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<header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Nanotechnology in HIV Treatment: Targeting Reservoirs</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2024-09-17T13:05:41+05:30" itemprop="dateModified">September 17, 2024</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-09-13T18:14:40+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">September 13, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://nanotechnology.blog/archive/author/nanotechnology/" title="View all posts by nanotechnology" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">nanotechnology</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">AIDS is one of the greatest evils that the entire world has been struggling to deal with, even up to date; the number of people affected by the disease is in the millions. Even though present-day ART has been able to successfully control viral copy production to the point where it cannot be measured, there is no cure for HIV. Among the factors that define it, one must mention the presence of the viral reservoirs that are concealed deep in the organism. These are cells and tissues where the virus can lay dormant and not be detected by the immune system, or ART. Contemporary progress achieved in the field of nanotechnology opens new possibilities to hit these reservoirs more efficiently, which could lead to further treatment and even the eradication of HIV. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">This article looks into the opportunities that nanotechnology brings to the containment and eradication of HIV reservoirs.</span></p> <h3><b>Understanding HIV Reservoirs</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">HIV reservoirs are mainly composed of cells with a long life span that host HIV in a dormant state. These reservoirs are located in different tissues of the body, such as the brain, lymph nodes, GALT, and blood. The virus in these reservoirs can remain latent for years and may reactivate if the ART is stopped. This latency is a major problem for the treatment because standard ART has only eradicated the parts of the HIV that are actively dividing and reproducing but cannot do so for the dormant stratum. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The generation and sustenance of such reservoirs are induced by the following: Initially, HIV dissociates and becomes integrated into the host’s DNA to exist as a provirus genome. This integration lets the virus avoid detection by the immune system of the host. Second, the reservoirs are usually harbored in immune-privileged areas where immune detection is low, for instance, the brain. Third, the virus can infect long-lived cells, including memory CD4+ T cells that have a relatively long life span and can be kept latent for long periods.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Challenges of Conventional HIV Treatments: Writing in our online journal can be divided into two types of activities: formal and non-formal. Formal writing practices involve reflecting on classroom content, in terms of either student input or teacher input, after the class’s content has been presented. This kind of writing is generally required at least once in any given class. Non-formal writing practices are not always appropriate and well constructed from this formal definition. Non-formal writing comes</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Current ART regimens are effective at suppressing HIV replication, but they have several limitations when it comes to eradicating the virus from reservoirs: Modern approaches to the usage of ART are characterized by satisfactory results achieved in controlling viral replication, but they have certain drawbacks in terms of the virus eradication from the source:</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://nanotechnology.blog/publication-trends/index/nanotechnology" target="_blank" title="nanotechnology - yearwise publication trends">nanotechnology</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 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Even therapy can be interrupted, and as a result, viral replication resumes and a relapse of the infection occurs. This therefore speaks volumes about the need for approaches that would be effective in eradicating the said reservoirs.</span></p> <h3><b>Nanotechnology-Based Approaches</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nanotechnology has some brilliant approaches to these problems through effective delivery of drugs, cell selectivity, and the effectiveness of HIV medications.</span></p> <h4><b>Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Liposomes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers can have antiretroviral drugs incorporated into their structure, thus protecting the drugs from degradation and directing them to the target tissue. These nanocarriers can be created specifically to carry the drugs across barriers, for example, the blood-brain barrier, and to maximize drug penetration into the reservoirs that are in the brain.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For instance, nano-sized carriers made from polymers have been used to a considerable extent in drug delivery to tissues that have been hard to reach. These nanocarriers can be made to control the rate of releasing their content at the site of action, so the frequency of drug delivery can be reduced and side effects eliminated.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some research has revealed the possibilities of lipid-based nanoparticles for increasing antiretroviral drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. REM has been used for the delivery of several drugs across the blood-brain barrier by altering the nanoparticle surface with targeting ligands and enhancing the nanoparticle uptake by the brain cells, thus enhancing the concentration of the drugs in the brain. To date, early studies on the use of this approach have been demonstrated in preclinical models, with the investigators now implementing clinical trials.