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{"work":{"id":810382,"created_at":"2011-08-07T03:36:41.161-07:00","from_world_paper_id":13258758,"updated_at":"2024-12-03T19:34:47.826-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"eprints.bbk.ac.uk","ai_abstract":"This work explores the Roman army not merely as an instrument of imperial power, but as a collection of communities with distinct relationships and social codes. Through a comprehensive examination of various forms of evidence, including legal texts, personal correspondence, and archaeological findings, the author underscores the diversity within the military and the interplay between soldiers and the civilian communities they interacted with. The discussions of military cohesion by Alston and Goldsworthy further reveal the complexity of soldier identities during both peacetime and wartime.","publication_date":"1999,1,1"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Introduction: the Roman army as a community","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [95045]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":4853381,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Introduction: the Roman army as a community”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/4853381/mini_magick20190427-11526-1m9p24g.png?1556376470" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Introduction: the Roman army as a community</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="95045" href="https://newcastle.academia.edu/IanHaynes"><img alt="Profile image of Ian Haynes" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Ian Haynes</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1999</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">11 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 810382; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=810382"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This work explores the Roman army not merely as an instrument of imperial power, but as a collection of communities with distinct relationships and social codes. Through a comprehensive examination of various forms of evidence, including legal texts, personal correspondence, and archaeological findings, the author underscores the diversity within the military and the interplay between soldiers and the civilian communities they interacted with. The discussions of military cohesion by Alston and Goldsworthy further reveal the complexity of soldier identities during both peacetime and wartime.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":4853381,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/810382/Introduction_the_Roman_army_as_a_community"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":4853381,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/810382/Introduction_the_Roman_army_as_a_community"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="4853381" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/810382/Introduction_the_Roman_army_as_a_community" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="30514818" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30514818/Conference_Report_Military_Organisation_and_Society_in_the_post_Roman_World">Conference Report: Military Organisation and Society in the post-Roman World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2622499" href="https://fu-berlin.academia.edu/ElloraBennett">Ellora Bennett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Conference report for the workshop that took place at the Freie Universität Berlin between the 15th and 16th August 2016, organised by the project 'Militarisierung frühmittelalterlicher Gesellschaften. 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Fronda (eds.) Romans at War: Soldiers, Citizens, and Society in the Roman Republic. Routledge: London., 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This volume addresses the fundamental importance of the army, warfare, and military service to the development of both the Roman Republic and wider Italic society in the second half of the first millennium BC. It brings together emerging and established scholars in the area of Roman military studies to engage with subjects such as the relationship between warfare and economic and demographic regimes; the interplay of war, aristocratic politics, and state formation; and the complex role the military played in the integration of Italy. The book demonstrates the centrality of war to Rome's internal and external relationships during the Republic, as well as to the Romans' sense of identity and history. 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Her thematically organized study analyzes these aspects of discipline using both literary and documentary sources. Phang emphasizes social and cultural conflicts in the Roman army. Contrary to the impression that Roman emperors "bought" their soldiers and indulged them, discipline restrained such behavior and legitimized and stabilized the imperial power. Phang argues that emperors and aristocratic commanders gained prestige from imposing discipline, while displaying leadership in person and a willingness to compromise with a restive soldiery.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Roman Military Service: Ideologies Of Discipline In The Late Republic And Early Principate","attachmentId":107876452,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109887996/Roman_Military_Service_Ideologies_Of_Discipline_In_The_Late_Republic_And_Early_Principate","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109887996/Roman_Military_Service_Ideologies_Of_Discipline_In_The_Late_Republic_And_Early_Principate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="4406276" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4406276/_Organisation_and_Life_in_the_Military_A_Bibliographic_Essay_in_Sarantis_A_and_N_Christie_2010_11_edd_War_and_Warfare_in_Late_Antiquity_Current_Perspectives_Late_Antique_Archaeology_8_1_8_2_2010_11_2013_Pp_209_238_Leiden">“Organisation and Life in the Military: A Bibliographic Essay”, in Sarantis A. and N. Christie (2010-11) edd. War and Warfare in Late Antiquity: Current Perspectives. Late Antique Archaeology 8.1-8.2 2010-11 (2013). Pp. 209-238. Leiden</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="887577" href="https://uwinnipeg.academia.edu/ConorWhately">Conor Whately</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Organisation and Life in the Military: A Bibliographic Essay”, in Sarantis A. and N. Christie (2010-11) edd. War and Warfare in Late Antiquity: Current Perspectives. Late Antique Archaeology 8.1-8.2 2010-11 (2013). Pp. 