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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eurozone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurozone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Eurozone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurozone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependent_territories_of_EU_member_states_not_part_of_the_EU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependent_territories_of_EU_member_states_not_part_of_the_EU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dependent territories of EU member states not part of the EU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependent_territories_of_EU_member_states_not_part_of_the_EU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-member_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-member_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Non-member usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-member_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_formal_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_formal_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>With formal agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_formal_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Without_formal_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Without_formal_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Without formal agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Without_formal_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_eurozone_enlargements_and_exchange-rate_regimes_for_EU_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_eurozone_enlargements_and_exchange-rate_regimes_for_EU_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Historical eurozone enlargements and exchange-rate regimes for EU members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_eurozone_enlargements_and_exchange-rate_regimes_for_EU_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_enlargement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_enlargement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Future enlargement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_enlargement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion_and_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_and_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Expulsion and withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_and_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administration and representation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_and_representation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration and representation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Comparison table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Inflation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interest_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interest_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Interest rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interest_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Public debt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Fiscal policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bailout_provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bailout_provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bailout provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bailout_provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peer_review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer_review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Peer review</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer_review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurozone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="منطقة اليورو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة اليورو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_er%C3%B4" title="Zona erô – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Zona erô" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozona" title="Eurozona – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eurozona" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrozona" title="Avrozona – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avrozona" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="ইউরো অঞ্চল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরো অঞ্চল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Еўразона – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еўразона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Эўразона – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўразона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Еврозона – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еврозона" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozona" title="Eurozona – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eurozona" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_euro" title="Zona euro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zona euro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroz%C3%B3na" title="Eurozóna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eurozóna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardal_yr_ewro" title="Ardal yr ewro – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ardal yr ewro" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozonen" title="Eurozonen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eurozonen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eurozone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroala" title="Euroala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Euroala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CE%B6%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ευρωζώνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευρωζώνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozona" title="Eurozona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eurozona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADrozono" title="Eŭrozono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭrozono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_Euru" title="Zona Euru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Zona Euru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogunea" title="Eurogunea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eurogunea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="منطقه یورو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه یورو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_euro" title="Zone euro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zone euro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euros%C3%B4ne" title="Eurosône – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eurosône" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_dal_Euro" title="Zone dal Euro – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Zone dal Euro" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limist%C3%A9ar_an_euro" title="Limistéar an euro – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Limistéar an euro" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozona" title="Eurozona – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eurozona" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A1%9C%EC%A1%B4" title="유로존 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유로존" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB" title="Եվրագոտի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրագոտի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="यूरोक्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरोक्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozona" title="Eurozona – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eurozona" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_euro" title="Zona euro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zona euro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozona" title="Eurozona – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eurozona" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Еврозонæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Еврозонæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrusv%C3%A6%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Evrusvæðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Evrusvæðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_euro" title="Zona euro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zona euro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95" title="גוש האירו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוש האירו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laladan_%C3%A9uro" title="Laladan éuro – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Laladan éuro" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ევროზონა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევროზონა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Еуроаймақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еуроаймақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirozona" title="Eirozona – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Eirozona" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirozona" title="Eirozona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eirozona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozon" title="Eurozon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eurozon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_zona" title="Euro zona – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Euro zona" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eurozone" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3z%C3%B3na" title="Eurózóna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eurózóna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Еврозона – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еврозона" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faritra_euro" title="Faritra euro – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Faritra euro" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="യൂറോസോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂറോസോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="युरोक्षेत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युरोक्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="منطقة اليورو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منطقة اليورو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon_euro" title="Zon euro – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zon euro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eurozone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="युरोजोन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युरोजोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E5%9C%8F" title="ユーロ圏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーロ圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euror%C3%BCm" title="Eurorüm – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eurorüm" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosonen" title="Eurosonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eurosonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosona" title="Eurosona – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eurosona" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Broz%C3%B4ne" title="Ûrozône – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ûrozône" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_%C3%88uro" title="Zona Èuro – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zona Èuro" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevro_hudud" title="Yevro hudud – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yevro hudud" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strefa_euro" title="Strefa euro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strefa euro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_Euro" title="Zona Euro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zona Euro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_euro" title="Zona euro – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zona euro" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Еврозона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Еврозона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Эурозона – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эурозона" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eurozone" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro-Soone" title="Euro-Soone – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Euro-Soone" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozona" title="Eurozona – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eurozona" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euruzzona" title="Euruzzona – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Euruzzona" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eurozone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroz%C3%B3na" title="Eurozóna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eurozóna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evroobmo%C4%8Dje" title="Evroobmočje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evroobmočje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86" title="ناوچەی یۆرۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوچەی یۆرۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Еврозона – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еврозона" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozona" title="Eurozona – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eurozona" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroalue" title="Euroalue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euroalue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroomr%C3%A5det" title="Euroområdet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Euroområdet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐரோ வலயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோ வலயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99" title="ยูโรโซน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูโรโซน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_b%C3%B6lgesi" title="Euro bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Euro bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Єврозона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єврозона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_de_l%27Euro" title="Zona de l'Euro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zona de l'Euro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_v%E1%BB%B1c_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_euro" title="Khu vực đồng euro – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khu vực đồng euro" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83%E5%8C%BA" title="欧元区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧元区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="אייראזאנע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייראזאנע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%85%83%E5%8D%80" title="歐元區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歐元區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area in which the euro is the official currency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a>, a term used to denote the entire path along with all related policies, leading to the adoption of the euro, of which the eurozone is the most advanced stage only.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurodistrict" title="Eurodistrict">Eurodistrict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroregion" title="Euroregion">Euroregion</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Eurozine" title="Eurozine">Eurozine</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:4px"><caption class="infobox-title">Euro area</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="float:none; position:relative; padding:10px 10px 80px; overflow:auto;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; font-size: 75%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: visible;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurozone_Internal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eurozone_Internal.svg/400px-Eurozone_Internal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eurozone_Internal.svg/600px-Eurozone_Internal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eurozone_Internal.svg/800px-Eurozone_Internal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:192px; top:262px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_euro_coins" title="Austrian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Austria</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:228px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_euro_coins" title="Belgian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Belgium</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:198px; top:280px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_euro_coins" title="Croatian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Croatia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:354px; top:380px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_euro_coins" title="Cypriot euro coins"><span style="color:white">Cyprus</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:92px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_euro_coins" title="Finnish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Finland</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:242px; top:132px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_euro_coins" title="Estonian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Estonia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:268px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/French_euro_coins" title="French euro coins"><span style="color:white">France</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:352px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins"><span style="color:white">Greece</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:156px; top:224px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/German_euro_coins" title="German euro coins"><span style="color:white">Germany</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:42px; top:188px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Irish_euro_coins" title="Irish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Ireland</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:316px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Italian_euro_coins" title="Italian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Italy</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:242px; top:152px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Latvia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:242px; top:172px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Lithuania</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:142px; top:240px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_euro_coins" title="Luxembourgish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Luxembourg</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:388px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_euro_coins" title="Maltese euro coins"><span style="color:white">Malta</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:102px; top:208px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_euro_coins" title="Dutch euro coins"><span style="color:white">Netherlands</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:6px; top:336px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_euro_coins" title="Portuguese euro coins"><span style="color:white">Portugal</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:234px; top:248px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_euro_coins" title="Slovak euro coins"><span style="color:white">Slovakia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:153.6px; top:276px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_euro_coins" title="Slovenian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Slovenia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:328px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_euro_coins" title="Spanish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Spain</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:308px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Andorran_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorran euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>Andorra</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:134px; top:296px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_euro_coins" title="Monégasque euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>Monaco</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:300px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sammarinese euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>San Marino</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:332px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>Vatican City</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:310px"><span style="background:#a050ff"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro"><span style="color:white"><small>Kos</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:218px; top:312px"><span style="background:#a050ff"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro"><span style="color:white"><small>Mont.