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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RDF_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RDF_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>RDF topics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-RDF_topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle RDF topics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-RDF_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-rdf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#rdf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>rdf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-rdf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-rdfs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#rdfs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.2</span> <span>rdfs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-rdfs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-rdf_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#rdf_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>rdf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-rdf_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-rdfs_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#rdfs_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.2</span> <span>rdfs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-rdfs_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serialization_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serialization_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Serialization formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serialization_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Resource identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statement_reification_and_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statement_reification_and_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Statement reification and context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statement_reification_and_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Query_and_inference_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Query_and_inference_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Query and inference languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Query_and_inference_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Validation_and_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Validation_and_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Validation and description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Validation_and_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example_1:_Description_of_a_person_named_Eric_Miller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_1:_Description_of_a_person_named_Eric_Miller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Example 1: Description of a person named Eric Miller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_1:_Description_of_a_person_named_Eric_Miller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_2:_The_postal_abbreviation_for_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_2:_The_postal_abbreviation_for_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Example 2: The postal abbreviation for New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_2:_The_postal_abbreviation_for_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_3:_A_Wikipedia_article_about_Tony_Benn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_3:_A_Wikipedia_article_about_Tony_Benn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Example 3: A Wikipedia article about Tony Benn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_3:_A_Wikipedia_article_about_Tony_Benn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Resource Description Framework</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="إطار توصيف الموارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إطار توصيف الموارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF" title="RDF – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="RDF" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="چارچوب توصیف منبع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارچوب توصیف منبع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9B%90_%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0_%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%9E%84%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC" title="자원 기술 프레임워크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자원 기술 프레임워크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF" title="RDF – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="RDF" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resursu_aprakst%C4%AB%C5%A1anas_ietvars" title="Resursu aprakstīšanas ietvars – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Resursu aprakstīšanas ietvars" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%95_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%81" title="ئاڕ دی ئێف – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاڕ دی ئێف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_description_framework" title="Resource description framework – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Resource description framework" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF" title="RDF – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="RDF" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வள விபரிப்புச் சட்டகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வள விபரிப்புச் சட்டகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaynak_Tan%C4%B1mlama_%C3%87er%C3%A7evesi" title="Kaynak Tanımlama Çerçevesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaynak Tanımlama Çerçevesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Resource Description Framework" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF" title="RDF – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="RDF" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF" title="RDF – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="RDF" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6" title="資源描述框架 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="資源描述框架" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q54872#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Formal language for describing data models</div> <p>The <b>Resource Description Framework</b> (<b>RDF</b>) is a method to describe and exchange <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph</a> data. It was originally designed as a data model for <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C). It provides a variety of syntax notations and <a href="/wiki/Data_serialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data serialization">data serialization</a> formats, of which the most widely used is <a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a> (Terse RDF Triple Language). </p><p>RDF is a <a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">directed graph</a> composed of triple statements. An RDF graph statement is represented by: (1) a node for the subject, (2) an arc from subject to object, representing a predicate, and (3) a node for the object. Each of these parts can be identified by a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a> (URI). An object can also be a literal value. This simple, flexible data model has a lot of <a href="/wiki/Expressive_power_(computer_science)" title="Expressive power (computer science)">expressive power</a> to represent complex situations, relationships, and other things of interest, while also being appropriately abstract. </p><p>RDF was adopted as a W3C recommendation in 1999. The RDF 1.0 specification was published in 2004, and the RDF 1.1 specification in 2014. <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a> is a standard query language for RDF graphs. <a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDF Schema</a> (RDFS), <a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a> (OWL) and <a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a> (Shapes Constraint Language) are ontology languages that are used to describe RDF data. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The RDF data model<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is similar to classical conceptual modeling approaches (such as <a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">entity–relationship</a> or <a href="/wiki/Class_diagram" title="Class diagram">class diagrams</a>). It is based on the idea of making <a href="/wiki/Statement_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (programming)">statements</a> about <a href="/wiki/Resource_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource (computer science)">resources</a> (in particular web resources) in expressions of the form <var>subject</var>–<var>predicate</var>–<var>object</var>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></i>. The <var>subject</var> denotes the resource, and the <var>predicate</var> denotes traits or aspects of the resource, and expresses a relationship between the <var>subject</var> and the <var>object</var>. </p><p>For example, one way to represent the notion "The sky has the color blue" in RDF is as the triple: a <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> denoting "the sky", a <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> denoting "has the color", and an <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> denoting "blue". Therefore, RDF uses <var>subject</var> instead of <var>object</var> (or <var>entity</var>) in contrast to the typical approach of an <a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93attribute%E2%80%93value_model" title="Entity–attribute–value model">entity–attribute–value model</a> in <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">object-oriented design</a>: entity (sky), attribute (color), and value (blue). </p><p>RDF is an abstract model with several <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serialization formats</a> (being essentially specialized <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file formats</a>). In addition the particular encoding for resources or triples can vary from format to format. </p><p>This mechanism for describing resources is a major <a href="/wiki/Software_componentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Software componentry">component</a> in the W3C's <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a> activity: an evolutionary stage of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> in which automated software can store, exchange, and use <a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-readable data">machine-readable information</a> distributed throughout the Web, in turn enabling users to deal with the information with greater efficiency and <a href="/wiki/Certainty" title="Certainty">certainty</a>. RDF's simple data model and ability to model disparate, abstract concepts has also led to its increasing use in <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">knowledge management</a> applications unrelated to Semantic Web activity. </p><p>A collection of RDF statements intrinsically represents a <a href="/wiki/Graph_labeling" title="Graph labeling">labeled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">directed</a> <a href="/wiki/Multigraph" title="Multigraph">multigraph</a>. This makes an RDF <a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">data model</a> better suited to certain kinds of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">knowledge representation</a> than other <a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">ontological</a> models. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/RDFS" class="mw-redirect" title="RDFS">RDFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a> and <a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a> demonstrate, one can build additional <a href="/wiki/Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">ontology languages</a> upon RDF. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial RDF design, intended to "build a vendor-neutral and operating system- independent system of metadata",<sup id="cite_ref-press-release-1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-release-1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from the W3C's <a href="/wiki/Platform_for_Internet_Content_Selection" title="Platform for Internet Content Selection">Platform for Internet Content Selection</a> (PICS), an early web content labelling system,<sup id="cite_ref-lash_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lash-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the project was also shaped by ideas from <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Meta_Content_Framework" title="Meta Content Framework">Meta Content Framework</a> (MCF),<sup id="cite_ref-press-release-1997_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-release-1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been developed during 1995 to 1997 by <a href="/wiki/Ramanathan_V._Guha" title="Ramanathan V. Guha">Ramanathan V. Guha</a> at <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Tim Bray</a> at <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications Corporation">Netscape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A first public draft of RDF appeared in October 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issued by a W3C working group that included representatives from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, <a href="/wiki/SoftQuad_Software" title="SoftQuad Software">SoftQuad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lash_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lash-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, the W3C published the first recommended RDF specification, the <i>Model and Syntax Specification</i> ("RDF M&S").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers20032_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers20032-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This described RDF's data model and an <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> serialization.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two persistent misunderstandings about RDF developed at this time: firstly, due to the MCF influence and the RDF "Resource Description" initialism, the idea that RDF was specifically for use in representing metadata; secondly that RDF was an XML format rather than a data model, and only the RDF/XML serialisation being XML-based. RDF saw little take-up in this period, but there was significant work done in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, around ILRT at <a href="/wiki/Bristol_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol University">Bristol University</a> and <a href="/wiki/HP_Labs" title="HP Labs">HP Labs</a>, and in Boston at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>. <a href="/wiki/RSS_1.0" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS 1.0">RSS 1.0</a> and <a href="/wiki/FOAF_(ontology)" class="mw-redirect" title="FOAF (ontology)">FOAF</a> became exemplar applications for RDF in this period. </p><p>The recommendation of 1999 was replaced in 2004 by a set of six specifications:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers20033_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers20033-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The RDF Primer",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "RDF Concepts and Abstract",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "RDF/XML Syntax Specification (revised)",<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "RDF Semantics",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "The RDF Test Cases".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This series was superseded in 2014 by the following six "RDF 1.1" documents: "RDF 1.1 Primer",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "RDF 1.1 XML Syntax",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "RDF 1.1 Semantics",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "RDF Schema 1.1",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "RDF 1.1 Test Cases".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="RDF_topics">RDF topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: RDF topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vocabulary defined by the RDF specification is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-rdfschema_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdfschema-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classes">Classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="rdf">rdf</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: rdf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:XMLLiteral</code></dt> <dd>the class of XML literal values</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:Property</code></dt> <dd>the class of properties</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:Statement</code></dt> <dd>the class of RDF statements</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:Alt</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:Bag</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:Seq</code></dt> <dd>containers of alternatives, unordered containers, and ordered containers (<code>rdfs:Container</code> is a super-class of the three)</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:List</code></dt> <dd>the class of RDF Lists</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:nil</code></dt> <dd>an instance of <code>rdf:List</code> representing the empty list</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="rdfs">rdfs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: rdfs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:Resource</code></dt> <dd>the class resource, everything</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:Literal</code></dt> <dd>the class of literal values, e.g. <a href="/wiki/String_literal" title="String literal">strings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integers</a></dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:Class</code></dt> <dd>the class of classes</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:Datatype</code></dt> <dd>the class of RDF datatypes</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:Container</code></dt> <dd>the class of RDF containers</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty</code></dt> <dd>the class of container membership properties, <code>rdf:_1</code>, <code>rdf:_2</code>, ..., all of which are sub-properties of <code>rdfs:member</code></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Properties">Properties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="rdf_2">rdf</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: rdf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:type</code></dt> <dd>an instance of <code>rdf:Property</code> used to state that a resource is an instance of a class</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:first</code></dt> <dd>the first item in the subject RDF list</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:rest</code></dt> <dd>the rest of the subject RDF list after <code>rdf:first</code></dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:value</code></dt> <dd>idiomatic property used for structured values</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:subject</code></dt> <dd>the subject of the RDF statement</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:predicate</code></dt> <dd>the predicate of the RDF statement</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdf:object</code></dt> <dd>the object of the RDF statement</dd></dl> <p><code>rdf:Statement</code>, <code>rdf:subject</code>, <code>rdf:predicate</code>, <code>rdf:object</code> are used for <a href="/wiki/Reification_(knowledge_representation)" title="Reification (knowledge representation)">reification</a> (see <a href="#Statement_reification_and_context">below</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="rdfs_2">rdfs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: rdfs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:subClassOf</code></dt> <dd>the subject is a subclass of a class</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:subPropertyOf</code></dt> <dd>the subject is a subproperty of a property</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:domain</code></dt> <dd>a domain of the subject property</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:range</code></dt> <dd>a range of the subject property</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:label</code></dt> <dd>a human-readable name for the subject</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:comment</code></dt> <dd>a description of the subject resource</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:member</code></dt> <dd>a member of the subject resource</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:seeAlso</code></dt> <dd>further information about the subject resource</dd> <dt><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">rdfs:isDefinedBy</code></dt> <dd>the definition of the subject resource</dd></dl> <p>This vocabulary is used as a foundation for <a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDF Schema</a>, where it is extended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serialization_formats">Serialization formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Serialization formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">RDF 1.1 Turtle serialization</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .ttl</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> text/turtle<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/">RDF 1.1 Turtle: Terse RDF Triple Language</a> January 9, 2014<span class="noprint">; 10 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2014-01-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">RDF 1.1 TriG serialization</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> .trig</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> application/trig<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/trig/">RDF 1.1 TriG: RDF Dataset Language</a> February 25, 2014<span class="noprint">; 10 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2014-02-25</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">RDF/XML serialization</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XML.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/XML.svg/100px-XML.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/XML.svg/150px-XML.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/XML.svg/200px-XML.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> .rdf</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> application/rdf+xml<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/">Concepts and Abstract Syntax</a> February 10, 2004<span class="noprint">; 20 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2004-02-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several common <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serialization formats</a> are in use, including: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a>,</b><sup id="cite_ref-turtle_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turtle-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a compact, human-friendly format.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TriG</a>,</b><sup id="cite_ref-trig_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trig-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an extension of Turtle to datasets.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a>,</b><sup id="cite_ref-n-triples_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n-triples-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a very simple, easy-to-parse, line-based format that is not as compact as Turtle.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/N-Quads" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Quads">N-Quads</a>,</b><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n-quads_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n-quads-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a superset of N-Triples, for serializing multiple RDF graphs.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a>,</b><sup id="cite_ref-json-ld_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-json-ld-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>-based serialization.</li> <li><b>N3</b> or <a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a>, a non-standard serialization that is very similar to Turtle, but has some additional features, such as the ability to define inference rules.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-rdf-xml_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdf-xml-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an XML-based syntax that was the first standard format for serializing RDF.</li> <li><b>RDF/JSON</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-rdf-json_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdf-json-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an alternative syntax for expressing RDF triples using a simple JSON notation.</li></ul> <p>RDF/XML is sometimes misleadingly called simply RDF because it was introduced among the other W3C specifications defining RDF and it was historically the first W3C standard RDF serialization format. However, it is important to distinguish the RDF/XML format from the abstract RDF model itself. Although the RDF/XML format is still in use, other RDF serializations are now preferred by many RDF users, both because they are more human-friendly,<sup id="cite_ref-rdf-xml-syntax-criticism_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdf-xml-syntax-criticism-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because some RDF graphs are not representable in RDF/XML due to restrictions on the syntax of XML <a href="/wiki/QName" title="QName">QNames</a>. </p><p>With a little effort, virtually any arbitrary <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> may also be interpreted as RDF using <a href="/wiki/GRDDL" title="GRDDL">GRDDL</a> (pronounced 'griddle'), Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages. </p><p>RDF triples may be stored in a type of database called a <a href="/wiki/Triplestore" title="Triplestore">triplestore</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_identification">Resource identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Resource identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subject of an RDF statement is either a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource identifier">uniform resource identifier</a> (URI) or a <a href="/wiki/Blank_node" title="Blank node">blank node</a>, both of which denote <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">resources</a>. Resources indicated by <a href="/wiki/Blank_node" title="Blank node">blank nodes</a> are called anonymous resources. They are not directly identifiable from the RDF statement. The predicate is a URI which also indicates a resource, representing a relationship. The object is a URI, blank node or a <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> <a href="/wiki/String_literal" title="String literal">string literal</a>. As of RDF 1.1 resources are identified by <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">Internationalized Resource Identifiers</a> (IRIs); IRI are a generalization of URI.