CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Qom - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"322d12d6-3887-4804-ace6-ae79c12358fe","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Qom","wgTitle":"Qom","wgCurRevisionId":1271852044,"wgRevisionId":1271852044,"wgArticleId":638742,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017","All articles lacking reliable references","Use dmy dates from May 2023","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Persian-language text","Coordinates on Wikidata", "Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list","Pages with Persian IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles needing additional references from May 2024","All articles needing additional references","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from February 2017","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024","Articles containing Arabic-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018","All pages needing cleanup","Qom","Populated places in Qom County","Cities in Qom province","Iranian provincial capitals","Shia holy cities","Holy cities","Ziyarat"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Qom","wgRelevantArticleId":638742,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":34.64,"lon":50.87638888888889},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q170573","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.14"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg/1200px-The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1608"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg/800px-The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1072"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg/640px-The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="858"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Qom - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Qom rootpage-Qom skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Qom" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Qom" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Qom" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Qom" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Old districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_and_cultural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_and_cultural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historical and cultural heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_cultural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Educational institutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Educational_institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Educational institutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hawzah_'Ilmiyya_Qom_(Qom_Seminary)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawzah_'Ilmiyya_Qom_(Qom_Seminary)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hawzah 'Ilmiyya Qom (Qom Seminary)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawzah_'Ilmiyya_Qom_(Qom_Seminary)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities_and_seminaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_and_seminaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Universities and seminaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_and_seminaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fordow_uranium_enrichment_facility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fordow_uranium_enrichment_facility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Fordow uranium enrichment facility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fordow_uranium_enrichment_facility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Twin towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85" title="قم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qum_(%C4%B0ran)" title="Qum (İran) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qum (İran)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="قوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE" title="কোম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Кум (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кум (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Кум (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кум (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Кум (град) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кум (град)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakbayan_sa_Qom" title="Dakbayan sa Qom – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dakbayan sa Qom" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom_(m%C4%9Bsto)" title="Qom (město) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Qom (město)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghom" title="Ghom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ghom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC" title="Κομ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom_(Ir%C3%A1n)" title="Qom (Irán) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Qom (Irán)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4omo" title="Ĥomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom_(hiria)" title="Qom (hiria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Qom (hiria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85" title="قم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8A%D9%85" title="قۊم – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="قۊم" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B0_(%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80)" title="곰 (이란) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="곰 (이란)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Ղոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="कोम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_(Iran)" title="Kom (Iran) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kom (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Кум (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кум (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9D_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="קום (עיר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קום (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98)" title="ყუმი (ქალაქი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყუმი (ქალაქი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Қом (қала) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қом (қала)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghom" title="Ghom – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ghom" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qum" title="Qum – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qum" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B,_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кум шаары, Иран – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кум шаары, Иран" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comum_(Irania)" title="Comum (Irania) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Comum (Irania)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuma" title="Kuma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kuma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumas" title="Kumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_(Ir%C3%A1n)" title="Kom (Irán) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kom (Irán)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="ക്വോം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്വോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kome" title="Kome – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kome" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3)" title="कोम (इराण) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोम (इराण)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="ყუმი (ირანი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყუმი (ირანი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85" title="قم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85" title="قم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A0_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3)" title="ゴム (イラン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴム (イラン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Кум (гӀала) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кум (гӀала)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qum_(shahar)" title="Qum (shahar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qum (shahar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85" title="قم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85" title="قم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_(miasto)" title="Kom (miasto) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kom (miasto)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qum_(qala)" title="Qum (qala) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qum (qala)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Кум (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кум (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85" title="قم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumm" title="Kumm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kumm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_(mjasto)" title="Kom (mjasto) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kom (mjasto)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="قوم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قوم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Ком (град) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ком (град)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom" title="Kom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கும் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கும்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D1%88%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D1%80)" title="Ком (шәһәр) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ком (шәһәр)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1" title="โกม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โกม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Қум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum,_%C4%B0ran" title="Kum, İran – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kum, İran" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum_(%C5%9F%C3%A4her)" title="Kum (şäher) – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kum (şäher)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Кум (місто) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кум (місто)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85" title="قم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="قوم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قوم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom" title="Qom – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Qom" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%A7%86" title="库姆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库姆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%A7%86" title="古姆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古姆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%A7%86" title="库姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="库姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170573#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Qom" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qom"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qom"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Qom" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Qom" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&oldid=1271852044" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Qom&id=1271852044&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQom"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQom"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Qom&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qom" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Qom" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170573" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qom&params=34_38_24_N_50_52_35_E_dim:6km_type:city_region:IR-25"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°38′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">50°52′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.64000°N 50.87639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.64000; 50.87639</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Qom province, Iran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Qum" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Qum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Qum (disambiguation)">Qum (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the administrative divisions, see <a href="/wiki/Qom_province" title="Qom province">Qom province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qom_County" title="Qom County">Qom County</a>. For other places with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Qom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Qom (disambiguation)">Qom (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cite_check plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> that do not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> the text</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit">check for citation inaccuracies</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Iran</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Qom</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">قم</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; font-size:105%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">کلانشهر قم</span></span></span> · Qom Metropolis</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg/250px-The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg/375px-The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg/500px-The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3046" data-file-height="4082" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maghabere_Gonbade_Sabz_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maghabere_Gonbade_Sabz_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/124px-Maghabere_Gonbade_Sabz_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maghabere_Gonbade_Sabz_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/186px-Maghabere_Gonbade_Sabz_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maghabere_Gonbade_Sabz_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/248px-Maghabere_Gonbade_Sabz_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_0193_Qom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/IMG_0193_Qom.jpg/124px-IMG_0193_Qom.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/IMG_0193_Qom.jpg/186px-IMG_0193_Qom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/IMG_0193_Qom.jpg/248px-IMG_0193_Qom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4851" data-file-height="3234" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/124px-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/186px-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/248px-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg/124px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg/186px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg/248px-Jamkaran_Mosque_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qom_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qom_panorama.jpg/250px-Qom_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qom_panorama.jpg/375px-Qom_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qom_panorama.jpg/500px-Qom_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11257" data-file-height="4691" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><b>Top:</b> <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">Fatima Masumeh Shrine</a>, <b>Second Row:</b> <i>Left:</i> Bagh-e Gonbad-e Sabz <i>Right:</i> Grand Timcheh of Qom, <b>Third Row:</b> <i>Left:</i> Feyziyeh Madrasas <i>Right:</i> Qom <a href="/wiki/Jamkaran_Mosque" title="Jamkaran Mosque">Jamkaran Mosque</a>, <b>Bottom:</b> Panoramic view of downtown Qom</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Qom.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Qom"><img alt="Flag of Qom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Qom.gif/100px-Flag_of_Qom.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Qom.gif/150px-Flag_of_Qom.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Qom.gif/200px-Flag_of_Qom.gif 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="230" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qom is located in Iran"><img alt="Qom is located in Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Iran_location_map.svg/250px-Iran_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Iran_location_map.svg/375px-Iran_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Iran_location_map.svg/500px-Iran_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.581%;left:35.982%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Qom"><img alt="Qom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Qom</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qom&params=34_38_24_N_50_52_35_E_dim:6km_type:city_region:IR-25"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°38′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">50°52′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.64000°N 50.87639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.64000; 50.87639</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qom_province" title="Qom province">Qom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qom_County" title="Qom County">Qom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bakhsh" title="Bakhsh">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Qom_County)" title="Central District (Qom County)">Central</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morteza_Saghaeiannejad" title="Morteza Saghaeiannejad">Morteza Saghaeiannejad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">936 m (3,071 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2016)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,201,158<sup id="cite_ref-2016_Qom_Province_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_Qom_Province-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,260,000 <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Population Rank in Iran<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iran_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iran cities by population">7th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3:30">UTC+3:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_Standard_Time" title="Iran Standard Time">IRST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">37100</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+98) <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dialling codes in Iran">025</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">BWh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qom.ir">qom<wbr />.ir</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Qom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">قم</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[ɢom]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/16\/Qom.ogg\/Qom.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Qom.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Qom.ogg/Qom.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Qom.ogg" title="File:Qom.