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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implications for disabled people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implications_for_disabled_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_(%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="رصيفة (حجارة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رصيفة (حجارة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Калдъръм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калдъръм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80" title="Кахăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кахăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoldebro" title="Knoldebro – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Knoldebro" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflasterstein" title="Pflasterstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pflasterstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munakivi" title="Munakivi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Munakivi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedrado_(pavimento)" title="Empedrado (pavimento) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Empedrado (pavimento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="سنگفرش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگفرش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%B8%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A4" title="코블스톤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코블스톤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldrma_(gra%C4%91evina)" title="Kaldrma (građevina) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kaldrma (građevina)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_berangkal" title="Batu berangkal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu berangkal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciottolato" title="Ciottolato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciottolato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="რიყის ქვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიყის ქვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bru%C4%A3is" title="Bruģis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bruģis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Калдрма – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калдрма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E7%9F%B3" title="玉石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="玉石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Булыжник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Булыжник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalldr%C3%ABmi" title="Kalldrëmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kalldrëmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Калдрма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калдрма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldrma" title="Kaldrma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaldrma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukulakivi" title="Mukulakivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mukulakivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullersten" title="Kullersten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kullersten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Булижник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Булижник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8D%B5%E5%AD%90" title="石卵子 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="石卵子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B5%9D%E5%8D%B5%E7%9F%B3" title="鵝卵石 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鵝卵石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2996907#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cobblestone" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Natural stones for surfacing roads and buildings</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cobblestone (disambiguation)">Cobblestone (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cobbled" and "cobbles" redirect here. For the profession of cobbler, see <a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">shoemaking</a>. For the concept of "cobbling together", see <a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cobblestone" title="Special:EditPage/Cobblestone">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cobblestone%22">"Cobblestone"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cobblestone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cobblestone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cobblestone%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cobblestone%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cobblestone%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_road_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ancient_road_surface.jpg/250px-Ancient_road_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ancient_road_surface.jpg/330px-Ancient_road_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ancient_road_surface.jpg/500px-Ancient_road_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Cobblestones on a road surface in <a href="/wiki/Imola" title="Imola">Imola</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobblestones_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cobblestones_%282%29.jpg/170px-Cobblestones_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cobblestones_%282%29.jpg/255px-Cobblestones_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cobblestones_%282%29.jpg/340px-Cobblestones_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett-paving</a>, such as this surface in <a href="/wiki/Fulham" title="Fulham">Fulham</a>, south-west <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, is commonly also often referred to as "cobblestones".</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cobblestone</b> is a natural <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building material</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a>-sized stones, and is used for <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">pavement roads</a>, streets, and buildings. <a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Setts</a>, also called <i>Belgian blocks</i>, are often referred to as "cobbles",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a sett is distinct from a cobblestone by being quarried and shaped into a regular form, while cobblestones are naturally occurring rounded forms less uniform in size. </p><p>It has been used across various cultures for millennia, particularly in Europe, and became especially prominent during the medieval and early modern periods. Today, cobblestone streets are often associated with historic preservation and are used in many cities to maintain the historical character of certain neighborhoods. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_as_road_surface">History as road surface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobblestone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History as road surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Cab_of_1823,_with_curtain_drawn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/London_Cab_of_1823%2C_with_curtain_drawn.png/250px-London_Cab_of_1823%2C_with_curtain_drawn.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/London_Cab_of_1823%2C_with_curtain_drawn.png/330px-London_Cab_of_1823%2C_with_curtain_drawn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/London_Cab_of_1823%2C_with_curtain_drawn.png/500px-London_Cab_of_1823%2C_with_curtain_drawn.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cabriolet_(carriage)" title="Cabriolet (carriage)">cabriolet</a> on wet, slippery London cobblestones in 1823</figcaption></figure><p> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval period</a>, cobblestone streets became common in many European towns and cities. Cobblestones were readily available, as they were often naturally occurring stones found in riverbeds and fields. Their rounded shape made them easy to lay, and their durability was well-suited to the needs of growing urban centers. Cobblestones are typically either set in sand or similar material, or are bound together with <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>. Paving with cobblestones allows a road to be heavily used all year long. It prevents the build-up of <a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">ruts</a> often found in <a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">dirt roads</a>. It has the additional advantage of immediately draining water, and not getting muddy in wet weather or dusty in dry weather. Shod horses are also able to get better traction on stone cobbles, pitches or setts than tarmac or asphalt. Cobblestones set in sand have the environmental advantage of being <a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">permeable paving</a>, and of moving rather than cracking with movements in the ground. The fact that <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> <a href="/wiki/Hooves" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooves">hooves</a> and even modern automobiles make a lot of noise when rolling over cobblestone paving might be thought a disadvantage, but it has the advantage of warning pedestrians of their approach. In England, the custom was to strew straw over the cobbles outside the house of a sick or dying person to damp the sound. In rural areas, cobblestones were sometimes used to pave important roads, particularly those leading to and from major cities.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItalianStones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ItalianStones.jpg/250px-ItalianStones.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ItalianStones.jpg/255px-ItalianStones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/ItalianStones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Italian cobblestone-covered street in <a href="/wiki/Isolabella,_Turin" title="Isolabella, Turin">Isolabella</a>. Cobblestones such as these are designed for horses to get a good grip.</figcaption></figure><p>In England, it was commonplace since ancient times for flat stones with a flat narrow edge to be set on edge to provide an even paved surface. This was known as a 'pitched' surface and was common all over Britain, as it did not require rounded pebbles. Pitched surfaces predate the use of regularly-sized granite setts by more than a thousand years. Such pitched paving is quite distinct from that formed from rounded stones, although both forms are commonly referred to as 'cobbled' surfaces. Most surviving genuinely old 'cobbled' areas are in reality pitched surfaces. A cobbled area is known as a "causey", "cassay" or "cassie" in <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> (probably from <i>causeway</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, cities like Paris, London, and Amsterdam began to pave their streets with cobblestones to manage the increased traffic from carts, carriages, and pedestrians. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LT_Kaunas,_2019.07.20,_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LT_Kaunas%2C_2019.07.20%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%283%29.jpg/220px-LT_Kaunas%2C_2019.07.20%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LT_Kaunas%2C_2019.07.20%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%283%29.jpg/330px-LT_Kaunas%2C_2019.07.20%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LT_Kaunas%2C_2019.07.20%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%283%29.jpg/440px-LT_Kaunas%2C_2019.07.20%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A cobblestone lane in the Old Town (Senamiestis) in <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobblestone_in_Rhodes_2019_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cobblestone_in_Rhodes_2019_G1.jpg/220px-Cobblestone_in_Rhodes_2019_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cobblestone_in_Rhodes_2019_G1.jpg/330px-Cobblestone_in_Rhodes_2019_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cobblestone_in_Rhodes_2019_G1.jpg/440px-Cobblestone_in_Rhodes_2019_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3850" /></a><figcaption>Cobblestone in <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_(city)" title="Rhodes (city)">Rhodes</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>Cobblestones were largely replaced by quarried granite <a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">setts</a> (also known as Belgian block<sup id="cite_ref-belgianblock_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belgianblock-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in the nineteenth century. Cobblestoned and "setted" streets gradually gave way to <a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">macadam</a> roads and later to <a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">tarmac</a>, and finally to <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt concrete</a> at the beginning of the 20th century. However, cobblestones are often retained in historic areas, even for streets with modern vehicular traffic. Many older villages and cities in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> are still paved with cobblestones or pitched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_today">Use today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobblestone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of asphalt and concrete in the 20th century, the use of cobblestones declined. These newer materials were cheaper and easier to install, leading to the replacement of many cobblestone streets. However, cobblestone streets have been preserved in many historic districts around the world, valued for their historical significance and aesthetic charm. In recent decades, cobblestones have become a popular material for paving newly <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrianised</a> streets in Europe. In this case, the noisy nature of the surface is an advantage as pedestrians can hear approaching vehicles. The visual cues of the cobblestones also clarify that the area is more than just a normal street.