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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pastel_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastel_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pastel media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastel_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastel_supports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastel_supports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pastel supports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastel_supports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_of_pastel_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_of_pastel_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Protection of pastel paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_of_pastel_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Health and safety hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastel_art_in_art_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastel_art_in_art_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pastel art in art history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastel_art_in_art_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pastels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pastel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84" title="باستيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باستيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pastel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пастэль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пастэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pastel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_al_pastel" title="Pintura al pastel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pintura al pastel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_(k%C5%99%C3%ADda)" title="Pastel (křída) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pastel (křída)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastelmaleri" title="Pastelmaleri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pastelmaleri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastellmalerei" title="Pastellmalerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pastellmalerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastell" title="Pastell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pastell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB" title="Παστέλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παστέλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_(t%C3%A9cnica)" title="Pastel (técnica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pastel (técnica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Dtelo" title="Paŝtelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŝtelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_(pintura)" title="Pastel (pintura) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pastel (pintura)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%84" title="پاستل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاستل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pastel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastal" title="Pastal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pastal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_(arte)" title="Pastel (arte) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pastel (arte)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%94" title="파스텔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파스텔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Պաստել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պաստել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pastel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastelo" title="Pastelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pastelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pastel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastello" title="Pastello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pastello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C" title="פסטל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסטל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past%C3%A8l" title="Pastèl – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pastèl" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пастель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пастель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пастель – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пастель" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerographia" title="Xerographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Xerographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastelis" title="Pastelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pastelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel%C4%97" title="Pastelė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pastelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasztell" title="Pasztell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pasztell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastelkrijt" title="Pastelkrijt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pastelkrijt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB" title="パステル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パステル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastell" title="Pastell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pastell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past%C3%A8l_(gredon)" title="Pastèl (gredon) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pastèl (gredon)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pastel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pastel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_(arte)" title="Pastel (arte) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pastel (arte)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pastel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пастель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пастель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="පැස්ටල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පැස්ටල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pastel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_(tehnika_slikanja)" title="Pastel (tehnika slikanja) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pastel (tehnika slikanja)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Пастел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пастел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pastel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastellimaalaus" title="Pastellimaalaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pastellimaalaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastell" title="Pastell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pastell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_boya" title="Pastel boya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pastel boya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пастель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пастель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A5n_ti%C3%AAn" title="Phấn tiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phấn tiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E5%BD%A9%E7%95%AB" title="粉彩畫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="粉彩畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E5%BD%A9_(%E9%A2%9C%E6%96%99)" title="粉彩 (颜料) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="粉彩 (颜料)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the art medium. For the color family, see <a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel (color)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pastel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pastel (disambiguation)">Pastel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pastel" title="Special:EditPage/Pastel">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pastel%22">"Pastel"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pastel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pastel%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pastel%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pastel%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pastel%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg/250px-Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="426" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg/375px-Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg/500px-Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leon_Dabo" title="Leon Dabo">Leon Dabo</a>, <i>Flowers in a Green Vase,</i> c. 1910s</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pastel</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Art_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Art medium">art medium</a> that consist of powdered <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binder</a>. It can exist in a variety of forms, including a stick, a square, a pebble, and a pan of color, among other forms. The pigments used in pastels are similar to those used to produce some other colored visual arts media, such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paints</a>; the binder is of a neutral hue and low <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">saturation</a>. The color effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pastels have been used by artists since the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and gained considerable popularity in the 18th century, when a number of notable artists made pastel their primary medium. </p><p>An artwork made using pastels is called a pastel (or a pastel drawing or pastel painting). <i>Pastel</i> used as a verb means to produce an artwork with pastels; as an adjective it means pale in color. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pastel_media">Pastel media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pastel media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pastel sticks or <a href="/wiki/Crayon" title="Crayon">crayons</a> consist of powdered pigment combined with a binder. The exact composition and characteristics of an individual pastel stick depend on the type of pastel and the type and amount of binder used. It also varies by individual manufacturer. </p><p>Dry pastels have historically used binders such as <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gum_tragacanth" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum tragacanth">gum tragacanth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Methyl_cellulose" title="Methyl cellulose">Methyl cellulose</a> was introduced as a binder in the 20th century. Often a <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> component is present. They are available in varying degrees of hardness, the softer varieties being wrapped in paper. Some pastel brands use pumice in the binder to abrade the paper and create more tooth. </p><p>Dry pastel media can be subdivided as follows: </p> <ul><li><i>Soft pastels</i>: This is the most widely used form of pastel. The sticks have a higher portion of pigment and less binder. The drawing can be readily smudged and blended, but it results in a higher proportion of dust. Finished drawings made with soft pastels require protecting, either framing under glass or spraying with a <a href="/wiki/Fixative_(drawing)" title="Fixative (drawing)">fixative</a> to prevent smudging, although fixatives may affect the color or texture of the drawing.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While possible, it is not recommended to use <a href="/wiki/Hair_spray" title="Hair spray">hair spray</a> as fixative, as it might not be pH neutral and it might contain non-archival ingredients. White chalk may be used as a filler in producing pale and bright hues with greater luminosity.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_p8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_p8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Pan pastels</i>: These are formulated with a minimum of binder in flat compacts (similar to some makeup) and applied with special soft micropore sponge tools. No liquid is involved. A 21st century invention, pan pastels can be used for the entire painting or in combination with soft and hard sticks.</li> <li><i>Hard pastels</i>: These have a higher portion of binder and less pigment, producing a sharp drawing material that is useful for fine details. These can be used with other pastels for drawing outlines and adding accents. Hard pastels are traditionally used to create the preliminary sketching out of a composition.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_p8_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_p8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the colors are less brilliant and are available in a restricted range in contrast to soft pastels.</li> <li><i>Pastel pencils</i>: These are pencils with a pastel lead. They are useful for adding fine details.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commercial_pastels.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Commercial_pastels.JPG/200px-Commercial_pastels.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Commercial_pastels.JPG/300px-Commercial_pastels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Commercial_pastels.JPG/400px-Commercial_pastels.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Commercial oil pastels</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition, pastels using a different approach to manufacture have been developed: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oil_pastel" title="Oil pastel">Oil pastels</a></i>: These have a soft, buttery consistency and intense colors. They are dense and fill the grain of paper and are slightly more difficult to blend than soft pastels, but do not require a fixative. They may be spread across the work surface by thinning with turpentine.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Water-soluble pastels</i>: These are similar to soft pastels, but contain a water-soluble component, such as <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol" title="Polyethylene glycol">polyethylene glycol</a>. This allows the colors to be thinned out to an even, semi-transparent consistency using a water wash. Water-soluble pastels are made in a restricted range of hues in strong colors. They have the advantages of enabling easy blending and mixing of the hues, given their fluidity, as well as allowing a range of color tint effects depending upon the amount of water applied with a brush to the working surface.