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<span>Interests in mercury and mercury poisoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interests_in_mercury_and_mercury_poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Retirement and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Posthumous recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventions_and_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventions_and_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Inventions and discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventions_and_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83" title="ألفرد شتوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفرد شتوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="آلفرد استاک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلفرد استاک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="آلفرد استاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفرد استاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲ್ಪ್ರೆಡ್ ಸ್ಟಾಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಪ್ರೆಡ್ ಸ್ಟಾಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83" title="الفرد شتوك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفرد شتوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stok" title="Alfred Stok – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alfred Stok" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_%C5%A0tok" title="Alfred Štok – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Alfred Štok" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stock" title="Alfred Stock – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred Stock" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German inorganic chemist (1876–1946)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alfred Stock</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Stock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_Stock.jpg/250px-Alfred_Stock.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_Stock.jpg/500px-Alfred_Stock.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="845" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of the German chemist Alfred Stock (1876 – 1946).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1876-07-16</span>)</span>16 July 1876<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 August 1946<span style="display:none">(1946-08-12)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Aken_an_der_Elbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Aken an der Elbe">Aken an der Elbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">Soviet occupation zone of Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Karlsruhe">University of Karlsruhe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Julius_Emel%C3%A9us" title="Harry Julius Emeléus">H. J. Emeléus</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alfred Stock</b> (July 16, 1876 – August 12, 1946) was a German <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemists" title="List of chemists">chemist</a>. He did pioneering research on the <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydrides</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">coordination chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a>. The German Chemical Society's Alfred-Stock Memorial Prize is named after him. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Stock&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stock was born in Danzig (<a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>) and educated at the Friedrich-Werder grammar school in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. In 1894 he began studies in chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Friedrich Wilhelm-University</a> in Berlin. After finishing his dissertation about the quantitative separation of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the works of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a> he got his doctoral degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Egon_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899 he worked with the French chemist and toxicologist Henri Moissan in Paris for one year. He was given the task of synthesizing still unknown compounds of boron and silicon. Five years later he became professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Breslau">University of Breslau</a>. In 1916 he succeeded <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a> as director at the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_for_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry</a> in Berlin. After a severe mercury poisoning he became the director of the Chemistry Department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Karlsruhe">Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe</a> from 1926 to 1936. In 1932 he was a visiting professor at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York for four months.<sup id="cite_ref-Egon_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A member of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party) since 1933, Stock was anti-Semitic.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From February 6, 1936, to May 7, 1938 Stock was the president of the German Chemical Society. Bombs in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> damaged the house of Stock. In September 1943 he and his wife moved to Bad Warmbrunn in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, but the flow of refugees forced them to move again towards west in February 1945. They found accommodation in <a href="/wiki/Aken_(Elbe)" title="Aken (Elbe)">Aken</a> (near Dessau). After the war in 1946, Stock endeavoured to revitalize German chemistry by lectures and memoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Egon_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was renowned for his pioneering research on boron hydrides.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_on_the_hydrides_of_boron_and_silicon">Research on the hydrides of boron and silicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Stock&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research on the hydrides of boron and silicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1909 Stock began studying the boron <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydrides</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> with general formula B<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub>—at <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a>. Due to their extreme reactivity and flammability in air, boron hydrides could not be purified until his development of methods for separation using high-vacuum manifolds around 1912. He performed similar work on the <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydrides</a> of silicon. The hydrides of boron and silicon represented the first family of binary compounds to approach the richness of hydrocarbons in terms of structural diversity. Not only did the boron hydrides exhibit challenging properties, their structures were also unusual. Elucidation of the