</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:2px; top:408px"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> Eurozone members (20)</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:2px; top:432px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd617; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" title="International status and usage of the euro">Monetary agreement</a> (4)</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:2px; top:456px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a050ff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Unilateral_adopters" title="International status and usage of the euro">Unilaterally adopted</a> (2)</div></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;bottom:2px;right:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurozone_labelled_map_interior" title="Template:Eurozone labelled map interior"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/20px-Desc-i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/30px-Desc-i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/40px-Desc-i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Policy of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">Monetary union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>20 states</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><small><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">Further usage</a></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#efefef">Governance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monetary_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary authority">Monetary authority</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political oversight</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#efefef">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">2,801,552 km<sup>2</sup> (1,081,685 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">350,077,581 (January 1, 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-population_jan_2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_jan_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th><td class="infobox-data">125/km<sup>2</sup> (323.7/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">€14.372 trillion<br />€40,990 (per capita) (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-europa1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy#Interest_rates" title="Monetary policy">Interest rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.00%<sup id="cite_ref-interest_rates_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interest_rates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inflation</th><td class="infobox-data">2.4% (March 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unemployment</th><td class="infobox-data">6.5% (February 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_current_account_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by current account balance">Trade balance</a></th><td class="infobox-data">€310 billion trade surplus<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>euro area</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly called the <b>eurozone</b> (<b>EZ</b>), is a <a href="/wiki/Monetary_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary union">currency union</a> of 20 <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) that have adopted the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) as their primary <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> and sole <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a>, and have thus fully implemented <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">EMU</a> policies. </p><p>The 20 eurozone members are: </p> <dl><dd>Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.</dd></dl> <p>The seven non-eurozone members of the EU are <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. They continue to use their own national currencies, although all but Denmark are obliged to join once they meet the <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">euro convergence criteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among non-EU member states, <a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Andorra–European Union relations">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Monaco–European Union relations">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="San Marino–European Union relations">San Marino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_See-European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See-European Union relations">Vatican City</a> have formal agreements with the EU to use the euro as their official currency and issue their own coins.<sup id="cite_ref-agreements2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agreements2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-design2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amisdeleuro2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amisdeleuro2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> have adopted the euro unilaterally, relying on euros already in circulation rather than minting currencies of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-agreements_22_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agreements_22-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These six countries, however, have no representation in any eurozone institution.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary authority">monetary authority</a> of the eurozone, the <a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a> is an informal body of <a href="/wiki/Finance_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance minister">finance ministers</a> that makes <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a> for the currency union, and the <a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a> is responsible for fiscal and monetary cooperation between eurozone and non-eurozone EU members. The <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB) makes monetary policy for the eurozone, sets its base <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rate</a>, and issues euro banknotes and coins. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, the eurozone has established and used provisions for granting emergency loans to member states in return for enacting economic reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eurozone has also enacted some limited <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_union" title="Fiscal union">fiscal integration</a>; for example, in peer review of each other's national budgets. The issue is political and in a state of flux in terms of what further provisions will be agreed for eurozone change. No eurozone member state has left, and there are no provisions to do so or to be expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territory">Territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurozone">Eurozone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eurozone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, eleven <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states of the European Union</a> had met the <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">euro convergence criteria</a>, and the eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro (alongside national currencies) on 1 January 1999 in those countries: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Greece qualified in 2000 and was admitted on 1 January 2001. </p><p>These twelve founding members introduced physical <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">euro banknotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">euro coins</a> on 1 January 2002. After a short transition period, they took out of circulation and rendered invalid their pre-euro national coins and notes. </p><p>Between 2007 and 2023, eight new states have acceded: Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia, and Slovenia. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; line-height:1.33"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">state</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO code</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">adopted</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">on 1 January of</span> </th> <th>population in 2021<sup id="cite_ref-population_jan_2023_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population_jan_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Income" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross National Income">GNI</a> in 2021 <span style="font-size:85%;">in millions of USD</span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Income" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross National Income">GNI</a> as fraction of eurozone total </th> <th>nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Income" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross National Income">GNI</a> per capita <span style="font-size:85%;">in 2021 in USD</span> </th> <th>pre-euro currency </th> <th>conversion rate of euro to pre-euro currency<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th class="unsortable">pre-euro currency was also used in </th> <th class="unsortable">territories where euro is not used </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></span> </td> <td>AT</td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-original11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006893266400000000♠">8,932,664</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005472474000000000♠">472,474</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7000326702961156579♠" style="display:none"></span>3.27% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004528930000000000♠">52,893</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austrian_schilling" title="Austrian schilling">schilling</a> </td> <td>13.7603</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Belgium"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></span> </td> <td>BE</td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-original11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7007115547670000000♠">11,554,767</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005585375000000000♠">585,375</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7000404770941654001♠" style="display:none"></span>4.05% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004506610000000000♠">50,661</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">franc</a> </td> <td>40.3399</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Croatia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></span> </td> <td>HR</td> <td>2023<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006403635500000000♠">4,036,355</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004687240000000000♠">68,724</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="6999475207827362453♠" style="display:none"></span>0.48% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004170260000000000♠">17,026</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatian_kuna" title="Croatian kuna">kuna</a> </td> <td>7.53450</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Cyprus"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></span> </td> <td>CY</td> <td>2008<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005896007000000000♠">896,007</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004256340000000000♠">25,634</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="6999177252160040293♠" style="display:none"></span>0.18% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004286090000000000♠">28,609</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_pound" title="Cypriot pound">pound</a> </td> <td>0.585274</td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Estonia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></span> </td> <td>EE</td> <td>2011<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006133006800000000♠">1,330,068</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004352190000000000♠">35,219</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="6999243529836329058♠" style="display:none"></span>0.24% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004264790000000000♠">26,479</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_kroon" title="Estonian kroon">kroon</a> </td> <td>15.6466</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Finland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></span> </td> <td>FI</td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-original11_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006553379300000000♠">5,533,793</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005296473000000000♠">296,473</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7000205003041443496♠" style="display:none"></span>2.05% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004535750000000000♠">53,575</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">markka</a> </td> <td>5.94573</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span> </td> <td>FR</td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-original11_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7007676566820000000♠">67,656,682</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006299155300000000♠">2,991,553</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7001206857779170250♠" style="display:none"></span>20.69% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004442170000000000♠">44,217</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">franc</a> </td> <td>6.55957</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CFP_note_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFP_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CFP_note_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFP_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CFP_note_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFP_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></span> </td> <td>DE</td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-original11_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7007831550310000000♠">83,155,031</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006429832500000000♠">4,298,325</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7001297217520014509♠" style="display:none"></span>29.72% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004516900000000000♠">51,690</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Mark</a> </td> <td>1.95583</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></span> </td> <td>GR<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2001<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7007106786320000000♠">10,678,632</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005212807000000000♠">212,807</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7000147150270818813♠" style="display:none"></span>1.47% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004199280000000000♠">19,928</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">drachma</a> </td> <td>340.750</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Ireland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></span> </td> <td>IE</td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-original11_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006500632400000000♠">5,006,324</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005383084000000000♠">383,084</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7000264892199722539♠" style="display:none"></span>2.65% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004765200000000000♠">76,520</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">pound</a> </td> <td>0.787564</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></span> </td> <td>IT</td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-original11_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7007592362130000000♠">59,236,213</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006212711900000000♠">2,127,119</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7001147084511747190♠" style="display:none"></span>14.71% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004359090000000000♠">35,909</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lira</a> </td> <td>1936.27</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Latvia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></span> </td> <td>LV</td> <td>2014<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006189322300000000♠">1,893,223</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004372950000000000♠">37,295</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="6999257884813478300♠" style="display:none"></span>0.26% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004196990000000000♠">19,699</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">lats</a> </td> <td>0.702804</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Lithuania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span> </td> <td>LT</td> <td>2015<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006279568000000000♠">2,795,680</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004608840000000000♠">60,884</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="6999420996352964548♠" style="display:none"></span>0.42% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004217780000000000♠">21,778</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_litas" title="Lithuanian