</li></ul> <p>There has been some debate within art societies as to what exactly qualifies as a pastel. The Pastel Society within the UK (the oldest pastel society) states the following are acceptable media for its exhibitions: "Pastels, including Oil pastel, Charcoal, Pencil, Conté, Sanguine, or any dry media". The emphasis appears to be on "dry media" but the debate continues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to create hard and soft pastels, pigments are ground into a paste with water and a gum binder and then rolled, pressed or extruded into sticks. The name <i>pastel</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pastellum</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Woad" class="mw-redirect" title="Woad">woad</a> paste," from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pastellus</i></span> "paste." The <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> word <i>pastel</i> first appeared in 1662.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most brands produce gradations of a color, the original pigment of which tends to be dark, from pure pigment to near-white by mixing in differing quantities of <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>. This mixing of pigments with chalks is the origin of the word <i>pastel</i> in reference to pale color as it is commonly used in cosmetic and fashion contexts. </p><p>A pastel is made by letting the sticks move over an abrasive ground, leaving color on the grain of the painting surface. When fully covered with pastel, the work is called a pastel <i>painting</i>; when not, a pastel <i>sketch</i> or <i>drawing</i>. Pastel paintings, being made with a medium that has the highest pigment concentration of all, reflect light without darkening <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>, allowing for very <a href="/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation (color theory)">saturated</a> colors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pastel_supports">Pastel supports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pastel supports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pastel supports need to provide a "tooth" for the pastel to adhere and hold the pigment in place. Supports include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">laid paper</a> (e.g. Ingres, Canson Mi Teintes)</li> <li>abrasive supports (e.g. with a surface of finely ground <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>, marble dust, or <a href="/wiki/Rottenstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rottenstone">rottenstone</a>)</li> <li>velour paper (e.g. Hannemühle Pastellpapier Velour) suitable for use with soft pastels is a composite of synthetic fibers attached to acid-free backing<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection_of_pastel_paintings">Protection of pastel paintings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protection of pastel paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scenery_painter_Schlosspark_Charlottenburg_berlin_20080423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Scenery_painter_Schlosspark_Charlottenburg_berlin_20080423.jpg/250px-Scenery_painter_Schlosspark_Charlottenburg_berlin_20080423.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Scenery_painter_Schlosspark_Charlottenburg_berlin_20080423.jpg/330px-Scenery_painter_Schlosspark_Charlottenburg_berlin_20080423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Scenery_painter_Schlosspark_Charlottenburg_berlin_20080423.jpg/500px-Scenery_painter_Schlosspark_Charlottenburg_berlin_20080423.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Scenery painter in <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg" title="Charlottenburg">Schlosspark Charlottenburg</a>, Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>Pastels can be used to produce a permanent painting if the artist meets appropriate archival considerations. This means: </p> <ul><li>Only pastels with lightfast pigments are used. As it is not protected by a binder the pigment in pastels is especially vulnerable to light. Pastel paintings made with pigments that change color or tone when exposed to light suffer comparable problems to <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a> paintings using the same pigments.</li> <li>Works are done on an acid-free archival quality support. Historically some works have been executed on supports which are now extremely fragile and the support rather than the pigment needs to be protected under glass and away from light.</li> <li>Works are properly mounted and framed under glass so that the glass does not touch the artwork. This prevents the deterioration which is associated with environmental hazards such as air quality, humidity, mildew problems associated with condensation and smudging. <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Plexiglas</a> is not used as it will create <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="how Plexiglas creates static electricity while other glasses do not (October 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and dislodge the particles of pastel pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some artists protect their finished pieces by spraying them with a <a href="/wiki/Fixative_(drawing)" title="Fixative (drawing)">fixative</a>. A pastel fixative is an aerosol varnish which can be used to help stabilize the small charcoal or pastel particles on a painting or drawing. It cannot prevent smearing entirely without dulling and darkening the bright and fresh colors of pastels. The use of hairspray as a fixative is generally not recommended as it is not acid-free and therefore can degrade the artwork in the long term. Traditional fixatives will discolor eventually.</li></ul> <p>For these reasons, some pastelists avoid the use of a fixative except in cases where the pastel has been overworked so much that the surface will no longer hold any more pastel. The fixative will restore the "tooth" and more pastel can be applied on top. It is the tooth of the painting surface that holds the pastels, not a fixative. Abrasive supports avoid or minimize the need to apply further fixative in this way. SpectraFix, a modern casein fixative available premixed in a pump misting bottle or as concentrate to be mixed with alcohol, is not toxic and does not darken or dull pastel colors. However, SpectraFix takes some practice to use because it's applied with a pump misting bottle instead of an aerosol spray can. It is easy to use too much SpectraFix and leave puddles of liquid that may dissolve passages of color; also it takes a little longer to dry than conventional spray fixatives between light layers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a> (paper) is used by artists to protect artwork which is being stored or transported. Some good quality books of pastel papers also include glassine to separate pages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frottage_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Frottage_02.jpg/250px-Frottage_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Frottage_02.jpg/330px-Frottage_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Frottage_02.jpg/500px-Frottage_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A pastel frottage created by rubbing pastel on paper laid over stone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_On_the_Cliff_-_Theodore_Robinson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brooklyn_Museum_-_On_the_Cliff_-_Theodore_Robinson.jpg/250px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_On_the_Cliff_-_Theodore_Robinson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brooklyn_Museum_-_On_the_Cliff_-_Theodore_Robinson.