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a city in the <a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Qom_County)" title="Central District (Qom County)">Central District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qom_County" title="Qom County">Qom County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qom_province" title="Qom province">Qom</a> province, Iran, serving as capital of the province,<sup id="cite_ref-Qom_Province_Establishment_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qom_Province_Establishment-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the county, and the district.<sup id="cite_ref-Tehran_Province_Structure_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tehran_Province_Structure-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the seventh largest metropolis<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the seventh largest city in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is 140 km (87 mi) to the south of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Qom_(River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qom (River)">Qom River</a>. </p><p>Qom is considered holy in <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, as it is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">shrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah bint Musa">Fatimah bint Musa</a>, sister of Imam <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali ibn Musa Rida</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Persian: <i>Imam Reza</i>; 789–816). The city is the largest center for Shi'a scholarship in the world and is a significant destination of pilgrimage, with around twenty million pilgrims visiting the city every year, the majority being Iranians but also other Shi'a Muslims from all around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qom has developed into a lively industrial center owing, in part, to its proximity to Tehran. It is a regional center for the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and petroleum products, and a <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> pipeline from <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Anzali" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandar Anzali">Bandar Anzali</a> and Tehran and a crude oil pipeline from Tehran run through Qom to the <a href="/wiki/Abadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abadan">Abadan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abadan_Refinery" title="Abadan Refinery">refinery</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. Qom gained additional prosperity when oil was discovered at <a href="/wiki/Sarajeh,_Qom" title="Sarajeh, Qom">Sarajeh</a> near the city in 1956 and a large refinery was built between Qom and Tehran. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some researchers have considered the word "Kom" (in the ancient name of Komidan (Komiran)) to mean "city" and believe that there is a lexical connection between the words "Komiran", "Shemiran (near Tehran)", "Tehran", "Chamran (in Saveh areas)" and "Iran", and they considered the old name of Qom to be "Komiran" (in the meaning of "Iran city").<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Qom" title="Special:EditPage/Qom">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Qom%22">"Qom"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Qom%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Qom%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Qom%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Qom%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Qom%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Qom" title="Timeline of Qom">Timeline of Qom</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azam_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Azam_Mosque.jpg/300px-Azam_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Azam_Mosque.jpg/450px-Azam_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Azam_Mosque.jpg/600px-Azam_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5522" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>Azam Mosque in Qom</figcaption></figure> <p>The present town of Qom in Central Iran dates back to ancient times. Its pre-Islamic history can be partially documented, although the earlier epochs remain unclear. Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Tepe_Sialk" title="Tepe Sialk">Tepe Sialk</a> indicate that the region had been settled since ancient times (Ghirshman and Vanden Berghe), and more recent surveys have revealed traces of large, inhabited places south of Qom, dating from the 4th and 1st millennium BC. While nothing is known about the area from <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> times, there are significant archeological remains from the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> epochs, of which the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Khor_Abad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khor Abad">Khurha</a> (about 70 kilometres or 43 miles southwest of Qom) are the most famous and important remnants. Their dating and function have instigated long and controversial debates and interpretations, for they have been interpreted and explained variously as the remains of a <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> temple, or of a <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> Dionysian temple, or of a Parthian complex. Its true function is still a matter of dispute, but the contributions by <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Kleiss" title="Wolfram Kleiss">Wolfram Kleiss</a> point to a Parthian palace that served as a station on the nearby highway and was used until Sasanian times.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recently published results of the excavations carried out in 1955 by Iranian archeologists have, however, revived the old thesis of a Seleucid religious building.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides Khurha, which is already mentioned as <a href="/wiki/Khor_Abad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khor Abad">Khor Abad</a> at Qomi in the 9th century, the region has turned up a few other remnants from this epoch, including the four Parthian heads found near Qom, now kept in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a> in Tehran.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qomi names Parthian personalities as founders of villages in the Qom area.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The possible mention of Qom in the form of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> names in two ancient geographical works (the Tabula Peutingera and Ptolemy's geographical tables) remains doubtful. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13_Chardin_Qom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/13_Chardin_Qom.jpg/220px-13_Chardin_Qom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/13_Chardin_Qom.jpg/330px-13_Chardin_Qom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/13_Chardin_Qom.jpg/440px-13_Chardin_Qom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>View Of Qom city in a painting in 1723 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sasanian epoch offers many archeological findings and remnants, besides the fact that various sources mention Qom. The most interesting building from an archeological point of view is the Qalʿa-ye Doḵtar in Qom itself, which was long thought to have served religious purposes, while more recent research points to an administrative use.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wider surroundings of Qom also contain numerous traces from palaces, religious, military and administrative buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of these are mentioned by Qomi, who also names many more fire temples in the urban area of present Qom and its region, of which no archeological traces are left although the location of one fire temple can probably be equated with today's Masjed-e Emām in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Qomi, the most important fire temple of the area stood in the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Dizijan" title="Dizijan">Dizijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tāriḵ-e Qom and some other sources also speak of genuine historical figures of the Sasanian epoch in connection with Qom and its region. They shed new light on the time of the seizure of power by the first Sasanian king <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a>, who fought his decisive battles near Qom,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the collapse of the Sasanian empire, which is extensively reported by Ebn Aʿṯam Kufi and the Nehāyat al-Erab and names a certain Šērzād as the satrap of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of an urban settlement in the Sasanian epoch is furthermore verified by Middle Persian sources (literary sources, inscriptions, and seals) that mention in the time of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> and Kawād I the names Godmān/Gomān and Ērān Win(n)ārd Kawād, both of which could be identified as Qom.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altogether one can assume that Qom functioned as a small administrative unit throughout the whole Sasanian era. Probably the urban structure of the Sasanian settlement of Qom can be compared with the type of city of <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> (Or. Madāʾen) and consisted of several villages and little towns with Abaraštejān, Mamajjān and Jamkarān as the bigger settlements that were loosely connected by defense installations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to decipher the actual process of the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> conquest of Qom from the extant <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> sources. According to Balāḏori, the first tentative conquest of Qom took place in 23/644 by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_Ashaari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Musa Ashaari">Abu Musa Ashaari</a> after a few days of fighting (although Abu Musa's route through Western <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, as narrated by Balāḏori, appears somewhat confusing). It remains unclear who the defenders of Qom were; probably fleeing Sasanian nobles and local soldiers returning from the great battles against the Arabs formed the core of the resistance. The area remained largely untouched for 60 years after the initial conquest and was probably administered from <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first permanent settlement of Arab settlers in Qom took place during the revolts of <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a> and Moṭarref b. Moḡira b. Šaʿba in 66–77/685–96, when small groups of refugees moved there and Qom itself was affected by the fighting between the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> state power and the rebels<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decisive step for the later urban development of Qom occurred when a group of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ash%27ar" title="Banu Ash'ar">Ashaari Arabs</a> came to the area. These Ashaaries originated in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and the first important figure among them was the first conqueror of the area of Qom, the above-mentioned Abu Musa Ashaari. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Saʿd and Aḥwaṣ b. Saʿd were grandsons of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_Ashaari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Musa Ashaari">Abi Musa's</a> nephew and led the group of Ashaaries that emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> to the region of Qom. It is not exactly clear why they migrated, but it might have also been a general opposition to the Umayyad dynasty. A central element was the early contact with the leading local <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> noble Yazdanfadar.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Arabs required a great deal of pasture for their large herds of cattle and were much wealthier than the local Persians, they slowly started to buy land and take over more villages. The decisive step for controlling the area was the elimination of the local Persian noble class that took place after the death of Yazdanfadar in 733.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatima-Masuma-HS2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fatima-Masuma-HS2.JPG/220px-Fatima-Masuma-HS2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fatima-Masuma-HS2.JPG/330px-Fatima-Masuma-HS2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fatima-Masuma-HS2.JPG/440px-Fatima-Masuma-HS2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">Fatima Masumeh Shrine</a> in Qom</figcaption></figure> <p>Although a few names of governors and their tax assessments are known from the time after the administrative independence, the death of <a href="/wiki/F%C4%81timah_bint_M%C5%ABs%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Fātimah bint Mūsā">Fātimah bint Mūsā</a>, the sister of the eighth Imam of Shias <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Ridha">Ali al-Ridha</a> in the city in 201/816–17 proved to be of great importance for the later history of Qom. Fātimah bint Mūsā died while following her brother to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, a region in northern Iran. The place of her entombment developed from 869–70 into a building that was transformed over time into today's magnificent and economically important sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 825–26, a major rebellion against the tax regulations of the caliphate broke out in Qom. It was caused by the refusal of the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a> to lower the yearly tax assessment as he had done in Ray. The revolt was led by an Ashaari named Yahya ibn Emran, maintaining that taxes should not be paid to an unlawful ruler. Yahya was killed by troops sent by the caliph and the citizens were severely punished; the taxes were raised from 2 million to 7 million dirhams. Two years later the taxes were again raised by 700,000 dirham by the Ashaari governor Ali ibn Isa, who was subsequently deposed because he was strongly rejected by the inhabitants of Qom. But in 833 Ali returned to the post of governor (wali) and forcefully collected tax debts that were laid upon him by the caliph. He destroyed parts of Qom and handed over a wanted rebel to caliphal authorities under Al-Moʿtasem. Between 839–42 two contradicting tax assessments were carried out under turbulent circumstances which amounted to a sum of 5 million dirhams. The names of those involved have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deire_Gachin_Caravansarai_-_Sasanian_dating_-_Iran._Qom_Province_-_Dayr-e_Gachin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Deire_Gachin_Caravansarai_-_Sasanian_dating_-_Iran._Qom_Province_-_Dayr-e_Gachin_01.jpg/220px-Deire_Gachin_Caravansarai_-_Sasanian_dating_-_Iran._Qom_Province_-_Dayr-e_Gachin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Deire_Gachin_Caravansarai_-_Sasanian_dating_-_Iran._Qom_Province_-_Dayr-e_Gachin_01.jpg/330px-Deire_Gachin_Caravansarai_-_Sasanian_dating_-_Iran._Qom_Province_-_Dayr-e_Gachin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Deire_Gachin_Caravansarai_-_Sasanian_dating_-_Iran._Qom_Province_-_Dayr-e_Gachin_01.jpg/440px-Deire_Gachin_Caravansarai_-_Sasanian_dating_-_Iran._Qom_Province_-_Dayr-e_Gachin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Deire Gachin Caravansarai</figcaption></figure> <p>The move of a Hadith transmitter from Kufa to Qom, which took place probably in the middle of the 9th century, indicates the increased importance of Qom as a center of Shia learning. At about the same time another military attack on the city occurred in 254/868, when Mofleḥ, the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> officer of the caliph Al-Mostaʿin, executed some of its inhabitants because of the city's refusal to pay taxes. Mofleḥ became governor of Qom and lasted in that position for at least five years. During his governorship important <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a> moved to Qom and there are references to close contacts between the representative of the 11th Shia's Imam, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Askari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan al-Askari">Hassan al-Askari</a>, in Qom and other Qomis. The representative Aḥmad b. Esḥāq was at the same time administrator of the Fāṭema sanctuary and the agent (wakil) responsible for the pensions of the Alids.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Friday mosque in Qom was built in 878–79 on the site of a fire temple, although there are also confusing reports concerning a possible earlier Friday mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 881–82 Qom was occupied by the Turkish military leader Edgu Tegin (Arabic: Yadkutakin b. Asātakin or Aḏkutakin), who tried to collect the tax arrears for seven years which partially ruined the guarantors (some of whom are known) of these taxes. At about the same time the early orthodox Shias achieved their victory in the town. In 893–94, at the latest, all extremists (ḡolāt) were driven out of town by the leading Shia shaikh of Qom, Aḥmad b. Moḥammed b. Isa Ashaari. Probably one year later, in 1895, the famous Islamic mystic Ḥosayn b. Manṣur Ḥallaj stayed in Qom, where he was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 895–96 onwards the history of Qom was connected with a family of Turkish military leaders from the army of the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">Al-Mu'tadid</a>, including the governor Berun (Birun). In the same year, Berun destroyed a big and probably still active fire temple located on the territory of the evolving city and probably opposite today's sanctuary of Fātimah bint Mūsā. In these unstable political times, Qom was visited by the vizier of Al-Moʿtazed, Obayd-Allah ibn Solayman, and two tax assessments were organized.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An administrative peculiarity of Qom was put to an end at about the same time, to wit the independent appointment of judges through the Arab inhabitants of Qom until the time of al-Moktafi, which, together with the dispatch of a joint Arab-Persian delegation to the vizier Ḥamid ibn Abbas indicate the end of the elevated position of the Arabs in Qom. The period of the governor Abbas ibn Amr Ganawi (292–96/904–09) is remarkable for the presence of non-Twelver Shias in Qom and the establishment of the office of the jahbaḏ (financial officer) as the tax broker for the city, which fostered local self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 909 Hosayn ibn Hamdan ibn Hamdun was appointed governor of Qom and Kāšān by the caliph Al-Moqtader and had to assist the caliph's army against the <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids in Fars</a>. Altogether he stayed in power only for two years before he had to return to Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years 301/913–14 to 315/927, the people of Qom had, besides another tax assessment (meanwhile the eighth), a caliphal intervention that resulted in the appointment of a governor to stabilize the administrative grip over the region. This move caused more unrest and affected the balance of power in an area that was disputed between the powers of the time (Daylamites, Samanids). Beginning in 316/928 Qom fell into the sphere of interest of Daylami warlords and was relieved from the direct authority of the caliph, although it changed hands several times between 928 and 943. The Daylamites brutally exploited the city through harsh taxes. With the firm establishment of <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyids</a> control from 340/951–52 on, the political circumstances were less troubled than before, although the economic situation deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No outstanding events are reported for the relatively stable political period until 988–89, but Qom seems to have been isolated inside Persia because of its Shia creed. At the same time, the Fatima sanctuary was enlarged and the number of sayyeds residing in Qom reached a considerable number. In 373/984, Qom and its environs were impacted <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by the revolt of the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> Moḥammad Barzikāni against the <a href="/wiki/Buyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyid">Buyid</a> Fakr-Al-Dawla.