litas">litas</a> </td> <td>3.45280</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Luxembourg"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></span> </td> <td>LU</td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-original11_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005634730000000000♠">634,730</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004564490000000000♠">56,449</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="6999390329530393794♠" style="display:none"></span>0.39% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004889340000000000♠">88,934</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_franc" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish franc">franc</a> </td> <td>40.3399</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Malta"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></span> </td> <td>MT</td> <td>2008<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005516100000000000♠">516,100</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004159480000000000♠">15,948</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="6999110276096134922♠" style="display:none"></span>0.11% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004309010000000000♠">30,901</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maltese_lira" title="Maltese lira">lira</a> </td> <td>0.429300</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span> </td> <td>NL</td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-original11_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7007174754150000000♠">17,475,415</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005967837000000000♠">967,837</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7000669233045240374♠" style="display:none"></span>6.69% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004553830000000000♠">55,383</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">guilder</a> </td> <td>2.20371</td> <td> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Caribbean_guilder_group=lower-alpha_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_guilder_group=lower-alpha-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Caribbean_guilder_group=lower-alpha_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_guilder_group=lower-alpha-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></span> </td> <td>PT</td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-original11_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7007102982520000000♠">10,298,252</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005246714000000000♠">246,714</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7000170596042023020♠" style="display:none"></span>1.71% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004239570000000000♠">23,957</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_escudo" title="Portuguese escudo">escudo</a> </td> <td>200.482</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Slovakia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></span> </td> <td>SK</td> <td>2009<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006545978100000000♠">5,459,781</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005112424000000000♠">112,424</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="6999777381479299756♠" style="display:none"></span>0.78% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004205910000000000♠">20,591</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovak_koruna" title="Slovak koruna">koruna</a> </td> <td>30.1260</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Slovenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></span> </td> <td>SI</td> <td>2007<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006210897700000000♠">2,108,977</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004596080000000000♠">59,608</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="6999412173158917134♠" style="display:none"></span>0.41% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004282640000000000♠">28,264</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_tolar" title="Slovenian tolar">tolar</a> </td> <td>239.640</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></span> </td> <td>ES</td> <td>1999<sup id="cite_ref-original11_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-original11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7007473986950000000♠">47,398,695</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006140793600000000♠">1,407,936</span> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7000973549571656747♠" style="display:none"></span>9.74% </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004297040000000000♠">29,704</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">peseta</a> </td> <td>166.386</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>eurozone </th> <th>EZ<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </th> <th style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7008346597389000000♠">346,597,389</span><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7007144618830000000♠">14,461,883</span> </th> <th style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100.00% </th> <th style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004417250000000000♠">41,725</span> </th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</th> <th data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</th> <th>see above </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependent_territories_of_EU_member_states_not_part_of_the_EU">Dependent territories of EU member states not part of the EU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dependent territories of EU member states not part of the EU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three French <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Dependent_territories_outside_the_EU" title="International status and usage of the euro">dependent territories that are not part of the EU</a> have adopted the euro, with France ensuring eurozone laws are implemented: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_collectivity_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial collectivity of Saint Barthélemy">Territorial collectivity of Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Collectivity_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon">Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-member_usage">Non-member usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-member usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage of the euro</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurozone_participation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eurozone_participation.svg/301px-Eurozone_participation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="301" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eurozone_participation.svg/452px-Eurozone_participation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eurozone_participation.svg/602px-Eurozone_participation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption><b>Eurozone participation</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228772891">.mw-parser-output .glossary dt{margin-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .glossary dt+dt{margin-top:-0.2em}.mw-parser-output .glossary .templatequote{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-0.5em}</style> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="european_union_member_states"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">European Union member states</a></dfn></dt> (<a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">special territories</a> not shown) <dd> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> 20 in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">eurozone</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#46a43b; color:black;"> </span> 1 in <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">ERM II</a>, without an <a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-out</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_and_the_euro" title="Bulgaria and the euro">Bulgaria</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a050ff; color:black;"> </span> 1 in ERM II, with an opt-out (<a href="/wiki/Denmark_and_the_euro" title="Denmark and the euro">Denmark</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd617; color:black;"> </span> 5 not in ERM II, but obliged to join the eurozone on meeting the <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">convergence criteria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_and_the_euro" title="Czech Republic and the euro">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_euro" title="Hungary and the euro">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_euro" title="Poland and the euro">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania_and_the_euro" title="Romania and the euro">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro">Sweden</a>)</div> </dd> <dt id="non–eu_member_states"><dfn>Non–EU member states</dfn></dt> <dd> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F29527; color:black;"> </span> 4 using the euro with a monetary agreement (<a href="/wiki/Andorra_and_the_euro" title="Andorra and the euro">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_euro_coins" title="Monégasque euro coins">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino_euro_coins" title="San Marino euro coins">San Marino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican City</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#da2131; color:white;"> </span> 2 using the euro unilaterally (<a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro">Montenegro</a>)</div> </dd> </dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euro_accession_map" title="Template:Euro accession map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euro_accession_map" title="Template talk:Euro accession map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euro_accession_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euro accession map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="With_formal_agreement">With formal agreement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: With formal agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The euro is also used in countries outside the EU. Four states (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City) have signed formal agreements with the EU to use the euro and issue their own coins.<sup id="cite_ref-agreements_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agreements-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agreements_2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agreements_2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, they are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB and do not have a seat in the ECB or Euro Group. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (located on the island of Cyprus) belong to the United Kingdom, but there are agreements between the United Kingdom and Cyprus<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and between United Kingdom and EU<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> about their partial integration with Cyprus and partial adoption of Cypriot law, including the usage of euro in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several currencies are pegged to the euro, some of them with a fluctuation band and others with an exact rate. The <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_convertible_mark" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark">Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark</a> was once pegged to the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche mark">Deutsche mark</a> at par, and continues to be pegged to the euro today at the Deutsche mark's old rate (1.95583 per euro). The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a> was initially pegged to the Deutsche Mark at a rate of BGL 1000 to DEM 1 in 1997, and has been pegged at a rate of BGN 1.95583 to EUR 1 since the introduction of the euro and the redenomination of the lev in 1999. The <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA francs</a> are pegged exactly at 655.957 CFA to 1 EUR. In 1998, in anticipation of <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> addressed the monetary agreements France had with the <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA Zone</a> and Comoros, and ruled that the ECB had no obligation towards the convertibility of the CFA and <a href="/wiki/Comorian_franc" title="Comorian franc">Comorian francs</a>. The responsibility of the free convertibility remained in the <a href="/wiki/French_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="French Treasury">French Treasury</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Without_formal_agreement">Without formal agreement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Without formal agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> unilaterally adopted the euro as their sole currency without an agreement and, therefore, have no issuing rights.<sup id="cite_ref-agreements_2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agreements_2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These states are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB. However, sometimes the term <i>eurozone</i> is applied to all territories that have adopted the euro as their sole currency.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further unilateral adoption of the euro (<a href="/wiki/Euroisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Euroisation">euroisation</a>), by both non-euro EU and non-EU members, is opposed by the ECB and EU.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_eurozone_enlargements_and_exchange-rate_regimes_for_EU_members">Historical eurozone enlargements and exchange-rate regimes for EU members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical eurozone enlargements and exchange-rate regimes for EU members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">History of the euro</a></div> <p>The chart below provides a full summary of all applying <a href="/wiki/Exchange-rate_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange-rate regime">exchange-rate regimes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU members</a>, since the birth, on 13 March 1979, of the <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange Rate Mechanism">Exchange Rate Mechanism</a> and the related new common currency <a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">ECU</a>. On 1 January 1999, the euro replaced the ECU 1:1 at the exchange rate markets. During 1979–1999, the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> functioned as a de facto anchor for the ECU, meaning there was only a minor difference between pegging a currency against the ECU and pegging it against the Deutsche Mark. </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_qecnojjpxerm0v3s7vu8mybk60pwwa3"></map><img usemap="#timeline_qecnojjpxerm0v3s7vu8mybk60pwwa3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/qecnojjpxerm0v3s7vu8mybk60pwwa3.png" /></div> <p><small><b>Sources:</b> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/european_economy/convergence_reports_en.htm">EC convergence reports 1996-2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/quaderni-storia/2005-0010/Q10_Garofalo.pdf">Italian lira</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hec.unil.ch/pbacchetta/Printed%20papers/WE97.pdf">Spanish peseta</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9775.pdf">Portuguese escudo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.wu-wien.ac.at/ecsa//emu/papgenberg.pdf">Finnish markka</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9775.pdf">Greek drachma</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/britain-european-exchange-rate-mechanism">Sterling</a></i></small> </p> </div> <p>The eurozone was born with its first 11 member states on 1 January 1999. The first <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">enlargement of the eurozone</a>, to Greece, took place on 1 January 2001, one year before the euro physically entered into circulation. The next enlargements were to states which <a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">joined the EU in 2004</a>, and then joined the eurozone on 1 January of the year noted: Slovenia in 2007, Cyprus in 2008, Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015. Croatia, which <a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">acceded to the EU in 2013</a>, adopted the euro in 2023. </p><p>All new EU members joining the bloc after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> in 1992 are obliged to adopt the euro under the terms of their accession treaties. However, the last of the five economic <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">convergence criteria</a> which need first to be complied with in order to qualify for euro adoption, is the exchange rate stability criterion, which requires having been an ERM-member for a minimum of two years without the presence of "severe tensions" for the currency exchange rate. </p><p>In September 2011, a diplomatic source close to the euro adoption preparation talks with the seven remaining new member states who had yet to adopt the euro at that time (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania), claimed that the monetary union (eurozone) they had thought they were going to join upon their signing of the accession treaty may very well end up being a very different union, entailing a much closer fiscal, economic, and political convergence than originally anticipated. This changed legal status of the eurozone could potentially cause them to conclude that the conditions for their promise to join were no longer valid, which "could force them to stage new referendums" on euro adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_enlargement">Future enlargement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Future enlargement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Enlargement of the eurozone</a></div> <div 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shape="rect" coords="166,129,186,144" alt="Austria" title="Austria" /><area href="/wiki/Germany" shape="rect" coords="166,149,186,163" alt="Germany" title="Germany" /><area href="/wiki/Portugal" shape="rect" coords="166,168,186,181" alt="Portugal" title="Portugal" /><area href="/wiki/Slovenia" shape="rect" coords="191,149,211,163" alt="Slovenia" title="Slovenia" /><area href="/wiki/Malta" shape="rect" coords="191,168,211,181" alt="Malta" title="Malta" /><area href="/wiki/Croatia" shape="rect" coords="166,196,186,209" alt="Croatia" title="Croatia" /><area