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_On_the_Cliff_-_Theodore_Robinson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brooklyn_Museum_-_On_the_Cliff_-_Theodore_Robinson.jpg/500px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_On_the_Cliff_-_Theodore_Robinson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption><i>On the Cliff</i> by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Robinson" title="Theodore Robinson">Theodore Robinson</a>, 1887. A warm beige paper is used as a colored ground to enhance the pink colors. The rough textured ground provided by the paper also enhances the impressionistic style of the pastel work.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pastel techniques can be challenging since the medium is mixed and blended directly on the working surface, and unlike paint, colors cannot be tested on a palette before applying to the surface. Pastel errors cannot be covered the way a paint error can be painted out. Experimentation with the pastel medium on a small scale in order to learn various techniques gives the user a better command over a larger composition.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pastels have some techniques in common with painting, such as blending, <a href="/wiki/Masking_(art)" title="Masking (art)">masking</a>, building up layers of color, adding accents and highlighting, and <a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">shading</a>. Some techniques are characteristic of both pastels and sketching mediums such as charcoal and lead, for example, <a href="/wiki/Hatching" title="Hatching">hatching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crosshatching" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosshatching">crosshatching</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gradation_(art)" title="Gradation (art)">gradation</a>. Other techniques are particular to the pastel medium. </p> <ul><li>Colored grounds: the use of a colored working surface to produce an effect such as a softening of the pastel hues, or a contrast</li> <li>Dry wash: coverage of a large area using the broad side of the pastel stick. A cotton ball, paper towel, or brush may be used to spread the pigment more thinly and evenly.</li> <li>Erasure: lifting of pigment from an area using a <a href="/wiki/Kneaded_eraser" title="Kneaded eraser">kneaded eraser</a> or other tool</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feathering" title="Feathering">Feathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frottage_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frottage (art)">Frottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impasto" title="Impasto">Impasto</a>: pastel applied thickly enough to produce a discernible texture or relief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouncing" title="Pouncing">Pouncing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resist_techniques_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resist techniques (art)">Resist techniques</a></li> <li>Scraping out</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scumbling" class="mw-redirect" title="Scumbling">Scumbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfumato" title="Sfumato">Sfumato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgraffito" title="Sgraffito">Sgraffito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stippling" title="Stippling">Stippling</a></li> <li>Textured grounds: the use of coarse or smooth paper texture to create an effect, a technique also often used in watercolor painting</li> <li>Wet brushing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety_hazards">Health and safety hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health and safety hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pastels are a dry medium and produce a great deal of dust, which can cause respiratory irritation. More seriously, pastels might use the same pigments as artists' paints, many of which are <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a>. For example, exposure to <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_pigments" title="Cadmium pigments">cadmium pigments</a>, which are common and popular bright yellows, oranges, and reds, can lead to <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_poisoning" title="Cadmium poisoning">cadmium poisoning</a>. Pastel artists, who use the pigments without a strong painting binder, are especially susceptible to such poisoning. For this reason, many modern pastels are made using substitutions for cadmium, chromium, and other toxic pigments, while retaining the traditional pigment names.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All brands that have the AP Label<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a> are not considered toxic, and they might use extremely insoluble varieties of cadmium or cobalt pigments that will not be readily absorbed by the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although less toxic when swallowed, they should still be treated with care.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pastel_art_in_art_history">Pastel art in art history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pastel art in art history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The manufacture of pastels originated in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Monnier_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monnier-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pastel medium was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, who learned of it from the French artist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perr%C3%A9al" title="Jean Perréal">Jean Perréal</a> after that artist's arrival in Milan in 1499.<sup id="cite_ref-Monnier_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monnier-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pastel was sometimes used as a medium for preparatory studies by 16th-century artists, notably <a href="/wiki/Federico_Barocci" title="Federico Barocci">Federico Barocci</a>. The first French artist to specialize in pastel portraits was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vivien" title="Joseph Vivien">Joseph Vivien</a>. </p><p>During the 18th century the medium became fashionable for <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portrait</a> painting, sometimes in a mixed technique with gouache. Pastel was an important medium for artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Perronneau" title="Jean-Baptiste Perronneau">Jean-Baptiste Perronneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Quentin_de_La_Tour" title="Maurice Quentin de La Tour">Maurice Quentin de La Tour</a> (who never painted in oils),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rosalba_Carriera" title="Rosalba Carriera">Rosalba Carriera</a>. The pastel <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a> paintings and portraits of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin">Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin</a> are much admired, as are the works of the Swiss-French artist <a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard" title="Jean-Étienne Liotard">Jean-Étienne Liotard</a>. In 18th-century England the outstanding practitioner was <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Russell (painter)">John Russell</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley" title="John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a> used pastel occasionally for portraits. </p><p>In France, pastel briefly became unpopular during and after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a>, as the medium was identified with the frivolity of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner_15_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner_15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-19th century, French artists such as <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a> were again making significant use of pastel.