209-238. Leiden","attachmentId":35338927,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4406276/_Organisation_and_Life_in_the_Military_A_Bibliographic_Essay_in_Sarantis_A_and_N_Christie_2010_11_edd_War_and_Warfare_in_Late_Antiquity_Current_Perspectives_Late_Antique_Archaeology_8_1_8_2_2010_11_2013_Pp_209_238_Leiden","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4406276/_Organisation_and_Life_in_the_Military_A_Bibliographic_Essay_in_Sarantis_A_and_N_Christie_2010_11_edd_War_and_Warfare_in_Late_Antiquity_Current_Perspectives_Late_Antique_Archaeology_8_1_8_2_2010_11_2013_Pp_209_238_Leiden"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="100282493" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100282493/Soldiers_and_Society_in_Late_Roman_Belgica">Soldiers and Society in Late Roman Belgica</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5163436" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Hern">Ashley Hern</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This thesis explores military identity in late Roman Belgica II. It examines the central idea of a gradual blurring of lines between soldiers and civilians which is often identified as as a distinctive feature of the late Empire. This is mediated through two scholary paradigms: integration and militarisation. According to these, late Roman society was dominated by the military in cultural terms as well as through domination of the social and economic networks of ordinary life: i.e. the cities and countryside. This study seeks to refine this view through an examination of the province of Belgica II. This province would appear to be an extreme example of the militarisation process, but a closer study will reveal a more nuanced picture. This study uses the idea of identity and the sociological concepts of constructed and complex identities to explore the dynamic nature of military identity and argue that the late Roman period should be taken on its own terms, rather than being compared...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Soldiers and Society in Late Roman Belgica","attachmentId":101149155,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100282493/Soldiers_and_Society_in_Late_Roman_Belgica","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100282493/Soldiers_and_Society_in_Late_Roman_Belgica"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="26239160" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26239160/The_Ties_that_Bind_Military_Cohesion_in_Archaic_Rome">The Ties that Bind: Military Cohesion in Archaic Rome</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3172449" href="https://auckland.academia.edu/JeremyArmstrong">Jeremy Armstrong</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Circum Mare: Themes in Ancient Warfare, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ties that Bind: Military Cohesion in Archaic Rome","attachmentId":62868653,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26239160/The_Ties_that_Bind_Military_Cohesion_in_Archaic_Rome","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26239160/The_Ties_that_Bind_Military_Cohesion_in_Archaic_Rome"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="3250490" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3250490/Fighting_for_Rome_Some_considerations_regarding_the_soldiers_attitude_towards_Rome">Fighting for Rome. Some considerations regarding the soldier's attitude towards Rome</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="702921" href="https://uaic.academia.edu/ElenaAdam">Elena Adam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Research and Science Today , 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fighting for Rome. Some considerations regarding the soldier's attitude towards Rome","attachmentId":31462304,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3250490/Fighting_for_Rome_Some_considerations_regarding_the_soldiers_attitude_towards_Rome","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3250490/Fighting_for_Rome_Some_considerations_regarding_the_soldiers_attitude_towards_Rome"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="44953416" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44953416/A_professional_Roman_army_">'A professional Roman army?'</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223827" href="https://lacity.academia.edu/DougLee">Doug Lee</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">E. Stewart, E. Harris & D. Lewis (eds), Skilled Labour and Professionalism in Ancient Greece and Rome (Cambridge UP,), 362-382, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It has become a commonplace in modern scholarly publications for the Roman army to be referred to as professional, most frequently in the context of the changes to the terms of military service introduced by the emperor Augustus. In contrast to the Republican period, when the Roman army was originally a citizen militia liable to annual call-up and for whom military service was not their primary source of income, Augustus established the principle of continuous long-term military service in return for an annual salary and a generous discharge bonus upon retirement. There can be no denying that these changes marked a very significant alteration in the character of the army – but does it warrant the term ‘professionalization’ which is so frequently invoked? The term ‘professional’ and its cognates are too often used in relation to the imperial Roman army without due consideration of the wide range of connotations which this terminology can bear in the modern world, resulting in the unfortunate importation of anachronistic assumptions into discourse about the Roman military. Ranging across the centuries from Augustus to late antiquity, this paper challenges the default use of the language of professionalization with reference to the Roman army and argues that while certain usages of the term ‘professional’ may be valid, there are so many other unhelpful modernising connotations arising from such terminology that it is better avoided.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'A professional Roman army?'","attachmentId":91674455,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44953416/A_professional_Roman_army_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44953416/A_professional_Roman_army_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":4853381,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":4853381,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_4853381" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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