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population amounted to 50,000 inhabitants at the most and consisted of <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> who had adopted the Persian of the time<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as their language and many social customs from the Persians, whose proportion was probably smaller than the Arabs. The <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> lived in the countryside to the west. The <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shia">Twelver Shia</a> constituted the great majority of the population and many important Shia scholars of the time came from Qom or lived there. As many as 331 male Alids lived in Qom in 988–89, and they produced a good number of community leaders and there is also mention of one prominent female ʿAlid besides Fātimah bint Mūsā. These Alids descended from the Imams and were supported by pensions. </p><p>Apart from the Shia mainstream, other Shia sects existed in the city and one can also assume the presence of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni islam">Sunnies</a>. Ḏemmis, or followers of other revealed religions (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrians</a>) must have lived in the city, too, as the payment of poll tax (jezya) indicates, although their number can only be very roughly estimated at a few thousand at the end of the 9th century and must have shrunk drastically in the 10th century. The majority of these non-Muslims were Zoroastrians, who made their living mostly as farmers. Jews must have lived in Qom as well, but information on them is scant. It is striking that the formerly dominant Ashaaries had lost their leading positions by the end of the 10th century. This points at a new social situation that allowed assimilated Persians to join the local establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's topography in the 10th century still reflected the evolutionary merging of the original six villages; these were still separated by fields. The town center was located in the village of Mamajjān, which was connected to other parts of the city on the other side of the river by four bridges. There were about eight squares whose function is not clear and three mosques within the city. There is almost no information about madrasas. The sanctuary must have still been quite small as only two cupolas are mentioned. A bazaar and bathhouses must have existed, too, as well as certain administrative buildings (prison, mint). Five bigger and eight smaller roads indicate good traffic connections, which were supported by at least three or maybe even nine city gates.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qom was then in a difficult economic and social position. Many houses inside the city as well as bridges and mills were ruined, and the roads and agriculture were suffering from an insecure situation. This has to be attributed to difficult social circumstances and excessive taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water supply seems to have been satisfactory and the Ashaaries seem to have undertaken continuous renovation works on the irrigation channels between 733 and 900. The Ašʿaris were also the proprietors of the water rights, which were safeguarded in the water authority (divān-e āb) that regulated the water shares. The system made the Ašʿaris the wealthiest inhabitants of Qom and stayed in place until 347/958–59 when they were expropriated by the Buyids, which consequently brought about a decline in the whole system of irrigation. Although there were attempts at restoration in 371/981–82, only three of originally twenty-one channels had flowing water which meant enough drinking water was supplied for the population, but the available amount could not have been adequate for agricultural purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Grand_Teemcheh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Grand_Teemcheh.jpg/220px-The_Grand_Teemcheh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Grand_Teemcheh.jpg/330px-The_Grand_Teemcheh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Grand_Teemcheh.jpg/440px-The_Grand_Teemcheh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5496" data-file-height="7031" /></a><figcaption>Grand Timcheh.</figcaption></figure> <p>Altogether the state of cultivation in Qom seems to have resembled that of the other regions of Persia, although the thirty different crops and plants are only indirectly mentioned in connection with the tax assessments. The soil is reported to have good quality and produced big quantities of food. Little is known about animal husbandry in the region, but the considerable number of fifty-one mills existed, of which a fifth was in decay. Legends speak of mineral deposits and mines of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, while Kurds seem to have produced salt from a lake nearby (see <a href="/wiki/Namak_Lake" title="Namak Lake">Qom Lake</a>). The production of chairs, textiles, and saddle equipment indicates craftsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's taxation has to be distinguished between the more proper rule of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> tax bureaucracy and the time of the <a href="/wiki/Deylamid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Deylamid dynasty">Deylamid</a> warlords where rules were bent arbitrarily. A stunning diversity of taxes is known (often meant to serve the Abbasid bureaucracy and the Deylamid and Buyid war machinery) but the <a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a> (land tax), which was composed of many different separate sums, was the most important single tax existing in Qom at least since post-Sasanian times. Within the known 18 tax figures ranging over 160 years there are great differences and the tax figures vary from 8 million to 2 million dirhams with a mean value at around 3 million. In taxation Qom always followed the solar calendar with its own local variation, starting from the death of the Sasanian <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a>. A highly differentiated tax administration existed and is known in great detail; 24 tax collectors (ʿommāl) are listed from 189/804–05 to 371/981–82 plus two jahabaḏa who acted as mediators after the attempt to enforce collective responsibility by the taxpayers had failed. The information in the Tāriḵ-e Qom on taxation also mention by name 21 tax districts (rasātiq) in the region with 900 villages.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known about the time until the period of <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuki</a> dominance. In 387/997, Qom became involved in internal Buyid quarrels and was subsequently unsuccessfully besieged. In 418/1027–28, Qom fell under the rule of Šahryuš from the <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyid</a> dynasty and a few years later (1030–40) it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid</a> domain. The Seljuki did not occupy Qom at once but left the town and Jebāl in Kakuyid hands for ten years. From 442/1050–51 on, the city was under <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk</a> rule and nothing is known about its fate until 487/1094. Afterwards the growing instability of the Seljuk empire involved Qom in the power struggles between the competing Seljuk factions in Jebāl and the city changed hands many times. The most stable period seems to have been the 14 years (513–27/1119–33) when Qom lay in Sanjar's sphere of power and witnessed the construction of a second Friday mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qom enjoyed relative prosperity in its economy in the Seljuk period. The rigidly <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Seljuks seem to have practiced a pragmatic policy and one of the main sources of this time (ʿAbd-al-Jalil Qazvini) speaks of good relations between the famous vizier <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> and Seljuk sultans on the one hand, and members of the local nobility on the other. Sultans reportedly visited the sanctuary (although no specific sultan is mentioned by name) and in general no religiously motivated punitive action against Qom is known to have taken place. Under Seljuk rule a considerable number of religious buildings were erected. At least ten madrasas are known by name. Two Friday mosques seem to have existed in Seljuk times: the old one was renovated and a new one, located outside of the town area, was built in 528/1133–34 by the order of Sultan Togrel II (<i>Persian:</i> <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سلطان طغرل دوم</span></span>). Qom must have expanded during this period, but precise reasons for its prosperity are not known. A family of Ḥosaynid Alids was influential and provided a number of community leaders. Another important Shia family was that of the Daʿwidār (<i>Persian:</i> <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دعوی‌دار</span></span>), whose members were judges (<i>Arabic:</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قاضی</span></span>) in town, which indicates the transformation of Qom from a town governed by the Sunnis to a completely <a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a> domain.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following epochs of the <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khawrazmshahs</a> lasted for almost 30 years and brought different systems of rule in quick succession. The two noteworthy events of this period are the execution of ʿEzz-al-Din Yaḥyā, the naqib of the Shias, by the Tekesh in 592/1196 and the work on the tiles of the sanctuary (probably in 605–13/1208–17), which indicate a certain economic prosperity at a time of unstable political conditions. From 614/1217–18 until the Mongol attack, Qom remained under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad II of Khwarezm">Muhammad II of Khwarezm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> invasion led to the total destruction of Qom by the armies of the Mongol generals, Jebe and Sübedei, in 621/1224 and left the city in ruins for at least twenty years, when the sources (Jovayni) tell of the levying of taxes. Twenty years later, reconstruction and repair works, probably sponsored by some wealthy inhabitants, were being done on the mausoleums of Shia saints in the city, which contradict those sources, such as Ḥamd-Allāh Mostawfi, that describe Qom as a ruined and depopulated city throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanid">Ilkhanid</a> period. Besides, the fact that the Ilkhanid vizier Šams-al-Din Jovayni took refuge in the Fātimah bint Mūsā sanctuary in 683/1284, indicates that the city must have experienced at least a modest comeback. The city walls were probably rebuilt and, moreover, four graves of saints are known to have been constructed between 720/1301 and 1365. Additionally, some fine tiles are known from this period. Nothing is known about the irrigation systems of the town, but nearby a dam was built in the Ilkhanid period and the local administration must have functioned again, as the name of a judge shows. The agricultural situation is described as flourishing with a variety of cultivated plants and a good supply of water, and legends indicate the use of deposits of mineral resources. Information exists concerning taxes for the post-Mongolian period. Qom paid 40,000 dinars, but more remarkable is the fact that some of the surrounding rural districts paid as much as Qom or even more, which suggests that the whole administrative structure of districts had also changed.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 14th century, the city was plundered by <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> and the inhabitants were massacred. Qom gained special attention and gradually developed due to its religious shrine during the Saffavid dynasty. By 1503, Qom became one of the important centers of theology in relation to Shia Islam and became a significant religious pilgrimage site and pivot.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city suffered heavy damage again during the Afghan invasions, resulting in consequent severe economic hardships. Qom further sustained damage during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> and the conflicts between the two households of <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zandieh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajariyeh</a> in order to gain power over Iran. Finally in 1793 Qom came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Agha_Muhammad_Khan_Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar">Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar</a>. On being victorious over his enemies, the Qajar <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fath Ali Shah">Fath Ali Shah</a> was responsible for the repairs done on the sepulchre and Holy Shrine of Hæzræt Mæ'sume, as he had made such a vow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city of Qom began another era of prosperity in the Qajar era. After Russian forces entered <a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a> in 1915, many of the inhabitants of Tehran moved to Qom due to reasons of proximity, and the transfer of the capital from Tehran to Qom was even discussed. But the British and Russians defeated prospects of the plan by putting <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a> under political pressure. </p><p>As a center of religious learning Qom fell into decline for about a century from 1820 to 1920 but had a resurgence when Shaykh <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Haeri_Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi">Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi</a> accepted an invitation to move from Sultanabad (now called <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak, Iran</a>), where he had been teaching, to Qom.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964–65, before his exile from Iran, the <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> led his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> from Qom. On 19 February 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">Iranian Students News Agency</a> reported that the first two cases of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic in Iran</a> were detected in Qom.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">543,139</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">681,253</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.64%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">777,677</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.68%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">959,116</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.12%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,074,036</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.29%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,201,158</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.26%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">source:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 957,496 in 241,827 households.<sup id="cite_ref-2006_Qom_Province_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006_Qom_Province-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following census in 2011 counted 1,074,036 people in 299,752 households.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Qom_Province_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Qom_Province-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 1,201,158 people in 356,976 households.<sup id="cite_ref-2016_Qom_Province_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_Qom_Province-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qom, the capital of Qom province, is located 125 kilometers south of Tehran, on a low plain. The shrine of Fatimeh Masumeh, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Reza">Imam Reza</a>, is located in this city, which is considered by <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shiʿa Muslims</a> holy. The city is located in the boundary of the central desert of Iran (<i>Kavir-e Markazi</i>). At the 2011 census its population was 1,074,036,<sup id="cite_ref-IranCensus2006|25_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranCensus2006|25-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprising 545,704 males and 528,332 females. </p><p>Qom is a focal center of the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiʿah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the revolution, the clerical population has risen from around 25,000 to more than 45,000 and the non-clerical population has more than tripled to about 700,000. Substantial sums of money in the form of alms and Islamic taxes flow into Qom to the ten <i><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a>-e taqlid</i> or "Source to be Followed" that reside there.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellaiguep.24_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellaiguep.24-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of seminary schools in Qom is now over fifty, and the number of research institutes and libraries somewhere near two hundred and fifty.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellaiguep.24_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellaiguep.24-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its theological center and the <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">Fatima Masumeh Shrine</a> are prominent features of Qom.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another very popular religious site of pilgrimage formerly outside the city of Qom but now more of a suburb is called <a href="/wiki/Jamkaran" title="Jamkaran">Jamkaran</a>. Qom's proximity to Tehran has allowed the clerical establishment easy access to monitor the affairs and decisions of state. Many Grand Ayatollahs possess offices in both Tehran and Qom; many people simply commute between the two cities as they are only 156 kilometres or 97 miles apart. Southeast of Qom is the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>. Directly south of Qom lie the towns of <a href="/wiki/Delijan" title="Delijan">Delijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahallat" title="Mahallat">Mahallat</a>, Naraq, <a href="/wiki/Pardisan_City" title="Pardisan City">Pardisan City</a>, Kahak, and <a href="/wiki/Jasb" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasb">Jasb</a>. The surrounding area to the west of Qom is populated by <a href="/wiki/Tafresh" title="Tafresh">Tafresh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saveh" title="Saveh">Saveh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashtian" title="Ashtian">Ashtian</a> and Jafarieh. <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a> city (Industrial Capital of Iran) is in the southwest of Qom. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qom_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View Of Southwestern Qom"><img alt="View Of Southwestern Qom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qom_panorama.jpg/1000px-Qom_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qom_panorama.jpg/1500px-Qom_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qom_panorama.jpg/2000px-Qom_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11257" data-file-height="4691" /></a><figcaption>View Of Southwestern Qom</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qom has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> bordering a <a href="/wiki/Cold_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold desert climate">cold desert climate</a> based on <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> (<i>BWh</i> bordering on <i>BWk</i>) and has an <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">arid climate</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha climate classification</a> (<i>BW</i>), with low annual rainfall due to remoteness from the sea and being situated in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical anticyclone">subtropical anticyclone</a> aloft. Summer weather is very hot and essentially rainless, whilst in winter weather can vary from warm to – when Siberian air masses are driven south across the <a href="/wiki/Alborz_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Alborz Mountains">Alborz Mountains</a> by blocking over Europe – frigid. An example of the latter situation was in January 2008 when minima fell to −23 °C or −9.4 °F on the 15th, whilst earlier similar situations occurred in January 1964 and to a lesser extent January 1950, January 1972 and December 1972. </p><p>The highest recorded temperature was 47 °C (117 °F) on 11 July 2010 and the lowest recorded temperature was −23 °C (−9 °F) on 15 January 2008. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Qom (1986–2010, records 1986–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5<br />(95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.8<br />(107.2) </td> <td style="background: #C20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.9<br />(114.6) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0<br />(116.6) </td> <td style="background: #C60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.6<br />(114.1) </td> <td style="background: #F30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.3<br />(108.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7<br />(99.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.0<br />(116.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.3<br />(104.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4<br />(102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−23.0<br />(−9.4) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.2<br />(11.8) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0<br />(12.2) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0<br />(12.2) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.5<br />(13.1) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−23.0<br />(−9.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(1.00) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(0.81) </td> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(1.09) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(0.80) </td> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(0.41) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(0.09) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(0.24) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(0.56) </td> <td style="background: #E2FFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(0.76) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">148.2<br />(5.83) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221.5 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">233.3 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">296.6 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">351.5 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">354.5 </td> <td style="background: #F9F925; color:#000000;" class="notheme">347.3 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">309.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">263.4 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.9 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.7 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,134.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),<sup id="cite_ref-records_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-records-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (temperatures),<sup id="cite_ref-temperatures_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temperatures-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (precipitation),<sup id="cite_ref-precipitation_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-precipitation-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (humidity),<sup id="cite_ref-humidity_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humidity-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (days with precipitation and snow),<sup id="cite_ref-precipdays_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-precipdays-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sunshine)<sup id="cite_ref-sunshine_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunshine-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Authority for the city lies with the mayor, who is elected by a municipal board. The municipal board is periodically elected by the city's residents. The municipal central office is located on Saheli Street. The current mayor of Qom is Mohammad Delbari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_districts">Old districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Old districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Soltan Mohammad Sharif</li> <li>Bagh Pambeh</li> <li>Jouy Shour</li> <li>Safaiyyeh</li> <li>Sadough</li> <li>Yakhchal Ghazi</li> <li>Shah Ahmad Ghasim</li> <li>Bagh Ashrafi</li> <li>Darvaze Ghale'</li> <li>Khandagh</li> <li>Ghale Amou Hossein</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Barassoun</li> <li>Hammam Taalaar</li> <li>Sang Band</li> <li>Eshgh Ali</li> <li>Tekyeh Agha Sayyed Hassan</li> <li>Arabestan</li> <li>Darvazeh Kashan</li> <li>Sarbakhsh</li> <li>Sar Howz</li> <li>Alvandiyeh</li> <li>Gozar Sadegh</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Lab Chaal</li> <li>Chehel Akhtaran</li> <li>Razavia</li> <li>Manba' Ab</li> <li>Nikouyee</li> <li>Nowbahar</li> <li>Allouchou</li> <li>Khak-Faraj</li> <li>Haj Zaynal</li> <li>Haj Khalil</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Bagh Shazdeh</li> <li>Chehel Derakht</li> <li>Zad</li> <li>Chahar Imamzadeh</li> <li>Hanif Nizhad</li> <li>Paminar</li> <li>Qom Now</li> <li>Maydan Now</li> <li>Zandyan va Handyan</li> <li>Darvazeh Choubi</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_districts">Modern districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Tohid</li> <li>Shahr-e-Gha'em</li> <li>Panzdah-e-Khordad</li> <li>Jahan Bini</li> <li>Talighani Town</li> <li>Baajak Town</li> <li>Farhangian Town</li> <li>Tavaneer Town</li> <li>Fatimia Town</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Imam Hassan Town<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qom-Azadari-Moharram4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Qom-Azadari-Moharram4.JPG/220px-Qom-Azadari-Moharram4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Qom-Azadari-Moharram4.JPG/330px-Qom-Azadari-Moharram4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Qom-Azadari-Moharram4.JPG/440px-Qom-Azadari-Moharram4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Ashura</a> Mourning in Bagh Shazdeh, Qom</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Imam Hossein Residential Area</li> <li>Bonyad Residential Area</li> <li>Mahdia Town</li> <li>Imam Khomeini Town</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardisan_City" title="Pardisan City">Pardisan City</a></li> <li>Safa Shahr</li> <li>Qods Town</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg/220px-Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg/330px-Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg/440px-Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamkaran" title="Jamkaran">Jamkaran</a> Mosque</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_and_cultural_heritage">Historical and cultural heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical and cultural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mezquita_del_Imam_Hassan_Al-Asgari,_Qom,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-19,_DD_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mezquita_del_Imam_Hassan_Al-Asgari%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_20.jpg/220px-Mezquita_del_Imam_Hassan_Al-Asgari%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mezquita_del_Imam_Hassan_Al-Asgari%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_20.jpg/330px-Mezquita_del_Imam_Hassan_Al-Asgari%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mezquita_del_Imam_Hassan_Al-Asgari%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_20.jpg/440px-Mezquita_del_Imam_Hassan_Al-Asgari%2C_Qom%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-19%2C_DD_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6621" data-file-height="4807" /></a><figcaption>Imam Hassan Al-Askari Mosque</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALGHADIR_MOSQUE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ALGHADIR_MOSQUE.JPG/220px-ALGHADIR_MOSQUE.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ALGHADIR_MOSQUE.JPG/330px-ALGHADIR_MOSQUE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ALGHADIR_MOSQUE.JPG/440px-ALGHADIR_MOSQUE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>Al-Ghadir Mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists 195 sites of historical and cultural significance in Qom. But the more visited sites of Qom are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Fatimah_al-Masumah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Fatimah al-Masumah">Shrine of Fatimah al-Masumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamkaran_Mosque" title="Jamkaran Mosque">Jamkaran Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azam_mosque_of_Qom" class="mw-redirect" title="Azam mosque of Qom">Azam Mosque</a></li> <li>Imam Hassan Al-Asgari Mosque</li> <li>Al-Ghadir Mosque</li> <li>Atiq Mosque in Qom</li> <li>Qom Bazaar</li> <li>Feyzieh Religious School</li> <li>Mar'ashi Najafi Library, with over 500,000 handwritten texts and copies.</li> <li>Timcheh-ye-Bozorg (Grand Timcheh)</li> <li>Paminar School</li> <li>Jahangirkhan School</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Fath-Ali Shah Qajar</a> Tomb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Shah Qajar">Mohammad Shah Qajar</a> Tomb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abbas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abbas II">Shah Abbas II</a> Tomb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Soleyman_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Soleyman III">Shah Soleyman III</a> & <a href="/wiki/Shah_Safi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Safi">Shah Safi</a> Tomb</li> <li>Gonbad Sabz Historical Garden</li> <li>Ali Ibn Ja'afar Tomb</li> <li>Shah Hamzeh Tomb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi">Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi</a>'s Historical House</li> <li>Yazdan Panah Historical House</li> <li>Haji Khan Historical House</li> <li>Zand Historical House</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>'s House</li> <li>Beyt-on-noor House</li> <li>Haj Asgar Khan Historical Bath</li> <li>The Minarets Of Risbaf Historical Factory</li> <li>Gholi Darvish Historical Hill</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamkaran" title="Jamkaran">Jamkaran</a> Historical Castle</li> <li>500 year Cypress Tree in Jamkaran</li> <li>Sirang Tourism Centre</li> <li>Kohne Bazaar Commercial Centre</li> <li>Kohne Mosque</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Astaneh Moqaddaseh Museum (Qom Central Museum)<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QoranQomMuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/QoranQomMuseum.jpg/220px-QoranQomMuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/QoranQomMuseum.jpg/330px-QoranQomMuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/QoranQomMuseum.jpg/440px-QoranQomMuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> manuscript written by <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Ridha">Ali ibn Musa</a> in the Qom Museum</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Anthropology Museum Of Qom</li> <li>The Museum Of Traditional Arts</li> <li>The Museum Of Natural History & Wildlife</li> <li>The Museum Of Astronomy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_institutions">Educational institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Educational institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merkaz_Modiria_Hawzeha_ye_Ilmiyeh_Qom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Merkaz_Modiria_Hawzeha_ye_Ilmiyeh_Qom.JPG/220px-Merkaz_Modiria_Hawzeha_ye_Ilmiyeh_Qom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Merkaz_Modiria_Hawzeha_ye_Ilmiyeh_Qom.JPG/330px-Merkaz_Modiria_Hawzeha_ye_Ilmiyeh_Qom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Merkaz_Modiria_Hawzeha_ye_Ilmiyeh_Qom.JPG/440px-Merkaz_Modiria_Hawzeha_ye_Ilmiyeh_Qom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Iranian Seminaries Management Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>Qom is well known for its many religious seminaries and institutes that offer advanced religious studies, which made this city the largest center for Shia scholarship in the world. There are an estimated 50,000 seminarians in the city coming from 80 countries, including Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Pakistan. Qom has seminaries for women and some non-Shia students. Most of the seminaries teach their students modern social sciences and Western thought as well as traditional religious studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr,_Vali_2006_p.217_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr,_Vali_2006_p.217-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawzah_'Ilmiyya_Qom_(Qom_Seminary)"><span id="Hawzah_.27Ilmiyya_Qom_.28Qom_Seminary.29"></span>Hawzah 'Ilmiyya Qom (Qom Seminary)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hawzah 'Ilmiyya Qom (Qom Seminary)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qom_Seminary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Qom_Seminary.jpg/220px-Qom_Seminary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Qom_Seminary.jpg/330px-Qom_Seminary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Qom_Seminary.jpg/440px-Qom_Seminary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qom_Seminary" title="Qom Seminary">Qom Seminary</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:000920-ImamHassanMosque-Qom-IMG_4944-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/000920-ImamHassanMosque-Qom-IMG_4944-2.jpg/220px-000920-ImamHassanMosque-Qom-IMG_4944-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/000920-ImamHassanMosque-Qom-IMG_4944-2.jpg/330px-000920-ImamHassanMosque-Qom-IMG_4944-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/000920-ImamHassanMosque-Qom-IMG_4944-2.jpg/440px-000920-ImamHassanMosque-Qom-IMG_4944-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Imam Hassan Askari Mosque, Qom, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Hawzah (a short form of al-Hawzah al-Ilmiyya), which presently consists of over 200 education and research centres and organisations, catering for over 40,000 scholars and students from over 80 sovereign states. The modern <a href="/wiki/Qom_hawza" class="mw-redirect" title="Qom hawza">Qom hawza</a> was revitalized by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Haeri_Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi">Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah_Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Ayatollah Borujerdi">Grand Ayatollah Borujerdi</a> and is barely a century old. There are nearly 300,000 clerics in Iran's seminaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities_and_seminaries">Universities and seminaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Universities and seminaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Qom" title="University of Qom">University of Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofid_University" title="Mofid University">Mofid University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Qom University of Medical Sciences">Qom University of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustafa_International_University" title="Al-Mustafa International University">Al-Mustafa International University</a></li> <li>Qom University of Technology</li> <li>Al-Zahra Seminary</li> <li>Seyyed Hassan Shirazi Seminary</li> <li>Imam Hossein Seminary</li> <li>Imam Baghir Seminary</li> <li>Imam Mahdi Seminary</li> <li>Rasoul A'zam Seminary</li> <li>Razavia Seminary</li> <li>Satia Seminary</li> <li>Imam Khomeini Seminary</li> <li>Aba-Salih Seminary</li> <li>Al-Mahdi Seminary</li> <li>Al-Hadi Seminary</li> <li>Haghani Seminary</li> <li>Janbazan Seminary</li> <li>Resalat Seminary</li> <li>Itrat Seminary</li> <li>Darb-Astana Seminary</li> <li>Seyyed Abdol Aziz Seminary</li> <li>Toloo-e-Mehr Educational Institute</li> <li>Shahab Danesh University</li> <li>Pardis-e-Daneshgah-e-Tehran University</li> <li>IRIB University Of Qom</li> <li>Qom's Industrial College</li> <li>Azad Islami University of Pardisan</li> <li>Payam-Nour College of Pardisan</li> <li>Ma'sumia University</li> <li>Hikmat College</li> <li>The University Of Religions & Denominations</li> <li>Quran & Hadis University</li> <li>Fekr-e-Eslami University</li> <li>Ma'aref-e-Islami University</li> <li>Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qom_University_gate.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Qom"><img alt="University of Qom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Qom_University_gate.JPG/200px-Qom_University_gate.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Qom_University_gate.JPG/300px-Qom_University_gate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Qom_University_gate.JPG/400px-Qom_University_gate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="637" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Qom" title="University of Qom">University of Qom</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mofid-University-Qom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mofid University"><img alt="Mofid University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mofid-University-Qom.jpg/200px-Mofid-University-Qom.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mofid-University-Qom.jpg/300px-Mofid-University-Qom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mofid-University-Qom.jpg/400px-Mofid-University-Qom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mofid_University" title="Mofid University">Mofid University</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DANESHGAH_OLOOM_PEZESHKI_QOM0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qom University of Medical Sciences"><img alt="Qom University of Medical Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/DANESHGAH_OLOOM_PEZESHKI_QOM0.jpg/200px-DANESHGAH_OLOOM_PEZESHKI_QOM0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/DANESHGAH_OLOOM_PEZESHKI_QOM0.jpg/300px-DANESHGAH_OLOOM_PEZESHKI_QOM0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/DANESHGAH_OLOOM_PEZESHKI_QOM0.jpg/400px-DANESHGAH_OLOOM_PEZESHKI_QOM0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Qom_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Qom University of Medical Sciences">Qom University of Medical Sciences</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahl_ul_Bait_International_Community.