href="/wiki/Cyprus" shape="rect" coords="219,149,239,163" alt="Cyprus" title="Cyprus" /><area href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" shape="rect" coords="221,173,241,186" alt="Republic of Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland" /><area href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" shape="rect" coords="252,173,272,186" alt="United Kingdom" title="United Kingdom" /><area href="/wiki/Turkey" shape="rect" coords="219,40,239,53" alt="Turkey" title="Turkey" /><area href="/wiki/Monaco" shape="rect" coords="178,231,196,244" alt="Monaco" title="Monaco" /><area href="/wiki/Andorra" shape="rect" coords="199,231,219,244" alt="Andorra" title="Andorra" /><area href="/wiki/San_Marino" shape="rect" coords="221,231,241,244" alt="San Marino" title="San Marino" /><area href="/wiki/Vatican_City" shape="rect" coords="372,231,392,244" alt="Vatican City" title="Vatican City" /><area href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" shape="rect" coords="256,61,274,75" alt="Georgia (country)" title="Georgia (country)" /><area href="/wiki/Ukraine" shape="rect" coords="256,81,274,96" alt="Ukraine" title="Ukraine" /><area href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" shape="rect" coords="281,61,300,75" alt="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan" /><area href="/wiki/Moldova" shape="rect" coords="281,81,300,96" alt="Moldova" title="Moldova" /><area href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" shape="rect" coords="286,148,305,161" alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina" /><area href="/wiki/Armenia" shape="rect" coords="312,61,332,75" alt="Armenia" title="Armenia" /><area href="/wiki/Montenegro" shape="rect" coords="312,148,332,161" alt="Montenegro" title="Montenegro" /><area href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" shape="rect" coords="312,123,332,136" alt="North Macedonia" title="North Macedonia" /><area href="/wiki/Albania" shape="rect" coords="312,105,332,118" alt="Albania" title="Albania" /><area href="/wiki/Serbia" shape="rect" coords="286,123,305,136" alt="Serbia" title="Serbia" /><area href="/wiki/Kosovo" shape="rect" coords="342,148,362,161" alt="Kosovo" title="Kosovo" /><area href="/wiki/Russia" shape="rect" coords="372,126,392,139" alt="Russia" title="Russia" /><area href="/wiki/Belarus" shape="rect" coords="372,148,392,161" alt="Belarus" title="Belarus" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Template talk:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <p>Seven countries (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>) are <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> members but do not use the euro. </p><p>Before joining the eurozone, a state must spend at least two years in the <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">European Exchange Rate Mechanism</a> (ERM II). As of January 2023, the central bank of Denmark and the Bulgarian central bank participate in ERM II. </p><p>Denmark obtained a special <a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-out</a> in the original <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, and thus is legally exempt from joining the eurozone unless its government decides otherwise, either by parliamentary vote or <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. The United Kingdom likewise had an opt-out prior to <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrawing from the EU</a> in 2020. </p><p>The remaining six countries are obliged to adopt the euro in future, although the EU has so far not tried to enforce any time plan. They should join as soon as they fulfill the convergence criteria, which include being part of ERM II for two years. <a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro">Sweden</a>, which joined the EU in 1995 after the Maastricht Treaty was signed, is required to join the eurozone. However, the Swedish people turned down euro adoption in a <a href="/wiki/2003_Swedish_euro_referendum" title="2003 Swedish euro referendum">2003 referendum</a> and since then the country has intentionally avoided fulfilling the adoption requirements by not joining ERM II, which is voluntary.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria joined ERM II on 10 July 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interest in joining the eurozone increased in Denmark, and initially in Poland, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>. In Iceland, there was an increase in interest in joining the European Union, a pre-condition for adopting the euro.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 2010 the debt crisis in the eurozone caused interest from Poland, as well as the Czech Republic, Denmark and Sweden to cool.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsion_and_withdrawal">Expulsion and withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expulsion and withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Withdrawal from the eurozone">Withdrawal from the eurozone</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Greek withdrawal from the eurozone">Greek withdrawal from the eurozone</a></div> <p>In the opinion of journalist Leigh Phillips and <a href="/wiki/Locke_Lord" title="Locke Lord">Locke Lord</a>'s Charles Proctor,<sup id="cite_ref-noone_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noone-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-locke_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locke-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no provision in any European Union treaty for an exit from the eurozone. In fact, they argued, the Treaties make it clear that the process of <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">monetary union</a> was intended to be "irreversible" and "irrevocable".<sup id="cite_ref-locke_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locke-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2009, a <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> legal study argued that, while voluntary withdrawal is legally not possible, expulsion remains "conceivable".<sup id="cite_ref-ecblegal_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecblegal-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although an explicit provision for an exit option does not exist, many experts and politicians in Europe have suggested an option to leave the eurozone should be included in the relevant treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-activ_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activ-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the issue of leaving the eurozone, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> has stated that "[t]he irrevocability of membership in the euro area is an integral part of the Treaty framework and the Commission, as a guardian of the EU Treaties, intends to fully respect [that irrevocability]."<sup id="cite_ref-rehn_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehn-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It added that it "does not intend to propose [any] amendment" to the relevant Treaties, the current status being "the best way going forward to increase the resilience of euro area Member States to potential economic and financial crises.<sup id="cite_ref-rehn_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehn-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, responding to a question by a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a>, has stated that an exit is not allowed under the Treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise there is no provision for a state to be expelled from the euro.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, however, including the Dutch government, favour the creation of an expulsion provision for the case whereby a heavily indebted state in the eurozone refuses to comply with an EU economic reform policy.<sup id="cite_ref-phillips_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a Texas law journal, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> law professor Jens Dammann has argued that even now EU law contains an implicit right for member states to leave the eurozone if they no longer meet the criteria that they had to meet in order to join it.<sup id="cite_ref-Jens_Dammann_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jens_Dammann-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, he has suggested that, under narrow circumstances, the European Union can expel member states from the eurozone.<sup id="cite_ref-Jens_Dammann2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jens_Dammann2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_representation">Administration and representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administration and representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_EZB-Neubau.20130909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Frankfurt_EZB-Neubau.20130909.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_EZB-Neubau.20130909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Frankfurt_EZB-Neubau.20130909.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_EZB-Neubau.20130909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Frankfurt_EZB-Neubau.20130909.jpg/440px-Frankfurt_EZB-Neubau.20130909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seat_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="Seat of the European Central Bank">seat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a> depicted) is the supranational <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">monetary authority</a> of the eurozone.</figcaption></figure> <p>The monetary policy of all countries in the eurozone is managed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB) and the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a> which comprises the ECB and the central banks of the EU states who have joined the eurozone. Countries outside the eurozone are not represented in these institutions. Whereas all EU member states are part of the <a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a> (ESCB), non EU member states have no say in all three institutions, even those with monetary agreements such as Monaco. The ECB is entitled to authorise the design and printing of <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">euro banknotes</a> and the volume of <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">euro coins</a> minted, and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">its president</a> is currently <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a>. </p><p>The eurozone is represented politically by its finance ministers, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a>, and is presided over by a president, currently <a href="/wiki/Paschal_Donohoe" title="Paschal Donohoe">Paschal Donohoe</a>. The finance ministers of the EU member states that use the euro meet a day before a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">Economic and Financial Affairs Council</a> (Ecofin) of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>. The Group is not an official Council formation but when the full EcoFin council votes on matters only affecting the eurozone, only Euro Group members are permitted to vote on it.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FT_EGE_BG_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT_EGE_BG-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the global <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, the Euro Group has met irregularly not as finance ministers, but as heads of state and government (like the European Council). It is in this forum, the <a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a>, that many eurozone reforms have been decided upon. In 2011, former <a href="/wiki/French_President" class="mw-redirect" title="French President">French President</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> pushed for these summits to become regular and twice a year in order for it to be a 'true economic government'.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform">Reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2008 in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, future <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> suggested that the eurozone should be represented at the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> as a bloc, rather than each member state separately: "It is absurd for those 15 countries not to agree to have a single representation at the IMF. It makes us look absolutely ridiculous. We are regarded as buffoons on the international scene".<sup id="cite_ref-Common_IMF_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Common_IMF-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 Juncker stated that he aims to have this agreed by the end of his mandate in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economic_%26_Financial_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Economic & Financial Affairs">Finance Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Almunia" title="Joaquín Almunia">Joaquín Almunia</a> stated that before there is common representation, a common political agenda should be agreed upon.<sup id="cite_ref-Common_IMF_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Common_IMF-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leading EU figures including the commission and national governments have proposed a variety of reforms to the eurozone's architecture; notably the creation of a Finance Minister, a larger eurozone budget, and reform of the current bailout mechanisms into either a "European Monetary Fund" or a eurozone <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">Treasury</a>. While many have similar themes, details vary greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_with_economy_larger_than_Eurozone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Countries_with_economy_larger_than_Eurozone.png/330px-Countries_with_economy_larger_than_Eurozone.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Countries_with_economy_larger_than_Eurozone.png/495px-Countries_with_economy_larger_than_Eurozone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Countries_with_economy_larger_than_Eurozone.png/660px-Countries_with_economy_larger_than_Eurozone.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="3627" /></a><figcaption>Countries with economy larger than the eurozone</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_table">Comparison table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comparison table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Comparison of the eurozone with US and China <sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-europa1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable"> </th> <th>Population (2023) </th> <th>GDP (Local currency) (2023) </th> <th>GDP (<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>) (2023) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>1410 million </td> <td>CNY 126.1 trillion  </td> <td>US$ 17.7 trillion  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg/22px-Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg/33px-Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg/44px-Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="329" /></a></span> Eurozone </td> <td>349 million </td> <td>EUR 14.4 trillion </td> <td>US$ 15.6 trillion </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>335 million </td> <td>USD 26.9 trillion </td> <td>US$ 26.9 trillion </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-left" style="width: 70em;"> <caption>Comparison with economies of individual sovereign countries </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Economy </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 40em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Nominal GDP (billions in USD) – Peak year as of 2020</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(01) United States <small><i>(Peak in 2019)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:39em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">21,439</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(02) China <small><i>(Peak in 2020)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:27em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">14,860</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(03) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg/22px-Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg/33px-Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg/44px-Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="329" /></a></span> <b>Eurozone <small><i>(Peak in 2008)</i></small></b> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:25.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">14,188</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(04) Japan <small><i>(Peak in 2012)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:11.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">6,203</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(05) United Kingdom <small><i>(Peak in 2007)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">3,085</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(06) India <small><i>(Peak in 2019)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">2,868</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(07) Brazil <small><i>(Peak in 2011)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">2,614</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(08) Russia <small><i>(Peak in 2013)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">2,289</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(09) Canada <small><i>(Peak in 2013)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">1,847</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(10) Korea <small><i>(Peak in 2018)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">1,720</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(11) Australia <small><i>(Peak in 2012)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">1,569</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(12) Mexico <small><i>(Peak in 2014)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">1,315</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(13) Indonesia <small><i>(Peak in 2019)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">1,112</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(14) Turkey <small><i>(Peak in 2013)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">950</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(15) Saudi Arabia <small><i>(Peak in 2018)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">787</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(16) Switzerland <small><i>(Peak in 2019)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">715</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(17) Argentina <small><i>(Peak in 2017)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">643</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(18) Taiwan <small><i>(Peak in 2020)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">635</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(19) Poland <small><i>(Peak in 2018)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">585</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(20) Sweden <small><i>(Peak in 2013)</i></small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 40em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 40em;"><span class="nowrap">579</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="bar-chart-caption" colspan="10"> <p><span style="font-size:88%;">The 20 largest economies in the world including eurozone as a single entity, by <a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal GDP</a> (2020) at their peak level of GDP in billions US$. The values for EU members that are not also eurozone members are listed both separately and as part of the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflation">Inflation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/HICP" class="mw-redirect" title="HICP">HICP</a> figures from the ECB, overall index:<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td> <ul><li>2000: 2.1%</li> <li>2001: 2.3%</li> <li>2002: 2.3%</li> <li>2003: 2.1%</li> <li>2004: 2.1%</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>2005: 2.2%</li> <li>2006: 2.2%</li> <li>2007: 2.1%</li> <li>2008: 3.3%</li> <li>2009: 0.3%</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>2010: 1.6%</li> <li>2011: 2.7%</li> <li>2012: 2.5%</li> <li>2013: 1.4%</li> <li>2014: 0.4%</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>2015: 0.2%</li> <li>2016: 0.2%</li> <li>2017: 1.5%</li> <li>2018: 1.8%</li> <li>2019: 1.2%</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>2020: 0.3%</li> <li>2021: 2.6%</li> <li>2022: 8.4%</li> <li>2023: 5.4%</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interest_rates">Interest rates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interest rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interest rates for the eurozone, set by the ECB since 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levels are in percentages per annum. Between June 2000 and October 2008, the <i>main refinancing operations</i> were variable rate tenders, as opposed to fixed rate tenders. The figures indicated in the table from 2000 to 2008 refer to the minimum interest rate at which counterparties may place their bids.