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of cobblestones and setts is also considered to be a more "upmarket" roadway solution, having been described as "unique and artistic" compared to the normal asphalt road environment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In older U.S. cities such as <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-belgianblock_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belgianblock-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware" title="New Castle, Delaware">New Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland (Maine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, many of the older streets are paved in cobblestones and setts (mostly setts); however, many such streets have been paved over with asphalt, which can crack and erode away due to heavy traffic, thus revealing the original stone pavement. </p><p>In some places such as <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatoon, Saskatchewan">Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, as late as the 1990s some busy intersections still showed cobblestones through worn down sections of pavement. In Toronto streets, setts were used by streetcar routes and disappeared by the 1980s, but are still found in the <a href="/wiki/Distillery_District" title="Distillery District">Distillery District</a>. </p><p>Many cities in Latin America, such as <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas,_Zacatecas" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacatecas, Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato,_Guanajuato" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato, Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>; <a href="/wiki/Old_San_Juan" title="Old San Juan">Old San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, are well known for their many cobblestone streets, which are still operational and in good condition. They are still maintained and repaired in the traditional manner, by placing and arranging granite stones by hand. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, there are old cobblestone paths with colored <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marbles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a>. The design with three colors (red/limestone, black/limestone, white/marble) has a long tradition in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. The cubes of the old ways are handmade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_architecture">Use in architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobblestone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use in architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone_architecture" title="Cobblestone architecture">Cobblestone architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Classical_School,_Alexander,_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alexander_Classical_School%2C_Alexander%2C_NY.jpg/250px-Alexander_Classical_School%2C_Alexander%2C_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alexander_Classical_School%2C_Alexander%2C_NY.jpg/330px-Alexander_Classical_School%2C_Alexander%2C_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alexander_Classical_School%2C_Alexander%2C_NY.jpg/500px-Alexander_Classical_School%2C_Alexander%2C_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption>The Alexander Classical School three-story cobblestone building in Alexander, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a> Region of New York State, the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age left numerous small, rounded cobblestones available for building. Pre-Civil War architecture in the region made heavy use of cobblestones for walls. Today, the fewer than 600 remaining cobblestone buildings are prized as historic locations, most of them private homes. Ninety percent of the cobblestone buildings in America can be found within a 75-mile radius of Rochester, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a cluster of cobblestone buildings in the Town of <a href="/wiki/Paris,_Ontario" title="Paris, Ontario">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. In addition to homes, cobblestones were used to build barns, stagecoach taverns, smokehouses, stores, churches, schools, factories, and cemetery markers. </p><p> The only public cobblestone building in the US is the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Classical_School" title="Alexander Classical School">Alexander Classical School</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Alexander_(village),_New_York" title="Alexander (village), New York">Alexander, New York</a>.<span class="anchor" id="Cycling"></span></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Setts_cobblestones.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Setts_cobblestones.JPG/250px-Setts_cobblestones.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Setts_cobblestones.JPG/330px-Setts_cobblestones.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Setts_cobblestones.JPG/500px-Setts_cobblestones.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Setts visible beneath cracked asphalt in <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a>, MA</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications_for_disabled_people">Implications for disabled people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobblestone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implications for disabled people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cobblestone may not be <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessible</a> for disabled people, particularly wheelchair users. Wheelchair users and other disabled people may opt to avoid streets and sidewalks made with cobblestone. Some European cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, have tried to preserve their historic aesthetic while also making cobblestone pavement more accessible for disabled people by slicing the cobblestone to be flat on the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Access_Board" title="United States Access Board">United States Access Board</a> does not specify which materials a sidewalk must be made of in order to be <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a> compliant, but does state that "cobblestones can significantly impede wheelchair movement" and that sidewalks must not have surface variances of greater than one inch.