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Semantic Web applications, and in relatively popular applications of RDF like <a href="/wiki/RSS_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS (file format)">RSS</a> and <a href="/wiki/FOAF_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="FOAF (software)">FOAF</a> (Friend of a Friend), resources tend to be represented by URIs that intentionally denote, and can be used to access, actual data on the World Wide Web. But RDF, in general, is not limited to the description of Internet-based resources. In fact, the URI that names a resource does not have to be dereferenceable at all. For example, a URI that begins with "http:" and is used as the subject of an RDF statement does not necessarily have to represent a resource that is accessible via <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, nor does it need to represent a tangible, network-accessible resource — such a URI could represent absolutely anything. However, there is broad agreement that a bare URI (without a # symbol) which returns a 300-level coded response when used in an HTTP GET request should be treated as denoting the internet resource that it succeeds in accessing. </p><p>Therefore, producers and consumers of RDF statements must agree on the semantics of resource identifiers. Such agreement is not inherent to RDF itself, although there are some controlled vocabularies in common use, such as Dublin Core Metadata, which is partially mapped to a URI space for use in RDF. The intent of publishing RDF-based ontologies on the Web is often to establish, or circumscribe, the intended meanings of the resource identifiers used to express data in RDF. For example, the URI: </p> <blockquote> <p><code> http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#Merlot </code> </p> </blockquote> <p>is intended by its owners to refer to the class of all <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> red wines by vintner (i.e., instances of the above URI each represent the class of all wine produced by a single vintner), a definition which is expressed by the OWL ontology — itself an RDF document — in which it occurs. Without careful analysis of the definition, one might erroneously conclude that an instance of the above URI was something physical, instead of a type of wine. </p><p>Note that this is not a 'bare' resource identifier, but is rather a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier#URI_references" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI reference</a>, containing the '#' character and ending with a <a href="/wiki/Fragment_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragment identifier">fragment identifier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statement_reification_and_context">Statement reification and context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Statement reification and context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basic_RDF_Graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Basic_RDF_Graph.svg/220px-Basic_RDF_Graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Basic_RDF_Graph.svg/330px-Basic_RDF_Graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Basic_RDF_Graph.svg/440px-Basic_RDF_Graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Basic RDF triple comprising (subject, predicate, object).</figcaption></figure> <p>The body of knowledge modeled by a collection of statements may be subjected to <a href="/wiki/Reification_(knowledge_representation)" title="Reification (knowledge representation)">reification</a>, in which each <i>statement</i> (that is each triple <i>subject-predicate-object</i> altogether) is assigned a URI and treated as a resource about which additional statements can be made, as in "<i>Jane says that</i> John is the author of document X". Reification is sometimes important in order to deduce a level of confidence or degree of usefulness for each statement. </p><p>In a reified RDF database, each original statement, being a resource, itself, most likely has at least three additional statements made about it: one to assert that its subject is some resource, one to assert that its predicate is some resource, and one to assert that its object is some resource or literal. More statements about the original statement may also exist, depending on the application's needs. </p><p>Borrowing from concepts available in <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> (and as illustrated in graphical notations such as <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_graphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual graphs">conceptual graphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">topic maps</a>), some RDF model implementations acknowledge that it is sometimes useful to group statements according to different criteria, called <i>situations</i>, <i>contexts</i>, or <i>scopes</i>, as discussed in articles by RDF specification co-editor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graham_Klyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graham Klyne (page does not exist)">Graham Klyne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a statement can be associated with a context, named by a URI, in order to assert an "is true in" relationship. As another example, it is sometimes convenient to group statements by their source, which can be identified by a URI, such as the URI of a particular RDF/XML document. Then, when updates are made to the source, corresponding statements can be changed in the model, as well. </p><p>Implementation of scopes does not necessarily require fully reified statements. Some implementations allow a single scope identifier to be associated with a statement that has not been assigned a URI, itself.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise <i>named graphs</i> in which a set of triples is named by a URI can represent context without the need to reify the triples.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Query_and_inference_languages">Query and inference languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Query and inference languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RDF_query_language" title="RDF query language">RDF query language</a></div> <p>The predominant query language for RDF graphs is <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a>. SPARQL is an <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>-like language, and a <a href="/wiki/W3C_recommendation" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C recommendation">recommendation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> as of January 15, 2008. </p><p>The following is an example of a SPARQL query to show country capitals in Africa, using a fictional ontology: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sparql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">PREFIX</span> <span class="nn">ex</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nl"><http://example.com/exampleOntology#></span> <span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="nv">?capital</span> <span class="nv">?country</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">?x</span> <span class="nn">ex</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">cityname</span> <span class="nv">?capital</span> <span class="p">;</span> <span class="nn">ex</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">isCapitalOf</span> <span class="nv">?y</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="nv">?y</span> <span class="nn">ex</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">countryname</span> <span class="nv">?country</span> <span class="p">;</span> <span class="nn">ex</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">isInContinent</span> <span class="nn">ex</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Africa</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>Other non-standard ways to query RDF graphs include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RDQL" class="mw-redirect" title="RDQL">RDQL</a>, precursor to SPARQL, SQL-like</li> <li>Versa, compact syntax (non–SQL-like), solely implemented in <a href="/w/index.php?title=4Suite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4Suite (page does not exist)">4Suite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>).</li> <li>RQL, one of the first declarative languages for uniformly querying RDF schemas and resource descriptions, implemented in RDFSuite.<sup id="cite_ref-RQL_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RQL-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SeRQL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SeRQL (page does not exist)">SeRQL</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Sesame_(framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame (framework)">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XUL" title="XUL">XUL</a> has a template element in which to declare rules for matching data in RDF. XUL uses RDF extensively for data binding.</li></ul> <p>SHACL Advanced Features specification <sup id="cite_ref-shacl-advanced-feats_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shacl-advanced-feats-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (W3C Working Group Note), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3c.github.io/shacl/shacl-af/">the most recent version</a> of which is maintained by the SHACL Community Group defines support for SHACL Rules, used for data transformations, inferences and mappings of RDF based on SHACL shapes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Validation_and_description">Validation and description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Validation and description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RDF_query_language" title="RDF query language">RDF query language</a></div> <p>The predominant language for describing and validating RDF graphs is <a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a> (Shapes Constraint Language).