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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutive_serum_amyloid_A_proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Constitutive serum amyloid A proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutive_serum_amyloid_A_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8rum_amiloide_A" title="Sèrum amiloide A – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sèrum amiloide A" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rum_amylo%C3%AFde_A" title="Sérum amyloïde A – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sérum amyloïde A" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surowiczy_amyloid_A" title="Surowiczy amyloid A – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Surowiczy amyloid A" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/SAA1" class="mw-redirect" title="SAA1">Human Serum amyloid A1</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/SAA1" class="mw-redirect" title="SAA1">SAA1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=6288&rn=1">6288</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:10513">10513</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/104750">104750</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_199161">NM_199161</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0DJI8">P0DJI8</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 11 (human)">Chr. 11</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=11p15.1">p15.1</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P0DJI8">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P0DJI8">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Human Serum amyloid A2</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/SAA2" title="SAA2">SAA2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=6289&rn=1">6289</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:10514">10514</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/104751">104751</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_030754">NM_030754</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P02735">P02735</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 11 (human)">Chr. 11</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=11p15.1-p14">p15.1-p14</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P02735">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P02735">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Human Serum amyloid A3, pseudogene</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">SAA3P</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Alt. symbols</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">SAA3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=6290&rn=1">6290</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:10515">10515</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22614">P22614</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 11 (human)">Chr. 11</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=11p15.1-p14">p15.1-p14</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P22614">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P22614">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Human Serum amyloid A4</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">SAA4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Alt. symbols</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">C-SAA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=6291&rn=1">6291</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:10516">10516</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/104752">104752</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_006512">NM_006512</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35542">P35542</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 11 (human)">Chr. 11</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=11p15.1-p14">p15.1-p14</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P35542">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P35542">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Serum amyloid A</b> (<b>SAA</b>) proteins are a family of <a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein" title="Apolipoprotein">apolipoproteins</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">high-density lipoprotein</a> (HDL) in plasma. Different isoforms of SAA are expressed constitutively (constitutive SAAs) at different levels or in response to inflammatory stimuli (<a href="/wiki/Acute-phase_protein" title="Acute-phase protein">acute phase</a> SAAs). These proteins are produced predominantly by the liver.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acute-phase_serum_amyloid_A_proteins">Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serum_amyloid_A&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins (A-SAAs) are secreted during the acute phase of <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>. These proteins have several roles, including the transport of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> for secretion into the <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>, the recruitment of immune cells to inflammatory sites, and the induction of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that degrade <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a>. A-SAAs are implicated in several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">amyloidosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three acute-phase SAA <a href="/wiki/Isoform" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoform">isoforms</a> have been reported in mice, called <a href="/wiki/SAA1" class="mw-redirect" title="SAA1">SAA1</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAA2" title="SAA2">SAA2</a>, and SAA3. During <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, SAA1 and SAA2 are expressed and induced principally in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, whereas SAA3 is induced in many distinct tissues. SAA1 and SAA2 genes are regulated in liver cells by the proinflammatory <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1">IL-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL-6</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TNF-%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF-α">TNF-α</a>. Both SAA1 and SAA2 are induced up to a 1000-fold in mice under acute inflammatory conditions following exposure to bacterial <a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">lipopolysaccharide</a> (LPS).<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three A-SAA genes have also been identified in humans,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the third <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, <i>SAA3</i>, is believed to represent a <a href="/wiki/Pseudogene" title="Pseudogene">pseudogene</a> that does not generate <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular weights of the human proteins are estimated at 11.7 kDa for SAA1<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 14.8 kDa for SAA4.<sup id="cite_ref-o968_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o968-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serum amyloid A (SAA) is also an acute phase marker that responds rapidly. Similar to <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">CRP</a>, levels of acute-phase SAA increase within hours after inflammatory stimulus, and the magnitude of increase may be greater than that of CRP. Relatively trivial inflammatory stimuli can lead to SAA responses. It has been suggested that SAA levels correlate better with disease activity in early inflammatory joint disease than do <a href="/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate" title="Erythrocyte sedimentation rate">ESR</a> and CRP. Although largely produced by hepatocytes, more recent studies show that SAA is produced by adipocytes as well, and its serum concentration is associated with <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-4160-0287-1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-4160-0287-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutive_serum_amyloid_A_proteins">Constitutive serum amyloid A proteins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serum_amyloid_A&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutive serum amyloid A proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fourth SAA (SAA4) was identified in humans and is expressed constitutively in the liver and, thus, is defined as a constitutive SAA (C-SAA).