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id="toc-Individual_revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Individual revelation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Public revelation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Verbal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-verbal_propositional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-verbal_propositional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Non-verbal propositional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-verbal_propositional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Epistemology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_various_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_various_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In various religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_various_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In various religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_various_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahá'í_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bahá'í Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Day_Saint_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Latter Day Saint movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.1</span> <span>Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Deism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prophets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Prophets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revealed_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revealed_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Revealed religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revealed_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Revelation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenbarung" title="Offenbarung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Offenbarung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A_(%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86)" title="وحي (دين) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحي (دين)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="দৈববাণী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দৈববাণী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%BB_%D2%BB%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Илаһ һүҙе иңеү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Илаһ һүҙе иңеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelaci%C3%B3" title="Revelació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revelació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A7%D0%BD%C4%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_(%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD)" title="Уçнăлăх (тĕн) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уçнăлăх (тĕн)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjeven%C3%AD" title="Zjevení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zjevení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85benbaring" title="Åbenbaring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Åbenbaring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenbarung" title="Offenbarung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Offenbarung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmutus" title="Ilmutus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ilmutus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%88%CE%B7" title="Θεία αποκάλυψη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεία αποκάλυψη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelaci%C3%B3n_divina" title="Revelación divina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revelación divina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelacio" title="Revelacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Revelacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errebelazio" title="Errebelazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errebelazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%87_(%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8)" title="مکاشفه (مذهب) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکاشفه (مذهب)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9v%C3%A9lation" title="Révélation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révélation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foilsi%C3%BA" title="Foilsiú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foilsiú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%8B%9C" title="계시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahayi" title="Wahayi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wahayi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इल्हाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इल्हाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelasi" title="Revelasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revelasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Revelation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivelazione" title="Rivelazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivelazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התגלות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התגלות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufunuo" title="Ufunuo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufunuo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyam" title="Peyam – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Peyam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinyilatkoztat%C3%A1s" title="Kinyilatkoztatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kinyilatkoztatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanambar%C3%A0na_(finoana)" title="Fanambaràna (finoana) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanambaràna (finoana)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="വെളിപാട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെളിപാട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbaring_(concept)" title="Openbaring (concept) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Openbaring (concept)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%93%E7%A4%BA" title="啓示 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="啓示" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85penbaring" title="Åpenbaring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åpenbaring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openberring" title="Openberring – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Openberring" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Communication with a deity or other supernatural entity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about supernatural revelation. For the final book of the New Testament, see <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Revelation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Revelation (disambiguation)">Revelation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg/220px-Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg/330px-Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg/440px-Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Illumination from <a href="/wiki/Scivias" title="Scivias">Liber Scivias</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a> receiving a vision, dictating to her scribe and sketching on a wax tablet</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <b>revelation</b> (or <b>divine revelation</b>) is the disclosing of some form of <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">truth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knowledge#Religion" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> through communication with a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> (god) or other <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> entity or entities.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuckrad_2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuckrad_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Revelation" title="Special:EditPage/Revelation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_revelation">Individual revelation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Individual revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> believed in two types of individual revelation from <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/General_revelation" title="General revelation">general revelation</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Special_revelation" title="Special revelation">special revelation</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/General_revelation" title="General revelation">general revelation</a>, God reveals himself through his creation, such that at least some truths about God can be learned by the <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empirical</a> study of <a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis">nature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, etc., to an individual. Special revelation is the knowledge of God and spiritual matters which can be discovered through <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> means, such as scripture or miracles, by individuals. <a href="/wiki/Direct_revelation" title="Direct revelation">Direct revelation</a> refers to communication from God to someone in particular. </p><p>Though one may deduce the existence of God and some of God's attributes through general revelation, certain specifics may be known only through special revelation. Aquinas believed that special revelation is equivalent to the revelation of God in Jesus. The major theological components of Christianity, such as the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a>, are revealed in the teachings of the church and the scriptures and may not otherwise be deduced. Special revelation and general revelation are complementary rather than contradictory in nature. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Dumitru_St%C4%83niloae" title="Dumitru Stăniloae">Dumitru Stăniloae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>’s position on general/special revelation is in stark contrast to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> theologies that see a clear difference between general and special revelation and tend to argue that the former is not sufficient to salvation. In Orthodox Christianity, he argues, there is no separation between the two and supernatural revelation merely embodies the former in historical persons and actions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Continuous_revelation" title="Continuous revelation">Continuous revelation</a>" is a term for the theological position that God continues to reveal divine principles or commandments to humanity. </p><p>In the 20th century, religious <a href="/wiki/Existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialist">existentialists</a> proposed that revelation held no content in and of itself but rather that God inspired people with his presence by coming into contact with them. Revelation is a human response that records how we respond to God. </p><p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, wrote of his personal experience of inspiration and his own experience of “the idea of revelation” in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(book)" title="Ecce Homo (book)">Ecce Homo (book)</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Has any one at the end of the nineteenth century any distinct notion of what poets of a stronger age understood by the word inspiration? If not, I will describe it. If one had the smallest vestige of superstition left in one, it would hardly be possible completely to set aside the idea that one is the mere incarnation, mouthpiece, or medium of an almighty power. The idea of revelation, in the sense that something which profoundly convulses and upsets one becomes suddenly visible and audible with indescribable certainty and accuracy—describes the simple fact. One hears—one does not seek; one takes—one does not ask who gives: a thought suddenly flashes up like lightning, it comes with necessity, without faltering—I have never had any choice in the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_revelation">Public revelation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Revelation" title="Special:EditPage/Revelation">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Revelation%22">"Revelation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Revelation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Revelation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Revelation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Revelation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Revelation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ten_Commandments_(Bible_Card).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/100px-The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/150px-The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/200px-The_Ten_Commandments_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>The mass-revelation at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a> in an illustration from a Christian Bible card published by the Providence Lithograph Company, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Some religious groups believe a deity has been revealed or spoken to a large group of people or have legends to a similar effect. In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> is said to have given <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a> describes the <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Day of Pentecost</a> wherein the Holy Spirit descended on the disciples of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in the form of fire that they began praising in tongues and experienced mass revelation. The <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a> believe <a href="/wiki/White_Buffalo_Calf_Woman" title="White Buffalo Calf Woman">Ptesáŋwiŋ</a> spoke directly to the people in the establishment of Lakota religious traditions. Some versions of an <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec legend</a> tell of <a href="/wiki/Huitzilopochtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Huitzilopochtli">Huitzilopochtli</a> speaking directly to the Aztec people upon their arrival at <a href="/wiki/Anahuac_(Aztec)" title="Anahuac (Aztec)">Anåhuac</a>. Historically, some <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">emperors, cult leaders, and other figures</a> have also been deified and treated as though their words are themselves revelations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal">Verbal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verbal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Revelation" title="Special:EditPage/Revelation">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some people hold that God can communicate with people in a way that gives direct, <a href="/wiki/Propositional" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional">propositional</a> content: This is termed <i>verbal revelation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> and some forms of Christianity hold that the first five books of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> were dictated by God in such a fashion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> writes that he received his message through visions, where he would see <a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a>, the God of Israel, speaking to angelic beings that surrounded him. Isaiah would then write down the dialogue exchanged between YHWH and the angels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This form of revelation constitutes the major part of the text of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>. The same formula of divine revelation is used by other prophets throughout the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, such as Micaiah in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20kings%2022:19-22&version=HCSB">1 Kings 22:19–22</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2010)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-verbal_propositional">Non-verbal propositional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-verbal propositional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One school of thought holds that revelation is non-verbal and non-literal, yet it may have propositional content. People were divinely inspired by God with a message, but not in a verbal-like sense. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel" title="Abraham Joshua Heschel">Abraham Joshua Heschel</a> has written, "To convey what the prophets experienced, the Bible could either use terms of descriptions or terms of indication. Any description of the act of revelation in empirical categories would have produced a caricature. That is why all the Bible does is to state that revelation happened; how it happened is something they could only convey in words that are evocative and suggestive."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epistemology">Epistemology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Epistemology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, including Judaism, Christianity and Islam, believe that God exists and can in some way reveal his will to people. Members of those religions distinguish between true <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and <a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">false prophets</a>, and there are documents offering criteria by which to distinguish true from false prophets. The question of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> then arises: how to know? </p><p>Some believe that revelation can originate directly from a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> or through an agent such as an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a>. One who has experienced such contact with, or communication from, the divine is often called a prophet. <i>The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought</i> suggests that the more proper and wider term for such an encounter would be "mystical", making such a person a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All prophets would be mystics, but not all mystics would be prophets. </p><p>Revelation from a supernatural source is of lesser importance in some other religious traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_various_religions">In various religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In various religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahá'í_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Bahá'í Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bahá'í Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í literature">Bahá'í literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive revelation (Bahá'í)">Progressive revelation (Bahá'í)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revelation-writing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Revelation-writing.jpg/220px-Revelation-writing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Revelation-writing.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>'Revelation writing': The first draft of a tablet of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, recorded in shorthand script by an <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">The Báb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a> and <a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a>, the central figures of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a>, received thousands of written enquiries, and wrote thousands of responses, hundreds of which amount to whole and proper books, while many are shorter texts, such as letters. In addition, the Bahá'í Faith has large works which were divinely revealed in a very short time, as in a night, or a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, because many of the works were first recorded by an <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most were submitted for approval and correction and the final text was personally approved by the revelator. </p><p>Bahá'u'lláh would occasionally write the words of revelation down himself, but normally the revelation was dictated to his amanuensis, who sometimes recorded it in what has been called <i>revelation writing</i>, a shorthand script written with extreme speed owing to the rapidity of the utterance of the words. Afterwards, Bahá'u'lláh revised and approved these drafts. These <i>revelation drafts</i> and many other <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcriptions</a> of Bahá'u'lláh's writings, around 15,000 items, some of which are in his own handwriting, are kept in the <a href="/wiki/International_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="International Archives">International Bahá'í Archives</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Biblical inspiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_mystics" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian mystics">Christian mystics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">Visions of Jesus and Mary</a></div> <p>Many Christians believe in the possibility and even reality of <a href="/wiki/Private_revelation" title="Private revelation">private revelations</a>, messages from God for individuals, which can come in a variety of ways. <a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a> is an example in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a> and there are alleged cases today also.