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly"><img alt="Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ahl_ul_Bait_International_Community.JPG/168px-Ahl_ul_Bait_International_Community.JPG" decoding="async" width="168" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ahl_ul_Bait_International_Community.JPG/253px-Ahl_ul_Bait_International_Community.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ahl_ul_Bait_International_Community.JPG/337px-Ahl_ul_Bait_International_Community.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1698" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_Al-Bayt_World_Assembly" title="Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly">Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fordow_uranium_enrichment_facility">Fordow uranium enrichment facility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fordow uranium enrichment facility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fordow_uranium_enrichment_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Fordow uranium enrichment facility">Fordow uranium enrichment facility</a></div> <p>The Fordow uranium enrichment facility is located 20 miles north east of Qom.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2012 the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA) announced that Iran had started producing uranium enriched up to 20% for medical purposes and that material "remains under the agency's containment and surveillance."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian authorities state the facility is built deep in a mountain because of repeated threats by Israel to attack such facilities, which Israel believes can be used to produce nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, attacking a nuclear facility so close to a city considered so holy in <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> brings concern of a potential risk of a <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> religious response.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city has a number of streets and roadways. </p><p>It will be served by <a href="/wiki/Qom_International_Airport" title="Qom International Airport">Qom International Airport</a> which is under construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:692px;max-width:692px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasan-e_Sabah,_rycina,_XIX_w_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hasan-i Sabbah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hasan-e_Sabah%2C_rycina%2C_XIX_w_%28cropped%29.jpg/104px-Hasan-e_Sabah%2C_rycina%2C_XIX_w_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hasan-e_Sabah%2C_rycina%2C_XIX_w_%28cropped%29.jpg/156px-Hasan-e_Sabah%2C_rycina%2C_XIX_w_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hasan-e_Sabah%2C_rycina%2C_XIX_w_%28cropped%29.jpg/208px-Hasan-e_Sabah%2C_rycina%2C_XIX_w_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="814" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hasan-i_Sabbah" title="Hasan-i Sabbah">Hasan-i Sabbah</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen_Oveissi_main_pic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gholam Ali Oveissi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gen_Oveissi_main_pic.jpg/164px-Gen_Oveissi_main_pic.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gen_Oveissi_main_pic.jpg/246px-Gen_Oveissi_main_pic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gen_Oveissi_main_pic.jpg/328px-Gen_Oveissi_main_pic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gholam_Ali_Oveissi" title="Gholam Ali Oveissi">Gholam Ali Oveissi</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farrokhroo_Parsay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Farrokhroo Parsa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Farrokhroo_Parsay.jpg/86px-Farrokhroo_Parsay.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Farrokhroo_Parsay.jpg/129px-Farrokhroo_Parsay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Farrokhroo_Parsay.jpg/172px-Farrokhroo_Parsay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Farrokhroo_Parsa" title="Farrokhroo Parsa">Farrokhroo Parsa</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_Kamalian_Professorship_1967.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nasser Kamalian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Professor_Kamalian_Professorship_1967.jpeg/131px-Professor_Kamalian_Professorship_1967.jpeg" decoding="async" width="131" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Professor_Kamalian_Professorship_1967.jpeg/197px-Professor_Kamalian_Professorship_1967.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Professor_Kamalian_Professorship_1967.jpeg/262px-Professor_Kamalian_Professorship_1967.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Naser_Kamalian" title="Naser Kamalian">Naser Kamalian</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Azartash_Azarnoush.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Azartash Azarnoush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Azartash_Azarnoush.tif/lossy-page1-87px-Azartash_Azarnoush.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Azartash_Azarnoush.tif/lossy-page1-131px-Azartash_Azarnoush.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Azartash_Azarnoush.tif/lossy-page1-174px-Azartash_Azarnoush.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Azartash_Azarnoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Azartash Azarnoush">Azartash Azarnoush</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadeq_Tabatabaei_as_Spokesman_for_the_interim_government_of_Iran_-_1979_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sadeq Tabatabaei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sadeq_Tabatabaei_as_Spokesman_for_the_interim_government_of_Iran_-_1979_%282%29.jpg/95px-Sadeq_Tabatabaei_as_Spokesman_for_the_interim_government_of_Iran_-_1979_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sadeq_Tabatabaei_as_Spokesman_for_the_interim_government_of_Iran_-_1979_%282%29.jpg/143px-Sadeq_Tabatabaei_as_Spokesman_for_the_interim_government_of_Iran_-_1979_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sadeq_Tabatabaei_as_Spokesman_for_the_interim_government_of_Iran_-_1979_%282%29.jpg/190px-Sadeq_Tabatabaei_as_Spokesman_for_the_interim_government_of_Iran_-_1979_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Tabatabaei" title="Sadeq Tabatabaei">Sadeq Tabatabaei</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hamid Reza Noorbakhsh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4.jpg/96px-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4.jpg/144px-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4.jpg/192px-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Reza_Noorbakhsh" title="Hamid Reza Noorbakhsh">Hamid Reza Noorbakhsh</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Javad_Razavian_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Javad Razavian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Javad_Razavian_2016.jpg/90px-Javad_Razavian_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Javad_Razavian_2016.jpg/135px-Javad_Razavian_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Javad_Razavian_2016.jpg/180px-Javad_Razavian_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Javad_Razavian" title="Javad Razavian">Javad Razavian</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asghar_Hassanzadeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asghar_Hassanzadeh.jpg/110px-Asghar_Hassanzadeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asghar_Hassanzadeh.jpg/165px-Asghar_Hassanzadeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asghar_Hassanzadeh.jpg/220px-Asghar_Hassanzadeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="513" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Asghar_Hassanzadeh" title="Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh">Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amir_mehdizadeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Amir Mehdizadeh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Amir_mehdizadeh.jpg/115px-Amir_mehdizadeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Amir_mehdizadeh.jpg/173px-Amir_mehdizadeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Amir_mehdizadeh.jpg/230px-Amir_mehdizadeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mehdizadeh" title="Amir Mehdizadeh">Amir Mehdizadeh</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alireza_vafaei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alireza Vafaei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alireza_vafaei.jpg/142px-Alireza_vafaei.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alireza_vafaei.jpg/213px-Alireza_vafaei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alireza_vafaei.jpg/284px-Alireza_vafaei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Vafaei" title="Alireza Vafaei">Alireza Vafaei</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orouji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Abolghasem Orouji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orouji.jpg/115px-Orouji.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orouji.jpg/173px-Orouji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orouji.jpg/230px-Orouji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Abolghasem_Orouji" title="Abolghasem Orouji">Abolghasem Orouji</a></div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> (1050-1124) - Leader of the Assassins and the Nizari Ismaili State</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam_Ali_Oveissi" title="Gholam Ali Oveissi">Gholam Ali Oveissi</a> (1918–1984) – General and The Chief Commander of the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrokhroo_Parsa" title="Farrokhroo Parsa">Farrokhroo Parsa</a> (1922–1980) – Physician, educator and parliamentarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parviz_Shapour" title="Parviz Shapour">Parviz Shapour</a> (1924-1999) – Writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naser_Kamalian" title="Naser Kamalian">Naser Kamalian</a> (b. 1931) – Medical scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrollah_Soltaninejad" title="Nasrollah Soltaninejad">Nasrollah Soltaninejad</a> (b. 1936) – Wrestler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azartash_Azarnoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Azartash Azarnoush">Azartash Azarnoush</a> (b. 1937) – Linguist and Scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Afzali" title="Bahram Afzali">Bahram Afzali</a> (b. 1938) – Commander of Iranian Navy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Tabatabaei" title="Sadeq Tabatabaei">Sadeq Tabatabaei</a> (b. 1943) – politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Nasehi" title="Mohammad Reza Nasehi">Mohammad Reza Nasehi</a> (b. 1944) – weightlifter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathali_Oveisi" title="Fathali Oveisi">Fathali Oveisi</a> (b. 1946) – Actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Pourmohammadi" title="Mostafa Pourmohammadi">Mostafa Pourmohammadi</a> (b. 1960) – Politician and Prosecutor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Reza_Noorbakhsh" title="Hamid Reza Noorbakhsh">Hamid Reza Noorbakhsh</a> (b. 1965) – Singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Abdolhosseini" title="Majid Abdolhosseini">Majid Abdolhosseini</a> (b. 1972) – Karateka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Khalaji" title="Mehdi Khalaji">Mehdi Khalaji</a> (b. 1973) – Writer, Scholar of Islamic studies and Political analyst</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Razavian" title="Javad Razavian">Javad Razavian</a> (b. 1974) – Actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Hassanzadeh" title="Mohsen Hassanzadeh">Mohsen Hassanzadeh</a> (b. 1974) – Futsal coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahid_Ghiasi" title="Vahid Ghiasi">Vahid Ghiasi</a> (b. 1975) – Futsal coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Katiraei" title="Alireza Katiraei">Alireza Katiraei</a> (b. 1976) – Karateka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Rabbani" title="Mohsen Rabbani">Mohsen Rabbani</a> (b. 1983) – Pole vaulter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Asghar_Hassanzadeh" title="Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh">Ali Asghar Hassanzadeh</a> (b. 1987) – Futsal player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeid_Taghizadeh" title="Saeid Taghizadeh">Saeid Taghizadeh</a> (b. 1988) – Futsal player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mehdizadeh" title="Amir Mehdizadeh">Amir Mehdizadeh</a> (b. 1989) – Karateka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Vafaei" title="Alireza Vafaei">Alireza Vafaei</a> (b. 1989) – Futsal player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolghasem_Orouji" title="Abolghasem Orouji">Abolghasem Orouji</a> (b. 1989) – Futsal player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a> (b. 1990) – Mathematical artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Hosseini_(footballer)" title="Mehdi Hosseini (footballer)">Mehdi Hosseini</a> (b. 1993) – Football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elnaz_Ghasemi" title="Elnaz Ghasemi">Elnaz Ghasemi</a> (b. 1996) – Handball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Nejati" title="Alireza Nejati">Alireza Nejati</a> (b. 1998) – Wrestler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_Zahedi" title="Nasser Zahedi">Nasser Zahedi</a> (b. 1961) - doctor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns">Twin towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Twin towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qom is <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">twinned</a> with: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qom Mosque"><img alt="Qom Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/240px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/360px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/480px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Qom Mosque</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young Water Park"><img alt="Young Water Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/270px-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/405px-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/540px-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young Water Park</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shrine of Fatimah Masumah"><img alt="Shrine of Fatimah Masumah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_03.JPG/289px-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="193" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_03.JPG/433px-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_03.JPG/578px-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3717" data-file-height="2317" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shrine of Fatimah Masumah</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hashemi park of Qom in autumn"><img alt="The Hashemi park of Qom in autumn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C.jpg/240px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C.jpg/360px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C.jpg/480px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Hashemi park of Qom in autumn</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BustaneAlaviQom.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Alavi park"><img alt="Alavi park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BustaneAlaviQom.JPG/320px-BustaneAlaviQom.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BustaneAlaviQom.JPG/480px-BustaneAlaviQom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BustaneAlaviQom.JPG/640px-BustaneAlaviQom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alavi park</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qom,_Qom_Province,_Iran_-_panoramio_(15).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Qom%2C_Qom_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/321px-Qom%2C_Qom_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Qom%2C_Qom_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/481px-Qom%2C_Qom_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Qom%2C_Qom_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/641px-Qom%2C_Qom_Province%2C_Iran_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qom_city_Photos,_Iran_country_Wallpaper,_Shia_Muslim_religion,_Mostafa_Meraji-_Urban_landscapes_-_City_Design_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Qom_city_Photos%2C_Iran_country_Wallpaper%2C_Shia_Muslim_religion%2C_Mostafa_Meraji-_Urban_landscapes_-_City_Design_05.jpg/270px-Qom_city_Photos%2C_Iran_country_Wallpaper%2C_Shia_Muslim_religion%2C_Mostafa_Meraji-_Urban_landscapes_-_City_Design_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Qom_city_Photos%2C_Iran_country_Wallpaper%2C_Shia_Muslim_religion%2C_Mostafa_Meraji-_Urban_landscapes_-_City_Design_05.jpg/405px-Qom_city_Photos%2C_Iran_country_Wallpaper%2C_Shia_Muslim_religion%2C_Mostafa_Meraji-_Urban_landscapes_-_City_Design_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Qom_city_Photos%2C_Iran_country_Wallpaper%2C_Shia_Muslim_religion%2C_Mostafa_Meraji-_Urban_landscapes_-_City_Design_05.jpg/540px-Qom_city_Photos%2C_Iran_country_Wallpaper%2C_Shia_Muslim_religion%2C_Mostafa_Meraji-_Urban_landscapes_-_City_Design_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A8.jpg/380px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A8.jpg/569px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A8.jpg/759px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_02.jpg/270px-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_02.jpg/405px-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_02.jpg/540px-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85_-_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Bonyadi_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bonyadi Park"><img alt="Bonyadi Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Park_Bonyadi_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/240px-Park_Bonyadi_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Park_Bonyadi_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/360px-Park_Bonyadi_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Park_Bonyadi_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg/480px-Park_Bonyadi_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bonyadi Park</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Qom" title="Timeline of Qom">Timeline of Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Masumeh_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine">Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Qom" title="University of Qom">University of Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom_Seminary" title="Qom Seminary">Qom Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom_rug" title="Qom rug">Qom rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardisan_City" title="Pardisan City">Pardisan City</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Qom">Qom</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Qom#Q170573" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Qom">Qom</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as <b>Ghom</b>, <b>Ghum</b>, or <b>Qum</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2016_Qom_Province-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Qom_Province_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016_Qom_Province_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111121233/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_25.xlsx">Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Qom Province</a>. <i>amar.org.ir</i> (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_25.xlsx">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Excel)</span> on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran%2C+1395+%282016%29%3A+Qom+Province&rft.pub=The+Statistical+Center+of+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amar.org.ir%2FPortals%2F0%2Fcensus%2F1395%2Fresults%2Fabadi%2FCN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_25.