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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Rozwój_zarodkowy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rozwój_zarodkowy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Rozwój zarodkowy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rozwój_zarodkowy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematyka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematyka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Systematyka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematyka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierwouste</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 68 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urm%C3%BCnder" title="Urmünder – szwajcarski niemiecki" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Urmünder" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="szwajcarski niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%85" title="أوليات الفم – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوليات الفم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lka%C4%9F%C4%B1zl%C4%B1lar" title="İlkağızlılar – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İlkağızlılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ایلکین آغیزلیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایلکین آغیزلیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-kh%C3%A1u_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Goân-kháu tōng-bu̍t – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-kháu tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D2%99%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Беренсел ауыҙлылар – baszkirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Беренсел ауыҙлылар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baszkirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Першаснаротыя – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першаснаротыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Първичноустни – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първичноустни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B2stoms" title="Protòstoms – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protòstoms" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5_%C3%A7%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Пĕрремĕшле çăварли – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕрремĕшле çăварли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvo%C3%BAst%C3%AD" title="Prvoústí – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prvoústí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urm%C3%BCnder" title="Urmünder – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urmünder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmassuused" title="Esmassuused – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esmassuused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Πρωτοστόμια – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτοστόμια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Protostome" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabu%C5%9Dulo" title="Prabuŝulo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prabuŝulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دهان‌نخستیان – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهان‌نخستیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerm%C3%BBnigen" title="Oermûnigen – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oermûnigen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3stomos" title="Protóstomos – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protóstomos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Баге хьалхагӀа хьахула – inguski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Баге хьалхагӀа хьахула" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="선구동물 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선구동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նախաբերաններ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նախաբերաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रोटोस्टोमिया – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटोस्टोमिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvouste" title="Prvouste – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prvouste" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%94" title="קדמוני הפה – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קדמוני הפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პირველადპირიანები – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პირველადპირიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Алғашқы ауыздылар – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алғашқы ауыздылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmmutnieki" title="Pirmmutnieki – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmmutnieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirminiaburniai" title="Pirminiaburniai – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pirminiaburniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – liguryjski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguryjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oermunjige" title="Oermunjige – limburski" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oermunjige" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%90ssz%C3%A1j%C3%BAak" title="Ősszájúak – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ősszájúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%8F%A3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="前口動物 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="前口動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uurm%C3%BCsdiarten" title="Uurmüsdiarten – północnofryzyjski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uurmüsdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="północnofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomier" title="Protostomier – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Protostomier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlamchi_og%CA%BBizlilar" title="Birlamchi ogʻizlilar – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birlamchi ogʻizlilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrderm%C3%BCnner" title="Ehrdermünner – dolnoniemiecki" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ehrdermünner" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoniemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Первичноротые – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первичноротые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Protostome" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Protostome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvo%C3%BAstovce" title="Prvoústovce – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvoústovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Протостомије – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протостомије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkusuiset" title="Alkusuiset – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkusuiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomer" title="Protostomer – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protostomer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புரொட்டோஸ்டோம் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரொட்டோஸ்டோம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timenzimawen" title="Timenzimawen – kabylski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timenzimawen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Нахустдаҳонҳо – tadżycki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нахустдаҳонҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadżycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lkin_a%C4%9F%C4%B1zl%C4%B1lar" title="İlkin ağızlılar – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İlkin ağızlılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96" title="Первиннороті – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Первиннороті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_mi%E1%BB%87ng_nguy%C3%AAn_sinh" title="Động vật miệng nguyên sinh – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật miệng nguyên sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Protostomia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%A3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="原口动物 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原口动物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fek%C4%B1n%C3%AA_s%C4%B1ftey%C4%B1ni" title="Fekınê sıfteyıni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fekınê sıfteyıni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%A3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="原口动物 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原口动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5171#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pierwouste" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Pierwouste" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pierwouste"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pierwouste"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Pierwouste" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Strony_specjalne" title="Lista wszystkich stron specjalnych [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Strony specjalne</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&oldid=67926630" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pierwouste"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pierwouste&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protostomia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5171" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67504987">.mw-parser-output .infobox-zwierzeta .naglowek{color:black;background:#d3d3a4}</style> <table class="infobox infobox-zwierzeta"> <caption class="naglowek" style="background-color:#D3D3A4; color:#000000;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Pierwouste</div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; color:black; background-color:white;">Protostomia<sup id="cite_ref-itis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itis-1">[1]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:var(--color-base, black); text-align:center; font-size:x-small; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Grobben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Grobben (strona nie istnieje)">Grobben</a>, 1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3A4; color:black; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Hirudo_medicinalis_anatomy_by_Syme.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pijawka"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hirudo_medicinalis_anatomy_by_Syme.png/156px-Hirudo_medicinalis_anatomy_by_Syme.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hirudo_medicinalis_anatomy_by_Syme.png/235px-Hirudo_medicinalis_anatomy_by_Syme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hirudo_medicinalis_anatomy_by_Syme.png/313px-Hirudo_medicinalis_anatomy_by_Syme.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1149" /></a></span><br />Pijawka </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3A4; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Systematyka_organizm%C3%B3w" title="Systematyka organizmów">Systematyka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologia)" title="Domena (biologia)">Domena</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukarionty" title="Eukarionty">eukarionty</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia)">Królestwo</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Podkrólestwo </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Tkankowce_w%C5%82a%C5%9Bciwe" title="Tkankowce właściwe">tkankowce właściwe</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:130%"> <td style="background:#eeeeee; color:black; vertical-align: top;">(bez rangi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta_dwubocznie_symetryczne" title="Zwierzęta dwubocznie symetryczne">dwubocznie symetryczne</a> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:130%"> <td style="background:#eeeeee; color:black; vertical-align: top;">(bez rangi) </td> <td>pierwouste </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Synonim_(taksonomia)" title="Synonim (taksonomia)">Synonimy</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table class="iboxtab void"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>Gastroneuralia</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" title="Systematyka"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/24px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/36px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/48px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Protostomia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Protostomia">Systematyka w Wikispecies</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protostomia" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protostomia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Protostomia">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Pierwouste</b>, <b>pragębowce</b>, <b>pierwogębe</b> (Protostomia) – <a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">klad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta_dwubocznie_symetryczne" title="Zwierzęta dwubocznie symetryczne">zwierząt dwubocznie symetrycznych</a>, u których w <a href="/wiki/Embriogeneza" title="Embriogeneza">rozwoju embrionalnym</a> nie wytwarza się wtórny otwór gębowy, a otwór prowadzący do jamy <a href="/wiki/Gastrula" title="Gastrula">gastruli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prag%C4%99ba" title="Pragęba">pragęba</a>) staje się w <a href="/wiki/Ontogeneza" title="Ontogeneza">rozwoju osobniczym</a> właściwym otworem gębowym<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>. Grupa przeciwstawiana <a href="/wiki/Wt%C3%B3rouste" title="Wtórouste">wtóroustym</a> (Deuterostomia), z którymi tworzą dwie ewolucyjne linie wielokomórkowych <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B3jwarstwowce" title="Trójwarstwowce">zwierząt trójwarstwowych</a> (Triploblastica) i dwubocznie symetrycznych (Bilateria). Podział zwierząt zaliczanych do Bilateria na pierwouste i wtórouste wprowadził <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Grobben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Grobben (strona nie istnieje)">Karl Grobben</a> w 1908 roku. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rozwój_zarodkowy"><span id="Rozw.C3.B3j_zarodkowy"></span>Rozwój zarodkowy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Rozwój zarodkowy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Rozwój zarodkowy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pierwouste różnią się od wtóroustych<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-3">[3]</a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>pierwszym podziałem <a href="/wiki/Zygota" title="Zygota">zapłodnionego jaja</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bruzdkowanie" title="Bruzdkowanie">bruzdkowaniem</a>,</li> <li>przeznaczeniem <a href="/wiki/Prag%C4%99ba" title="Pragęba">pragęby</a>,</li> <li>sposobem powstawania <a href="/wiki/Mezoderma" title="Mezoderma">mezodermy</a> (jeśli istnieje w danej grupie).</li></ul> <p>U pierwoustych wrzeciono podziałowe trzeciego podziału podczas <a href="/wiki/Bruzdkowanie" title="Bruzdkowanie">bruzdkowania</a> ustawia się skośnie do długiej osi <a href="/wiki/Blastomer" title="Blastomer">blastomerów</a>, na skutek czego małe blastomery leżą na granicach dużych. <a href="/wiki/Prag%C4%99ba" title="Pragęba">Pragęba</a> przemieszcza się na płaszczyznę równikową <a href="/wiki/Zarodek" title="Zarodek">zarodka</a> i powstaje z niej otwór gębowy, a po przeciwnej stronie przez zagłębienie <a href="/wiki/Ektoderma" title="Ektoderma">ektodermy</a> powstaje <a href="/wiki/Odbyt" title="Odbyt">odbyt</a>. Mezoderma tworzy się w wyniku podziału komórek, które migrują i ustawiają się między <a href="/wiki/Ektoderma" title="Ektoderma">ektodermą</a> i <a href="/wiki/Entoderma" title="Entoderma">endodermą</a>. </p><p>Różnice pomiędzy Protostomia i Deuterostomia na etapie rozwoju zarodkowego<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-3">[3]</a></sup>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Stadium rozwojowe </th> <th>Protostomia<br />(pierwouste) </th> <th>Deuterostomia<br />(wtórouste) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruzdkowanie" title="Bruzdkowanie">bruzdkowanie</a></td> <td>spiralne</td> <td>promieniste </td></tr> <tr> <td>przekształcenie <a href="/wiki/Prag%C4%99ba" title="Pragęba">blastoporu</a> (pragęby)</td> <td>gęba</td> <td>odbyt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mezoderma" title="Mezoderma">mezoderma</a></td> <td>wczesna determinacja</td> <td>oddzielenie się woreczków mezodermalnych<br />od górnej części prajelita </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jama_cia%C5%82a" title="Jama ciała">jama ciała</a></td> <td>schizoceliczna</td> <td>enteroceliczna </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematyka">Systematyka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Systematyka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Systematyka"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>W tradycyjnej <a href="/wiki/Klasyfikacja_biologiczna" title="Klasyfikacja biologiczna">klasyfikacji biologicznej</a> do pierwoustych zaliczana była większość <a href="/wiki/Typ_(biologia)" title="Typ (biologia)">typów</a> <a href="/wiki/Bezkr%C4%99gowce" title="Bezkręgowce">zwierząt bezkręgowych</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82azi%C5%84ce" title="Płazińce">płazińce</a> (Platyhelminthes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wst%C4%99%C5%BCnice" title="Wstężnice">wstężnice</a> (Nemertea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szcz%C4%99kog%C4%99be" title="Szczękogębe">szczękogębe</a> (Gnathostomulida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrotki_(biologia)" title="Wrotki (biologia)">wrotki</a> (Rotifera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brzuchorz%C4%99ski" title="Brzuchorzęski">brzuchorzęski</a> (Gastrotricha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryjkog%C5%82owy" title="Ryjkogłowy">ryjkogłowy</a> (Kinorhyncha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolczugowce" title="Kolczugowce">kolczugowce</a> (Loricifera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicienie" title="Nicienie">nicienie</a> (Nematoda)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnikowce" title="Nitnikowce">nitnikowce</a> (Nematomorpha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolcog%C5%82owy" title="Kolcogłowy">kolcogłowy</a> (Acanthocephala)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielichowate" title="Kielichowate">kielichowate</a> (Kamptozoa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier%C5%9Bcienice" title="Pierścienice">pierścienice</a> (Annelida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niezmogowce" title="Niezmogowce">niezmogowce</a> (Priapulida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikwiaki" title="Sikwiaki">sikwiaki</a> (Sipuncula)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczetnice" title="Szczetnice">szczetnice</a> (Echiura)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stawonogi" title="Stawonogi">stawonogi</a> (Arthropoda)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazurnice" title="Pazurnice">pazurnice</a> (Onychophora)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrz%C4%99chy" title="Wrzęchy">wrzęchy</a> (Pentastomida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niesporczaki" title="Niesporczaki">niesporczaki</a> (Tardigrada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99czaki" title="Mięczaki">mięczaki</a> (Mollusca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryzelnice" title="Kryzelnice">kryzelnice</a> (Phoronida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mszywio%C5%82y" title="Mszywioły">mszywioły</a> (Bryozoa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramienionogi" title="Ramienionogi">ramienionogi</a> (Brachiopoda)</li></ul> <p>Pod koniec <a href="/wiki/XX_wiek" title="XX wiek">XX w.