<sup id="cite_ref-vatican1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Christians see as of a much higher level the revelation recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">collection of books</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. They consider these books to be written by human authors under the inspiration of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>. They regard Jesus as the supreme revelation of God, with the Bible being a revelation in the sense of a witness to him.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> states that "the Christian faith is not a 'religion of the book.' Christianity is the religion of the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">'Word of God'</a>, a word which is 'not a written and mute word, but the Word which is incarnate and living".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geisler and Nix speak of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a> as meaning that, in its original form, the Bible is totally without error, and free from all contradiction, including the historical and scientific parts.<sup id="cite_ref-inerrancy_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inerrancy-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coleman speaks of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Biblical infallibility</a> as meaning that the Bible is inerrant on issues of faith and practice but not history or science.<sup id="cite_ref-infallible_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infallible-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> speaks not about infallibility of Scripture but about its freedom from error, holding "the doctrine of the inerrancy of Scripture".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, citing earlier declarations, stated: "Since everything asserted by the inspired authors or sacred writers must be held to be asserted by the Holy Spirit, it follows that the books of Scripture must be acknowledged as teaching solidly, faithfully and without error that truth which God wanted put into sacred writings for the sake of salvation".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It added: "Since God speaks in Sacred Scripture through men in human fashion, the interpreter of Sacred Scripture, in order to see clearly what God wanted to communicate to us, should carefully investigate what meaning the sacred writers really intended, and what God wanted to manifest by means of their words."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reformed Churches believe in the Bible is inerrant in the sense spoken of by Gregory and Nix and "deny that Biblical infallibility and inerrancy are limited to spiritual, religious, or redemptive themes, exclusive of assertions in the fields of history and science".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> speaks of "the infallible truth and divine authority" of the Scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> treats the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> as authoritative and says it "cannot be broken" .<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Timothy">2 Timothy</a> 3:16 says: "All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a> claims that "no prophecy of Scripture comes from someone's own interpretation. For no prophecy was ever produced by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also speaks of Paul's letters as containing some things "hard to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist to their own destruction, as they do the other Scriptures".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This letter does not specify "the other Scriptures", nor does the term "all Scripture" in 2 Timothy indicate which writings were or would be breathed out by God and useful for teaching, since it does not preclude later works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles of John">Epistles of John</a> may have been. The Catholic Church recognizes 73 books as inspired and forming the Bible (46 books of the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament</a> and 27 books of the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament</a>). The most common versions of the Bible that <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> have today consist of 66 of these books. None of the 66 or 73 books gives a list of revealed books. </p><p>Theologian and Christian existentialist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johannes_Tillich" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Johannes Tillich">Paul Johannes Tillich</a> (1886–1965), who sought to correlate culture and faith so that "faith need not be unacceptable to contemporary culture and contemporary culture need not be unacceptable to faith", argued that revelation never runs counter to reason (affirming <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> who said that faith is eminently rational), and that both poles of the subjective human experience are complementary.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> argued that God is the object of God's own self-knowledge, and revelation in the Bible means the self-unveiling to humanity of the God who cannot be discovered by humanity simply through its own efforts. For him, the Bible is not <i>The Revelation</i>; rather, it points to revelation. Human concepts can never be considered as identical to God's revelation, and Scripture is written in human language, expressing human concepts. It cannot be considered identical with God's revelation. However, God does reveal himself through human language and concepts, and thus Christ is truly presented in scripture and the preaching of the church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> states:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>'Our holy mother, the Church, holds and teaches that God, the first principle and last end of all things, can be known with certainty from the created world by the natural light of human reason.' Without this capacity, man would not be able to welcome God's revelation. Man has this capacity because he is created 'in the image of God'. </p><p>In the historical conditions in which he finds himself, however, man experiences many difficulties in coming to know God by the light of reason alone [...] </p><p> This is why man stands in need of being enlightened by God's revelation, not only about those things that exceed his understanding, but also 'about those religious and moral truths which of themselves are not beyond the grasp of human reason, so that even in the present condition of the human race, they can be known by all men with ease, with firm certainty and with no admixture of error'</p></blockquote> <p>The Catholic Church also believes <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> is the "fullness and mediator of all Revelations", and that no new divine revelation will come until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>. It also believes that God gradually leads the church into a deeper understanding of divine revelation, such as by private revelations, which do not fulfill, complete, substitute or supersede divine revelation but help one live by divine revelation. The church does not obligate the faithful to believe in, follow, or publish private revelations, whether they're approved or otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement">Latter Day Saint movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saint movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation in Mormonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith_receiving_golden_plates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Joseph_Smith_receiving_golden_plates.jpg/220px-Joseph_Smith_receiving_golden_plates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Joseph_Smith_receiving_golden_plates.jpg/330px-Joseph_Smith_receiving_golden_plates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Joseph_Smith_receiving_golden_plates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>An 1893 engraving of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> receiving the <a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">golden plates</a> and other artifacts from the <a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">angel Moroni</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> teaches that the movement began with a revelation from God, which began a process of <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">restoring</a> the gospel of Jesus Christ to the earth. Latter Day Saints also teach that revelation is the foundation of the church established by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> and that it remains an essential element of his true church today. <a href="/wiki/Continuous_revelation" title="Continuous revelation">Continuous revelation</a> provides individual Latter Day Saints with a <a href="/wiki/Testimony#Religion" title="Testimony">testimony</a>, described by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bushman" title="Richard Bushman">Richard Bushman</a> as "one of the most potent words in the Mormon lexicon".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latter Day Saints believe in an <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon#Latter_Day_Saint_canons" title="Biblical canon">open scriptural canon</a>, and in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>, have books of scripture containing the revelations of modern-day prophets such as the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a>. In addition, many Latter Day Saints believe that ancient prophets in other regions of the world received revelations that resulted in additional scriptures that have been lost and may, one day, be forthcoming.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Latter Day Saints also believe that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> is a divinely inspired document.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> sustain the <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">President of the Church</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prophet,_seer,_and_revelator" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet, seer, and revelator">prophet, seer, and revelator</a>, the only person on earth who receives revelation to guide the entire church. They also sustain the two counselors in the <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency" title="First Presidency">First Presidency</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a>, as prophets, seers, and revelators.