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpenStreetMap_contributors2025" class="citation map cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">OpenStreetMap contributors (6 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=34.64&mlon=50.876389&zoom=13#map=13/34.64000/50.87639">"Qom, Qom County"</a> (Map). <i><a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></i> (in Persian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OpenStreetMap&rft.atitle=Qom%2C+Qom+County&rft.date=2025-01-06&rft.au=OpenStreetMap+contributors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openstreetmap.org%2F%3Fmlat%3D34.64%26mlon%3D50.876389%26zoom%3D13%23map%3D13%2F34.64000%2F50.87639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913144137/http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html">"Major Agglomerations of the World – Population Statistics and Maps"</a>. <i>citypopulation.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html">the original</a> on 13 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Major+Agglomerations+of+the+World+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics+and+Maps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fworld%2FAgglomerations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qom_Province_Establishment-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qom_Province_Establishment_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNateg_Nouric._2024" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nateg Nouri, Ali Akbar (c. 2024) [Approved 12 February 1375; Signed 27 February 1375; Published 3 March 1375]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250106010914/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/92651">Law on the establishment of Qom province</a>. <i>lamtakam.com</i> (Report) (in Persian). Islamic Consultative Assembly. Official Gazette registration number 14920. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/92651">the original</a> on 6 January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2025</span> – via Lam ta Kam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Law+on+the+establishment+of+Qom+province&rft.pub=Islamic+Consultative+Assembly&rft.aulast=Nateg+Nouri&rft.aufirst=Ali+Akbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flamtakam.com%2Flaw%2Fcouncil_of_ministers%2F92651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tehran_Province_Structure-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tehran_Province_Structure_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabibi2014" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Habibi, Hassan (10 December 2014) [Approved 21 June 1369]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141130203728/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026">Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran</a>. <i>rc.majlis.ir</i> (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Notification 8416/T133K. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026">the original</a> on 30 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span> – via Islamic Parliament Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Approval+of+the+organization+and+chain+of+citizenship+of+the+elements+and+units+of+the+national+divisions+of+Tehran+province+centered+on+the+city+of+Tehran&rft.pub=Ministry+of+the+Interior%2C+Defense+Political+Commission+of+the+Government+Board&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft.aulast=Habibi&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frc.majlis.ir%2Ffa%2Flaw%2Fshow%2F113026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amar.org.ir/news/ID/2928/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF">The metropolises of Iran</a> amar.org.ir Retrieved 19 Oct 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-biggest-cities-in-iran.html">The largest cities in Iran</a> worldatlas.com Retrieved 21 Oct 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/4784646/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A2%D8%A8-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%85">The province Qom</a> yjc.ir Retrieved 21 Oct 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1392/06/16/134932/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA">The biography of Hazrat Ma'sumeh</a> tasnimnews.com Retrieved 4 October 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Shams (6 December 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1449825">"On Persian pilgrimages, Pakistanis and Indians reconnect with Iran"</a>, <i>Dawn News</i>. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qompajoohi.ir/%f0%9f%92%a0-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%a8%d9%87-%da%af%d8%b0%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%ae%db%8c-%d9%82%d9%85/">"💠 نظری به گذشته تاریخی قم | بنیاد قم پژوهی"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%F0%9F%92%A0+%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D9%87+%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C+%D9%82%D9%85+%26%23124%3B+%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D9%82%D9%85+%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqompajoohi.ir%2F%25f0%259f%2592%25a0-%25d9%2586%25d8%25b8%25d8%25b1%25db%258c-%25d8%25a8%25d9%2587-%25da%25af%25d8%25b0%25d8%25b4%25d8%25aa%25d9%2587-%25d8%25aa%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b1%25db%258c%25d8%25ae%25db%258c-%25d9%2582%25d9%2585%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleiss, 1973, p. 181; idem, 1981, pp. 66–67; idem, 1985, pp. 173–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hakemi, pp. 16, 22, 26, 28, 35, 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghirshman, 1962, pl. 52; Hakemi, pp. 13–14 and pl. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 65, 82, 84–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schippmann, pp. 416–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for a summary, see Drechsler, pp. 44–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 22–23, 32, 37, 61, 62, 69–71, 74, 77, 82, 90, 137–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 70–71; Nehāyat al-erab, p. 179; Widengren, pp. 271, 743–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebn Aʿṯam, I, p. 201, II, pp. 31, 33, 58/59; Nehāyat al-Erab, pp. 383, 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frye, 1956, p. 320; idem, 1975, p. 11; Gyselen, pp. 28, 73–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drechsler, pp. 57–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balāḏori, pp. 312–14; Drechsler, pp. 69–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, p. 38; Ṭabari, II, p. 992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 242–50, 258–65, 284–91; Drechsler, pp. 78–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 48–49, 242, 244, 250, 253–57, 260, 262–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 31, 101–02, 164, 213–14; Ebn Bābuya, II, p. 271; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi 1976, I, p. 18; Drechsler, pp. 124–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 35, 102–04, 156–57, 163–64; Ṭabari, III, pp. 1092–93, 1102, 1106, 1111; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1983, p. 166; Drechsler, pp. 132–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Najāši, pp. 12, 262; Qomi, pp. 35, 156–57, 163–64, 211–12, 215; Ṭabari, III, p. 1697; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1983, p. 166; Drechsler, pp. 140–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 26, 37–38; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1976, II, pp. 115–16; Drechsler, pp. 146–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ṭabari, III, p. 2024, tr. XXXVII, p. 78; Qomi, pp. 35, 157–58, 163, 215; Najāši, pp. 33, 132; Ṭusi, pp. 20, 25, 247–48; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1993, pp. 34–35, 37; Drechsler, pp. 148–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 89–90, 104–06, 125, 128, 133–34, 156, 163–64; Ebn al-Faqih, p. 247; Drechsler, pp. 154–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 17, 35–36, 149–53, 225, 229; Drechsler, pp. 160–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ṭabari, III, p. 2284, tr., XXXVIII, pp. 197–98; Drechsler, pp. 164–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 99–100, 105–06, 142–44, 164–65, 217–18; Ebn al-Aṯir, VIII, pp. 102–04, 162, 196, 290, 388–89; Drechsler, pp. 166–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 214, 219–220; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, p. 117; idem, 1976, I, p. 18; Drechsler, pp. 181–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebn Ḥawqal, p. 362; Drechsler, p. 198, n. 956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 18, 32, 44–46, 108, 123, 125, 128, 191–241; Ebn al-Faqih, p. 209; Ebn Ḥawqal, pp. 315, 342; Ṭusi, pp. 42, 75–76, 93; Najāši, p. 276; Biruni, p. 228; Ebn Saʿd, VII, p. 382; Samʿāni, X, p. 486; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 121–25; 136–37; Drechsler, pp. 198–207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 23, 26–27, 32, 35–40, 42, 60, 167, 214, 216; Saʿidniā, pp. 151–53, 155–56, 158–59; Drechsler, pp. 194–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 13, 27, 36–37, 53–56; Drechsler, pp. 192–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yaʿqubi, pp. 273–74; Qomi, pp. 40–46; 48–53, 244; Lambton, 1989, pp. 156–59; Drechsler, pp. 243–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 48, 53–56, 76–77, 87–88, 107–08, 112–13, 119–22, 167, 174–76, 244, 251; Ebn Ḥawqal, p. 342; Ebn al-Faqih; pp. 50, 265; Moqaddasi, pp. 396, 470; Spuler, pp. 387–90, 392–94; 405–06, 408; Drechsler, pp. 253–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qomi, pp. 28–29, 31, 34, 38–39, 42, 56–59, 101–90, 242, 253, 262; Balāḏori, p. 314; Yaʿqubi, p. 274; Ebn al-Faqih, pp. 264–65; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1983, pp. 28, 40–41; Lambton, 1969, pp. 41–45; Drechsler, pp. 258–73, 285–306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebn al-Aṯir, IX, pp. 204, 357–58, 429–30, X, pp. 289, 332–33, 551, XI, p. 237; ʿAbd-al-Jalil Qazvini, pp. 167–68; Bayhaqi, pp. 422–33; Mostawfi, pp. 833, 841; Bosworth, 1968, pp. 38, 106–110, 120, 125, 135; Drechsler, pp. 208–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ʿAbd-al-Jalil Qazvini, pp. 47, 51, 163–64, 182, 191, 220–21, 229–30, 280, 430, 437, 494, 643; Abu'l-Rajāʾ Qomi, pp. 105–06, 262; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 5, 130, 138–39, 165–67; idem, 1976, I, p. 20, II, pp. 109–10, 217–18; Drechsler, pp. 220–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebn al-Aṯir, X, p. 118, XII, p. 317; Abu'l-Rajāʾ Qomi, p. 262; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 132–33; Drechsler, pp. 228–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebn al-Aṯir, XII, p. 419; Rašid al-Din Fażl-Allāh, 1957, p. 63; Jovayni, pp. 538, 542; Ḥamd-Allāh Mostawfi, 1919, pp. 67–68, 71–73; Boyle, pp. 311, 331, 337, 368–69, 496, 541; Spuler, 1955, pp. 30–31, 41, 82–83; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1976, II, p. 35, 43, 67, 78; Survey of Persian Art, IV, pp. 1684–86; Drechsler, pp. 232–41, 308–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Momen, Moojan, <i>An Introduction to Shi'i Islam</i>, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200219152859/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/02/19/world/middleeast/ap-ml-china-outbreak-iran.html">"Iran Reports Its First 2 Cases of the New Coronavirus"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 19 February 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/02/19/world/middleeast/ap-ml-china-outbreak-iran.html">the original</a> on 19 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iran+Reports+Its+First+2+Cases+of+the+New+Coronavirus&rft.date=2020-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Faponline%2F2020%2F02%2F19%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fap-ml-china-outbreak-iran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/en/iran/cities/">"Iran: Provinces, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>. <i>www.citypopulation.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+Provinces%2C+Major+Cities+%26+Towns+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Firan%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2006_Qom_Province-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2006_Qom_Province_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083730/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/25.xls">Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Qom Province</a>. <i>amar.org.ir</i> (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/25.xls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Excel)</span> on 20 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran%2C+1385+%282006%29%3A+Qom+Province&rft.pub=The+Statistical+Center+of+Iran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amar.org.ir%2FDesktopModules%2FFTPManager%2Fupload%2Fupload2360%2Fnewjkh%2Fnewjkh%2F25.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_Qom_Province-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011_Qom_Province_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120002334/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Qom.xls">Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Qom Province</a>. <i>irandataportal.syr.edu</i> (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Qom.xls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Excel)</span> on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span> – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran%2C+1390+%282011%29%3A+Qom+Province&rft.pub=The+Statistical+Center+of+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firandataportal.syr.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FQom.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IranCensus2006|25-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IranCensus2006|25_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/25.xls">"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Excel)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran" title="Statistical Center of Iran">Statistical Center of Iran</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/25.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran%2C+1385+%282006%29&rft.pub=Statistical+Center+of+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amar.org.ir%2FPortals%2F0%2Fcensus%2F1385%2Fresults%2Fall%2F25.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irna.ir/qom/fa/News/81744195">The holy city of Qom is the pole of Shia world</a> irna.ir Retrieved 10 Oct 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aghigh.ir/fa/news/82930/%D9%82%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF">Qom should be the capital of Shia world</a> aghigh.ir Retrieved 10 Oct 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellaiguep.24-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellaiguep.24_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellaiguep.24_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher de Bellaigue, <i>The Struggle for Iran</i>, New York Review of Books, 2007, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamquest.net/en/archive/question/fa6564">When does the history of the holy shrine of Lady Ma'sumah start from?</a> islamquest.net Retrieved 10 Oct 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iqna.ir/fa/news/3733201/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4-%D9%82%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B8%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C">The role of Qom and Hazrat Ma'sumah's court in the appearance of Islamic republic</a> iqna.ir Retrieved 10 Oct 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-records-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-records_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/7.asp">"Highest record temperature in Ghom by Month 1986–2010"</a>. Iran Meteorological Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highest+record+temperature+in+Ghom+by+Month+1986%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Iran+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaharmahalmet.ir%2Fstat%2Farchive%2Firan%2Fqom%2FGHOM%2F7.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/6.asp">"Lowest record temperature in Ghom by Month 1986–2010"</a>. Iran Meteorological Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lowest+record+temperature+in+Ghom+by+Month+1986%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Iran+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaharmahalmet.ir%2Fstat%2Farchive%2Firan%2Fqom%2FGHOM%2F6.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-temperatures-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-temperatures_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906134337/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/3.asp">"Average Maximum temperature in Ghom by Month 1986–2010"</a>. Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/3.asp">the original</a> on 6 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+Maximum+temperature+in+Ghom+by+Month+1986%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Iran+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaharmahalmet.ir%2Fstat%2Farchive%2Firan%2Fqom%2FGHOM%2F3.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/5.asp">"Average Mean Daily temperature in Ghom by Month 1986–2010"</a>. Iran Meteorological Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+Mean+Daily+temperature+in+Ghom+by+Month+1986%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Iran+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaharmahalmet.ir%2Fstat%2Farchive%2Firan%2Fqom%2FGHOM%2F5.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906035549/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/2.asp">"Average Minimum temperature in Ghom by Month 1986–2010"</a>. Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/2.asp">the original</a> on 6 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+Minimum+temperature+in+Ghom+by+Month+1986%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Iran+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaharmahalmet.ir%2Fstat%2Farchive%2Firan%2Fqom%2FGHOM%2F2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-precipitation-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-precipitation_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/25.asp">"Monthly Total Precipitation in Ghom by Month 1986–2010"</a>. Iran Meteorological Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Total+Precipitation+in+Ghom+by+Month+1986%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Iran+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaharmahalmet.ir%2Fstat%2Farchive%2Firan%2Fqom%2FGHOM%2F25.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-humidity-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-humidity_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140916074028/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/14.asp">"Average relative humidity in Ghom by Month 1986–2010"</a>. Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/14.asp">the original</a> on 16 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+relative+humidity+in+Ghom+by+Month+1986%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Iran+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaharmahalmet.ir%2Fstat%2Farchive%2Firan%2Fqom%2FGHOM%2F14.