</span></p> <h4><b>Targeted Nanotherapy</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Targeted nanotherapy can be done by having nanocarriers functionalized with certain ligands or antibodies to home in on nanocarrier cells. This targeting can enhance drug accumulation in infected cells while keeping non-infected cells unharmed, thus lowering toxicity.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It has also been established that nanoparticles coated with ligands that have an affinity for HIV-infected cells’s CD4 or CCR5 receptors can target these cells for the release of the antiviral drug. This targeted approach increases the effectiveness of the drugs as well as reduces the side effects associated with them.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For instance, a current study illustrated how major tranquilizers temporarily altered the typography of the governing subsists by employing antibody-conjugated nanoparticles to guide antiretroviral drugs to HIV-infected cells. They were functionalized with antibodies that bind to a protein on the surface of the infected cells, thereby allowing the drug to be selectively delivered to the specific cells. Fortified by increased permeability, this approach also decreased the toxicity of the drug to the non-infected cells.</span></p> <h4><b>Combination Nanotherapy</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Coadministration of different drugs with the aid of one nanocarrier can have a complementary impact that is positive for the overall therapeutic efficacy. This approach may involve the use of standard antiretroviral therapy in conjunction with LRAs that wake up latent HIV, making it vulnerable to CD4 cells and antiretroviral treatment.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">These agents can be incorporated into nanocarriers, which could deliver them ratio-wise, activating latent viruses and eliminating them with the help of antiretroviral drugs.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the potential approaches is the employment of nanoparticles for the administration of an antiretroviral drug in association with an LRA. The LRA brings the virus to future recognition by the immune system; it marks the virus, making it within reach of the antiretroviral drug. This combination approach has been found useful in preclinical studies since it has been shown to lessen the viral reservoir as well as poise the viral recurrence after ART interruption.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://nanotechnology.blog/recent-publications/index/nanotechnology" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="nanotechnology - yearwise publication list">nanotechnology</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; border-radius:30px; } .publication-block p { margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } h3 { font-size: 18px !important; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; } a { padding: 5px; color: #a71c49; } #keyword-papers{ margin-top: 20px; text-align: center; } </style> <script> function decodeString(str) { str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://nanotechnology.blog/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "An overview of the contemporary diagnosis and management approaches for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946831", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Bio-gel nanoarchitectonics in tissue engineering.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38953604", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Recent advances in gene delivery nanoplatforms based on spherical nucleic acids.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38951806", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Nanomaterials in plant physiology: main effects in normal and under temperature stress.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38838991", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The draft genome of Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima and transcriptome analysis reveals novel insights into diatom biosilicification.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38840265", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Adsorption and solar light activity of noble metal adatoms (Au and Zn) on Fe(111) surface: a first-principles study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38845366", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The influence of Au-based nanoparticles on some physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of wheat plants during low temperature hardening.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38878389", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Starch-based biodegradable films amended with nano-starch and tannic acid-coated nano-starch exhibit enhanced mechanical and functional attributes with antimicrobial activity.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38876723", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Magnetic nanostructured agents for the mitigation of mycotoxins and cyanotoxins in the food chain.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38870813", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles-induced reactive oxygen species: Phytotoxicity and detoxification mechanisms in plant cell.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38889532", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Advancements in nanomedicine: Precision delivery strategies for male pelvic malignancies - Spotlight on prostate and colorectal cancer.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38788248", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Bionanocomposites comprising mesoporous metal organic framework (ZIF-8) phytofabricated with Allium sativum as alternative nanomaterials to combat antimicrobial drug resistance.