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data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&returnto=Escocia&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D8" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio" class=""><span>Crear unha conta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&returnto=Escocia&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D8" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Máis opcións" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" 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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&returnto=Escocia&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D8" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear unha conta</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&returnto=Escocia&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D8" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páxinas para os editores sen a sesión iniciada <a href="/wiki/Axuda:Introduci%C3%B3n" 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id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ver o código fonte de "Escocia"</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Este artigo só existe nesta lingua. Engade o artigo para outra linguas." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Engadir linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espazos de nomes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Escocia" title="Ver o contido da páxina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conversa:Escocia" rel="discussion" title="Conversa acerca do contido desta páxina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a variante de lingua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Devine and R. J. Finlay, ''Scotland in the Twentieth Century'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), pp. 64–5.</ref> A partir da metade do século, houbo chamamentos crecentes dunha [[Home Rule, Escocia|Home Rule]] para Escocia, e o cargo de [[Secretario de Estado para Escocia]] foi recuperado.<ref>F. Requejo and K-J Nagel, ''Federalism Beyond Federations: Asymmetry and Processes of Re-symmetrization in Europe'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011), p. 39.</ref> Cara fin de século, os Primeiros Ministros de orixe escocesa incluían a [[William E. Gladstone]],<ref name=Quinault2007>R. Quinault, "Scots on Top? Tartan Power at Westminster 1707–2007", ''History Today'', 2007 57(7): 30–36. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]].</ref> e [[Archibald Primrose]].<ref>K. Kumar, ''The Making of English National Identity'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 183.</ref> O crecemento da clase traballadora marcou o éxito de [[Keir Hardie]] nas eleccións de [[1888]], que levou á fundación do [[Partido Laborista Escocés (1888)|Partido Laborista Escocés]], que sería absorbido no [[Partido Laborista Independente]] en 1895, con Hardie como primeiro líder.<ref>D. Howell, ''British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), p. 144.</ref> Daquela, Glasgow era nunha das meirandes cidades do mundo, e era coñecida como "a Segunda Cidade do Imperio" despois de Londres.<ref>J. F. MacKenzie, "The second city of the Empire: Glasgow – imperial municipality", in F. Driver and D. Gilbert, eds, ''Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity'' (2003), pp. 215–23.</ref> A partir de 1860, os estaleiros Clydeside especializáronse en [[barco de vapor|barcos de vapor]] feitos de ferro (a partir de 1870, feitos de aceiro), que axiña substituíron as embarcacións de madeira das frotas mercantís e militares de todo o mundo. Foi o centro de construción de barcos prominente no mundo.<ref name=Shields1949>J. Shields, ''Clyde Built: a History of Ship-Building on the River Clyde'' (1949).</ref> Mentres que o desenvolvemento industrial trouxo canda si traballo e riqueza, a vivenda, o urbanismo, e a provisión para a saúde pública non conseguiron seguir o seu ritmo, polo que as condicións de vida nalgunhas das vilas e cidades eran pésimas, con superpoboación, alta mortalidade infantil, e casos frecuentes de [[tuberculose]].<ref>C. H. Lee, ''Scotland and the United Kingdom: the Economy and the Union in the Twentieth Century'' (1995), p. 43.</ref> [[Ficheiro:Sir Walter Scott - Raeburn.jpg|miniatura|esquerda|As obras de [[Walter Scott]] axudaron a definir a identidade escocesa no século XIX.]] Tradicionalmente considérase que a Ilustración escocesa concluíu a finais do [[século XVIII]],<ref name="Magnusson">{{cita publicación periódica | last=M. Magnusson | title=Review of James Buchan, ''Capital of the Mind: how Edinburgh Changed the World'' | journal=New Statesman | date=10 November 2003 | url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329124427/http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040 | archivedate=29 de marzo de 2012 | apelidos= | data= | revista= | data-acceso=17 de xaneiro de 2014 | urlmorta=yes }}</ref> mais as contribucións escocesas á ciencia e ás letras británicas continuaron por outros 50 anos máis, grazas a figuras como os físicos [[James Clerk Maxwell]] e William Thomson, Barón de Kelvin, e enxeñeiros e inventores como [[James Watt]] e [[William Murdoch]], cuxos traballos foron cruciais para o desenvolvemento tecnolóxico da Revolución Industrial.