victims were murdered in a gas chamber, professor claims</a></strong><br /> 3 February 2020<br /> Rebels in Syria used a gas chamber to murder dozens of civilian captives, a university professor has claimed. The claim is not supported by any evidence.</p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/04/new-opcw-report-blames-assad-regime-three-chemical-attacks-syria"><strong>New OPCW report blames Assad regime for three chemical attacks in Syria</strong></a><br /> 9 April 2020<br /> Syrian government forces carried out three chemical attacks on a rebel-held village in 2017, according to a new investigation by the OPCW. Based on the available evidence, that is the only conclusion that can "reasonably be reached", it said in a 82-page report published on Wednesday.</p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/10/syria-faces-chemical-weapons-deadline-russia-wrangles-opcw"><strong>Syria faces chemical weapons deadline as Russia wrangles with OPCW</strong></a><br /> 6 October 2020<br /> Last July the OPCW set a 90-day deadline for Syria to provide further information about its chemical weapons programme – some of which it was supposed to have provided seven years ago. The deadline expires tomorrow and in the likely event that Syria fails to comply the OPCW will then face the question of what to do about it.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/11/syrias-non-compliance-over-chemical-weapons-causes-dilemma">Syria's non-compliance over chemical weapons causes a dilemma</a></strong><br /> 27 November 2020<br /> When the 193 countries that are parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention hold their annual meeting next week they will face difficult questions over how to respond to Syria's non-compliance.</p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/11/outstanding-issues-fuel-suspicion-syria-hiding-chemical-weapons"><strong>'Outstanding issues' fuel suspicion that Syria is hiding chemical weapons</strong></a><br /> 30 November 2020<br /> OPCW says there are 19 issues still to be resolved before Syria's chemical weapons declaration can be considered complete and accurate. </p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2021/04/chemical-attacks-syria-new-group-joins-campaign-discredit-opcw">Chemical attacks in Syria: new group joins campaign to discredit OPCW</a></strong><br /> 1 April 2021<br /> A newly-formed group has joined the campaign to discredit investigations of chemical weapons in Syria and has recruited a former high-ranking UN official to its cause.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2021/03/professor-and-russian-agent-my-complaint-edinburgh-university">The professor and the 'Russian agent': my complaint to Edinburgh University</a></strong><br /> 29 March 2021<br /> It emerged last week that a university professor who spreads conspiracy theories about chemical weapons in Syria has been passing information to someone who he mistakenly believed was working for Russian intelligence. </p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2021/07/prizes-galore-assad-supporters-win-awards-integrity"><strong>Prizes galore! Assad supporters win awards for 'integrity' – with help from a piano tuner in California</strong></a><br /> 3 July 2021<br /> The Serena Shim awards for "uncompromised integrity in journalism" are a puzzle. No one seems to know who the judges are or where the substantial prize money comes from. </p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2021/07/how-four-tonnes-sarin-linked-chemical-disappeared-syria">How four tonnes of a sarin-linked chemical 'disappeared' in Syria</a></strong><br /> 6 July 2021<br /> Four tonnes of a chemical supplied by a German firm and supposedly intended for making pharmaceuticals vanished after arriving in Syria, according to a Swiss newspaper investigation.</p> <p><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2021/07/syria-tells-opcw-israel-has-destroyed-douma-cylinders"><strong>Syria tells OPCW that Israel has destroyed the Douma cylinders</strong></a><br /> 24 July 2021<br /> Two gas cylinders that formed crucial evidence in connection with a suspected chemical attack in Syria have been destroyed by an Israeli airstrike, according to the Syrian authorities.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2021/07/alleged-israeli-strike-syria-chemical-weapons-site-hampers-opcw-investigations">Alleged Israeli strike on Syria chemical weapons site hampers OPCW investigations</a></strong><br /> 26 July 2021<br /> Syria's claim that crucial evidence relating to chemical weapons was destroyed by Israeli airstrikes has been greeted with widespread scepticism: it sounds too convenient to be true.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2021/09/new-e-book-investigates-disinformation-campaign-over-chemical-attacks-syria">New e-book investigates disinformation campaign over chemical attacks in Syria</a></strong><br /> 17 September 2021<br /> My new e-book tells the story of the disinformation campaign surrounding chemical weapons attacks in Syria: how it began, the ideas that drove it, and how it was choreographed with assistance from Russia.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2021/09/syria-escalates-non-cooperation-over-chemical-weapons">Syria escalates non-cooperation over chemical weapons</a></strong><br /> 28 September 2021<br /> Syria's Assad regime is stepping up its effort to obstruct OPCW investigations. </p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2021/10/syria-falls-silent-over-claim-israel-destroyed-evidence-douma-chemical-weapons">Syria falls silent over claim that Israel destroyed evidence in Douma chemical weapons investigation</a></strong><br /> 29 October 2021<br /> Syria's Assad regime is resisting calls to substantiate its claim that Israel has destroyed evidence relating to an alleged chlorine attack on Douma in 2018.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.al-bab.com/blog/2021/12/did-israeli-bombing-destroy-evidence-chemical-weapons-syria">Did Israeli bombing destroy evidence of chemical weapons in Syria?</a></strong><br /> 14 December 2021<br /> A report in the Washington Post yesterday appears to confirm Syrian claims that Israel bombed chemical weapons facilities in the country last June – thus destroying evidence sought by OPCW investigators.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.al-bab.com/blog/2021/12/how-book-about-propaganda-succumbed-pro-assad-propagandist">How a book about propaganda succumbed to a pro-Assad propagandist</a></strong><br /> 23 December 2021<br /> The Research Handbook on Political Propaganda is a new book described by its publishers as "a crucial resource for both scholars and students". It has 29 chapters by different authors presenting academic studies of propaganda in a variety of countries. There is one chapter, though, that stands out from the rest – for the wrong reasons.