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe that God has followed a pattern of continued revelation to prophets throughout the history of mankind to establish doctrine and maintain its integrity, as well as to guide the church under changing world conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this pattern of revelation was broken, it was because the receivers of revelation had been rejected and often killed. In the meridian<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of time, Paul described prophets and apostles in terms of a foundation, with Christ as the cornerstone, which was built to prevent doctrinal shift—"that we henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about by every wind of doctrine".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To maintain this foundation, new apostles were chosen and ordained to replace those lost to death or transgression, as when Matthias was called by revelation to replace Judas (Acts 1:15–26). However, as intensifying persecution led to the imprisonment and martyrdom of the apostles, it eventually became impossible to continue the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the foundation of apostles and prophets was lost, the integrity of Christian doctrine as established by Christ and the apostles began to be compromised by those who continued to develop doctrine despite not being called or authorized to receive revelation for the body of the church. In the absence of revelation, these post-apostolic theologians couldn't help but introduce elements of human reasoning, speculation, and personal interpretation of scripture (2 Pet 1:19–20)—which over time led to the loss or corruption of various doctrinal truths, as well as the addition of new man-made doctrines. This naturally led to much disagreement and schism, which over the centuries culminated in the large number of Christian churches on the earth today. Mormons believe that God resumed his pattern of revelation when the world was again ready, by calling the Prophet Joseph Smith to restore the fullness of the gospel of Jesus Christ to the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time there has been a consistent succession of prophets and apostles, which God has promised will not be broken before the Second Coming of Christ (Dan 2:44).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each member of the LDS Church is also confirmed a member of the church following baptism and given the "gift of the Holy Ghost" by which each member is encouraged to develop a personal relationship with that divine being and receive personal revelation for their own direction and that of their family.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latter Day Saint concept of revelation includes the belief that revelation from God is available to all those who earnestly seek it with the intent of doing good. It also teaches that everyone is entitled to personal revelation with respect to his or her <a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewardship</a> (leadership responsibility). Thus, parents may receive inspiration from God in raising their families, individuals can receive divine inspiration to help them meet personal challenges, church officers may receive revelation for those whom they serve, and so forth. </p><p>The important consequence of this is that each person may receive confirmation that particular doctrines taught by a prophet are true, as well as gain divine insight in using those truths for their own benefit and eternal progress. In the church, personal revelation is expected and encouraged, and many converts believe that personal revelation from God was instrumental in their conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">Joseph F. Smith</a>, the sixth president of the LDS Church, summarized this church's belief concerning revelation by saying, "We believe… in the principle of direct revelation from God to man."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Smith, 362) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deism">Deism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the development of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">atheism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in Europe, beginning about the mid-17th century, the concept of supernatural revelation began to face skepticism. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></i> (1794–1809), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> developed the theology of <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>, rejecting the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a> and arguing that a revelation can be considered valid only for the original recipient, with all else being <a href="/wiki/Hearsay" title="Hearsay">hearsay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apaurusheyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Apaurusheyatva">Apaurusheyatva</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a>, Sanskrit for "that which is heard", refers to the body of most authoritative, ancient <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">religious texts</a> comprising the central canon of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeld_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeld-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes the four <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> including its four types of embedded texts—the <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a>, the early <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wendydof_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wendydof-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Śruti</i>s have been variously described as a revelation through <i>anubhava</i> (direct experience),<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or of primordial origins realized by ancient <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeld_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeld-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hindu tradition, they have been referred to as <i>apauruṣeya</i> (not created by humans).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Śruti</i> texts themselves assert that they were skillfully created by <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishis</a> (sages), after inspired creativity, just as a carpenter builds a chariot.<sup id="cite_ref-scharfe_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scharfe-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B8%A5y" title="Waḥy">Waḥy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzil" title="Tanzil">Tanzil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad-Majmac-al-tawarikh-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Muhammad-Majmac-al-tawarikh-1.jpg/220px-Muhammad-Majmac-al-tawarikh-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Muhammad-Majmac-al-tawarikh-1.jpg/330px-Muhammad-Majmac-al-tawarikh-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Muhammad-Majmac-al-tawarikh-1.jpg/440px-Muhammad-Majmac-al-tawarikh-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad's Call to Prophecy and the First Revelation; leaf from a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Majmac_al-tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Majmac al-tawarikh">Majmac al-tawarikh</a> (Compendium of Histories), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1425</span>; <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a>. From <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> believe that <a href="/wiki/Islamic_concept_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic concept of God">God</a> (Arabic: ألله <i><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></i>) revealed his final message to all of existence through <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> via the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad is considered to have been the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Prophets" title="Seal of the Prophets">Seal of the Prophets</a> and the last revelation, the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, is believed by Muslims to be the flawless final revelation of God to humanity, valid until the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Last Day</a>. The Qur'an claims to have been revealed word by word and letter by letter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Muslims hold that the message of Islam is the same as the message preached by all the messengers sent by God to humanity since <a href="/wiki/Adam_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam (Bible)">Adam</a>. Muslims believe that Islam is the oldest of the monotheistic religions because it represents both the original and the final revelation of God to <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, and Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, Muslims believe that every <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> received revelation in their lives, as each prophet was sent by God to guide mankind. <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> is significant in this aspect as he received revelation in a twofold aspect, as Muslims believe he preached the <a href="/wiki/Injil" class="mw-redirect" title="Injil">Gospel</a> while also having been taught the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. </p><p>According to Islamic traditions, Muhammad began receiving revelations from the age of 40, delivered through the angel Gabriel over the last 23 years of his life. The content of these revelations, known as the Qur'an,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was memorized and recorded by his followers and compiled from dozens of <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Qur%27an)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz (Qur'an)">hafiz</a> as well as other various parchments or hides into a single volume shortly after his death. In <a href="/wiki/Muslim_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim theology">Muslim theology</a>, Muhammad is considered equal in importance to all other <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">prophets of God</a> and to make distinction among the prophets is a <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>, as the Qur'an itself promulgates equality between God's prophets.(Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=84">3:84</a>) </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a> have made the distinction between revelation and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspiration</a>, which according to Muslim theology, all righteous people can receive. Inspiration refers to God inspiring a person to commit some action, as opposed to revelation, which only the prophets received. Moses's mother, <a href="/wiki/Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Jochebed</a>, being inspired to send the infant Moses in a cradle down the <a href="/wiki/Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile river">Nile river</a> is a frequently cited example of inspiration, as is <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a> searching for water for the infant <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish principles of faith</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mattan Torah" redirects here. Mattan Torah is "the gift of Torah". For <a href="/wiki/Z%27man_Mattan_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Z'man Mattan Torah">Z'man Mattan Torah</a> ("the time of the giving of the Torah"), see <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>.</div> <p>The term <i>revelation</i> is used in two senses in Jewish theology; it either denotes (1) what in rabbinical language is called <i>Gilluy Shekinah</i>, a manifestation of God by some wondrous act of his which overawes man and impresses him with what he sees, hears, or otherwise perceives of his glorious presence; or it denotes (2) a manifestation of his will through oracular words, signs, statutes, or laws.<sup id="cite_ref-je_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, issues of epistemology have been addressed by <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Saadiah_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadiah Gaon">Saadiah Gaon</a> (882–942) in his <a href="/wiki/Emunoth_ve-Deoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Emunoth ve-Deoth">Book of Beliefs and Opinions</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1135–1204) in his <a href="/wiki/Guide_for_the_Perplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide for the Perplexed">Guide for the Perplexed</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Bergmann" title="Hugo Bergmann">Samuel Hugo Berman</a>, professor of philosophy at the Hebrew University; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dov_Soloveitchik" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Dov Soloveitchik">Joseph Dov Soloveitchik</a> (1903–1993), talmudic scholar and philosopher; <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gillman" title="Neil Gillman">Neil Gillman</a>, professor of philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elliot_N._Dorff" title="Elliot N. Dorff">Elliot N. Dorff</a>, professor of philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_University" title="American Jewish University">American Jewish University</a>. </p><p>One of the major trends in modern Jewish philosophy was the attempt to develop a theory of Judaism through existentialism. One of the primary players in this field was <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Franz Rosenzweig</a>. His major work, <i>Star of Redemption</i>, expounds a philosophy in which he portrays the relationships between God, humanity and world as they are connected by creation, revelation and redemption. Conservative Jewish philosophers <a href="/wiki/Elliot_N._Dorff" title="Elliot N. Dorff">Elliot N. Dorff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gillman" title="Neil Gillman">Neil Gillman</a> take the existentialist philosophy of Rosenzweig as one of their starting points for understanding <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a>. (They come to different conclusions, however.) </p><p>Rabbinic Judaism, and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>, hold that the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (Pentateuch) extant today is essentially the same one that the whole of the Jewish people received on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, from God, upon their Exodus from Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beliefs that God gave a "Torah of truth" to Moses (and the rest of the people), that Moses was the greatest of the prophets, and that the Law given to Moses will never be changed, are three of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Principles_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Principles of Faith">Thirteen Principles of Faith</a> of Orthodox Judaism according to <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>. </p><p>Orthodox Judaism believes that in addition to the written Torah, God also revealed to Moses a set of oral teachings, called the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a>. In addition to this revealed law, <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> contains decrees and enactments made by prophets, rabbis, and sages over the course of Jewish history. <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a> tends to regard even rabbinic decrees as being of divine origin or divinely inspired, while <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a> tends to regard them as being more potentially subject to <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human error</a>, although due to the Biblical verse "Do not stray from their words" ("Deuteronomy 17:11) it is still accepted as binding law. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> tends to regard both the Torah and the Oral law as not verbally revealed. The Conservative approach tends to regard the Torah as compiled by redactors in a manner similar to the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_Hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary Hypothesis">Documentary Hypothesis</a>. However, Conservative Jews also regard the authors of the Torah as divinely inspired, and many regard at least portions of it as originating with Moses. Positions can vary from the position of <a href="/wiki/Joel_Roth" title="Joel Roth">Joel Roth</a>, following <a href="/wiki/David_Weiss_HaLivni" class="mw-redirect" title="David Weiss HaLivni">David Weiss HaLivni</a>, that while the Torah originally given to Moses on Mount Sinai became corrupted or lost and had to be recompiled later by redactors, the recompiled Torah is nonetheless regarded as fully Divine and legally authoritative, to the position of <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Tucker" title="Gordon Tucker">Gordon Tucker</a> that the Torah, while Divinely inspired, is a largely human document containing significant elements of human error, and should be regarded as the beginning of an ongoing process which is continuing today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Conservative Judaism regards the Oral Law as divinely inspired, but nonetheless subject to human error. </p><p>Reform and Reconstructionist Jews also accept the Documentary Hypothesis for the origin of the Torah, and tend to view all of the Oral law as an entirely human creation. <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> believe that the Torah is not a <a href="/wiki/Direct_revelation" title="Direct revelation">direct revelation</a> from God, but is a document written by human ancestors, carrying human understanding and experience, and seeking to answer the question: 'What does God require of us?'. They believe that, though it contains many 'core-truths' about God and humanity, it is also time bound. They believe that God's will is revealed through the interaction of humanity and God throughout history, and so, in that sense, Torah is a product of an ongoing revelation. <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> denies the notion of revelation entirely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prophets">Prophets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prophets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a> (the books of the Prophets) are considered divine and true, this does not imply that the books of the prophets are always read literally. Jewish tradition has always held that prophets used metaphors and analogies. There exists a wide range of commentaries explaining and elucidating those verses consisting of metaphor. <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> regards Moses as the greatest of the prophets, and this view is one of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Principles_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Principles of Faith">Thirteen Principles of Faith</a> of traditional Judaism. Consistent with the view that revelation to Moses was generally clearer than revelation to other prophets, Orthodox views of revelation to prophets other than Moses have included a range of perspectives as to directness. For example, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> said that accounts of revelation in the Nevi'im were not always as literal as in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and that some prophetic accounts reflect allegories rather than literal commands or predictions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel" title="Abraham Joshua Heschel">Abraham Joshua Heschel</a> (1907–1972), author of a number of works on prophecy, said that, "Prophetic inspiration must be understood <i>as an event</i>, not as <i>a process</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his work <i><a href="/wiki/God_in_Search_of_Man" title="God in Search of Man">God in Search of Man</a></i>, he discussed the experience of being a prophet. In his book <i>Prophetic Inspiration After the Prophets: Maimonides and Others</i>, Heschel references to continued prophetic inspiration in Jewish <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> following the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> and into medieval and even Modern times. He wrote that </p> <dl><dd>"To convey what the prophets experienced, the Bible could either use terms of descriptions or terms of indication. Any description of the act of revelation in empirical categories would have produced a caricature. That is why all the Bible does is to state that revelation happened. How it happened is something they could only convey in words that are evocative and suggestive."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> is considered to be a divine revelation by God to the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a>. In various verses of Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh gurus themselves state that they merely speak what the divine teacher (God) commands them to speak. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> frequently used to tell his ardent follower <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mardana" title="Bhai Mardana">Mardana</a> "Oh Mardana, play the <a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">rabaab</a> the Lord's word is descending onto me." </p><p>In certain passages of Guru Granth sahib, it is clearly said the authorship is of divine origin and the gurus were merely the channel through which such revelations came. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revealed_religion">Revealed religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Revealed religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Revealed religions</b> have <a href="/wiki/Religious_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious texts">religious texts</a> which they view as divinely or supernaturally revealed or inspired. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> believe that the <i><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></i> was received from <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> on <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">biblical Mount Sinai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Christians believe that both the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> were <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspired</a> by God. Muslims believe the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> was revealed by God to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> word by word through the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> (<i>Jibril</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_&_Drew_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_&_Drew-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> are considered <i><a href="/wiki/Apaurusheyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Apaurusheyatva"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">apauruṣeya</i></span></a></i>, "not human compositions", and are supposed to have been directly revealed, and thus are called <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">śruti</a></i>, "what is heard". </p><p>A revelation communicated by a supernatural entity reported as being present during the event is called a <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">vision</a>. Direct conversations between the recipient and the supernatural entity,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or physical marks such as <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a>, have been reported. In rare cases, such as that of Saint <a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego" title="Juan Diego">Juan Diego</a>, physical artifacts accompany the revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> concept of <a href="/wiki/Interior_locution" title="Interior locution">interior locution</a> includes just an inner voice heard by the recipient. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, the term is used to refer to the process by which <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> reveals knowledge of himself, his <a href="/wiki/Will_of_God" title="Will of God">will</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a> to the world of human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In secondary usage, revelation refers to the resulting human knowledge about God, <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> things. Revelation from a supernatural source plays a less important role in some other religious traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></i>, known formally as the Religious Society of Friends, are generally united by a belief in each human's ability to experience <a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">the light within</a> or see "that of God in every one".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Quakers believe in <a href="/wiki/Continuing_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuing revelation">continuing revelation</a>: that God continuously reveals truth directly to individuals. <a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a> said, "Christ has come to teach His people Himself."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friends often focus on feeling the presence of God. As <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Penington_(Quaker)" title="Isaac Penington (Quaker)">Isaac Penington</a> wrote in 1670, "It is not enough to hear of Christ, or read of Christ, but this is the thing – to feel him to be my root, my life, and my foundation..."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quakers reject the idea of <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>, believing in the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a>. Some express their concept of God using phrases such as "the inner light", "inward light of Christ", or "Holy Spirit". Quakers first gathered around George Fox in the mid–17th century and belong to a historically <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Christian">Protestant Christian</a> set of <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">Cryptomnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana">Darśana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciple (Christianity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(feeling)" title="Epiphany (feeling)">Epiphany (feeling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_helmet" title="God helmet">God helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierophany" title="Hierophany">Hierophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (psychology)">Intuition (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stuckrad_2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuckrad_2007_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBernhardt2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bernhardt, Reinhold (2007). "Revelation". In <a href="/wiki/Kocku_von_Stuckrad" title="Kocku von Stuckrad">von Stuckrad, Kocku</a> (ed.). <i>The Brill Dictionary of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00056">10.1163/1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004124332" title="Special:BookSources/9789004124332"><bdi>9789004124332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revelation&rft.btitle=The+Brill+Dictionary+of+Religion&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00056&rft.isbn=9789004124332&rft.aulast=Bernhardt&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaniloae2000" class="citation book cs1">Staniloae, Staniloae (2000). <i>Orthodox Dogmatic Theology: The Experience of God v. 1 (Orthodox Dogmatic Theology, Volume 1 : Revelation and Knowledge of the Triune God</i>. T.& T.Clark Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0917651700" title="Special:BookSources/978-0917651700"><bdi>978-0917651700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Dogmatic+Theology%3A+The+Experience+of+God+v.+1+%28Orthodox+Dogmatic+Theology%2C+Volume+1+%3A+Revelation+and+Knowledge+of+the+Triune+God&rft.pub=T.%26+T.Clark+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0917651700&rft.aulast=Staniloae&rft.aufirst=Staniloae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche1911" class="citation book cs1">Nietzsche, Friedrich (1911). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+Friedrich+Nietzsche.+Vol.+17+Ecce+Homo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheCompleteWorksOfFriedrichNietzschevol.17-EcceHomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a22.htm">"1 Kings 22 / Hebrew – English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"</a>. Mechon-mamre.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Inc.) p. 555</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/wilmette_kitab_iqan_date">"Book of Certitude: Dating the Iqan"</a>. Kalimat Press. 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahaiworldnews.org/story.cfm?storyid=163">the original</a> on 2008-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+new+volume+of+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+sacred+writings%2C+recently+translated+and+comprising+Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h%27s+call+to+world+leaders%2C+is+published&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+World+Centre&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahaiworldnews.org%2Fstory.cfm%3Fstoryid%3D163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaherzadeh1976" class="citation book cs1">Taherzadeh, A. (1976). <i>The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853–63</i>. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-270-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85398-270-8"><bdi>0-85398-270-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revelation+of+Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h%2C+Volume+1%3A+Baghdad+1853%E2%80%9363&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=George+Ronald&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-85398-270-8&rft.aulast=Taherzadeh&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For extended comments on the divine revelation of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/number_tablets_bahaullah">Number of tablets revealed by Bahá'u'lláh</a> by Robert Stockman and Juan Cole, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/uhj_numbers_sacred_writings">Numbers and Classifications of Sacred Writings texts</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice" title="Universal House of Justice">Universal House of Justice</a>, and Horace Holley's preface of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/compilation_bahai_revelation">The Bahá'í Revelation, including Selections from the Bahá'í Holy Writings and Talks by `Abdu'l-Bahá</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vatican1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vatican1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s1c2a1.htm#66">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 67"</a>. Vatican.va<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+67&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp1s1c2a1.htm%2366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catechism of the Catholic Church, 426, 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd ed., para. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inerrancy-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inerrancy_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeisler_&_Nix1986" class="citation book cs1">Geisler & Nix (1986). <i>A General Introduction to the Bible</i>. Moody Press, Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8024-2916-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8024-2916-5"><bdi>0-8024-2916-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Moody+Press%2C+Chicago&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8024-2916-5&rft.au=Geisler+%26+Nix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infallible-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infallible_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman1975" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, R. J. (1975). "Biblical Inerrancy: Are We Going Anywhere?". <i>Theology Today</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004057367503100404">10.1177/004057367503100404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170389190">170389190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theology+Today&rft.atitle=Biblical+Inerrancy%3A+Are+We+Going+Anywhere%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=295&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004057367503100404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170389190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508175506/http://www.scotthahn.com/download/attachment/2516">"Cardinal Augustin Bea, "Vatican II and the Truth of Sacred Scripture"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotthahn.com/download/attachment/2516">the original</a> on 2012-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Augustin+Bea%2C+%22Vatican+II+and+the+Truth+of+Sacred+Scripture%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotthahn.com%2Fdownload%2Fattachment%2F2516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html">"Second Vatican Council, <i>Dei Verbum</i> (Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation), 11"</a>. Vatican.va<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Vatican+Council%2C+Dei+Verbum+%28Dogmatic+Constitution+on+Divine+Revelation%29%2C+11&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PP.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 105–108"</a>. Vatican.va<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+105%E2%80%93108&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__PP.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dei Verbum</i>, 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Second Helvetic Confession, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creeds.net/reformed/helvetic/c01.htm"><i>Of the Holy Scripture Being the True Word of God</i></a>; Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformed.org/documents/icbi.html">Online text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Confession_of_Faith_Ratification_Act_1690" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1690">Wikisource:Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1690</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/John+10:34">John 10:34–36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/2+Timothy+3:16">2 Timothy 3:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/2+Peter+1:20">2 Peter 1:20–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/2+Peter+3:15">2 Peter 3:15–16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Systematic Theology I, by Paul Tillich, University of Chicago Press, 205. 0-226803-37-6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Tillich1967" class="citation book cs1">Paul Tillich (1967). <i>Systematic Theology</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-80336-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-80336-8"><bdi>0-226-80336-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-226-80336-8&rft.au=Paul+Tillich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PB.HTM">"<i>CCC</i>, 36–38"</a>. Vatican.va.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CCC%2C+36%E2%80%9338&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__PB.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PH.HTM">"<i>CCC</i>, 65–73"</a>. Vatican.va.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CCC%2C+65%E2%80%9373&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__PH.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushman,_Richard_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Bushman, Richard L. (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mormonismverysho00bush_512"><i>Mormonism: a very short introduction</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mormonismverysho00bush_512/page/n41">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780195310306.003.0002">10.1093/actrade/9780195310306.003.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6"><bdi>978-0-19-531030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780195310306.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531030-6&rft.au=Bushman%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmormonismverysho00bush_512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallin_H._Oaks1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Dallin H. Oaks (Feb 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1992/02/the-divinely-inspired-constitution?lang=eng">"The Divinely Inspired Constitution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=The+Divinely+Inspired+Constitution&rft.date=1992-02&rft.au=Dallin+H.+Oaks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F1992%2F02%2Fthe-divinely-inspired-constitution%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> D&C 101:77–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/prophets?lang=eng">"Prophets"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prophets&rft.pub=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-topics%2Fprophets%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bd/revelation?lang=eng">"Revelation"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revelation&rft.pub=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fbd%2Frevelation%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eph 2:20 and 4:11–14, see also Matt 16:17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-16-the-church-of-jesus-christ-in-former-times?lang=eng">"Gospel Principles Chapter 16: The Church of Jesus Christ in Former Times"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+Principles+Chapter+16%3A+The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+in+Former+Times&rft.pub=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-principles%2Fchapter-16-the-church-of-jesus-christ-in-former-times%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-17-the-church-of-jesus-christ-today?lang=eng">"Gospel Principles Chapter 17: The Church of Jesus Christ Today"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+Principles+Chapter+17%3A+The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+Today&rft.pub=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-principles%2Fchapter-17-the-church-of-jesus-christ-today%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/church-organization/the-church-of-jesus-christ?lang=eng">"The Church of Jesus Christ"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.pub=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopics%2Fchurch-organization%2Fthe-church-of-jesus-christ%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-21-the-gift-of-the-holy-ghost?lang=eng">"Gospel Principles Chapter 21: The Gift of the Holy Ghost"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+Principles+Chapter+21%3A+The+Gift+of+the+Holy+Ghost&rft.pub=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-principles%2Fchapter-21-the-gift-of-the-holy-ghost%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mormon.org/learn/0,8672,1084-1,00.html">"Continuing Revelation"</a>. <i>Mormon.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mormon.org&rft.atitle=Continuing+Revelation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mormon.org%2Flearn%2F0%2C8672%2C1084-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Joseph_F.2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Joseph F. (November 2007). "41: Continuing Revelation for the Benefit of the Church". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/teachings-joseph-f-smith?lang=eng"><i>Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Joseph F. Smith</i></a>. Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59955-103-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59955-103-6"><bdi>978-1-59955-103-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=41%3A+Continuing+Revelation+for+the+Benefit+of+the+Church&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+Presidents+of+the+Church%3A+Joseph+F.+Smith&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.date=2007-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59955-103-6&rft.au=Smith%2C+Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fteachings-joseph-f-smith%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine, Thomas</a> (1987) [1794]. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot, Michael</a>; Kramnick, Isaac (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDRt70vGw9YC"><i>The Thomas Paine Reader</i></a>. New York: Penguin Books. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044496-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044496-3"><bdi>0-14-044496-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thomas+Paine+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-14-044496-3&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDRt70vGw9YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jameslochtefeld-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeld_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeld_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shruti", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823931798" title="Special:BookSources/9780823931798">9780823931798</a>, page 645</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wendydof-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wendydof_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-1867-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-1867-6">0-7190-1867-6</a>, pages 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Myers2013" class="citation book cs1">Michael Myers (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfncAAAAQBAJ"><i>Brahman: A Comparative Theology</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 104–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-83572-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-83572-8"><bdi>978-1-136-83572-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahman%3A+A+Comparative+Theology&rft.pages=104-112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-83572-8&rft.au=Michael+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfncAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P Bilimoria (1998), 'The Idea of Authorless Revelation', in Indian Philosophy of Religion (Editor: Roy Perrett), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-7609-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-7609-8">978-94-010-7609-8</a>, Springer Netherlands, pages 3, 143–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scharfe-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scharfe_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmut Scharfe (2002), Handbook of Oriental