<ref>E. Wills, ''Scottish Firsts: a Celebration of Innovation and Achievement'' (Edinbugh: Mainstream, 2002).</ref> Na literatura, a figura máis exitosa de mediados do século XIX foi [[Walter Scott]]. O seu primeiro traballo de prosa, [[Waverley (noveala)|Waverley]] (1814), é considerada a primeira novela histórica.<ref>{{cita libro|autor=K. S. Whetter |ano=2008 |título=Understanding Genre and Medieval Romance |url=https://archive.org/details/understandinggen0000whet |páxina=[https://archive.org/details/understandinggen0000whet/page/28 28]|publisher=Ashgate }}</ref> Scott tivo unha exitosa carreira, probablemente maior que a de calquera outro, debido á popularidade da cultura escocesa.<ref>{{cita libro|author=N. Davidson |year=2000 |title=The Origins of Scottish Nationhood |url=https://archive.org/details/originsscottishn00davi |page=[https://archive.org/details/originsscottishn00davi/page/n141 136] |publisher=Pluto Press }}</ref> A finais do [[século XIX]], gran número de autores escoceses acadaron a reputación internacional, como [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], [[J. M. Barrie]] e [[George MacDonald (escritor)|George MacDonald]].<ref>{{cita publicación periódica |título=Cultural Profile: 19th and early 20th century developments |journal=Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile |url=http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5402.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609115927/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5402.html |archivedate=09 de xuño de 2012 |apelidos= |data= |revista= |data-acceso=17 de xaneiro de 2014 |urlmorta=yes }}</ref> Escocia tamén tivo un papel destacado no desenvolvemento da arte e da arquitectura. A [[Escola de Glasgow]], que floreceu a comezos do século XX, produciu unha mestura de influencias como o [[Rexurdimento celta]], o [[Arts and Crafts Movement]], e o [[Xaponismo]], que axudaron a definir o estilo da [[Art Nouveau]]. Entre os seus expoñentes está o arquitecto e artista [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]].<ref>Stephan Tschudi-Madsen, ''The Art Nouveau Style: a Comprehensive Guide'' (Courier Dover, 2002), pp. 283–4.</ref> Este período tamén viu un proceso de rehabilitación da cultura das Highland. Na década de 1820, como parte da corrente [[Romanticismo|romanticista]], o [[tartán]] e o [[kilt]] foron adoptados por membros da elite social, non só en Escocia, senón tamén en Europa,<ref>J. L. Roberts, [http://books.google.com/books?id=WlnNUCS4R_MC&pg=PA193&dq=clans+tartan+laws+jacobite&hl=En&ei=nJoTTry1IMGq8QODnbX8Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=5&ved=0CEgQ6wEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Jacobite Wars''], pp. 193–5.</ref><ref name=Sievers2007>M. Sievers, [http://books.google.com/books?id=_U-5sq5MDBQC&pg=PA23&dq=tartan+highland+romantic&hl=En&ei=JqATTq_bD5Gy8QOpk7H8Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=5&sqi=2&ved=0CEIQ6wEwBA#v=onepage&q=tartan%20highland%20romantic&f=false ''The Highland Myth as an Invented Tradition of 18th and 19th century and Its Significance for the Image of Scotland''] (GRIN Verlag, 2007), pp. 22–5.</ref> en parte debido á popularidade do ciclo de [[Ossian]] de Macpherson<ref>P. Morère, ''Scotland and France in the Enlightenment'' (Bucknell University Press, 2004), pp. 75–6.</ref><ref>William Ferguson, [http://books.google.com/books?id=nPpp6ED8c3EC&pg=PA227&dq=ossian+macpherson&hl=En&ei=UaIUTrLIAYGq8APf5tz7Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=6&ved=0CEkQ6wEwBQ#v=onepage&q=ossian%20macpherson&f=false ''The identity of the Scottish Nation: an Historic Quest''] (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998), p. 227.</ref> e ás novelas Walter Scott.<ref>Divine, ''Scottish Nation'' pp. 292–95.</ref> Porén, as Highlands continuaron a ser unhas terras pobres e tradicionais.<ref>M. Gray, ''The Highland Economy, 1750–1850'' (Greenwood, 1976).</ref> A vontade de mellorar a produtividade na agricultura motivou as [[Highland Clearances]], nas que gran parte da poboación das Highlands sufriu traslados forzosos a terras onde podían dedicarse á cría de ovellas. Estes traslados cambiaron as formas da agricultura en toda Gran Bretaña, e como resultado, producíronse faltas de protección para os propietarios baixo a [[lei escocesa]], a modificación do sistema tradicional de [[clans escoceses|clans]] e desafiuzamentos brutais.<ref>E. Richards, ''The Highland Clearances: People, Landlords and Rural Turmoil'' (2008).</ref> Ademais, produciuse un éxodo continuo do campo ás cidades, así como a Inglaterra, Canadá, América ou Australia.<ref>J. Wormald, ''Scotland: a History'' (2005), p. 229.