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar protein that is now also called SAA4 has since been identified in the mouse; it had originally been designated SAA5.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serum_amyloid_A&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUhlarWhitehead1999" class="citation journal cs1">Uhlar CM, Whitehead AS (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00657.x">"Serum amyloid A, the major vertebrate acute-phase reactant"</a>. <i>European Journal of Biochemistry</i>. <b>265</b> (2): 501–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00657.x">10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00657.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10504381">10504381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Serum+amyloid+A%2C+the+major+vertebrate+acute-phase+reactant&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=501-23&rft.date=1999-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00657.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10504381&rft.aulast=Uhlar&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+AS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1432-1327.1999.00657.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerum+amyloid+A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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"The human acute-phase serum amyloid A gene family: structure, evolution and expression in hepatoma cells". <i>Scandinavian Journal of Immunology</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 471–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3083.1991.tb01570.x">10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01570.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1656519">1656519</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26076389">26076389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Immunology&rft.atitle=The+human+acute-phase+serum+amyloid+A+gene+family%3A+structure%2C+evolution+and+expression+in+hepatoma+cells&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=471-82&rft.date=1991-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26076389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1656519&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3083.1991.tb01570.x&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Edbrooke%2C+MR&rft.au=Thakker%2C+RV&rft.au=Woo%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerum+amyloid+A" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluve-BeckermanDrummBenson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Kluve-Beckerman B, Drumm ML, Benson MD (November 1991). 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amyloid P component">SAP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SAA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other positive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_1-antichymotrypsin" title="Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin">Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha 1-antitrypsin">Alpha 1-antitrypsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_2-macroglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha 2-macroglobulin">Alpha 2-macroglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceruloplasmin" title="Ceruloplasmin">Ceruloplasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C3_(complement)" class="mw-redirect" title="C3 (complement)">C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">Ferritin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrin" title="Fibrin">Fibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptoglobin" title="Haptoglobin">Haptoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptoglobin-related_protein" title="Haptoglobin-related protein">Haptoglobin-related protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemopexin" title="Hemopexin">Hemopexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosomucoid" title="Orosomucoid">Orosomucoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Negative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">Serum albumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">Transferrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amyloidosis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amyloidosis" title="Template:Amyloidosis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amyloidosis" title="Template talk:Amyloidosis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amyloidosis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amyloidosis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amyloidosis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">Amyloidosis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common <a href="/wiki/Amyloid" title="Amyloid">amyloid</a> forming proteins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthyretin" title="Transthyretin">ATTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin" title="Beta-2 microglobulin">Aβ2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein" title="Bence Jones protein">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_amyloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta amyloid">Aβ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amyloid_precursor_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyloid precursor protein">APP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylin" title="Amylin">AIAPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">ACal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">APro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">AANF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystatin_C" title="Cystatin C">ACys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITM2B" title="ITM2B">ABri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systemic amyloidosis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AL_amyloidosis" title="AL amyloidosis">AL amyloidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA_amyloidosis" title="AA amyloidosis">AA amyloidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemodialysis-associated_amyloidosis" title="Haemodialysis-associated amyloidosis">Aβ2M/Haemodialysis-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_type_amyloidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish type amyloidosis">AGel/Finnish type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_Mediterranean_fever" title="Familial Mediterranean fever">AA/Familial Mediterranean fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthyretin-related_hereditary_amyloidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis">ATTR/Transthyretin-related hereditary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ-limited_amyloidosis" title="Organ-limited amyloidosis">Organ-limited amyloidosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Human heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Isolated_atrial_amyloidosis" title="Isolated atrial amyloidosis">AANF/Isolated atrial</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familial_amyloid_neuropathy" title="Familial amyloid neuropathy">Familial amyloid neuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy" title="Cerebral amyloid angiopathy">ACys+ABri/Cerebral amyloid angiopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Aβ/Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familial_renal_amyloidosis" title="Familial renal amyloidosis">AApoA1+AFib+ALys/Familial renal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_amyloidosis" title="Primary cutaneous amyloidosis">Primary cutaneous amyloidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyloid_purpura" title="Amyloid purpura">Amyloid purpura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Medullary_thyroid_cancer" title="Medullary thyroid cancer">ACal/Medullary thyroid cancer</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">APro/Prolactinoma</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Insulinoma" title="Insulinoma">AIAPP/Insulinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">Type 2 diabetes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serum_amyloid_A&oldid=1257719747">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serum_amyloid_A&oldid=1257719747</a>"</div></div> <div 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