CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '914d2c9daac45d17',cH: 'xjN49qRklRioMJ9jpSqpVP5fepSQCYwpJ24eL9HcRek-1740040642-1.2.1.1-55bs0wiFbrlo2XLOlab8Jar02cFFT4EPnNwXyEAslsBrC83WfnAjno.oVR7mP87W',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/20545\/islam-and-democracy?__cf_chl_tk=ur30yFIXaHExWqu4L_W_yn_bRdAMd20DJ86ZNF.6WYE-1740040642-1.0.1.1-uFqPchdDNwGgwgcdGY10_4hV5mnGmBx1hsQ2Gjpgsp4",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740040642',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/abstracts\/20545\/islam-and-democracy?__cf_chl_f_tk=ur30yFIXaHExWqu4L_W_yn_bRdAMd20DJ86ZNF.6WYE-1740040642-1.0.1.1-uFqPchdDNwGgwgcdGY10_4hV5mnGmBx1hsQ2Gjpgsp4",md: "e8rxJ2jqGXzwnSawdOqY0Nz_0iqj.uOkJ2VBefjMg7Y-1740040642-1.2.1.1-68JZAykTW3mSyKpRmFRPVjKArJmaN8Rh1wnLC2XTz4I.4pzyn6plhFNbRJc2ywofTfAptSRvFd1NOr7pgyha5uCB4QSOxn6CR5fRovUXOFJIeJ7Pltqx1.LCjaRgEM74UpXqcXbS74eE_cUHMoZV7ZlN7iadSCRS_9kUB9mqHEPEavPkePioW.4hYH9Q0aalArX_Z0g.8Q_XwSnOrkgFfNpDygPl5z74RtC.ovQjK02UAYb6NNb9nMicAOcbaWyNVumHimxGbHY3x.XLLy7LeeX4k3J3EQkNoBRutlgXg1TGLPPr6PJbnYijyd.KH6ywZrKX4WEYbi.c7DiRL8Re9IEHbTGaUnxoC4_699wdLpUUq2daC2ecOEEL8XhtXuTjgxW.NYfjKWGIEFjqHNNd0Th9uk6Uydag.hJwhBZe8aCODkDnwUEWK_Fyl1e2P.jPcxQuS1XMf4Vl2d0jINsHs1BXiRq8b8mjYaLdehibtUsNJ36S6VXEEZSICSVWNueu29EiIQ2ayzJ5YJgNLjKUi4SsCOaUMQvCBoFT0Yt9ytSCX1iDDGg036JwfxawdxVT5zulZczmh0kXA_Rq_6lzX2LAUd4GhjNIenKeXdJwZllmMn3You2XLcjK6cbYMNZE2lNion0vEB9iOt3.qfo.e4rSH_qAgNHfoKH1VxOspZ3sWXt4VDkVDqTsCuUJtZYE9g.oIA8L7KNoDCxq_cBJ1E.E4Pdci58Ns6PazQYVK.gx1G85bgmYOkCD.TjVBHJ1DBJ7uQz2L7_oBQJZB73EG5WrtDszm00QIQRH6kg1xfdhLqFs0cdh72pLz4qt_o98_WstEhhQzUgjWUMeI8jn3QdWcY.PjcQuptxOoIEd4LsyoaPl0ncr2_CdCXp3AH4Yn4DeMlVttlx9HjK5S70ogNRTXqQ9HkXS1ukrGaAZ9DebYaRSF4L12Is24Pbc_8rKaow.ZvVjVmwgBP6elL_UwB_lku33V.tIr_7ME.WrECVEoDFZercqKCfLjgNGIocXKh.Q9m9qVfUJeQVjPTreIZVP3w8JA2I.sl8guYUwtJbOsc.T61b3OaW9uPzGUJd4yINoZJxBbzeBSy_6HI5WRjpB9pZv2dwTI6SKJAGh5Bag9FntO8WcLWaW0siN7HkdOsL0I6oylT1dgZgao3gD2iKo1cYt6Q1IXHndGFK4CzOKFSDNCe69E3BdnoR.L6O.qZDrEcUzbMHwEmOvWnY0vhLgZHIyfPa8mHyPFXFa_QDNHAT3mZpRxHTKdCGrZphZprkhU7wsMuQYWv6hy6CPU8DFCsn.kZSWHy5w9IS7mZfctovQU5.63OWKjoFQyYyYRcd1_9p6AMTKCnzJp59q37Vht1J8TlILvCQmk8xpZUYFEaOP4lEL9G0R7VvAg95t4Njf7tl.PToNG9RdTlx5GjEIH_liuFragD7ZO34.KAp11svagp3D_dFzcugsYHbql_vY6.sE1stCfp7H5_amF9_TWoMCeKzmshkNeg_fjXdhDpgoY.DEreciJ.3E37_28xQf92zaFpCmh._m0IHWqtARsegQBag03llw3CUoJ4Ktx0DuOgvtBt.crs.IReiJ2V5V9ANQczyVJzbmxcmA.L_c83Khc92NfijVFDD2VOiZSOanedPjuALAMaoYoh4bBG2fUc28BVF3VupuRthzlET7XAMueqH09I0KyksLoLimMg7VzFtd4R6FXVPavUGdHDFe._3QyuNxI_ZM.UW4U0aucSkdGESi2PTQ.eWZDbbM9DgD.l1Omz7uMBzVsv6viYCmolY0hwxYFAjQ2aQyQaBkpCVdHU65o5zol8rYLxiONeV4uREDIP5ZkqOpVVrelhFIjvKaWPDwNG1DRvmEq09iQ36b.bIVFLXmcr_pUx9_VMr1pbZEcCmXVDXtsu0F1kEc_qcF.FgffJAuQ1j1YISC2bbzWvqHaB8BWjhA9IA",mdrd: "A6lpYkkkcU5UEMdk7TUGbnPgtXxgxc_I1bLBrCDJmoE-1740040642-1.2.1.1-mwFBvVDD2MO6pQNVJ7DHrRaxPU2g8ABOs3oQfwOKAU9qHRdwzN5OIwlU3ynT8EywaLVRPME5k.9C5fwpu6PSG.6okK_tPjgOH9LxNp43QqcLVUDp0sDYK9vTfVvGTOGdbna5Ag6TGfRim6CBf.qs55TuArY9X_IfgkT361dtBobpYtco2F8t7SCqy6Rc9GycUL6960UWPKjKjER3RrtxuktxAVLPUkG_l8Jx3pKeyQ.8NML.oduuKVUGzhcfzi6C1.EpSITeGc2mK.S7DJCPl2exXAsokxcLXAJxX1E0tIpmfw4Ps92N.y9B1pK5c9hjVPZYXxkDrC_6CWA6l_dGYr7PBKpe6dIRVHsFWMwt4eVVFSZzxkHxuQgdtIs87B3A12xB7W86SNRe3xCWEDpPB.HKTJuOAwDtVtMxQEmE6U4NUpHWg9WwDelMVuHdCwQFF_AF.HIn3ooyqHreCkRum8ufSY7iP27HOjby971V_YtlxIUtnI3bpsfX8zBqBzyxUCbnyVb142GrhabxdZbzbV9LSwLFj4.iLuwMaDCHVS6zIJJZvhpyGRgkzXBwl7v7pgvilT77vBdlS7F44Uxb.hurIZHY9BHNqnZVNmmlO9eZRsE1ynxdfBBZtu8HH5AxQbflYg6JM99eBChoieFUeXLWVG7qEH.nb5dToBrgmOFqS_bwjWjAtMEklC_d7ZHYAdUcYKafljHOloeYFTvypkNotDxddTRJIxb2vkFuZpARb.sV7OEWkQ1uIxqSz9uDodFdZvygvyh4IEihQ1FxqSBjU97UqK5DOTex20kUaV1JPU40upHMjw4znGbsMkJyxrF0QQclFOcHZt4LFsH6ZxGLvkLyp_EcKWU8dHwFIwiCZGQoxiFbz6X7DX3e7MFShmxxssWq8VrPdN5ySPHZ8BawyxkCFycNVk87YESNzfMQlGVM.CYBpDELTrKEP_qwSjlPBoa74aLYCgJuIwYh2XGC0eMvoMIDBRYY350EFGIoG45GvVpsK15IkmERvKK1hVcrIuxpvM3WyID9iIKrHpGVZVgsIk9ZsRl1vsoUTs3ALVM_l2kDgW3Hne43Wb9CzAkPEB6vKTapthMZtuadoMIZZQHSqeE1vRqN4XnNqxDi6VdT85zsBoxPL.bFBjCjsBqN.4.cFfK6U8n4bHljKVsmPHCuCNVJd5IqEbF8RkKWfLcazJ3XxXG46JMa2tBQTw9wZWWlJ_dvq1PUfizIL0Rw8rvEKnvdzQHG55zQOs1vimBWYtXloJbrP1vRvD9GZ42OLmk_4NjY5Ml.8XO7wvlvZoU98DW3q7Z3TBfVvozM5Tt_qWrfBA6_vBU5BySmHT56y4GBJ.HAiTjVitcSr7O1ZH.xMeN4mL_.zqr7kaLmD7Q4crlGvohnXdFXwgfYtreNv59Fa2jEzM52wTTprp0ZCCNyDxLLYDN0Tf6Sr1knF47oDB4fNxjPoJQJtjq.q3rlIEUxYLNCfr9Bel1tmMAql9rkupBdqhmJnzw2lr1B5Iht28eWHcWnKCtkch8kDtMb4w3NOPfjYRLS8Ur2RVeF.wpJofYxW_zgGXyT8fmcJSe8Ov.eDyfOC6Nic.bP3dt4cGEi_mhe2Vc_Ivfq9k_6MK1qnhMC8Pv5I.fk525FIiYlJLIPlO3TOljk2ag0WavaqFGKZh7Z8fCEIaRCqcQJVajxZWHSPh3yXKhujGKM0fTGG6py0OIf_JPkQs3AoQZJs0lUVqPx_3RtotAzA_Ca06uxnw62hVS1V9S.0171.F8lHHxCqLJtGYDG7z0TljYc0kTBwFjoqP4dk2pPl0_PA9ryf2SkeXzwNLLnccupng59HfWlzbVXzAT6VlfXfMm3VgW.Z5K_SUihpZUGhKdRMRSZpptrb_axWTIn0BWqE8zX6vFeNLvPPQbjMHp3cKqT8RT9X98DgdPmS5IiXJrqRgpOQrQFR2qXKz8qG64orV_pKabyF8yeZNNVWmd6VUbgUTZ1d1.wufsfT8Zx.g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914d2c9daac45d17';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/20545\/islam-and-democracy?__cf_chl_rt_tk=ur30yFIXaHExWqu4L_W_yn_bRdAMd20DJ86ZNF.6WYE-1740040642-1.0.1.1-uFqPchdDNwGgwgcdGY10_4hV5mnGmBx1hsQ2Gjpgsp4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>