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SHACL specification is divided in two parts: SHACL Core and SHACL-SPARQL. SHACL Core consists of a list of built-in constraints such as cardinality, range of values and many others. SHACL-SPARQL describes SPARQL-based constraints and an extension mechanism to declare new constraint components. </p><p>Other non-standard ways to describe and validate RDF graphs include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARQL_Inferencing_Notation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPARQL Inferencing Notation (page does not exist)">SPARQL Inferencing Notation</a> (SPIN) <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was based on SPARQL queries. It has been effectively deprecated in favor of SHACL.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShEx" title="ShEx">ShEx</a> (Shape Expressions) <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a concise language for RDF validation and description.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_1:_Description_of_a_person_named_Eric_Miller">Example 1: Description of a person named Eric Miller</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Example 1: Description of a person named Eric Miller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The following example is taken from the W3C website<sup id="cite_ref-rdf-primer_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdf-primer-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing a resource with statements "there is a Person identified by http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me, whose name is Eric Miller, whose email address is e.miller123(at)example (changed for security purposes), and whose title is Dr." </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rdf_graph_for_Eric_Miller.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rdf_graph_for_Eric_Miller.png/220px-Rdf_graph_for_Eric_Miller.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rdf_graph_for_Eric_Miller.png/330px-Rdf_graph_for_Eric_Miller.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rdf_graph_for_Eric_Miller.png/440px-Rdf_graph_for_Eric_Miller.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>An RDF Graph Describing Eric Miller<sup id="cite_ref-rdf-primer_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdf-primer-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The resource "http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me" is the subject. </p><p>The objects are: </p> <ul><li>"Eric Miller" (with a predicate "whose name is"),</li> <li>mailto:e.miller123(at)example (with a predicate "whose email address is"), and</li> <li>"Dr." (with a predicate "whose title is").</li></ul> <p>The subject is a URI. </p><p>The predicates also have URIs. For example, the URI for each predicate: </p> <ul><li>"whose name is" is http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#fullName,</li> <li>"whose email address is" is http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#mailbox,</li> <li>"whose title is" is http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#personalTitle.</li></ul> <p>In addition, the subject has a type (with URI http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type), which is person (with URI http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#Person). </p><p>Therefore, the following "subject, predicate, object" RDF triples can be expressed: </p> <ul><li>http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me, http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#fullName, "Eric Miller"</li> <li>http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me, http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#mailbox, mailto:e.miller123(at)example</li> <li>http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me, http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#personalTitle, "Dr."</li> <li>http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me, http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type, http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#Person</li></ul> <p>In standard N-Triples format, this RDF can be written as: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-turtle mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me></span> <span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#fullName></span> <span class="s">"Eric Miller"</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me></span> <span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#mailbox></span> <span class="nv"><mailto:e.miller123(at)example></span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me></span> <span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#personalTitle></span> <span class="s">"Dr."</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me></span> <span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type></span> <span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#Person></span> <span class="p">.</span> </pre></div> <p>Equivalently, it can be written in standard Turtle (syntax) format as: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-turtle mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">eric:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">contact:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">rdf:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="nn">eric</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">me</span> <span class="nn">contact</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">fullName</span> <span class="s">"Eric Miller"</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="nn">eric</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">me</span> <span class="nn">contact</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">mailbox</span> <span class="nv"><mailto:e.miller123(at)example></span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="nn">eric</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">me</span> <span class="nn">contact</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">personalTitle</span> <span class="s">"Dr."</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="nn">eric</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">me</span> <span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">type</span> <span class="nn">contact</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Person</span> <span class="p">.</span> </pre></div> <p>Or, it can be written in RDF/XML format as: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?></span> <span class="nt"><rdf:RDF</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:contact=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:eric=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:rdf=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><rdf:Description</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">rdf:about=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><contact:fullName></span>Eric<span class="w"> </span>Miller<span class="nt"></contact:fullName></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></rdf:Description></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><rdf:Description</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">rdf:about=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><contact:mailbox</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">rdf:resource=</span><span class="s">"mailto:e.miller123(at)example"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></rdf:Description></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><rdf:Description</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">rdf:about=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><contact:personalTitle></span>Dr.<span class="nt"></contact:personalTitle></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></rdf:Description></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><rdf:Description</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">rdf:about=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><rdf:type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">rdf:resource=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#Person"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></rdf:Description></span> <span class="nt"></rdf:RDF></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_2:_The_postal_abbreviation_for_New_York">Example 2: The postal abbreviation for New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Example 2: The postal abbreviation for New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain concepts in RDF are taken from <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, where subject-predicate and subject-predicate-object structures have meanings similar to, yet distinct from, the uses of those terms in RDF. This example demonstrates: </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> statement <i> 'New York has the postal abbreviation NY' </i>,<i> 'New York' </i> would be the subject, <i> 'has the postal abbreviation' </i> the predicate and <i> 'NY' </i> the object. </p><p>Encoded as an RDF triple, the subject and predicate would have to be resources named by URIs. The object could be a resource or literal element. For example, in the N-Triples form of RDF, the statement might look like: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-turtle mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nv"><urn:x-states:New%20York></span> <span class="nv"><http://purl.org/dc/terms/alternative></span> <span class="s">"NY"</span> <span class="p">.