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38767741", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Antibiotic resistance and Nanotechnology: A narrative review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38871198", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Therapeutic potential of Phycocyanin in gastrointestinal cancers and related disorders.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38874869", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Nanomaterial-related hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, with emphasis on liposome and nano-capsules, for biomedical applications: current status and future perspectives.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38880905", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "RNA nanotechnology on the horizon: Self-assembly, chemical modifications, and functional applications.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38889473", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A detailed study of the electronic and optical properties of germanium nanotubes.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38884298", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "In vitro biological evaluation of a novel folic acid-targeted receptor quantum dot-\u03b2-cyclodextrin carrier for C-2028 unsymmetrical bisacridine in the treatment of human lung and prostate cancers.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38888724", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Hydrochars as a bio-based adsorbent for heavy metals removal: A review of production processes, adsorption mechanisms, kinetic models, regeneration and reusability of hydrochar.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38897477", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Clinical translation of nanomedicine with integrated digital medicine and machine learning interventions.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38897022", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["HIV","nanotechnology","antiretroviral therapy","drug delivery","HIV reservoirs","targeted therapy","nanocarriers","nano vaccines"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h4><b>Nanovaccines</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nanotechnology is also being used in research related to HIV vaccines. Nanovaccines can expose the body to HIV antigens in a way that is most like a natural infection, which results in a strong response. These vaccines can be developed to elicit both antibody and cell-mediated immunity, giving a strong anti-HIV defense.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For example, nanoparticles can be employed for the delivery of DNA or RNA vaccines that, in turn, encode the antigens of HIV, resulting in an effective immune response. These vaccines can be made to target specific dendritic cells that form the functional link between immune system stimulants and the immune response.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Current research shows the efficacy of lipid nanoparticles as carriers of a vaccine based on mRNA encoding HIV antigens. It also triggered in the animal models the generation of neutralizing antibodies and the killing of the infected cells through cytotoxic T cells. In this case, the strategy is being tested in clinical trials to extend immunity to HIV.</span></p> <h3><b>Application to Clinical Practice and Research Directions</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nanotechnology indeed shows a great prospect in HIV treatment; however, several barriers should be overcome to successfully apply nanotechnology in clinical practice.</span></p> <h4><b>Safety and Toxicity</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The chronic stability and possibility of toxicity of nanocarriers also have to be investigated. Even though many nanocarriers are developed to possess biocompatibility, their effects on the immune system and toxic effects should be investigated.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The safety of nanocarriers can, however, vary with their size and shape, the chemistry used to coat the surface, and even the type of materials used in their construction. At the same time, scholars are designing nanocarriers by using biodegradable and biocompatible materials to avoid risks. Also, more complex approaches are employed for the assessment of the relationship between forms of nanocarriers and the immune system, focusing on the absence of undesirable immune reactions.</span></p> <h4><b>Manufacturing and Scalability</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Larger-scale synthesis of nanocarriers and maintaining uniform and efficient production are very difficult. Enhancements in the manufacturing process are required to make these therapies reproducible while at the same time reducing costs.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Production of nanocarriers on a large scale entails standardizing the techniques of synthesis to work with identical results. This includes issues about the size and surface characteristics of the nanocarriers, the issues viewed with consistency in the drug loading, and its subsequent release. There are equal efforts made by the researchers to employ impact-opposed and high-volumetric manufacturing structures and technologies to manufacture food supplements efficiently.</span></p> <h4><b>Regulatory Approval</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Because of the nature of nanotechnology, these therapies should be strictly monitored, regulated, and approved before they are dispensed to patients. Thus, this has raised the need for policies on how to evaluate these therapies so that they can be recommended and embraced.