</ref> A poboación medrou constantemente durante este século, de 1&nbsp;608&nbsp;000 no censo de 1801 a 2&nbsp;889&nbsp;000 en 1851 e 4&nbsp;472&nbsp;000 en 1901.<ref>A. K. Cairncross, ''The Scottish Economy: A Statistical Account of Scottish Life by Members of the Staff of Glasgow University'' (Glasgow: Glasgow University Press, 1953), p. 10.</ref> Mesmo co gran desenvolvemento da industria, non había traballos bos de abondo. Como consecuencia, durante o período 1841–1931, case 2 millóns de escoceses migraron cara Norteamérica e Australia, e outros 750.000 a Inglaterra.<ref name=Huston&Knox2001pxxxii>R. A. Houston and W. W. Knox, eds, ''The New Penguin History of Scotland'' (Penguin, 2001), p. xxxii.</ref> [[Ficheiro:Disruption forming Free Kirk.jpg|miniatura|dereita|350px|A interrupción da asemblea pintada por [[David Octavius Hill]].]] Despois de anos de loita prolongada en Kirk, en 1834 os evanxélicos gañaron o control da Asemblea Xeral e aprobaron a lei de veto, que permitiría ás congregacións rexeitar "intrusos" non desexados. Os seguintes "Dez Anos de Conflito" de disputas legais e políticas, acabaron coa derrota dos non-intrusionistas nos tribunais civís. O resultado foi un cisma da igrexa por parte dalgúns dos non-intrusionistas liderado polo Dr [[Thomas Chalmers]], e que foi coñecida como [[Cisma de 1843]]. Case un terzo do clero, maioritariamente do Norte e das Highlands, formou a [[Igrexa Libre de Escocia]].<ref name=Robb1990>G. Robb, "Popular Religion and the Christianization of the Scottish Highlands in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", ''Journal of Religious History'', 1990, 16(1): 18–34.</ref> As divisións crecentes entre os fundamentalistas [[Calvinismo|calvinistas]] e os liberais teolóxicos, deveu nunha separación na Igrexa Libre na que os calvinistas formaron a [[Igrexa Presbiteriana Libre de Escocia]] en 1893.<ref name=Koch2006p416-7>J. T. Koch, ''Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volumes 1–5'' (ABC-CLIO, 2006), pp. 416–7.</ref> A [[emancipación católica]] de 1829 e gran número de inmigrantes irlandeses, particularmente concentrados en Glasgow despois das fames dos anos 1840, levaron a unha transformación nas fortunas do catolicismo. En 1878, e malia a oposición, a xerarquía eclesiástica católica romana foi restaurado no país, e o catolicismo tornouse unha relixión significativa en Escocia.<ref name=Koch2006p416-7/> A [[industrialización]], a urbanización e a interrupción de 1843, minaron a tradición das escolas parroquiais. Dende 1830, o estado comezou a financiar edificios con subvencións; dende 1846 fundáronse colexios por patrocinio directo; e en 1872, Escocia adoptou o sistema de escolas de Inglaterra, xestionado polas xuntas escolares locais.<ref name=Devine2001p91-100>T. M. Devine, ''The Scottish Nation'', pp. 91–100.</ref> A histórica [[Universidade de Glasgow]] converteuse en líder da alta educación británica por satisfacer as necesidades educativas ós mozos das clases urbanas e comerciais, a diferenza dos de clase alta.<ref>Paul L. Robertson, "The Development of an Urban University: Glasgow, 1860–1914", ''History of Education Quarterly'', Winter 1990, vol. 30 (1), pp. 47–78.</ref> A [[Universidade de St Andrews]] foi a pioneira na admisión de mulleres nas universidades escocesas. A partir de 1892, tódalas universidades escocesas admitiron a mulleres, e o número de graduadas incrementouse constantemente ata o século XX.<ref name="Rayner-Canham2008">M. F. Rayner-Canham and G. Rayner-Canham, ''Chemistry was Their Life: Pioneering British Women Chemists, 1880–1949'', ([[Imperial College London|Imperial College Press]], 2008), p. 264.</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Volver a «<a href="/wiki/Escocia" title="Escocia">Escocia</a>».</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Traído desde «<a dir="ltr" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escocia">https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escocia</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Normas de protección de datos</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Acerca_de">Acerca de Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advertencia_xeral">Advertencias</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Código de conduta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Desenvolvedores</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/gl.wikipedia.org">Estatísticas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declaración de cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//gl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escocia&action=edit&section=8&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Vista móbil</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qzp9h","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.005","walltime":"0.006","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":814,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qzp9h","timestamp":"20241124124307","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>