structures and the associated bonding models dramatically expanded the scope of inorganic chemistry. Boron hydrides such as <a href="/wiki/Diborane" title="Diborane">diborane</a> later developed into a range of <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a> for <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a> as well as a source of diverse ligands and building blocks for researchers. With <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a>, Stock discovered <a href="/wiki/Silicon_boride" title="Silicon boride">silicon boride</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_in_other_areas_of_inorganic_chemistry">Research in other areas of inorganic chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Stock&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research in other areas of inorganic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1921, Stock first prepared metallic <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> by electrolyzing a fused mixture of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and beryllium <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluorides</a>. This method made beryllium available for industrial use, such as in special alloys and glasses and for making windows in X-ray tubes. </p><p>He was also influential in <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">coordination chemistry</a>. The term "<a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a>" (from <i>ligare</i> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, to bind) was first used by Stock in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H. Irving and R.J.P. Williams adopted the term in a paper published in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monodentate, bidentate, tridentate characterized the number of ligands attached to a metal. Given the introduction of ligand concept, he was also able to further derive the idea of <a href="/wiki/Bite_angle" title="Bite angle">bite angle</a> and other aspects of <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelation</a>. </p><p>The "Stock system," first published in 1919, was a system of nomenclature on <a href="/wiki/Binary_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compound">binary compounds</a>. In his own words, he considered the system to be "simple, clear, immediately intelligible, capable of the most general application." In 1924, a German commission recommended Stock system to be adopted with some accommodations. FeCl<sub>2</sub>, which would have been named iron(2)-chloride according to Stock's original idea, became iron(II) chloride in the revised proposal. In 1934 Stock agreed to the use of <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> but preferred keeping the hyphen and dropping the parentheses. Although this suggestion has not been followed, the Stock system remains in use worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interests_in_mercury_and_mercury_poisoning">Interests in mercury and mercury poisoning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Stock&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interests in mercury and mercury poisoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stock published over 50 papers on different aspects of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Egon_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also introduced sensitive tests and devised improved laboratory techniques for dealing with mercury which minimized poisoning risk, possibly initiated by his chronic mercury poisoning in 1923, due to his use of liquid mercury in some novel laboratory apparatus he invented.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became more vocal on protesting the mercury usage after realizing the toxicity of its organic derivatives. German <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentists</a> abandoned his warning in 1928 against copper <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a> usage. Nevertheless, a paper from Fleischmann, in which removal of mercury in amalgam-related illness had led to complete recovery, supported his idea. (<i>Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift</i> 1928, No. 8). A committee was founded in Berlin to investigate cases of possible mercury intoxication and hence the term <a href="/wiki/Micromercurialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Micromercurialism">micromercurialism</a> was first used.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_death">Retirement and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Stock&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Retirement and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After retirement in 1936, Stock moved from Karlsruhe to Berlin. He died in <a href="/wiki/Aken_(Elbe)" title="Aken (Elbe)">Aken</a>, a small town near <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>, in August 1946 at the age of 70. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_recognition">Posthumous recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Stock&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Posthumous recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recognition of his contributions to the field of inorganic chemistry, the German Chemical Society (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_Deutscher_Chemiker" class="extiw" title="de:Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker">Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker</a>) created in 1950 the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stock_Memorial_Prize" title="Alfred Stock Memorial Prize">Alfred Stock Memorial Prize</a>. The prize, consisting of a gold medal and money, is awarded every other year for "an outstanding independent scientific experimental investigation in the field of inorganic chemistry."<sup id="cite_ref-GDCh_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDCh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Stock&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Praktikum der quantitativen anorganischen Analyse.</i> Berlin 1909, (6. Auflage, München 1979).</li> <li><i>Ultrastrukturchemie.</i> Berlin 1920.</li> <li><i>Hydrides of boron and silicon</i>. Ithaca(USA) 1933, (Neuausgabe Ithaca(UAS) 1957).</li> <li><i>Die Gefährlichkeit des Quecksilbers und der Amalgam-Zahnfüllungen</i>. Berlin 1928.</li> <li><i>Das Atom</i> In: <i>Angewandte Chemie</i> Band 37, Nr. 6, 1924, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1521-3757">1521-3757</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fange.19240370602">10.1002/ange.19240370602</a>, S. 65–67.