</a> przedstawiono hipotezy podziału pierwoustych na: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lofotrochorowce" title="Lofotrochorowce">Lophotrochozoa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lofotrochorowce" title="Lofotrochorowce">lofotrochorowce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wylinkowce" title="Wylinkowce">Ecdysozoa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wylinkowce" title="Wylinkowce">wylinkowce</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwouste&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-itis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-itis_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=914155"><i>Protostomia</i></a>, [w:] Integrated Taxonomic Information System<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protostomia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D914155" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Mały słownik zoologiczny. Bezkręgowce</i>. Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Wiedza_Powszechna" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiedza Powszechna">Wiedza Powszechna</a>, 1984. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8321404286" title="Specjalna:Książki/8321404286">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-214-0428-6</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ma%C5%82y+s%C5%82ownik+zoologiczny.+Bezkr%C4%99gowce&rft.date=1984&rft.pub=%5B%5BWiedza+Powszechna%5D%5D&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.isbn=83-214-0428-6"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Janet Moore: <i>Wprowadzenie do zoologii bezkręgowców</i>. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2011. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788323505037" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788323505037">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-235-0503-7</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wprowadzenie+do+zoologii+bezkr%C4%99gowc%C3%B3w&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Uniwersytetu+Warszawskiego&rft.isbn=978-83-235-0503-7"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Czesław Jura: <i>Bezkręgowce : podstawy morfologii funkcjonalnej, systematyki i filogenezy</i>. Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a>, 2007. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788301145958" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788301145958">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-01-14595-8</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bezkr%C4%99gowce+%3A+podstawy+morfologii+funkcjonalnej%2C+systematyki+i+filogenezy&rft.aulast=Jura&rft.aufirst=Czes%C5%82aw&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.isbn=978-83-01-14595-8"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid 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.navbox>.caption>.image{display:none}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Animalia_(L-E-D)" title="Szablon:Animalia (L-E-D)"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja_szablonu:Animalia_(L-E-D)" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Animalia (L-E-D)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Animalia_(L-E-D)&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Klasyfikacja <a href="/wiki/Typ_(biologia)" title="Typ (biologia)">typów</a> zwierząt na podstawie hipotezy <a href="/wiki/Ekdyzon" title="Ekdyzon">ekdyzonu</a> (Lophotrochozoa-Ecdysozoa-Deuterostomia)</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist navbox-above above"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia)">Królestwo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a> (Animalia <i>sensu</i> Metazoa) </p> </div><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nibytkankowce" title="Nibytkankowce">Parazoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%85bki" title="Gąbki">gąbki</a> <small>(Porifera)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82askowce" title="Płaskowce">płaskowce</a> <small>(Placozoa)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tkankowce_w%C5%82a%C5%9Bciwe" title="Tkankowce właściwe">Eumetazoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dwuwarstwowce" title="Dwuwarstwowce">Dwuwarstwowce</a><br />(Diploblastica)</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parzyde%C5%82kowce" title="Parzydełkowce">parzydełkowce</a> <small>(Cnidaria)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBebrop%C5%82awy" title="Żebropławy">żebropławy</a> <small>(Ctenophora)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta_dwubocznie_symetryczne" title="Zwierzęta dwubocznie symetryczne">Bilateria</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenacoelomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenacoelomorpha (strona nie istnieje)">Xenacoelomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wirki_bezjelitowe" title="Wirki bezjelitowe">wirki bezjelitowe</a> <small>(Acoelomorpha)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoturbellida" title="Xenoturbellida">Xenoturbellida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertodermatida" title="Nemertodermatida">Nemertodermatida</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nephrozoa (strona nie istnieje)">Nephrozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wt%C3%B3rouste" title="Wtórouste">wtórouste</a><br />(Deuterostomia)</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_1_1"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strunowce" title="Strunowce">strunowce</a> <small>(Chordata)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_1_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szkar%C5%82upnie" title="Szkarłupnie">szkarłupnie</a> <small>(Echinodermata)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82strunowce" title="Półstrunowce">półstrunowce</a> <small>(Hemichordata)</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">pierwouste</a><br />(Protostomia)</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szczecioszcz%C4%99kie" title="Szczecioszczękie">szczecioszczękie</a> <small>(Chaetognatha)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera" title="Gnathifera">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrotki_(biologia)" title="Wrotki (biologia)">wrotki</a> <small>(Rotifera)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szcz%C4%99kog%C4%99be" title="Szczękogębe">szczękogębe</a> <small>(Gnathostomulida)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drobnoszcz%C4%99kie" title="Drobnoszczękie">drobnoszczękie</a> <small>(Micrognathozoa)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platytrochozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platytrochozoa (strona nie istnieje)">Platytrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rouphozoa" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82azi%C5%84ce" title="Płazińce">płazińce</a> <small>(Platyhelminthes)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brzuchorz%C4%99ski" title="Brzuchorzęski">brzuchorzęski</a> <small>(Gastrotricha)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lofotrochorowce" title="Lofotrochorowce">lofotrochorowce</a><br />(Lophotrochozoa)</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Czu%C5%82kowce" title="Czułkowce">czułkowce</a><br />(Lophophorata)</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mszywio%C5%82y" title="Mszywioły">mszywioły</a> <small>(Bryozoa)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramienionogi" title="Ramienionogi">ramienionogi</a> <small>(Brachiopoda)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryzelnice" title="Kryzelnice">kryzelnice</a> <small>(Phoronida)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_2_2_2"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99czaki" title="Mięczaki">mięczaki</a> <small>(Mollusca)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier%C5%9Bcienice" title="Pierścienice">pierścienice</a> <small>(Annelida)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wst%C4%99%C5%BCnice" title="Wstężnice">wstężnice</a> <small>(Nemertea)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielichowate" title="Kielichowate">kielichowate</a> <small>(Kamptozoa)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombowce" title="Rombowce">rombowce</a> <small>(Dicyemida)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostop%C5%82ywce" title="Prostopływce">prostopływce</a> <small>(Orthonectida)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejkog%C4%99bce" title="Lejkogębce">lejkogębce</a> <small>(Cycliophora)</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wylinkowce" title="Wylinkowce">wylinkowce</a><br />(Ecdysoza)</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_2_3_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryjkog%C5%82owy" title="Ryjkogłowy">ryjkogłowy</a> <small>(Kinorhyncha)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolczugowce" title="Kolczugowce">kolczugowce</a> <small>(Loricifera)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niezmogowce" title="Niezmogowce">niezmogowce</a> <small>(Priapulida)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_3_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematoida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nematoida (strona nie istnieje)">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicienie" title="Nicienie">nicienie</a> <small>(Nematoda)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnikowce" title="Nitnikowce">nitnikowce</a> <small>(Nematomorpha)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_3_3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stawonogi" title="Stawonogi">stawonogi</a> <small>(Arthropoda)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niesporczaki" title="Niesporczaki">niesporczaki</a> <small>(Tardigrada)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazurnice" title="Pazurnice">pazurnice</a> <small>(Onychophora)</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">nieaktualne</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a3_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">przeniesione do parzydełkowców</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myksosporidiowce" title="Myksosporidiowce">myksosporidiowce</a> <small>(Myxozoa)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">przeniesione do wrotków</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolcog%C5%82owy" title="Kolcogłowy">kolcogłowy</a> <small>(Acanthocephala)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3_3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">przeniesione do pierścienic</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C4%85%C5%BCkokszta%C5%82tne" title="Krążkokształtne">krążkokształtne</a> <small>(Myzostomida)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurkoczu%C5%82kowce" title="Rurkoczułkowce">rurkoczułkowce</a> <small>(Pogonophora)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikwiaki" title="Sikwiaki">sikwiaki</a> <small>(Sipuncula)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczetnice" title="Szczetnice">szczetnice</a> <small>(Echiura)</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="a4"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">nomen dubium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jednowarstwowce" title="Jednowarstwowce">jednowarstwowce</a> <small>(Monoblastozoa)</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="hlist navbox-below below"> <p>Na podstawie:<br /><cite class="citation journal">Halanych et al. <em>Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals</em>. „Science”. 267 (5204), s. 1641–1643, 1995. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7886451">10.1126/science.7886451</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evidence+from+18S+ribosomal+DNA+that+the+lophophorates+are+protostome+animals&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=267&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=Halanych+et+al&rft.pages=1641%E2%80%931643&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7886451"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><br /><cite class="citation journal">Edgecombe et al. <em>Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions</em>. „Organisms Diversity and Evolution”. 11, s. 151–172, 2011. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4">10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Higher-level+metazoan+relationships%3A+recent+progress+and+remaining+questions&rft.jtitle=Organisms+Diversity+and+Evolution&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=11&rft.au=Edgecombe+et+al&rft.pages=151%E2%80%93172&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs13127-011-0044-4"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><br /> <cite class="citation journal">Laumer et al. <em>Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages</em>. „Current Biology”. 25, s. 1-7, 2015. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068">10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spiralian+Phylogeny+Informs+the+Evolution+of+Microscopic+Lineages&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=25&rft.au=Laumer+et+al&rft.pages=1-7&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.06.068"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </p> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid 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