<sup id="cite_ref-interest_rates_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interest_rates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ECBrates.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Eurozone interest rates"><img alt="Eurozone interest rates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/ECBrates.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="341" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_debt">Public debt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Public debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table states the ratio of <a href="/wiki/Public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Public debt">public debt</a> to GDP in percent for eurozone countries given by EuroStat.<sup id="cite_ref-teina225_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teina225-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria#Criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">euro convergence criterion</a> is to not exceed 60%. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2017</th> <th>2018</th> <th>2019</th> <th>2020</th> <th>2021</th> <th>2022<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2023<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Eurozone </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">64.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">69.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">80.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">85.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">87.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">91.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">93.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">93.1 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">91.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">90.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">87.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">85.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">83.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">97.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">95.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">94.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">89.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="16"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">64.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">68.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">79.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">82.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">82.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">81.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">81.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">84.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">84.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">82.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">78.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">74.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">70.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">83.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">82.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">82.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">78.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">87.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">93.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">99.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">100.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">103.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">104.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">105.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">107.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">105.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">105.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">102.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">99.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">97.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">112.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">108.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">108.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">108.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyprus </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">53.5</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">45.5</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">53.9</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">56.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">65.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">80.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">104.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">109.1 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">108.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">107.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">97.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">100.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">91.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">115.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">103.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">95.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">79.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Croatia </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">37.2</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">39.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">48.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">57.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">63.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">69.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">80.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">83.9 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">83.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">79.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">76.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">73.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">71.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">87.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">79.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">74.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">64.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estonia </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">3.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">4.5</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">7.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">6.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">5.9</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">9.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">10.2</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">10.6 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">9.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">9.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">9.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">8.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">8.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">19.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">18.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">16.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">18.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finland </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">34.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">32.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">41.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">47.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">48.5</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">53.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">56.2</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">59.8 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">63.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">63.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">61.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">59.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">59.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">69.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">65.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">72.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">73.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">64.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">68.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">79.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">81.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">85.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">90.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">93.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">94.9 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">95.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">96.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">97.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">98.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">97.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">114.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">112.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">113.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">111.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">63.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">65.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">72.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">81.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">78.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">81.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">78.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">75.6 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">71.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">68.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">64.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">61.9</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">58.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">68.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">69.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">67.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">64.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">103.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">109.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">126.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">146.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">172.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">161.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">178.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">180.2 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">176.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">180.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">178.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">181.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">180.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">206.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">193.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">182.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">165.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">23.9</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">42.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">61.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">86.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">109.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">119.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">119.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">104.2 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">93.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">72.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">68.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">63.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">57.2</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">58.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">56.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">51.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">43.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">99.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">106.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">112.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">115.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">116.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">126.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">132.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">135.4 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">132.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">132.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">131.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">134.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">134.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">155.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">150.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">150.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">140.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latvia </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">8.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">18.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">36.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">47.5</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">42.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">42.2</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">40.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">41.6 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">36.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">40.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">40.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">36.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">36.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">43.3</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">44.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">41.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">41.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithuania </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">15.9</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">14.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">29.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">36.2</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">37.2</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">39.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">38.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">40.5 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">42.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">40.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">39.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">34.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">35.9</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">46.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">44.3</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">39.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">37.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luxembourg </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">7.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">15.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">16.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">20.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">19.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">22.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">23.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">22.7 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">21.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">20.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">23.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">21.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">22.3</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">24.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">24.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">25.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">25.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malta </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">62.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">61.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">67.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">67.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">69.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">65.9</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">65.