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventions_and_discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Stock&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inventions and discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the tension thermometer<sup id="cite_ref-Egon_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Stock high vacuum apparatus - an apparatus made of glass which allows work with highly combustible and poisonous substances to be undertaken in high vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-Egon_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the principles of the chemistry of metal-chelate complexes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_nomenclature" title="Stock nomenclature">Stock nomenclature</a> or the Stock system - the system of naming the oxidation state of an atom in a compound<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Stock&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Piloty, A. Stock: <i>Über eine quantitative Trennung des Arsens vom Antimon.</i> Band 30, 1649, 1897</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egon-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Egon_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egon_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egon_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egon_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egon_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egon_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiberg1950" class="citation journal cs1">Wiberg, Egon (1950). "Alfred Stock 1876-1946". <i>Chemische Berichte</i>. <b>83</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">XIX–</span>LXXVI. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.19500830619">10.1002/cber.19500830619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemische+Berichte&rft.atitle=Alfred+Stock+1876-1946&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EXIX-%3C%2Fspan%3ELXXVI&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcber.19500830619&rft.aulast=Wiberg&rft.aufirst=Egon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Stock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Neubauer: <i>Alfred Stock und die Judenfrage.</i> In: <i>Nachrichten aus der Chemie.</i> Band 53, Nr. 6, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1868-0054">1868-0054</a>, S. 633–637.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStock1933" class="citation book cs1">Stock, Alfred (1933). <i>The Hydrides of Boron and Silicon</i>. New York: Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hydrides+of+Boron+and+Silicon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Stock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrockK._A._JensenChristian_Klixbüll_JørgensenGeorge_B._Kauffman1983" class="citation journal cs1">Brock, William H.; K. A. Jensen; Christian Klixbüll Jørgensen; <a href="/wiki/George_B._Kauffman" class="mw-redirect" title="George B. Kauffman">George B. Kauffman</a> (1983). "The origin and dissemination of the term "ligand" in chemistry". <i>Polyhedron</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-5387%2800%2988023-7">10.1016/S0277-5387(00)88023-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polyhedron&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+dissemination+of+the+term+%22ligand%22+in+chemistry&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0277-5387%2800%2988023-7&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=K.+A.+Jensen&rft.au=Christian+Klixb%C3%BCll+J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.au=George+B.+Kauffman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Stock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrvingR.J.P._Williams1948" class="citation journal cs1">Irving, H.; R.J.P. Williams (1948). "Order of stability of metal complexes". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>162</b> (4123): <span class="nowrap">746–</span>747. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948Natur.162..746I">1948Natur.162..746I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F162746a0">10.1038/162746a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6943144">6943144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Order+of+stability+of+metal+complexes&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=4123&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E746-%3C%2Fspan%3E747&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F162746a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6943144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948Natur.162..746I&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=R.J.P.+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Stock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSella2014" class="citation web cs1">Sella, Andrea (2014-05-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2014/05/stock-valve-mercury-poisoning-inorganic">"Stock's valve"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stock%27s+valve&rft.date=2014-05-20&rft.aulast=Sella&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fchemistryworld%2F2014%2F05%2Fstock-valve-mercury-poisoning-inorganic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Stock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStock1926" class="citation journal cs1">Stock, Alfred (1926). "Die Gefaehrlichkeit des Quecksilberdampfes". <i>Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie</i>. <b>39</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">461–</span>466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fange.19260391502">10.1002/ange.19260391502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Angewandte+Chemie&rft.atitle=Die+Gefaehrlichkeit+des+Quecksilberdampfes&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E461-%3C%2Fspan%3E466&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fange.19260391502&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Stock" class="Z3988"></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/~bcalhoun/AStock.htm">Translated by Birgit Calhoun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021013609/http://www.stanford.edu/~bcalhoun/AStock.htm">Archived</a> 2012-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDCh-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GDCh_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305210604/http://www.gdch.de/gdch/eps/ausschr/aus_2006__e.htm">"Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V., GDCh-Preise 2008"</a>. <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_Deutscher_Chemiker" class="extiw" title="de:Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker">de:Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdch.de/gdch/eps/ausschr/aus_2006__e.htm">the original</a> on 2008-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesellschaft+Deutscher+Chemiker+e.V.%2C+GDCh-Preise+2008&rft.pub=%3Ade%3AGesellschaft+Deutscher+Chemiker&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdch.de%2Fgdch%2Feps%2Fausschr%2Faus_2006__e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Stock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Stock: <i>Zur Nomenklatur und Registrierung anorganischer Stoffe.</i> In: <i>Chem.-Ztg.</i> Band 33, 205, 1909.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Stock&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025192027/http://www.gdch.de/gdch/eps/preise/stock.htm">List of recipients of the Alfred-Stock-Gedächtnispreis</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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