</span> </pre></div> <p>In this example, "urn:x-states:New%20York" is the URI for a resource that denotes the US state <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, "http://purl.org/dc/terms/alternative" is the URI for a predicate (whose human-readable definition can be found here <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and "NY" is a literal string. Note that the URIs chosen here are not standard, and do not need to be, as long as their meaning is known to whatever is reading them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_3:_A_Wikipedia_article_about_Tony_Benn">Example 3: A Wikipedia article about Tony Benn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Example 3: A Wikipedia article about Tony Benn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a like manner, given that "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn" identifies a particular resource (regardless of whether that URI could be traversed as a hyperlink, or whether the resource is <i>actually</i> the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article about <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>), to say that the title of this resource is "Tony Benn" and its publisher is "Wikipedia" would be two assertions that could be expressed as valid RDF statements. In the N-Triples form of RDF, these statements might look like the following: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-turtle mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nv"><https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn></span> <span class="nv"><http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title></span> <span class="s">"Tony Benn"</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="nv"><https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn></span> <span class="nv"><http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher></span> <span class="s">"Wikipedia"</span> <span class="p">.</span> </pre></div> <p>To an English-speaking person, the same information could be represented simply as: </p> <blockquote><p>The title of this resource, which is published by Wikipedia, is 'Tony Benn'</p></blockquote> <p>However, RDF puts the information in a formal way that a machine can understand. The purpose of RDF is to provide an <a href="/wiki/Semantics_encoding" title="Semantics encoding">encoding</a> and interpretation mechanism so that <a href="/wiki/Resource_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource (computer science)">resources</a> can be described in a way that particular <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> can understand it; in other words, so that software can access and use information that it otherwise could not use. </p><p>Both versions of the statements above are wordy because one requirement for an RDF resource (as a subject or a predicate) is that it be unique. The subject resource must be unique in an attempt to pinpoint the exact resource being described. The predicate needs to be unique in order to reduce the chance that the idea of <a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Title</a> or <a href="/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">Publisher</a> will be ambiguous to software working with the description. If the software recognizes <i>http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title</i> (a specific <a href="/wiki/Definition" title="Definition">definition</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a> of a title established by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative), it will also know that this title is different from a land title or an honorary title or just the letters t-i-t-l-e put together. </p><p>The following example, written in Turtle, shows how such simple claims can be elaborated on, by combining multiple RDF vocabularies. Here, we note that the primary topic of the Wikipedia page is a "Person" whose name is "Tony Benn": </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-turtle mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">rdf:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">foaf:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">dc:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="nv"><https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn></span> <span class="nn">dc</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">publisher</span> <span class="s">"Wikipedia"</span> <span class="p">;</span> <span class="nn">dc</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">title</span> <span class="s">"Tony Benn"</span> <span class="p">;</span> <span class="nn">foaf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">primaryTopic</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="kt">a</span> <span class="nn">foaf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Person</span> <span class="p">;</span> <span class="nn">foaf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">name</span> <span class="s">"Tony Benn"</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">.</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a> – Extracts facts from Wikipedia articles and publishes them as RDF data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAGO_(database)" title="YAGO (database)">YAGO</a> – Similar to DBpedia extracts facts from Wikipedia articles and publishes them as RDF data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> – Collaboratively edited knowledge base hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> – Uses RDF to embed license information in web pages and mp3 files.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOAF_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="FOAF (software)">FOAF (Friend of a Friend)</a> – designed to describe <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">people</a>, their interests and interconnections.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haystack_(PIM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haystack (PIM)">Haystack client</a> – Semantic web browser from MIT CS & AI lab.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEAS_Group" title="IDEAS Group">IDEAS Group</a> – developing a formal <a href="/wiki/Ontology_components" title="Ontology components">4D ontology</a> for <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise Architecture">Enterprise Architecture</a> using RDF as the encoding.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Microsoft shipped a product, Connected Services Framework,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provides RDF-based Profile Management capabilities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a> – Publishes information about Music Albums.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEPOMUK_(framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="NEPOMUK (framework)">NEPOMUK</a>, an open-source software specification for a Social Semantic desktop uses RDF as a storage format for collected metadata. NEPOMUK is mostly known because of its integration into the <a href="/wiki/KDE_Software_Compilation_4" title="KDE Software Compilation 4">KDE SC 4</a> desktop environment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> is a global publisher of clinical study meta-analyses in evidence based healthcare. They use an ontology driven data architecture to semantically annotate their published reviews with RDF based structured data.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>RDF Site Summary – one of several "<a href="/wiki/RSS_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS (file format)">RSS</a>" languages for publishing information about updates made to a web page; it is often used for disseminating news article summaries and sharing <a href="/wiki/Weblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Weblog">weblog</a> content.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">Simple Knowledge Organization System</a> (SKOS) – a KR representation intended to support vocabulary/thesaurus applications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantically-Interlinked_Online_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities">SIOC (Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities)</a> – designed to describe online communities and to create connections between Internet-based discussions from message boards, weblogs and mailing lists.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart-M3" title="Smart-M3">Smart-M3</a> – provides an infrastructure for using RDF and specifically uses the ontology agnostic nature of RDF to enable heterogeneous mashing-up of information<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LV2" title="LV2">LV2</a> - a libre plugin format using Turtle to describe API/ABI capabilities and properties <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some uses of RDF include research into social networking. It will also help people in business fields understand better their relationships with members of industries that could be of use for product placement.