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.al-bab.com/blog/2021/12/man-arrested-france-suspicion-sending-chemical-weapons-supplies-syria">Man arrested in France on suspicion of sending chemical weapons supplies to Syria</a></strong><br /> 27 December 2021<br /> A man suspected of supplying equipment to the Syrian army – including components that could be used in the manufacture of chemical weapons – has been arrested in the south of France after arriving there for a holiday.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2022/01/academic-publisher-removes-conspiracy-theorists-chapter-new-book">Academic publisher removes conspiracy theorist's chapter from new book</a></strong><br /> 31January 2022<br /> A new book containing a chapter by a prominent defender of Syria's Assad regime has been withdrawn from sale, the publisher confirmed today.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 sidebar"> <div class="block homepage-artwork"> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-homepage-artwork view-id-homepage_artwork view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-11ccbe6c5cc98f4f1167e37b50e611084ec0e51f43fc446b37d13571c561c031"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-art-image"><div class="field-content"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/2023-09/susan-hefuna-patience.jpg" width="380" height="307" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-body"><div class="field-content"><p><strong>ARAB ART ONLINE:</strong> Susan Hefuna: <em>Al Sabr Gamil (Patience is Beautiful)</em> 2007. Ink stained on wood 140 x 170 cm. <a href="/node/3719#susan-hefuna">More information</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/susan-hefuna-patience.jpg">Click to enlarge</a> </p> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block blue-boxes"> <h2 class="block-title">News Background</h2> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-blue-boxes view-id-blue_boxes view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-5cec28cd28ac721045b2fbb96662e28f34d2647db748bffbdd7d5d7d96539fca"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><a href="https://al-bab.com/gaza-other-war"> <div class="blue-box-container Blue"> <div class="box-image-container"> </div> <div class="box-title-container Yellow"> <h2>Gaza the other war</h2> </div> <div class="box-sub-title-container White"> A collection of blog posts related to the Gaza war – not so much about the war itself but about the public discourse outside Israel/Palestine. </div> </div> </a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.al-bab.com/denying-the-obvious"> <div class="blue-box-container Yellow"> <div class="box-image-container"> </div> <div class="box-title-container Black"> <h2>Denying the Obvious</h2> </div> <div class="box-sub-title-container Black"> Brian Whitaker's new e-book tells the story of the disinformation campaign surrounding chemical weapons attacks in Syria: how it began, the ideas that drove it, and how it was choreographed with assistance from Russia. Read it online or download a PDF. </div> </div> </a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2016/02/transgender-issues-middle-east-1"> <div class="blue-box-container Blue"> <div class="box-image-container"> </div> <div class="box-title-container Yellow"> <h2>Transgender rights in the Middle East</h2> </div> <div class="box-sub-title-container White"> In a region where gender segregation is widespread and dress codes are sometimes enforced by law, the problems of transgender people are especially acute. Read al-bab's four-part special report. </div> </div> </a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><a href="https://al-bab.com/degrees-deception"> <div class="blue-box-container Yellow"> <div class="box-image-container"> </div> <div class="box-title-container Black"> <h2>Degrees of deception</h2> </div> <div class="box-sub-title-container Black"> Fake qualifications – forged certificates or "degrees" issued by unrecognised universities – are proliferating in many parts of the world, and especially in the Middle East. Read the reports from al-bab's ongoing investigation. </div> </div> </a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2016/08/qatar-christian-crusaders"> <div class="blue-box-container Blue"> <div class="box-image-container"> </div> <div class="box-title-container White"> <h2>Qatar's Christian crusaders</h2> </div> <div class="box-sub-title-container White"> An investigation </div> </div> </a></span></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-mailchimp-container"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12"> <div class="mailchimp-inner"> <p>Keep up to date. Subscribe to receive al-bab's blog posts by email.</p> <form class="webform-submission-form webform-submission-add-form webform-submission-mailchimp-form webform-submission-mailchimp-add-form webform-submission-mailchimp-node-4139-form webform-submission-mailchimp-node-4139-add-form js-webform-details-toggle webform-details-toggle" data-drupal-selector="webform-submission-mailchimp-node-4139-add-form" action="/syria-chemical-weapons-list-all" method="post" id="webform-submission-mailchimp-node-4139-add-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-email js-form-type-email form-item-email js-form-item-email form-no-label form-group"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-email" class="form-email form-control" type="email" id="edit-email" name="email" value="" size="60" maxlength="254" placeholder="enter your email..." /> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions webform-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--2"><button class="webform-button--submit button button--primary js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions-submit" type="submit" id="edit-actions-submit" name="op" value="go">go</button> </div> <input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-go4jqpuruf5zbrzy9amls0cwzn6ih8zytfklwzs0xgq" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-Go4JqPURuF5zbRzy9AmLs0CwZN6iH8ZYtfklwZs0xgQ" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-webform-submission-mailchimp-node-4139-add-form" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="webform_submission_mailchimp_node_4139_add_form" /> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-container"> <div class="footer-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-3"> <div class="footer-menu-item"> <h2>Important Links</h2> <ul class="menu menu--important-links nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/about-al-bab" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/43">About al-bab</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/blog/archive/all" data-drupal-link-system-path="blog/archive/all">Blog posts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/articles-section/articles-brian-whitaker" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2351">Other articles</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/privacy-policy-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3564">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/form/contact-us" data-drupal-link-system-path="webform/contact_us">Contact Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/submission-articles-and-blog-posts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3664">Write for al-bab</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/rss/feed">RSS</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-menu-item"> <h2>Society & Politics</h2> <ul class="menu menu--society-politics nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/civil-society" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44">Civil society</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/corruption" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/45">Corruption</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/economic-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/46">Economic reform</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/educational-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/47">Educational reform</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/free-expression" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/48">Free expression</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/human-rights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/49">Human rights</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/minority-groups" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51">Minority groups</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/political-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/52">Political reform</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/rule-law" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/53">Rule of law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/sexual-diversity-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50">Sexual diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/social-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/54">Social reform</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/wasta" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/55">Wasta</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3"> <div class="footer-menu-item"> <h2>Arabic Language</h2> <ul class="menu menu--arabic-language nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/67">Introduction to Arabic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/68">Is Arabic difficult?</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2931">How to learn Arabic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-7" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3682">Where to learn Arabic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-4" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/69">Arabic words in English</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-5" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/70">Transliteration</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-3" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71">Arabic proverbs</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-menu-item"> <h2>Special Topics</h2> <ul class="menu menu--special-topics nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/arab-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/72">Arab history</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/arab-islamic-science" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/73">Arab-Islamic science</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/books-about-middle-east" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3717">Books on the Middle East</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/coronavirus-middle-east" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4230">Covid-19 in the Middle East</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/food-and-recipes" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/74">Food and recipes</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/hajj-pilgrimage" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">Hajj (pilgrimage)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/where-middle-east" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3716">Where is the Middle East?</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/who-are-arabs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2752">Who are the Arabs?</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-menu-item"> <h2>Latest News</h2> <ul class="menu menu--latest-news nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/middle-east-news-%E2%80%93-latest" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/92">Middle East news – latest</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/online-news-media" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/101">Online news media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/useful-news-sources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/93">Useful news sources</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="https://al-bab.com/official-government-news-services">Official news agencies</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3"> <div class="footer-menu-item"> <h2>Country Guides</h2> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-countries view-id-countries view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-a6d250aebe9cbc75a7064e7499bd63ea86b4e1b81f493f0aac0d5f630720fc47"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/algeria" hreflang="en">Algeria</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/bahrain" hreflang="en">Bahrain</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/comoros" hreflang="en">Comoros</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/djibouti" hreflang="en">Djibouti</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/egypt" hreflang="en">Egypt</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/iraq" hreflang="en">Iraq</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/jordan" hreflang="en">Jordan</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/kuwait" hreflang="en">Kuwait</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/lebanon" hreflang="en">Lebanon</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/libya" hreflang="en">Libya</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/mauritania" hreflang="en">Mauritania</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/morocco" hreflang="en">Morocco</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/oman" hreflang="en">Oman</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/palestine" hreflang="en">Palestine</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/qatar" hreflang="en">Qatar</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/saudi-arabia" hreflang="en">Saudi