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">61.6 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">63.9</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">57.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">50.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">45.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">40.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">53.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">57.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">55.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">49.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">42.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">54.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">56.5</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">59.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">61.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">66.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">67.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">67.9 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">65.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">61.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">56.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">52.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">48.5</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">54.3</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">52.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">50.9</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">45.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">68.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">75.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">83.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">96.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">111.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">129.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">131.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">132.9 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">129.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">130.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">125.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">122.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">116.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">135.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">127.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">123.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">107.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovakia </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">30.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">28.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">41.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">43.3</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">43.3</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">51.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">54.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">53.6 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">52.9</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">51.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">50.9</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">49.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">48.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">59.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">63.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">60.3</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">58.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovenia </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">22.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">21.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">36.0</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">40.8</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">46.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">53.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">70.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">80.3 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">83.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">78.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">73.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">70.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">65.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">79.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">74.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">73.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">71.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">35.6</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">39.7</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">52.7</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">60.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">69.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">86.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">95.8</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">100.7 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">99.2</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">99.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">98.3</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">97.6</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">95.5</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">120.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">118.4</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">116.1</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">109.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiscal_policies">Fiscal policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fiscal policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Fiscal_Compact" title="European Fiscal Compact">European Fiscal Compact</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_surplus_or_deficit_(EU-USA-UK).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png/220px-Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png/330px-Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of government surplus/<a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">deficit</a> (2001–2012) of eurozone, United States and United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p>The primary means for fiscal coordination within the EU lies in the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Economic_Policy_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad Economic Policy Guidelines">Broad Economic Policy Guidelines</a> which are written for every member state, but with particular reference to the 20 current members of the eurozone. These guidelines are not binding, but are intended to represent policy coordination among the EU member states, so as to take into account the linked structures of their economies. </p><p>For their mutual assurance and stability of the currency, members of the eurozone have to respect the <a href="/wiki/Stability_and_Growth_Pact" title="Stability and Growth Pact">Stability and Growth Pact</a>, which sets agreed limits on <a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">deficits</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt">national debt</a>, with associated sanctions for deviation. The Pact originally set a limit of 3% of GDP for the yearly deficit of all eurozone member states; with fines for any state which exceeded this amount. In 2005, Portugal, Germany, and France had all exceeded this amount, but the Council of Ministers had not voted to fine those states. Subsequently, reforms were adopted to provide more flexibility and ensure that the deficit criteria took into account the economic conditions of the member states, and additional factors. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_Compact" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal Compact">Fiscal Compact</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EC_ready_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC_ready-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (formally, the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union),<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation#Related_intergovernmental_treaties" title="Enhanced cooperation">intergovernmental treaty</a> introduced as a new stricter version of the <a href="/wiki/Stability_and_Growth_Pact" title="Stability and Growth Pact">Stability and Growth Pact</a>, signed on 2 March 2012 by all <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">member states of the European Union</a> (EU), except the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-signed_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signed-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Croatia (subsequently <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Croatia_to_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession of Croatia to the European Union">acceding the EU</a> in July 2013). The treaty entered into force on 1 January 2013 for the 16 states which completed ratification prior of this date.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiscal_Compact_entry_into_force_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiscal_Compact_entry_into_force-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1 April 2014, it had been ratified and entered into force for all 25 signatories. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a> suggests that a fiscal union in the eurozone can mitigate devastating effects of the single currency on the eurozone peripheral countries. But he adds that the currency bloc will not work perfectly even if a fiscal transfer system is built, because, he argues, the fundamental issue about competitiveness adjustment is not tackled. The problem is, since the eurozone peripheral countries do not have their own currencies, they are forced to adjust their economies by decreasing their wages instead of devaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bailout_provisions">Bailout provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bailout provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro#Recession_era" title="History of the euro">History of the euro § Recession era</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> prompted a number of reforms in the eurozone. One was a U-turn on the eurozone's <a href="/wiki/Bailout" title="Bailout">bailout</a> policy that led to the creation of a specific fund to assist eurozone states in trouble. The <a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility</a> (EFSF) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism</a> (EFSM) were created in 2010 to provide, alongside the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF), a system and fund to bail out members. However, the EFSF and EFSM were temporary, small and lacked a basis in the EU treaties. Therefore, it was agreed in 2011 to establish a <a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a> (ESM) which would be much larger, funded only by eurozone states (not the EU as a whole as the EFSF/EFSM were) and would have a permanent <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">treaty basis</a>. As a result of that its creation involved agreeing an amendment to TEFU Article 136 allowing for the ESM and a new ESM treaty to detail how the ESM would operate. If both are successfully ratified according to schedule, the ESM would be operational by the time the EFSF/EFSM expire in mid-2013. </p><p>In February 2016, the UK secured further confirmation that countries that do not use the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> would not be required to contribute to bailouts for eurozone countries.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peer_review">Peer review</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Peer review"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Euro_Plus_Pact" title="Euro Plus Pact">Euro Plus Pact</a></div> <p>In June 2010, a broad agreement was finally reached on a controversial proposal for member states to peer review each other's budgets prior to their presentation to <a href="/wiki/National_parliaments_of_the_European_Union" title="National parliaments of the European Union">national parliaments</a>. Although showing the entire budget to each other was opposed by Germany, Sweden and the UK, each government would present to their peers and the Commission their estimates for growth, inflation, revenue and expenditure levels six months before they go to national parliaments. If a country was to run a deficit, they would have to justify it to the rest of the EU while countries with a debt more than 60% of GDP would face greater scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-peer_1_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peer_1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plans would apply to all EU members, not just the eurozone, and have to be approved by EU leaders along with proposals for states to face sanctions before they reach the 3% limit in the <a href="/wiki/Stability_and_Growth_Pact" title="Stability and Growth Pact">Stability and Growth Pact</a>. Poland has criticised the idea of withholding regional funding for those who break the deficit limits, as that would only impact the poorer states.<sup id="cite_ref-peer_1_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peer_1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2010 France agreed to back Germany's plan for suspending the voting rights of members who breach the rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Merkel_Spain_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merkel_Spain-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2011 was initiated a new reform of the <a href="/wiki/Stability_and_Growth_Pact#Reform" title="Stability and Growth Pact">Stability and Growth Pact</a> aiming at straightening the rules by adopting an automatic procedure for imposing of penalties in case of breaches of either the deficit or the debt rules.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nominal_rigidity" title="Nominal rigidity">Nominal rigidity</a></div> <p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_Baring" title="Arnulf Baring">Arnulf Baring</a> expressed concern that the European Monetary Union would make Germans the most hated people in Europe. Baring suspected the possibility that the people in Mediterranean countries would regard Germans and the currency bloc as economic policemen.<sup id="cite_ref-WST16Jul2015NAGAB_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WST16Jul2015NAGAB-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> thought that the euro project would not succeed without making drastic changes to European institutions, pointing out the difference between the US and the eurozone.<sup id="cite_ref-JT2001EMUd_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT2001EMUd-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning monetary policies, the system of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve bank">Federal Reserve banks</a> in the US aims at both growth and reducing unemployment, while the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">ECB</a> tends to give its first priority to price stability under the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Bundesbank</a>'s supervision. As the price level of the currency bloc is kept low, the unemployment level of the region has become higher than that of the US since 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-JT2001EMUd_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT2001EMUd-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning fiscal policies, 12% of the US federal budget is used for transfers to states and local governments. The US government does not impose restrictions on state budget policies, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Maastricht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Maastricht">Treaty of Maastricht</a> requires each eurozone member country to keep its budget deficit below 3% of its GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-JT2001EMUd_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT2001EMUd-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, a study by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Alesina" title="Alberto Alesina">Alberto Alesina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Galasso" title="Vincenzo Galasso">Vincenzo Galasso</a> found that the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> promoted <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">market deregulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">market liberalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alesina_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alesina-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Belsie_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belsie-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the euro was also linked to wage moderation, as <a href="/wiki/Wage_growth" title="Wage growth">wage growth</a> slowed down in countries that adopted the new currency.<sup id="cite_ref-Alesina_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alesina-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a>, who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> in 2016, criticized the euro, calling it a "mistake" and emphasising his opposition to monetary union since its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-rodri_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodri-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also expressed opposition to <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, arguing that the European Union should instead focus on <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a> as it has “gone too far in centralising power”.<sup id="cite_ref-rodri_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodri-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, a study based on <a href="/wiki/Difference_in_differences" title="Difference in differences">DiD methodology</a> found that the adoption of euro produced no systematic growth effects, as no growth-enhancing effects were found when compared to European economies outside the eurozone.<sup id="cite_ref-Ioannatos_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ioannatos-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eurozone has also been criticized for deepening inequality in Europe, particularly between the richest and poorest countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartnitschnig_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartnitschnig-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study by <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Stiftung" title="Bertelsmann Stiftung">Bertelsmann Stiftung</a>, countries such as Austria and the Netherlands benefited significantly from the common currency, while southern and eastern European members of the eurozone gained very little,<sup id="cite_ref-reuters1_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some countries are considered to have suffered adverse effects from adopting the euro.