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the accessibility challenges of cobblestone, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> recommends against the use of cobblestone and bricks in its accessibility guide for sidewalks and crosswalks.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobblestone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calade" title="Calade">Calade</a>, a harmonious, decorative arrangement of medium-sized pebbles, fixed to the ground</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">Flagstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cobblestone_buildings" title="List of cobblestone buildings">List of cobblestone buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cobblestone_streets" title="List of cobblestone streets">List of cobblestone streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_pavement" title="Portuguese pavement">Portuguese pavement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobblestone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-cobble" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/35211">"cobble"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cobble&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F35211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobblestone" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scottish National Dictionary Association (1999) <i>Concise Scots Dictionary </i>. Edinburgh, Polygon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902930-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-902930-01-0">1-902930-01-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belgianblock-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belgianblock_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belgianblock_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotter2004" class="citation news cs1">Potter, Chris (14 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614221055/http://www.pittsburghcitypaper.ws/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid:27568">"Were Pittsburgh's original finished roads and streets paved with cobblestone, Belgian block or some other type of brick?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_City_Paper" title="Pittsburgh City Paper">Pittsburgh City Paper</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittsburghcitypaper.ws/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A27568">the original</a> on 14 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2009</span>. <q>In fact, Belgian block refers not to the type of stone but the way it is cut: in rectangles. People often refer to roads paved this way as "cobblestone streets," but that isn't strictly correct. Cobblestones are rounded, typically because they've been worn smooth by rivers. They might be hell to drive on, but they were cheap: you could just dredge them up from the river...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+City+Paper&rft.atitle=Were+Pittsburgh%27s+original+finished+roads+and+streets+paved+with+cobblestone%2C+Belgian+block+or+some+other+type+of+brick%3F&rft.date=2004-10-14&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pittsburghcitypaper.ws%2Fgyrobase%2FContent%3Foid%3Doid%253A27568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobblestone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy2011" class="citation news cs1">Roy, Matthew K. (13 April 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salemnews.com/local/x2036003030/Architect-Open-Salem-pedestrian-mall-to-cars-parking">"Architect: Open Salem pedestrian mall to cars, parking"</a></span>. <i>The Salem News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salem+News&rft.atitle=Architect%3A+Open+Salem+pedestrian+mall+to+cars%2C+parking&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Matthew+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salemnews.com%2Flocal%2Fx2036003030%2FArchitect-Open-Salem-pedestrian-mall-to-cars-parking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobblestone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrances_Page2010" class="citation book cs1">Frances Page, Cecilia (2010). <i>Authentic Insights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authentic+Insights&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Frances+Page&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobblestone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orleanscountytourism.com/cobblestone/">"Cobblestone Architecture"</a>. <i>Orleans County Tourism</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orleans+County+Tourism&rft.atitle=Cobblestone+Architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forleanscountytourism.com%2Fcobblestone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobblestone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/accessible-cities-design-engineering/">"How Europe's big cities can innovate for people with disabilities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired Magazine">Wired Magazine</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Europe%E2%80%99s+big+cities+can+innovate+for+people+with+disabilities&rft.pub=Wired+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Faccessible-cities-design-engineering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobblestone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.access-board.gov/adaag-1991-2002.html">"ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Access_Board" title="United States Access Board">United States Access Board</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADA+Accessibility+Guidelines+%28ADAAG%29&rft.pub=United+States+Access+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.access-board.gov%2Fadaag-1991-2002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobblestone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nextcity.org/urbanist-news/san-francisco-change-brick-sidewalks-ada-compliance-market-street">"San Francisco Will Say So Long to Brick Sidewalk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Next_City" title="Next City">Next City</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Francisco+Will+Say+So+Long+to+Brick+Sidewalk&rft.pub=Next+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnextcity.org%2Furbanist-news%2Fsan-francisco-change-brick-sidewalks-ada-compliance-market-street&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobblestone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobblestone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_hierarchy380" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy380" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Nepal" title="Roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-end_street" title="Dead-end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stravenue" title="Stravenue">Stravenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumple_zone" title="Crumple zone">Crumple zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a 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