Arabia</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/somalia" hreflang="en">Somalia</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/sudan" hreflang="en">Sudan</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/syria" hreflang="en">Syria</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/tunisia" hreflang="en">Tunisia</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/uae" hreflang="en">UAE</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/index.php/country/yemen" hreflang="en">Yemen</a></span></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3"> <div class="footer-menu-item"> <h2>Arts & Culture</h2> <ul class="menu menu--arts-and-culture nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/arab-and-islamic-architecture" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/56">Architecture</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/art" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/57">Art</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/arabic-calligraphy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/58">Calligraphy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/cinema-section/arab-cinema-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/59">Cinema</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/dancing-arabs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/60">Dance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/hennatattoos" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/61">Henna/tattoos</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture-liiterature-section/literature" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/62">Literature</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/music-section/arab-music-introduction" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/63">Music</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/liiterature-section/arabic-poetry" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/64">Poetry</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/arab-theatre" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66">Theatre</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-menu-item"> <h2>Documents</h2> <ul class="menu menu--documents nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/documents-section/documents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31">General documents</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/documents-section/country-documents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2334">Country documents</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/documents-section/documents-human-rights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/96">Human rights documents</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="http://al-bab.com/documents-section/documents#League">Arab League documents</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12"> <p class="copyright-text">all text and images (c) Al Bab and Brian Whitaker | Website (c) 2024 - by Ugli | all rights reserved</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="region region-footer"> <section id="block-eucookiecompliancebuttonblock" class="block block-eu-cookie-compliance block-eu-cookie-compliance-button-block clearfix"> This block requires the "Enable floating privacy settings tab and withdraw consent banner" to be enabled in <a href="/index.php/admin/config/system/eu-cookie-compliance/settings">EU Cookie Compliance settings</a>. </section> </div> <aside id="offCanvasMenu"> <div class="offcanvas-menu-list-main"> <h3>Menu</h3> <ul class="menu menu--main nav navbar-nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/" data-drupal-link-system-path="<front>">Home</a> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/articles-section/articles-brian-whitaker" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2351">Articles <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/blog/archive/all" data-drupal-link-system-path="blog/archive/all">Blog posts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/articles-section/articles-brian-whitaker" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2351">Other articles</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/articles-section/middle-east-international-articles-about-yemen" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3130">Yemen articles</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/middle-east-news-%E2%80%93-latest" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/92">News <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/middle-east-news-%E2%80%93-latest" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/92">Middle East news – latest</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/online-news-media" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/101">Online news media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/useful-news-sources" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/93">Useful news sources</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="https://al-bab.com/official-government-news-services">Official news agencies</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/civil-society" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44">Society & politics <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/civil-society" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/44">Civil society</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/corruption" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/45">Corruption</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/economic-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/46">Economic reform</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/educational-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/47">Educational reform</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/free-expression" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/48">Free expression</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/human-rights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/49">Human