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Currently, the American FDA and the European EMA agencies are working on future guidelines for the assessment of nanotherapies. Such guidelines are available in the following areas of nanomedicine: pre-clinical, clinical, and production. The current and prospective manufacturers and researchers dealing with nanomedicines practicing cross-cutting need to treat with statutory bodies to make sure the nanomedicines developed are up to the required standards.</span></p> <h4><b>Patient Acceptance</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Due to political pressure and healthcare policymaking, patient acceptance is critical to new therapies’ effectiveness. Awareness-creation campaigns ought to be developed to enlighten the patients on the effectiveness of the nanotechnology treatment and its possible dangers.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This paper posits that for nanotechnology-based therapies to gain recognition and acceptance within society, there is a need to involve and educate the patients as well as the healthcare providers. This also means making available and easily understandable pertinent information on the advantages of such treatments and the possible drawbacks to dispel myths or bother a patient. Several patient associations and community-based organizations can help spread information and empower patients to choose the best management plan.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Thus, it can be concluded that nanotechnology has a unique potential for HIV infection treatment and may help to overcome the existing strategies to eliminate viral reservoirs. Nanotechnology for HIV/AIDS can actively address the imperatives of antiretroviral treatments by increasing drug delivery, the specificity of targeting, and combination therapy. Further investigation in this area and rigorous assessment of safety and effectiveness will be instrumental, as they would contribute to the implementation of these novel strategies in the clinical setting, thus progressing towards the vision of an HIV-free world.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Namely, nanotechnology does not only offer refinements of the existing treatments but even more. It creates opportunities for completely different therapeutic approaches that will be able to fight HIV better. For example, science investigates the possibility of using nanotechnology in the creation of advanced devices assisting in gene modification, including the well-known CRISPR/Cas9 system, which is widely used to accurately locate the viral genetic material in the affected cells and then remove it. Further, the incorporation of nanotechnology could help in the deployment of needs- and trait-specific medicine solutions, implying that medical solutions are delivered depending on the patient’s needs and profile.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li>Dutt, Y., Pandey, R.P., Dutt, M., Gupta, A., Vibhuti, A., Raj, V.S., Chang, C.M. and Priyadarshini, A., 2023. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/1/121">Silver nanoparticles phytofabricated through Azadirachta indica: anticancer, apoptotic, and wound-healing properties.</a> <i>Antibiotics</i>, <i>12</i>(1), p.121.</li> <li>Kong, C. and Chen, X., 2022. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9760263/">Combined photodynamic and photothermal therapy and immunotherapy for cancer treatment: a review. </a><i>International journal of nanomedicine</i>, <i>17</i>, p.6427.</li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Yan N, Xu J, Liu G, Ma C, Bao L, Cong Y, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Xu W, Chen C. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36288552/">Penetrating Macrophage-Based Nanoformulation for Periodontitis Treatment.</a> ACS Nano. 2022 Nov 22;16(11):18253-18265. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05923. Epub 2022 Oct 26. PMID: 36288552.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Ahmad Shariff SH, Wan Abdul Khodir WK, Abd Hamid S, Haris MS, Ismail MW. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36432974/">Poly(caprolactone)-<i>b</i>-poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Polymeric Micelles as Drug Carriers for Efficient Breast Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review.</a> Polymers (Basel). 2022 Nov 10;14(22):4847. doi: 10.3390/polym14224847. PMID: 36432974; PMCID: PMC9698711.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Zhao Y, Liu X, Liu X, Yu J, Bai X, Wu X, Guo X, Liu Z, Liu X. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36119019/">Combination of phototherapy with immune checkpoint blockade: Theory and practice in cancer.</a> Front Immunol. 2022 Sep 2;13:955920. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955920. PMID: 36119019; PMCID: PMC9478587.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Tan G, Wang L, Pan W, Chen K. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36097445/">Polysaccharide Electrospun Nanofibers for Wound Healing Applications.</a> Int J Nanomedicine. 2022 Sep 6;17:3913-3931. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S371900. PMID: 36097445; PMCID: PMC9464040.</div> </li> <li>Fotooh Abadi, L., Damiri, F., Zehravi, M., Joshi, R., Pai, R., Berrada, M., Massoud, E.E.S., Rahman, M.H., Rojekar, S. and Cavalu, S., 2022. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/15/3090">Novel nanotechnology-based approaches for targeting HIV reservoirs.</a> <i>Polymers</i>, <i>14</i>(15), p.3090.</li> </ol> <p> </p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="gp-icon icon-categories"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 112c0-26.51 21.49-48 48-48h110.014a48 48 0 0143.592 27.907l12.349 26.791A16 16 0 00228.486 128H464c26.51 0 48 21.49 48 48v224c0 26.51-21.49 48-48 48H48c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48V112z" /></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://nanotechnology.blog/archive/category/nanotechnology/" rel="category tag">Nanotechnology</a></span> <span 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