Studies, BRILL Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004125568" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004125568">978-9004125568</a>, pages 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watton (1993), "Introduction"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito (2002b), pp.4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/42?startingVerse=13">42:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>Qur'an</i> was first used in the Qur'an itself. There are two different theories about this term and its formation that are discussed in <a href="/wiki/Quran#Etymology_and_meaning" title="Quran">Quran#Etymology and meaning</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-je-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-je_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12713-revelation">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Revelation", Jewish Encyclopedia"</a>. Jewishencyclopedia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Revelation%22%2C+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Jewishencyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F12713-revelation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Nechemia Coopersmith and Rabbi Moshe Zeldman: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/shavuotsinai/shavuotsinaidefault/Did_God_Speak_at_Sinai$_.asp">"Did God Speak at Sinai"</a>, Aish HaTorah</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeschel,_Abraham_Joshua1955" class="citation book cs1">Heschel, Abraham Joshua (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godinsearchofman0000hesc/page/209"><i>God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism</i></a>. Noonday. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godinsearchofman0000hesc/page/209">209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-51331-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-51331-7"><bdi>0-374-51331-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+in+Search+of+Man%3A+A+Philosophy+of+Judaism&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Noonday&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-374-51331-7&rft.au=Heschel%2C+Abraham+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodinsearchofman0000hesc%2Fpage%2F209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeschel,_Abraham_Joshua1987" class="citation book cs1">Heschel, Abraham Joshua (1987). <i>God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism</i>. ason Aronson Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87668-955-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87668-955-1"><bdi>0-87668-955-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+in+Search+of+Man%3A+A+Philosophy+of+Judaism&rft.pub=ason+Aronson+Inc.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-87668-955-1&rft.au=Heschel%2C+Abraham+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beale G.K., The Book of Revelation, NIGTC, Grand Rapids – Cambridge 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2174-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2174-X">0-8028-2174-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2002" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (2002). <i>What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195157130" title="Special:BookSources/9780195157130"><bdi>9780195157130</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49902111">49902111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know+about+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49902111&rft.isbn=9780195157130&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2013" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Gray (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sV0mAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Muslims+believe+that+the+Quran+was+verbally+revealed%22&pg=PA287"><i>The Leaders Are Coming!</i></a>. WestBow Press. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449760137" title="Special:BookSources/9781449760137"><bdi>9781449760137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leaders+Are+Coming%21&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781449760137&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsV0mAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Muslims%2Bbelieve%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BQuran%2Bwas%2Bverbally%2Brevealed%2522%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_&_Drew-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_&_Drew_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_H._WilliamsMichael_R._Drew2012" class="citation book cs1">Roy H. Williams; Michael R. Drew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mygRHh6p40kC&q=%22Muslims+believe+that+the+Quran+was+verbally+revealed%22&pg=PA143"><i>Pendulum: How Past Generations Shape Our Present and Predict Our Future</i></a>. Vanguard Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593157067" title="Special:BookSources/9781593157067"><bdi>9781593157067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pendulum%3A+How+Past+Generations+Shape+Our+Present+and+Predict+Our+Future&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Vanguard+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781593157067&rft.au=Roy+H.+Williams&rft.au=Michael+R.+Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmygRHh6p40kC%26q%3D%2522Muslims%2Bbelieve%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BQuran%2Bwas%2Bverbally%2Brevealed%2522%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Freze, 1993, <i>Voices, Visions, and Apparitions</i>, OSV Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X">0-87973-454-X</a> p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Freze, 1989 <i>They Bore the Wounds of Christ</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-422-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-422-1">0-87973-422-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/revelation">"Revelation | Define Revelation at Dictionary.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revelation+%26%23124%3B+Define+Revelation+at+Dictionary.com&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Frevelation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1903" class="citation book cs1">Fox, George (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/georgefoxsjourn00nicogoog#page/n245"><i>George Fox's Journal</i></a>. Isbister and Company Limited. pp. 215–216. <q>This is the word of the Lord God to you all, and a charge to you all in the presence of the living God; be patterns, be examples in all your countries, places, islands, nations, wherever you come; that your carriage and life may preach among all sorts of people and to them: then you will come to walk cheerfully over the world, answering that of God in every one; whereby in them ye may be a blessing, and make the witness of God in them to bless you: then to the Lord God you will be a sweet savour, and a blessing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Fox%27s+Journal&rft.pages=215-216&rft.pub=Isbister+and+Company+Limited&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgeorgefoxsjourn00nicogoog%23page%2Fn245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Fox (1694). George Fox: An Autobiography (George Fox's Journal). Archived from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Isaac Penington to Thomas Walmsley (1670)". Quaker Heritage Press.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kleutgen" title="Joseph Kleutgen">Wilhelm, Joseph</a> (1906). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A_Manual_Of_Catholic_Theology/Book_1:_Part_1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Manual_Of_Catholic_Theology/Book_1:_Part_1">"Book 1: Part 1: Chapters I-IV (Divine Revelation)" </a></span>. <i>A Manual Of Catholic Theology</i>. Benzinger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+1%3A+Part+1%3A+Chapters+I-IV+%28Divine+Revelation%29&rft.btitle=A+Manual+Of+Catholic+Theology&rft.pub=Benzinger+Brothers&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevelation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revelation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Revelation" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Revelation">Revelation</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/revelation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/revelation"><i>revelation</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revelation" title="Template talk:Revelation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revelation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revelation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revelation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revelation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Biblical inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_revelation" title="Direct revelation">Direct revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_revelation" title="General revelation">General revelation</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Special_revelation" title="Special revelation">Special revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-revelationism" title="Neo-revelationism">Neo-revelationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_revelation" title="Private revelation">Private revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_locution" title="Interior locution">Interior locution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg/80px-Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg/120px-Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg/160px-Hildegard_von_Bingen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">Different views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Completed_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Completed revelation">Completed revelation</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Continuous_revelation" title="Continuous revelation">Continuous revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)">Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Christianity)" title="Progressive revelation (Christianity)">Progressive revelation (Christianity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation in Mormonism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Private revelation in the Catholic Church">Template:Private revelation in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Apparitions_approved_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Apparitions approved by the Catholic Church">Template:Apparitions approved by the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion Portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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