rights</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/minority-groups" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51">Minority groups</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/political-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/52">Political reform</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/rule-law" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/53">Rule of law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/sexual-diversity-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50">Sexual diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/social-reform" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/54">Social reform</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/society-politics/wasta" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/55">Wasta</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/arab-and-islamic-architecture" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/56">Arts & culture <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/arab-and-islamic-architecture" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/56">Architecture</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/art" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/57">Art</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/arabic-calligraphy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/58">Calligraphy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/cinema-section/arab-cinema-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/59">Cinema</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/dancing-arabs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/60">Dance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/hennatattoos" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/61">Henna/tattoos</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture-liiterature-section/literature" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/62">Literature</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/music-section/arab-music-introduction" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/63">Music</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/liiterature-section/arabic-poetry" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/64">Poetry</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/arts-and-culture/arab-theatre" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66">Theatre</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/67">Arabic language <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/67">Introducing Arabic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/68">Is Arabic difficult?</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2931">How to learn Arabic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-7" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3682">Where to learn Arabic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-4" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/69">Arabic words in English</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-5" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/70">- Transliteration</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/arabic-language/arabic-language-3" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71">Arabic proverbs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/arab-history" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/72">Special topics <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/arab-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/72">Arab history</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/arab-islamic-science" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/73">Arab-Islamic science</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/books-about-middle-east" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3717">Books on the Middle East</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/coronavirus-middle-east" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4230">Coronavirus pandemic</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/food-and-recipes" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/74">Food and recipes</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/hajj-pilgrimage" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">Hajj (pilgrimage)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/where-middle-east" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3716">Where is the Middle East?</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/special-topics/who-are-arabs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2752">Who are the Arabs?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown last"> <a href="/index.php/documents-section/documents" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31">Documents <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/index.php/documents-section/documents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31">General documents</a> </li> <li> <a href="/index.php/documents-section/country-documents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2334">Country documents</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/index.php/documents-section/documents-human-rights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/96">Human rights documents</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> <div class="hidden-ads-container" style="display:none;"> <img src="/sites/default/files/728x90-albab-ads.png" class="ads-image"> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/4139","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"bootstrap\/popover,bootstrap\/tooltip,core\/drupal.dialog.ajax,eu_cookie_compliance\/eu_cookie_compliance_default,sharethis\/sharethis,sharethis\/sharethispickerexternalbuttons,sharethis\/sharethispickerexternalbuttonsws,system\/base,views\/views.module,webform\/webform.element.details.save,webform\/webform.element.details.toggle,webform\/webform.element.message,webform\/webform.form","theme":"uglitheme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"form_action_p_pvdeGsVG5zNF_XLGPTvYSKCf43t8qZYSwcfZl2uzM":true,"\/search":true},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy clicking the Accept button, you agree to us doing so.