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will also help scientists understand how people are connected to one another. </p><p>RDF is being used to gain a better understanding of road traffic patterns. This is because the information regarding traffic patterns is on different websites, and RDF is used to integrate information from different sources on the web. Before, the common methodology was using keyword searching, but this method is problematic because it does not consider synonyms. This is why ontologies are useful in this situation. But one of the issues that comes up when trying to efficiently study traffic is that to fully understand traffic, concepts related to people, streets, and roads must be well understood. Since these are human concepts, they require the addition of <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">fuzzy logic</a>. This is because values that are useful when describing roads, like slipperiness, are not precise concepts and cannot be measured. This would imply that the best solution would incorporate both fuzzy logic and ontology.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notations for RDF</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TRiG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TriX_(syntax)" class="mw-redirect" title="TriX (syntax)">TRiX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Similar concepts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93attribute%E2%80%93value_model" title="Entity–attribute–value model">Entity–attribute–value model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">Graph theory</a> – an RDF model is a labeled, directed multi-graph.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(metadata)" title="Tag (metadata)">Tag (metadata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SciCrunch" title="SciCrunch">SciCrunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other (unsorted)</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_technology" title="Semantic technology">Semantic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Intelligence_2.0" title="Business Intelligence 2.0">Business Intelligence 2.0</a> (BI 2.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_portability" title="Data portability">Data portability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Open_Data_Portal" title="EU Open Data Portal">EU Open Data Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDF Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSID" title="LSID">LSID</a> - Life Science Identifier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swoogle" title="Swoogle">Swoogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Networking_Language" title="Universal Networking Language">Universal Networking Language</a> (UNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoID" title="VoID">VoID</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/PR-rdf-syntax/Overview.html">"Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification"</a>. <i>W3C</i>. 5 January 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714061139/https://www.w3.org/TR/PR-rdf-syntax/Overview.html">Archived</a> from the original on Jul 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=Resource+Description+Framework+%28RDF%29+Model+and+Syntax+Specification&rft.date=1999-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FPR-rdf-syntax%2FOverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+Description+Framework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-press-release-1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-press-release-1997_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-press-release-1997_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Cambridge, MA. 1997-10-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622121722/http://www.w3.org/Press/RDF">Archived</a> from the original on Jun 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=World+Wide+Web+Consortium+Publishes+Public+Draft+of+Resource+Description+Framework&rft.date=1997-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FPress%2FRDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+Description+Framework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lash-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lash_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lash_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLash1997" class="citation news cs1">Lash, Alex (1997-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616023126/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-203893.html">"W3C takes first step toward RDF spec"</a>. <i>CNET News</i>. 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IADIS WWW/Internet 2008. Proceedings, p.426, IADIS Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-8924-68-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-8924-68-3">978-972-8924-68-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.com/lv2/lv2/-/blob/master/lv2/core/lv2core.ttl">"LV2 core specification"</a>. <i>gitlab.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gitlab.com&rft.atitle=LV2+core+specification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitlab.com%2Flv2%2Flv2%2F-%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Flv2%2Fcore%2Flv2core.ttl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+Description+Framework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An RDF Approach for Discovering the Relevant Semantic Associations in a Social Network By Thushar A.K, and P. Santhi Thilagam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traffic Information Retrieval Based on Fuzzy Ontology and RDF on the Semantic Web By Jun Zhai, Yi Yu, Yiduo Liang, and Jiatao Jiang (2008)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Powers" title="Shelley Powers">Powers, Shelley</a> (2003). <i>Practical RDF</i>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+RDF&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResource+Description+Framework" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/RDF/">W3C's RDF at W3C</a>: specifications, guides, and resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/">RDF Semantics</a>: specification of semantics, and complete systems of inference rules for both RDF and RDFS</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_Description_Framework&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">Ontologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_broker" title="Semantic broker">Semantic broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RDF</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TriG</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriX_(serialization_format)" title="TriX (serialization format)">TriX</a> (no W3C standard)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Resource_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Resource Identifier">RRID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas, ontologies and rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">Rule Interchange Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web_Rule_Language" title="Semantic Web Rule Language">Semantic Web Rule Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Application-Level_Profile_Semantics_(ALPS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Application-Level Profile Semantics (ALPS) (page does not exist)">ALPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semantic annotation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_RDF" title="Embedded RDF">eRDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRDDL" title="GRDDL">GRDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)" title="Microdata (HTML)">Microdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAWSDL" title="SAWSDL">SAWSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOAP" title="DOAP">DOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOAF" title="FOAF">FOAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantically_Interlinked_Online_Communities" title="Semantically Interlinked Online Communities">SIOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microformat vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAtom" title="HAtom">hAtom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCard" title="HCard">hCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HProduct" title="HProduct">hProduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRecipe" title="HRecipe">hRecipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HReview" title="HReview">hReview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:W3C_standards" title="Template:W3C standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:W3C_standards" title="Template talk:W3C standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:W3C_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:W3C standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products and<br />standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_(REC)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Recommendations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Streams_(format)" title="Activity Streams (format)">Activity Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAI-ARIA" title="WAI-ARIA">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_XML" title="Canonical XML">Canonical XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_Document_Format" title="Compound Document Format">CDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout" title="CSS Flexible Box Layout">Flexbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_grid_layout" title="CSS grid layout">Grid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_XML_Interchange" title="Efficient XML Interchange">EXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_Markup_Language" title="Emotion Markup