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-precipdays-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-precipdays_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822011201/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/29.asp">"No. of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Ghom by Month 1986–2010"</a>. Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/29.asp">the original</a> on 22 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No.+of+days+with+precipitation+equal+to+or+greater+than+1+mm+in+Ghom+by+Month+1986%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Iran+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaharmahalmet.ir%2Fstat%2Farchive%2Firan%2Fqom%2FGHOM%2F29.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826001622/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/32.asp">"No. of days with snow or sleet in Ghom by Month 1986–2010"</a>. Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/32.asp">the original</a> on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No.+of+days+with+snow+or+sleet+in+Ghom+by+Month+1986%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Iran+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaharmahalmet.ir%2Fstat%2Farchive%2Firan%2Fqom%2FGHOM%2F32.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-sunshine-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sunshine_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906204143/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/42.asp">"Monthly total sunshine hours in Ghom by Month 1986–2010"</a>. Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/qom/GHOM/42.asp">the original</a> on 6 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+total+sunshine+hours+in+Ghom+by+Month+1986%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Iran+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaharmahalmet.ir%2Fstat%2Farchive%2Firan%2Fqom%2FGHOM%2F42.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr,_Vali_2006_p.217-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasr,_Vali_2006_p.217_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr, Vali <i>The Shia Revival</i>, Norton (2006), p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/russia-regrets-reported-iran-nuclear-activity-in-qom-facility-1.406555">Russia 'regrets' reported Iran nuclear activity in Qom facility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, January 10, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16470100">"Iran enriching uranium at Fordo plant near Qom"</a>. BBC. 10 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+enriching+uranium+at+Fordo+plant+near+Qom&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-16470100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzmat_Khan2012" class="citation web cs1">Azmat Khan (13 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/government-elections-politics/did-santorum-suggest-iran-wants-nukes-to-bring-back-messiah">"Did Santorum Suggest Iran Wants Nukes to Bring Back Messiah?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+Santorum+Suggest+Iran+Wants+Nukes+to+Bring+Back+Messiah%3F&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft.au=Azmat+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fgovernment-elections-politics%2Fdid-santorum-suggest-iran-wants-nukes-to-bring-back-messiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkluf_Benn2009" class="citation web cs1">Akluf Benn (3 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/cries-of-hold-me-back-may-lead-israel-to-strike-iran-1.6986">"Cries of 'hold me back' may lead Israel to strike Iran"</a>. Haaretz.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cries+of+%27hold+me+back%27+may+lead+Israel+to+strike+Iran&rft.pub=Haaretz.com&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft.au=Akluf+Benn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fopinion%2Fcries-of-hold-me-back-may-lead-israel-to-strike-iran-1.6986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Qom#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Qom">Bibliography of the history of Qom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Ref_expand plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs more complete <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">add missing citation information</a> so that sources are clearly identifiable.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Balāḏori</li> <li>Drechsler</li> <li>Frye</li> <li>Ghirshman</li> <li>Hakemi</li> <li>Kleiss</li> <li>Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi</li> <li>Najāši</li> <li>Qomi</li> <li>Schippmann</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrani2005" class="citation web cs1">Irani, Hamed (2 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060325235926/http://roozonline.com/11english/011400.shtml">"Qom Concerned over New Intelligence Appointments"</a>. ROOZ (ROOZ Online). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roozonline.com/11english/011400.shtml">the original</a> on 25 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qom+Concerned+over+New+Intelligence+Appointments&rft.pub=ROOZ+%28ROOZ+Online%29&rft.date=2005-11-02&rft.aulast=Irani&rft.aufirst=Hamed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froozonline.com%2F11english%2F011400.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7458709.stm">Sādeq Sabā, <i>Visiting Iran's ayatollahs at Qom</i>, Tuesday, 17 June 2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170573#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata909" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170573#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata909" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170573#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4253094-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Qom (Írán)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1153433&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007562143005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/ebe2e0da-2469-459c-8aa1-956a7be80646">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qom_province,_Iran118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qom_Province" title="Template:Qom Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qom_Province" title="Template talk:Qom Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qom_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qom Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qom_province,_Iran118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qom_province" title="Qom province">Qom province</a>, Iran</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qom</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qom_in_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Qom_in_Iran.svg/150px-Qom_in_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Qom_in_Iran.svg/225px-Qom_in_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Qom_in_Iran.svg/300px-Qom_in_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Counties</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iran">cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qom_County" title="Qom County">Qom County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dastjerd" title="Dastjerd">Dastjerd</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanavat" title="Qanavat">Qanavat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafchegan" title="Salafchegan">Salafchegan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jafarabad_County" title="Jafarabad County">Jafarabad County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jafariyeh" title="Jafariyeh">Jafariyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahan" title="Qahan">Qahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kahak_County" title="Kahak County">Kahak County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahak,_Qom" title="Kahak, Qom">Kahak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelakhtaran_Imamzadeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelakhtaran Imamzadeh (page does not exist)">Chelakhtaran Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hajaskarkhan_bath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hajaskarkhan bath (page does not exist)">Hajaskarkhan bath</a></li> <li>House of <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Mulla_Sadra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Mulla Sadra (page does not exist)">House of Mulla Sadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Masumeh_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine">Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feyziyeh_School" title="Feyziyeh School">Feyziyeh School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamkaran_Mosque" title="Jamkaran Mosque">Jamkaran Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameh_Mosque_of_Qom" title="Jameh Mosque of Qom">Jameh Mosque of Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom_Bazaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qom Bazaar (page does not exist)">Qom Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_dome_garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green dome garden (page does not exist)">Green dome garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namak_Lake" title="Namak Lake">Namak Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howz-e_Soltan_Salt_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howz-e Soltan Salt Lake (page does not exist)">Howz-e Soltan Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qom_salt_dome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qom salt dome (page does not exist)">Qom salt dome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">populated places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Qom_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Qom Province">List of cities, towns and villages in Qom Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Qom_County175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qom_County" title="Template:Qom County"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qom_County" title="Template talk:Qom County"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qom_County" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qom County"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Qom_County175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qom_County" title="Qom County">Qom County</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Iran" title="Administrative divisions of Iran">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Qom_County)" title="Central District (Qom County)">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanavat" title="Qanavat">Qanavat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rural_Districts_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Districts of Iran">Rural Districts</a><br /> and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Qanavat_Rural_District" title="Qanavat Rural District">Qanavat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dowlatabad-e_Aqa" title="Dowlatabad-e Aqa">Dowlatabad-e Aqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslamabad,_Qom" title="Eslamabad, Qom">Eslamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjiabad-e_Aqa" title="Hajjiabad-e Aqa">Hajjiabad-e Aqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoseynabad-e_Mish_Mast" title="Hoseynabad-e Mish Mast">Hoseynabad-e Mish Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamkaran" title="Jamkaran">Jamkaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannatabad,_Qom" title="Jannatabad, Qom">Jannatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerud,_Qom" title="Langerud, Qom">Langerud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobarakabad,_Qom" title="Mobarakabad, Qom">Mobarakabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowmenabad,_Qom" title="Mowmenabad, Qom">Mowmenabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaran" title="Navaran">Navaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajeh,_Qom" title="Sarajeh, Qom">Sarajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsabad,_Qom" title="Shamsabad, Qom">Shamsabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanburak" title="Zanburak">Zanburak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Qomrud_Rural_District" title="Qomrud Rural District">Qomrud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasabad,_Qom" title="Abbasabad, Qom">Abbasabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz,_Qom" title="Alborz, Qom">Alborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliabad,_Qom" title="Aliabad, Qom">Aliabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjirli" title="Anjirli">Anjirli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghak,_Qom" title="Baghak, Qom">Baghak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e_Now,_Qom" title="Bagh-e Now, Qom">Bagh-e Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqerabad,_Qom" title="Baqerabad, Qom">Baqerabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshmeh_Palang-e_Pain" title="Cheshmeh Palang-e Pain">Cheshmeh Palang-e Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshmeh_Shur,_Qom" title="Cheshmeh Shur, Qom">Cheshmeh Shur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulay_Qarqi" title="Dulay Qarqi">Dulay Qarqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farajabad,_Qom" title="Farajabad, Qom">Farajabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feyzabad,_Qom" title="Feyzabad, Qom">Feyzabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjiabad,_Qom" title="Hajjiabad, Qom">Hajjiabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilikhi_Bolaghi" title="Ilikhi Bolaghi">Ilikhi Bolaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafarabad,_Qom" title="Jafarabad, Qom">Jafarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaj,_Qom" title="Kaj, Qom">Kaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuh_Sefid,_Qom" title="Kuh Sefid, Qom">Kuh Sefid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgal" title="Kurgal">Kurgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malekabad,_Qom" title="Malekabad, Qom">Malekabad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazraeh-ye_Allahyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazraeh-ye Allahyar (page does not exist)">Mazraeh-ye Allahyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabad,_Qom" title="Mirabad, Qom">Mirabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammadabad,_Qomrud" title="Mohammadabad, Qomrud">Mohammadabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshkabad,_Qom" title="Moshkabad, Qom">Moshkabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaleh_Soltan_Baji" title="Qaleh Soltan Baji">Qaleh Soltan Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaleh-ye_Sadri" title="Qaleh-ye Sadri">Qaleh-ye Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaleh-ye_Sangi,_Qom" title="Qaleh-ye Sangi, Qom">Qaleh-ye Sangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanbar_Ali" title="Qanbar Ali">Qanbar Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqa_Bolagh,_Qom" title="Qashqa Bolagh, Qom">Qashqa Bolagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeshlaq-e_Alborz" title="Qeshlaq-e Alborz">Qeshlaq-e Alborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeshlaq-e_Malek_Qaleh" title="Qeshlaq-e Malek Qaleh">Qeshlaq-e Malek Qaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qomrud" title="Qomrud">Qomrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatabad,_Qom" title="Rahmatabad, Qom">Rahmatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safarabad,_Qom" title="Safarabad, Qom">Safarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seydabad,_Qom" title="Seydabad, Qom">Seydabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyfabad,_Qom" title="Seyfabad, Qom">Seyfabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrak-e_Dam" title="Shahrak-e Dam">Shahrak-e Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifabad,_Qom" title="Sharifabad, Qom">Sharifabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jafarabad_District_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafarabad District (Iran)">Jafarabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jafariyeh" title="Jafariyeh">Jafariyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rural_Districts_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Districts of Iran">Rural Districts</a><br /> and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jafarabad38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Jafarabad_Rural_District" title="Jafarabad Rural District">Jafarabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdolabad-e_Pain" title="Abdolabad-e Pain">Abdolabad-e Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliabad-e_Enqelab,_Qom" title="Aliabad-e Enqelab, Qom">Aliabad-e Enqelab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliabad-e_Nazarali_Khan" title="Aliabad-e Nazarali Khan">Aliabad-e Nazarali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvirabad" title="Alvirabad">Alvirabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgarli" title="Asgarli">Asgarli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqerabad,_Jafarabad" title="Baqerabad, Jafarabad">Baqerabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostanabad,_Qom" title="Bostanabad, Qom">Bostanabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizar" title="Dizar">Dizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlatabad_(34%C2%B042%E2%80%B2_N_50%C2%B027%E2%80%B2_E),_Jafarabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowlatabad (34°42′ N 50°27′ E), Jafarabad">Dowlatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlatabad_(34%C2%B049%E2%80%B2_N_50%C2%B035%E2%80%B2_E),_Jafarabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowlatabad (34°49′ N 50°35′ E), Jafarabad">Dowlatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golestan,_Qom" title="Golestan, Qom">Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydarabad,_Qom" title="Heydarabad, Qom">Heydarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoseynabad-e_Zand" title="Hoseynabad-e Zand">Hoseynabad-e Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafarabad,_Jafarabad" title="Jafarabad, Jafarabad">Jafarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagh_Neshin,_Qom" title="Kalagh Neshin, Qom">Kalagh Neshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimabad,_Qom" title="Karimabad, Qom">Karimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khederabad,_Qom" title="Khederabad, Qom">Khederabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmudabad,_Qom" title="Mahmudabad, Qom">Mahmudabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masumabad,_Qom" title="Masumabad, Qom">Masumabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moqbelabad,_Qom" title="Moqbelabad, Qom">Moqbelabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najmabad,_Jafarabad" title="Najmabad, Jafarabad">Najmabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurabad,_Jafarabad" title="Nurabad, Jafarabad">Nurabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachian" title="Pachian">Pachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pestagan" title="Pestagan">Pestagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qezelabad,_Qom" title="Qezelabad, Qom">Qezelabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadabad,_Qom" title="Sadabad, Qom">Sadabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar" title="Safdar">Safdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seydabad,_Jafarabad" title="Seydabad, Jafarabad">Seydabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifabad-e_Gavkhuni" title="Sharifabad-e