<sup id="cite_ref-Stiglitz1_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stiglitz1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an article for <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">the Politico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> argues: "The result for the eurozone has been slower growth, and especially for the weaker countries within it. The euro was supposed to usher in greater prosperity, which in turn would lead to renewed commitment to European integration. It has done just the opposite — increasing divisions within the EU, especially between creditor and debtor countries."<sup id="cite_ref-Stiglitz1_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stiglitz1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthias Matthijs believes that the euro resulted in a "winner-take-all" economy, as national income differences between eurozone members have widened further.<sup id="cite_ref-matthijs_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthijs-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that countries such as Austria and Germany have gained from the eurozone at the expense of southern countries like Italy and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-matthijs_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthijs-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By adopting the euro and abandoning their national currencies, eurozone countries gave up their ability to conduct independent <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>; as such, monetary policies used to combat recession, such as <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">monetary stimulus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">currency devaluation</a>, are no longer available.<sup id="cite_ref-matthijs_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthijs-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a>, several eurozone countries (Greece, Italy, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, and Cyprus) were unable to repay their debt without third-party intervention by the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Copelovitch_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copelovitch-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to grant the bailout, the ECB and the IMF forced the affected countries to adopt strict <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures.<sup id="cite_ref-matthijs_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthijs-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European bailouts were largely about shifting exposure from banks onto European taxpayers,<sup id="cite_ref-LSEHO_23Mar2012_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSEHO_23Mar2012-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exacerbated issues such as high unemployment and poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-cavero_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavero-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, a study from the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_European_Policy" title="Centre for European Policy">Centre for European Policy</a> concluded that while some countries had gained from adopting the euro, several countries were poorer than they would have been had they not adopted it, with France and Italy being particularly affected.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication prompted a large number of reactions, pushing its authors to put out a statement clarifying some points.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, a study from the University of Bonn reached a different conclusion: the adoption of the euro made “some mild losers (France, Germany, Italy, and Portugal) and a clear winner (Ireland)”.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both studies used the <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_control_method" title="Synthetic control method">synthetic control method</a> to estimate what might have happened if the euro hadn't been adopted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Euro_Payments_Area" title="Single Euro Payments Area">Single Euro Payments Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acronyms_associated_with_the_eurozone_crisis" title="List of acronyms associated with the eurozone crisis">List of acronyms associated with the eurozone crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_eurozone_crisis" title="List of people associated with the eurozone crisis">List of people associated with the eurozone crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixpack_(European_Union_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixpack (European Union law)">Sixpack (European Union law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories of members of the European Economic Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The self-declared <i>Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</i> is not recognised by the EU and uses the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a>. However, the euro does circulate widely.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFP_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CFP_note_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFP_note_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFP_note_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">French Pacific territories use the <a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc</a>, which is pegged to the euro at the rate of 1 franc to 0.00838 euro.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The European Union internally uses the code EL for Greece, a deviation from the <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a> standard.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aruba is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, but not of the EU. It uses the <a href="/wiki/Aruban_florin" title="Aruban florin">Aruban florin</a>, which is pegged to the US dollar at the rate of 1  dollar to 1.79 florins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caribbean_guilder_group=lower-alpha-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caribbean_guilder_group=lower-alpha_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caribbean_guilder_group=lower-alpha_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Currently uses the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antillean_guilder" title="Netherlands Antillean guilder">Netherlands Antillean guilder</a> and is planning to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_guilder" title="Caribbean guilder">Caribbean guilder</a> in 2025, after the change was delayed several times. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/cbcs-wants-to-have-the-caribbean-guilder-introduced-by-2025/">"CBCS wants to have the Caribbean guilder introduced by 2025"</a>. <i>Curaçao Chronicle</i>. 16 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cura%C3%A7ao+Chronicle&rft.atitle=CBCS+wants+to+have+the+Caribbean+guilder+introduced+by+2025&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.curacaochronicle.com%2Fpost%2Flocal%2Fcbcs-wants-to-have-the-caribbean-guilder-introduced-by-2025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centralbank.cw/faq/currency">"Frequent Asked Questions"</a>. <i>Centrale Bank Curaçao & Sint Maarten</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centrale+Bank+Cura%C3%A7ao+%26+Sint+Maarten&rft.atitle=Frequent+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centralbank.cw%2Ffaq%2Fcurrency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span> Both are pegged to the US dollar at the rate of 1 dollar to 1.79 guilders.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uses the US dollar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EZ is not assigned, but is reserved for this purpose, in ISO-3166-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes the population of Croatia, even though it was not a eurozone member in 2021.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurozone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/LAN_LCV_OVW__custom_5171738/default/table?lang=en">Land cover overview by NUTS 2 regions</a> Eurostat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population_jan_2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_jan_2023_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_jan_2023_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en">"Population on 1 January"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+on+1+January&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftps00001%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europa1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europa1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europa1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en">"Gross domestic product at market prices (Current prices and per capita)"</a>. Eurostat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+domestic+product+at+market+prices+%28Current+prices+and+per+capita%29&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftec00001%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-interest_rates-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-interest_rates_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-interest_rates_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/stats/monetary/rates/html/index.en.html">Key ECB interest rates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811172454/http://www.ecb.int/stats/monetary/rates/html/index.en.html">Archived</a> 11 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ECB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Inflation_in_the_euro_area">Euro area annual inflation and its main components - estimated</a> Eurostat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/teilm020/default/table?lang=en">Harmonised unemployment rate by gender – total</a> Eurostat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/interestrates/eurozone-current-account-surplus-falls-in-december-1031207964">"Eurozone Current Account Surplus Falls In December"</a>. 18 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eurozone+Current+Account+Surplus+Falls+In+December&rft.date=2022-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarkets.businessinsider.com%2Fnews%2Finterestrates%2Feurozone-current-account-surplus-falls-in-december-1031207964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-370300.htm">"Countries, languages, currencies"</a>. <i>Interinstitutional style guide</i>. the EU Publications Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interinstitutional+style+guide&rft.atitle=Countries%2C+languages%2C+currencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.europa.eu%2Fcode%2Fen%2Fen-370300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/euro/intro/html/map.en.html">The euro area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806204322/http://www.ecb.int/euro/intro/html/map.en.html">Archived</a> 6 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/euro-area/enlargement-euro-area/who-can-join-and-when_en">"Who can join and when?"</a>. <i>European Commission – European Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft.atitle=Who+can+join+and+when%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fbusiness-economy-euro%2Feuro-area%2Fenlargement-euro-area%2Fwho-can-join-and-when_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agreements2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agreements2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/l25040_en.htm">"Agreements on monetary relations (Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican and Andorra)"</a>. European Communities. 30 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreements+on+monetary+relations+%28Monaco%2C+San+Marino%2C+the+Vatican+and+Andorra%29&rft.pub=European+Communities&rft.date=2004-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Flegislation_summaries%2Feconomic_and_monetary_affairs%2Finstitutional_and_economic_framework%2Fl25040_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-design2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-design2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822005234/http://www.andorra-euro.com/en/news1.html">"The government announces a contest for the design of the Andorran euros"</a>. Andorra Mint. 19 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andorra-euro.com/en/news1.html">the original</a> on 22 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+government+announces+a+contest+for+the+design+of+the+Andorran+euros&rft.pub=Andorra+Mint&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andorra-euro.com%2Fen%2Fnews1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amisdeleuro2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amisdeleuro2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224909/http://www.amisdeleuro.org/news.php?news_id=603&lg=fr">"Nouvelles d'Andorre"</a> (in French). 1 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amisdeleuro.org/news.php?news_id=603&lg=fr">the original</a> on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nouvelles+d%27Andorre&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amisdeleuro.org%2Fnews.php%3Fnews_id%3D603%26lg%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agreements_22-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agreements_22_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/euro-area/euro/use-euro/euro-outside-euro-area_en">"The euro outside the euro area"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Europa_(web_portal)" title="Europa (web portal)">Europa (web portal)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+euro+outside+the+euro+area&rft.pub=Europa+%28web+portal%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finfo%2Fbusiness-economy-euro%2Feuro-area%2Feuro%2Fuse-euro%2Feuro-outside-euro-area_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/home/glossary/html/glosse.en.html">glossary</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514162558/http://www.ecb.int/home/glossary/html/glosse.en.html">Archived</a> 14 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) issued by the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">ECB</a> defines "euro area", without mention of Monaco, San Marino, or the Vatican.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/91/financial-assistance-to-eu-member-states">"Financial assistance to EU Member States | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament"</a>. <i>www.europarl.europa.eu</i>. 30 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Federal Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedtrust.co.uk/admin/uploads/FedT_Economic_Government.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+economic+government+for+the+eurozone%3F&rft.pub=Federal+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fedtrust.co.uk%2Fadmin%2Fuploads%2FFedT_Economic_Government.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307190231/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0201:0328:EN:PDF">Protocols</a>, Official Journal of the European Union</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliottWearden2011" class="citation news cs1">Elliott, Larry; Wearden, Graeme (17 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/aug/17/angela-merkel-nicolas-sarkozy-summit">"Merkel and Sarkozy push for greater European co-operation"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Merkel+and+Sarkozy+push+for+greater+European+co-operation&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Wearden%2C+Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2011%2Faug%2F17%2Fangela-merkel-nicolas-sarkozy-summit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Common_IMF-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Common_IMF_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Common_IMF_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElitsa_Vucheva2008" class="citation web cs1">Elitsa Vucheva (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euobserver.com/9/25984">"Eurozone countries should speak with one voice, Juncker says"</a>. EU Observer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurozone+countries+should+speak+with+one+voice%2C+Juncker+says&rft.pub=EU+Observer&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.au=Elitsa+Vucheva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2F9%2F25984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/commission-wants-single-eurozone-seat-at-imf-plan-adopted-by-end-of-mandate">"Commission wants single eurozone seat at IMF plan adopted by end of mandate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235524/https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/commission-wants-single-eurozone-seat-at-imf-plan-adopted-by-end-of-mandate/">Archived</a> 27 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Euractiv</i>, 7 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/68e0ead0-a3a5-11e7-8d56-98a09be71849">"Macron is right — the eurozone needs a finance minister"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003553/https://www.ft.com/content/68e0ead0-a3a5-11e7-8d56-98a09be71849">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Financial Times</i>, 28 September 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/dec/06/europe-should-have-its-own-minister-of-economy-and-finance-says-ec">Europe should have its own economy and finance minister, says EC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235652/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/dec/06/europe-should-have-its-own-minister-of-economy-and-finance-says-ec">Archived</a> 27 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, theguardian 6 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-eurogroup-budget/large-number-of-eu-finance-ministers-want-euro-zone-budget-dijsselbloem-idUSKBN1D62NS">"Large number of EU finance ministers want euro zone budget: Dijsselbloem"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235530/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-eurogroup-budget/large-number-of-eu-finance-ministers-want-euro-zone-budget-dijsselbloem-idUSKBN1D62NS">Archived</a> 27 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Reuters</i>, 6 November 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/afedcb46-5021-11e7-a1f2-db19572361bb">"Spain urges sweeping reforms on eurozone to correct flaws"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235553/https://www.ft.com/content/afedcb46-5021-11e7-a1f2-db19572361bb">Archived</a> 27 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Financial Times</i>, 14 June 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>. <i>www.imf.