Language">EmotionML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_Tag_Set" title="Internationalization Tag Set">ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_Data_Notifications" title="Linked Data Notifications">Linked Data Notifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_Lexicon_Specification" title="Pronunciation Lexicon Specification">PLS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">Schema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Interpretation_for_Speech_Recognition" title="Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition">SISR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Recognition_Grammar_Specification" title="Speech Recognition Grammar Specification">SRGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subresource_Integrity" title="Subresource Integrity">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Synthesis_Markup_Language" title="Speech Synthesis Markup Language">SSML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SVG_filter_effects" title="SVG filter effects">Filter Effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCXML" title="SCXML">SCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timed_text" title="Timed text">Timed text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">WoT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thing_Description" title="Thing Description">TD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">WSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmention" title="Webmention">Webmention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">WOFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BRDFa" title="XHTML+RDFa">+RDFa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XML_Base" title="XML Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Events" title="XML Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">Information Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">Signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML-binary_Optimized_Packaging" title="XML-binary Optimized Packaging">XOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XPath_2.0" title="XPath 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath_3" title="XPath 3">3.x</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL" title="XSL">XSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects" title="XSL Formatting Objects">XSL-FO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_User_Interface_Protocol" title="Extensible User Interface Protocol">XUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Working_draft_(WD)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working drafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">EME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">RIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SXBL" title="SXBL">sXBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Forms_Description_Language" title="Extensible Forms Description Language">XFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Components" title="Web Components">Web Components</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="C-HTML">C-HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_Device_Markup_Language" title="Handheld Device Markup Language">HDML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language">PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language">VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPlatform.org" title="WebPlatform.org">WebPlatform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsoleted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P3P" title="P3P">P3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Advisory Board (page does not exist)">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Board (page does not exist)">Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Architecture_Group" title="Technical Architecture Group">TAG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Working_Group" title="CSS Working Group">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_Working_Group" title="SVG Working Group">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Authentication_Working_Group" title="Web Authentication Working Group">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community & business groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improving_Web_Advertising_Business_Group" title="Improving Web Advertising Business Group">Web Advertising BG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> CG</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description</a> (DDWG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_Working_Group" title="HTML Working Group">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a> (MMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–98)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(web_browser)" title="Argo (web browser)">Argo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(browser/editor, 1996–2012)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a> (IW3C) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conferences_Steering_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee">Steering Committee</a> (IW3C2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_International_Conference_on_the_World-Wide_Web" title="First International Conference on the World-Wide Web">First conference</a> ("WWW1", 1994)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_exchange_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Data_exchange" title="Template:Data exchange"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Data_exchange" title="Template talk:Data exchange"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Data_exchange" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Data exchange"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_exchange_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_exchange" title="Data exchange">Data exchange</a> formats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human-readable_medium_and_data" title="Human-readable medium and data">Human readable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(web_standard)" title="Atom (web standard)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDIFACT" title="EDIFACT">EDIFACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JSON_Web_Encryption" title="JSON Web Encryption">Web Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON_Web_Token" title="JSON Web Token">Web Token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON_Web_Signature" title="JSON Web Signature">Web Signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_list" title="Property list">Property list</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebol" title="Rebol">Rebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOML" title="TOML">TOML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAML" title="YAML">YAML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binary_file" title="Binary file">Binary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Message_Format" title="Action Message Format">AMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASN.1" title="ASN.1">ASN.1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_Management_Information" title="Structure of Management Information">SMI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Avro" title="Apache Avro">Avro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base32" title="Base32">Base32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">Base64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bencode" title="Bencode">Bencode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSON" title="BSON">BSON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UBJSON" title="UBJSON">UBJSON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap%27n_Proto" title="Cap'n Proto">Cap'n Proto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBOR" title="CBOR">CBOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlatBuffers" title="FlatBuffers">FlatBuffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MessagePack" title="MessagePack">MessagePack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_list" title="Property list">Property list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Buffers" title="Protocol Buffers">Protocol Buffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Thrift" title="Apache Thrift">Thrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyphal" title="Cyphal">Cyphal</a> DSDL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_Data_Representation" title="External Data Representation">XDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uuencoding" title="Uuencoding">uuencode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YEnc" title="YEnc">yEnc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_data-serialization_formats" title="Comparison of data-serialization formats">Comparison of data-serialization formats</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54872#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54872#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54872#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1086226/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4737512-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003010124">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532775605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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