Gavkhuni">Sharifabad-e Gavkhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifabad-e_Zand" title="Sharifabad-e Zand">Sharifabad-e Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghrud" title="Taghrud">Taghrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kahak_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahak District">Kahak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahak,_Qom" title="Kahak, Qom">Kahak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rural_Districts_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Districts of Iran">Rural Districts</a><br /> and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Fordo_Rural_District" title="Fordo Rural District">Fordo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadi_Emamzadeh_Esmail" title="Abadi Emamzadeh Esmail">Abadi Emamzadeh Esmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastgerd,_Qom" title="Dastgerd, Qom">Dastgerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordo" title="Fordo">Fordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaveh,_Qom" title="Khaveh, Qom">Khaveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyyem" title="Meyyem">Meyyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tireh,_Qom" title="Tireh, Qom">Tireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayrij" title="Vayrij">Vayrij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veshnavah" title="Veshnavah">Veshnavah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Kahak_Rural_District" title="Kahak Rural District">Kahak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abarjes" title="Abarjes">Abarjes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhand,_Qom" title="Bidhand, Qom">Bidhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermejegan" title="Kermejegan">Kermejegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowrabad" title="Khowrabad">Khowrabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qobad_Bazn" title="Qobad Bazn">Qobad Bazn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarm,_Iran" title="Sarm, Iran">Sarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahzadeh_Ebrahim" title="Shahzadeh Ebrahim">Shahzadeh Ebrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABr%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīrū">Sīrū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnavaj" title="Varnavaj">Varnavaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verjan" title="Verjan">Verjan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khalajestan_District" title="Khalajestan District">Khalajestan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dastjerd" title="Dastjerd">Dastjerd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rural_Districts_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Districts of Iran">Rural Districts</a><br /> and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Dastjerd_Rural_District_(Qom_Province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastjerd Rural District (Qom Province)">Dastjerd</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadabad,_Qom" title="Ahmadabad, Qom">Ahmadabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amereh,_Qom" title="Amereh, Qom">Amereh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujerd,_Qom" title="Fujerd, Qom">Fujerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv,_Qom" class="mw-redirect" title="Giv, Qom">Giv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanabad,_Khalajestan" title="Hasanabad, Khalajestan">Hasanabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemmatabad,_Qom" title="Hemmatabad, Qom">Hemmatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaabad,_Qom" title="Isaabad, Qom">Isaabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerik_Aghaj" title="Jerik Aghaj">Jerik Aghaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jowzeh,_Qom" title="Jowzeh, Qom">Jowzeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondrud,_Qom" title="Kondrud, Qom">Kondrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansurabad,_Qom" title="Mansurabad, Qom">Mansurabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbulabad" title="Maqbulabad">Maqbulabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujan,_Qom" title="Mujan, Qom">Mujan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayeh" title="Nayeh">Nayeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurabad,_Khalajestan" title="Nurabad, Khalajestan">Nurabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastehgan" title="Rastehgan">Rastehgan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razband&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razband (page does not exist)">Razband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanavand" title="Sanavand">Sanavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefidaleh" title="Sefidaleh">Sefidaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seft" title="Seft">Seft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkh_Deh,_Qom" title="Sorkh Deh, Qom">Sorkh Deh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinuj" title="Tinuj">Tinuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varzaneh,_Qom" title="Varzaneh, Qom">Varzaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veshareh,_Qom" title="Veshareh, Qom">Veshareh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizgan" title="Zizgan">Zizgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Qahan_Rural_District" title="Qahan Rural District">Qahan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_Danak" title="Ab Danak">Ab Danak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghelak" title="Aghelak">Aghelak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algan,_Qom" title="Algan, Qom">Algan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alikhan_Beyki" title="Alikhan Beyki">Alikhan Beyki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjileh,_Qom" title="Anjileh, Qom">Anjileh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banabar,_Khalajestan" title="Banabar, Khalajestan">Banabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahak,_Qom" title="Chahak, Qom">Chahak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamanak" title="Chamanak">Chamanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfid,_Qom" title="Esfid, Qom">Esfid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazabad,_Qom" title="Gazabad, Qom">Gazabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemezqan" title="Jemezqan">Jemezqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasva" title="Kasva">Kasva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiab" title="Kiab">Kiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohandan" title="Kohandan">Kohandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrzamin" title="Mehrzamin">Mehrzamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushakiyeh" title="Mushakiyeh">Mushakiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis,_Iran" title="Nevis, Iran">Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahan" title="Qahan">Qahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushagan" title="Rushagan">Rushagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaqan,_Qom" title="Sulaqan, Qom">Sulaqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasfownjerd" title="Vasfownjerd">Vasfownjerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venan" title="Venan">Venan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salafchegan_District" title="Salafchegan District">Salafchegan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafchegan" title="Salafchegan">Salafchegan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rural_Districts_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Districts of Iran">Rural Districts</a><br /> and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Neyzar_Rural_District" title="Neyzar Rural District">Neyzar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliabad,_Salafchegan" title="Aliabad, Salafchegan">Aliabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chal_Gonbad" title="Chal Gonbad">Chal Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshmeh_Ali,_Qom" title="Cheshmeh Ali, Qom">Cheshmeh Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlatabad,_Salafchegan" title="Dowlatabad, Salafchegan">Dowlatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjiabad-e_Neyzaz" title="Hajjiabad-e Neyzaz">Hajjiabad-e Neyzaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanabad,_Salafchegan" title="Hasanabad, Salafchegan">Hasanabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesar-e_Sorkh,_Qom" title="Hesar-e Sorkh, Qom">Hesar-e Sorkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoseynabad,_Qom" title="Hoseynabad, Qom">Hoseynabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadijeh_Khatun" title="Khadijeh Khatun">Khadijeh Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalajabad" title="Khalajabad">Khalajabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorramabad,_Qom" title="Khorramabad, Qom">Khorramabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majidabad,_Qom" title="Majidabad, Qom">Majidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyzar,_Qom" title="Neyzar, Qom">Neyzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaleh_Cham" title="Qaleh Cham">Qaleh Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariyeh_Khatun" title="Sariyeh Khatun">Sariyeh Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayqan,_Qom" title="Tayqan, Qom">Tayqan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Rahjerd-e_Sharqi_Rural_District" title="Rahjerd-e Sharqi Rural District">Rahjerd-e Sharqi</a><br />(Eastern Rahjerd)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anayit_Beyk" title="Anayit Beyk">Anayit Beyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e_Yek" title="Bagh-e Yek">Bagh-e Yek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besharatabad" title="Besharatabad">Besharatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizijan" title="Dizijan">Dizijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslamabad,_Salafchegan" title="Eslamabad, Salafchegan">Eslamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jondab,_Qom" title="Jondab, Qom">Jondab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazraeh-ye_Abbasabad,_Qom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazraeh-ye Abbasabad, Qom (page does not exist)">Mazraeh-ye Abbasabad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazraeh-ye_Hoseynabad,_Qom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazraeh-ye Hoseynabad, Qom (page does not exist)">Mazraeh-ye Hoseynabad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazraeh-ye_Seh_Tan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazraeh-ye Seh Tan (page does not exist)">Mazraeh-ye Seh Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Beyk" title="Mohammad Beyk">Mohammad Beyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyjeh" title="Neyjeh">Neyjeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaleh-ye_Allahqolibeyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaleh-ye Allahqolibeyk">Qaleh-ye Allahqolibeyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarah_Su,_Qom" title="Qarah Su, Qom">Qarah Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi-ye_Bala" title="Qazi-ye Bala">Qazi-ye Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi-ye_Pain" title="Qazi-ye Pain">Qazi-ye Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahjerd,_Qom" title="Rahjerd, Qom">Rahjerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjagan" title="Sanjagan">Sanjagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyedabad,_Qom" title="Seyyedabad, Qom">Seyyedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurab,_Qom" title="Shurab, Qom">Shurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Khatun,_Qom" title="Taj Khatun, Qom">Taj Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlab" title="Tarlab">Tarlab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekeh_Bagh,_Qom" title="Yekeh Bagh, Qom">Yekeh Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavarian" title="Zavarian">Zavarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_architecture86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_architecture" title="Template talk:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_architecture86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_style" title="Parthian style">Parthian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Early Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/90px-Perspolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/135px-Perspolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/180px-Perspolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khaneqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">Takyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_anbar" title="Ab anbar">Ab anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biruni_(Persian_architecture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biruni (Persian architecture) (page does not exist)">Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalan_e_Vorudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalan e Vorudi (page does not exist)">Dalan e Vorudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashti" title="Hashti">Hashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat#Iran" title="Qanat">Kariz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjdari" title="Panjdari">Panjdari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian Garden (<i>hayāt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talar" title="Talar">Talar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amol" title="Amol">Amol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bam,_Iran" title="Bam, Iran">Bam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur-e-Amir" title="Gur-e-Amir">Gur-e-Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tehran" title="Architecture of Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian_residential_architecture" title="Traditional Persian residential architecture">Traditional Persian residential architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_water_sources_of_Persian_antiquity" title="Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity">Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">Architects of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_in_Iran" title="Category:Castles in Iran"><i>Arg</i>s, castles, and <i>ghal'eh</i>s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ab_anbars_of_Qazvin" title="List of ab anbars of Qazvin">List of ab anbars of Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Iran" title="List of mosques in Iran">List of mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat#Iran" title="Ziyarat">List of ziyarat-gahs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provincial_capitals_of_Iran53" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provincial_capitals_of_Iran" title="Template:Provincial capitals of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provincial_capitals_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Provincial capitals of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provincial_capitals_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provincial capitals of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provincial_capitals_of_Iran53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provincial</a> capitals of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardabil" title="Ardabil">Ardabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birjand" title="Birjand">Birjand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bojnord" title="Bojnord">Bojnord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilam,_Iran" title="Ilam, Iran">Ilam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari,_Iran" title="Sari, Iran">Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnan,_Iran" title="Semnan, Iran">Semnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Kord" title="Shahr-e Kord">Shahr-e Kord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuj" title="Yasuj">Yasuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahedan" title="Zahedan">Zahedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanjan,_Iran" title="Zanjan, Iran">Zanjan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qom&oldid=1271852044">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qom&oldid=1271852044</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Qom" title="Category:Qom">Qom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Qom_County" title="Category:Populated places in Qom County">Populated places in Qom County</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Qom_province" title="Category:Cities in Qom province">Cities in Qom province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_provincial_capitals" title="Category:Iranian provincial capitals">Iranian provincial capitals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_holy_cities" title="Category:Shia holy cities">Shia holy cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holy_cities" title="Category:Holy cities">Holy cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ziyarat" title="Category:Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa)" title="Category:CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)">CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_February_2017" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017">Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_area_code_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Persian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Persian IPA">Pages with Persian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2024">Articles needing additional references from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_February_2017" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from February 2017">Articles with incomplete citations from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018">Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 January 2025, at 01:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qom&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qom</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>91 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-dd7b9dc85-2fhcn","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.335","walltime":"1.709","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10304,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":301060,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20493,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":191215,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1400.416 1 -total"," 32.52% 455.367 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 29.59% 414.320 1 Template:Infobox"," 14.68% 205.631 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.31% 144.419 5 Template:Lang"," 7.05% 98.694 5 Template:Cite_report"," 6.88% 96.358 17 Template:Navbox"," 6.73% 94.260 1 Template:Authority_control"," 4.63% 64.808 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.51% 63.177 18 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.745","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21628141,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-dd7b9dc85-bqkk2","timestamp":"20250131191904","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Qom","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qom","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170573","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170573","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-06T16:36:38Z","dateModified":"2025-01-26T01:31:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a6\/The_image_of_Hazrat_Masoumeh%27s_shrine.jpg","headline":"city in Qom Province, Iran"}</script> </body> </html>