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EMore info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button button--small\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button button--small button--primary\u0022\u003ENo, thanks\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EMore info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button button--small\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button button--small button--primary\u0022\u003ENo, thanks\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"https:\/\/al-bab.com\/privacy-policy-0","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":false,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_in","automatic_cookies_removal":true,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button button button--small button--primary\u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":0,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":true,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":" button button--small button--primary","olivero_secondary_button_classes":" button button--small","close_button_action":"close_banner","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"bootstrap":{"forms_has_error_value_toggle":1,"modal_animation":1,"modal_backdrop":"true","modal_focus_input":1,"modal_keyboard":1,"modal_select_text":1,"modal_show":1,"modal_size":"","popover_enabled":1,"popover_animation":1,"popover_auto_close":1,"popover_container":"body","popover_content":"","popover_delay":"0","popover_html":0,"popover_placement":"right","popover_selector":"","popover_title":"","popover_trigger":"click","tooltip_enabled":1,"tooltip_animation":1,"tooltip_container":"body","tooltip_delay":"0","tooltip_html":0,"tooltip_placement":"auto left","tooltip_selector":"","tooltip_trigger":"hover"},"sharethis":{"publisher":"8c591c8d-65e7-4ae3-a3f7-1493bbcc5a4f","version":"5x","doNotCopy":false,"hashAddressBar":true,"doNotHash":false},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"5a152f6d632e986ade952da75fa19ba7093899ec696264c1df27cbd64e1b5047"}}</script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.6.0"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/underscore/underscore-min.js?v=1.13.3"></script> <script src="/core/misc/polyfills/element.matches.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/polyfills/object.assign.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/polyfills/nodelist.foreach.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/css-escape/css.escape.js?v=1.5.1"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery-once/jquery.once.min.js?v=2.2.3"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/version-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/unique-id-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/plugin-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/data-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/disable-selection-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/focusable-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/form-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/ie-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/jquery-patch-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/keycode-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/safe-blur-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/safe-active-element-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/scroll-parent-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widget-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/controlgroup-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/form-reset-mixin-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/mouse-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/labels-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/checkboxradio-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/resizable-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/draggable-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/button-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/dialog-min.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/sharethis/js/sharethis.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/tabbable/index.umd.min.js?v=5.3.2"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="//unpkg.com/js-offcanvas@1.2.8/dist/_js/js-offcanvas.pkgd.min.js"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/uglitheme/js/script.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/drupal.bootstrap.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/attributes.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/theme.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/js-cookie/js.cookie.min.js?v=3.0.1"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=9.4.9" defer></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/popover.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/tooltip.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/core/misc/debounce.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/jquery.once.bc.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/form.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/misc/form.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/webform/js/webform.behaviors.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/states.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/misc/states.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/webform/js/webform.states.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/webform/js/webform.form.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/webform/js/webform.element.details.save.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/announce.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/webform/js/webform.element.details.toggle.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/webform/js/webform.element.message.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/progress.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/misc/progress.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/core/misc/ajax.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/misc/ajax.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/core/misc/displace.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/jquery.tabbable.shim.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/position.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/modal.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/dialog.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/modal.jquery.ui.bridge.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="/core/misc/dialog/dialog.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/dialog/dialog.position.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/modules/ckeditor5/js/ckeditor5.dialog.fix.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/dialog/dialog.ajax.js?v=9.4.9"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/misc/dialog.ajax.js?shnkbt"></script> <script src="https://ws.sharethis.com/button/buttons.js"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Syria and chemical weapons – all articles | al-bab