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D512%2C914%2C612%2C171%2C614%2C311%2C213%2C911%2C314%2C193%2C122%2C912%2C313%2C419%2C513%2C316%2C913%2C124%2C339%2C638%2C514%2C218%2C963%2C616%2C223%2C516%2C918%2C748%2C618%2C624%2C522%2C622%2C156%2C626%2C628%2C228%2C924%2C233%2C632%2C636%2C634%2C238%2C662%2C960%2C423%2C935%2C128%2C611%2C321%2C243%2C248%2C469%2C253%2C642%2C643%2C939%2C734%2C644%2C819%2C172%2C132%2C646%2C648%2C915%2C134%2C652%2C174%2C328%2C258%2C656%2C654%2C336%2C263%2C268%2C532%2C944%2C176%2C534%2C536%2C429%2C433%2C178%2C436%2C136%2C343%2C158%2C439%2C916%2C664%2C826%2C542%2C967%2C443%2C917%2C544%2C941%2C446%2C666%2C668%2C672%2C946%2C137%2C546%2C674%2C676%2C548%2C556%2C678%2C181%2C867%2C682%2C684%2C273%2C868%2C921%2C948%2C943%2C686%2C688%2C518%2C728%2C836%2C558%2C138%2C196%2C278%2C692%2C694%2C962%2C142%2C449%2C564%2C565%2C283%2C853%2C288%2C293%2C566%2C964%2C182%2C359%2C453%2C968%2C922%2C714%2C862%2C135%2C716%2C456%2C722%2C942%2C718%2C724%2C576%2C936%2C961%2C813%2C726%2C199%2C733%2C184%2C524%2C361%2C362%2C364%2C732%2C366%2C144%2C146%2C463%2C528%2C923%2C738%2C578%2C537%2C742%2C866%2C369%2C744%2C186%2C925%2C869%2C746%2C926%2C466%2C112%2C111%2C298%2C927%2C846%2C299%2C582%2C487%2C474%2C754%2C698%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2C%26sy%3D2021%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figures from the October 2020 update of the International Monetary Fund's <i>World Economic Outlook Database</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2018&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120233035/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=512%2C914%2C612%2C614%2C311%2C213%2C911%2C314%2C193%2C122%2C912%2C313%2C419%2C513%2C316%2C913%2C124%2C339%2C638%2C514%2C218%2C963%2C616%2C223%2C516%2C918%2C748%2C618%2C624%2C522%2C622%2C156%2C626%2C628%2C228%2C924%2C233%2C632%2C636%2C634%2C238%2C662%2C960%2C423%2C935%2C128%2C611%2C321%2C243%2C248%2C469%2C253%2C642%2C643%2C939%2C734%2C644%2C819%2C172%2C132%2C646%2C648%2C915%2C134%2C652%2C174%2C328%2C258%2C656%2C654%2C336%2C263%2C268%2C532%2C944%2C176%2C534%2C536%2C429%2C433%2C178%2C436%2C136%2C343%2C158%2C439%2C916%2C664%2C826%2C542%2C967%2C443%2C917%2C544%2C941%2C446%2C666%2C668%2C672%2C946%2C137%2C546%2C674%2C676%2C548%2C556%2C678%2C181%2C867%2C682%2C684%2C273%2C868%2C921%2C948%2C943%2C686%2C688%2C518%2C728%2C836%2C558%2C138%2C196%2C278%2C692%2C694%2C962%2C142%2C449%2C564%2C565%2C283%2C853%2C288%2C293%2C566%2C964%2C182%2C359%2C453%2C968%2C922%2C714%2C862%2C135%2C716%2C456%2C722%2C942%2C718%2C724%2C576%2C936%2C961%2C813%2C726%2C199%2C733%2C184%2C524%2C361%2C362%2C364%2C732%2C366%2C144%2C146%2C463%2C528%2C923%2C738%2C578%2C537%2C742%2C866%2C369%2C744%2C186%2C925%2C869%2C746%2C926%2C466%2C112%2C111%2C298%2C927%2C846%2C299%2C582%2C487%2C474%2C754%2C698%2C&s=NGDPD%2C&sy=2018&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> 20 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/quickview.do?SERIES_KEY=122.ICP.A.U2.N.000000.4.AVR">"Annual average rate of change, neither seasonally nor working day adjusted"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006021840/https://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/quickview.do?SERIES_KEY=122.ICP.A.U2.N.000000.4.AVR">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+average+rate+of+change%2C+neither+seasonally+nor+working+day+adjusted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdw.ecb.europa.eu%2Fquickview.do%3FSERIES_KEY%3D122.ICP.A.U2.N.000000.4.AVR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/key_ecb_interest_rates/html/index.en.html">"Official interest rates"</a>. <i>European Central Bank</i>. 8 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131095656/https://www.cep.eu/en/cep-news-archive/article/statement-on-reactions-to-the-study-20-years-of-euro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centrum+f%C3%BCr+europ%C3%A4ische+Politik&rft.atitle=Statement+on+reactions+to+the+study+20+years+of+euro&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cep.eu%2Fen%2Fcep-news-archive%2Farticle%2Fstatement-on-reactions-to-the-study-20-years-of-euro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurozone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielPessoa2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gabriel, Ricardo Duque; Pessoa, Ana Sofia (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3563044">"Adopting the Euro: A Synthetic Control Approach"</a>. <i>SSRN</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3563044">10.2139/ssrn.3563044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219969338">219969338</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3563044">3563044</a></span>.</cite><span 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style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">Euro sign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_and_the_euro" title="Language and the euro">Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euro-Skulptur" title="Euro-Skulptur">Euro-Skulptur</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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href="/wiki/Eonia" title="Eonia">Eonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_calculator" title="Euro calculator">Euro calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euribor" title="Euribor">Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Euro_Payments_Area" title="Single Euro Payments Area">Single euro payments area (SEPA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Payments_Initiative" title="European Payments Initiative">European payments initiative (EPI)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_Currency_Index" title="Euro Currency Index">Euro Currency Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurobond_(eurozone)" title="Eurobond (eurozone)">Proposed eurobonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">Reserve currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petroeuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_currency" title="World currency">World currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Coins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">1c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_euro_cent_coin" title="2 euro cent coin">2c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_euro_cent_coin" title="5 euro cent coin">5c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_euro_cent_coin" title="10 euro cent coin">10c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_euro_cent_coin" title="20 euro cent coin">20c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_euro_cent_coin" title="50 euro cent coin">50c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_euro_coin" title="1 euro coin">1 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_euro_coin" title="2 euro coin">2 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_euro_commemorative_coins" title="2 euro commemorative coins">2 € commemorative coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins" title="Euro gold and silver commemorative coins">Other commemorative coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identifying_marks_on_euro_coins" title="Identifying marks on euro coins">Identifying marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_starter_kits" title="Euro starter kits">Starter kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_coin_programme" title="Europa coin programme">Europa coin programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_euro_mints" title="List of euro mints">Euro mint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Banknotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_euro_note" title="5 euro note">5 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_euro_note" title="10 euro note">10 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_euro_note" title="20 euro note">20 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_euro_note" title="50 euro note">50 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_euro_note" title="100 euro note">100 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_euro_note" title="200 euro note">200 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_euro_note" title="500 euro note">500 €</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coins by country with minting rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eurozone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_euro_coins" title="Austrian euro coins">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_euro_coins" title="Belgian euro coins">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_euro_coins" title="Croatian euro coins">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_euro_coins" title="Cypriot euro coins">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_euro_coins" title="Estonian euro coins">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_euro_coins" title="Finnish euro coins">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_euro_coins" title="French euro coins">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_euro_coins" title="German euro coins">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_euro_coins" title="Irish euro coins">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_euro_coins" title="Italian euro coins">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian euro coins">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian euro coins">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_euro_coins" title="Luxembourgish euro coins">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_euro_coins" title="Maltese euro coins">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_euro_coins" title="Dutch euro coins">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_euro_coins" title="Portuguese euro coins">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_euro_coins" title="Slovak euro coins">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_euro_coins" title="Slovenian euro coins">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_euro_coins" title="Spanish euro coins">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euro#Agreed_direct_usage_with_minting_rights" title="Euro">Monetary agreement with EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_and_the_euro" title="Andorra and the euro">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_euro_coins" title="Monégasque euro coins">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sammarinese euro coins">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Euro#Agreed_direct_usage_without_minting_rights" title="Euro">Non-EU territories<br /> using euro per agreement<br /> without minting rights</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Potential adoption by<br />other countries</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_and_the_euro" title="Bulgaria and the euro">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_and_the_euro" title="Czech Republic and the euro">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_and_the_euro" title="Denmark and the euro">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_euro" title="Hungary and the euro">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_euro" title="Poland and the euro">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_and_the_euro" title="Romania and the euro">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Euro#Unilateral_direct_usage" title="Euro">Countries and territories<br />using euro unilaterally</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro">Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Other extant EU currencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">ERM <span style="font-family:serif;">II</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Snake_in_the_tunnel" title="Snake in the tunnel">Snake in the tunnel</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a> <ul><li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">I</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">ECU</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">II</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">ERM</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">III</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">EMU</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delors_Committee" title="Delors Committee">Delors Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Withdrawal from the eurozone">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Previous EU members<br />and euro</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro" title="United Kingdom and the euro">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">Preceding currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_schilling" title="Austrian schilling">Austrian schilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">Belgian franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_kuna" title="Croatian kuna">Croatian kuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_pound" title="Cypriot pound">Cypriot pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_kroon" title="Estonian kroon">Estonian kroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">German Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Greek drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">Latvian lats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_litas" title="Lithuanian litas">Lithuanian litas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_franc" title="Luxembourg franc">Luxembourg franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_lira" title="Maltese lira">Maltese lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_franc" title="Monégasque franc">Monégasque franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_escudo" title="Portuguese escudo">Portuguese escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_lira" title="Sammarinese lira">Sammarinese lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_koruna" title="Slovak koruna">Slovak koruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_tolar" title="Slovenian tolar">Slovenian tolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_lira" title="Vatican lira">Vatican lira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">Former fiscal provisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stabilisation_Mechanism" title="European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism">European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Union_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_topics" title="Template talk:European Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Union_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union (1948–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (1954–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (1967–2009)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (1958–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community (1993–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">Financial stability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste#Dissolution" title="Free Territory of Trieste">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon#After_1945" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy#21st_century" title="Saint Barthélemy">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_border_of_the_European_Union" title="External border of the European Union">External border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(first-level NUTS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Supreme audit institution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Court_of_Auditors" title="Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />international-law<br />EU bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li> <li>EIB Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">European Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">Citizens' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union"><i>Official Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_preference_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community preference (EU)">Community preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eurozone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">Health expense per person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">Federalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">Differentiated integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_partnership" title="Privileged partnership">Privileged partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower#European_Union" title="Potential superpower">Potential superpower status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Judicial_Network" title="European Judicial Network">European Judicial Network</a> (criminal matters)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Judicial_Network_in_civil_and_commercial_matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (page does not exist)">European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity card">identity card</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthCare_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthCare in the European Union (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">Labour mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_value_added_tax" title="European Union value added tax">VAT Area</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign <br />relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Gateway_Programme" title="EU Gateway Programme">EU Gateway Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Strategy_for_the_South_Caucasus" title="EU Strategy for the South Caucasus">EU Strategy for the South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Current agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_European_History" title="House of European History">House of European History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_laissez-passer" title="European Union laissez-passer">Laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_European_Union" title="Public holidays in the European Union">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Europe" title="Telephone numbers in Europe">Telephone numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European Union">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union-related_lists" title="Category:European Union-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_on_the_European_Union" title="List of books on the European Union">Books on the subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_directives" title="List of European Union directives">Directives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">Largest cities by population within city limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_political_parties_in_Europe_by_pancontinental_organisation" title="Table of political parties in Europe by pancontinental organisation">National parties by affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">Presidents of the institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Europe" title="Terrorism in Europe">Terrorist incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">Urban areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_European_Union" title="Outline of the European Union">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union" title="Category:European Union">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europe_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topics" title="Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topics" title="Template talk:Europe topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europe_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020-22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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