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner_15_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner_15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their countryman <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a> painted a number of portraits in pastel on canvas, an unconventional ground for the medium. <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a> was an innovator in pastel technique, and used it with an almost <a href="/wiki/Expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionist">expressionist</a> vigor after about 1885, when it became his primary medium.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner_15_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner_15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a> produced a large body of works in pastel. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">James Abbott McNeill Whistler</a> produced a quantity of pastels around 1880, including a body of work relating to Venice, and this probably contributed to a growing enthusiasm for the medium in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, he demonstrated how few strokes were required to evoke a place or an atmosphere. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a>, an American artist active in France, introduced the Impressionists and pastel to her friends in Philadelphia and Washington. </p><p> According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art's <i>Time Line of Art History: Nineteenth Century American Drawings</i>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Among American artists] by far the most graphic and, at the same time, most painterly wielding of pastel was Cassatt's in Europe, where she had worked closely in the medium with her mentor Edgar Degas and vigorously captured familial moments such as the one revealed in <i>Mother Playing with Child</i>.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Merritt_Chase,_Study_of_Flesh_Color_and_Gold,_1888,_NGA_103252.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of a woman from behind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/William_Merritt_Chase%2C_Study_of_Flesh_Color_and_Gold%2C_1888%2C_NGA_103252.jpg/250px-William_Merritt_Chase%2C_Study_of_Flesh_Color_and_Gold%2C_1888%2C_NGA_103252.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/William_Merritt_Chase%2C_Study_of_Flesh_Color_and_Gold%2C_1888%2C_NGA_103252.jpg/330px-William_Merritt_Chase%2C_Study_of_Flesh_Color_and_Gold%2C_1888%2C_NGA_103252.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/William_Merritt_Chase%2C_Study_of_Flesh_Color_and_Gold%2C_1888%2C_NGA_103252.jpg/500px-William_Merritt_Chase%2C_Study_of_Flesh_Color_and_Gold%2C_1888%2C_NGA_103252.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2897" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>William Merritt Chase, Study of Flesh Color and Gold, 1888, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, NGA 103252</figcaption></figure> <p>On the East Coast of the United States, the Society of Painters in Pastel was founded in 1883 by <a href="/wiki/William_Merritt_Chase" title="William Merritt Chase">William Merritt Chase</a>, Robert Blum, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Pastellists" title="The Pastellists">The Pastellists</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Dabo" title="Leon Dabo">Leon Dabo</a>, was organized in New York in late 1910 and included among its ranks <a href="/wiki/Everett_Shinn" title="Everett Shinn">Everett Shinn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bowen_Davies" title="Arthur Bowen Davies">Arthur Bowen Davies</a>. On the American West Coast the influential artist and teacher <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Joseph_de_Lemos" title="Pedro Joseph de Lemos">Pedro Joseph de Lemos</a>, who served as Chief Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Art_Institute" title="San Francisco Art Institute">San Francisco Art Institute</a> and Director of the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> Museum and Art Gallery, popularized pastels in regional exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-edwardsrw_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwardsrw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1919 de Lemos published a series of articles on "painting" with pastels, which included such notable innovations as allowing the intensity of light on the subject to determine the distinct color of laid paper and the use of special optics for making "night sketches" in both urban and rural settings.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His night scenes, which were often called "dreamscapes" in the press, were influenced by French <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a>. </p><p>Pastels have been favored by many modern and contemporary artists because of the medium's broad range of bright colors. Recent notable artists who have worked extensively in pastels include <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Botero" title="Fernando Botero">Fernando Botero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Clemente" title="Francesco Clemente">Francesco Clemente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Greene_(artist)" title="Daniel Greene (artist)">Daniel Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Kahn" title="Wolf Kahn">Wolf Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paula_Rego" title="Paula Rego">Paula Rego</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._B._Kitaj" title="R. B. Kitaj">R. B. Kitaj</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pastels">Pastels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pastels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosalba_Carriera_Self-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rosalba Carriera, Self-portrait holding a portrait of her sister, 1715, pastel on paper; Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence"><img alt="Rosalba Carriera, Self-portrait holding a portrait of her sister, 1715, pastel on paper; Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rosalba_Carriera_Self-portrait.jpg/114px-Rosalba_Carriera_Self-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rosalba_Carriera_Self-portrait.jpg/171px-Rosalba_Carriera_Self-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rosalba_Carriera_Self-portrait.jpg/228px-Rosalba_Carriera_Self-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="713" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rosalba_Carriera" title="Rosalba Carriera">Rosalba Carriera</a>, <i>Self-portrait holding a portrait of her sister</i>, 1715, pastel on paper; Galleria degli <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis15-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maurice Quentin de La Tour, a bravura pastel portrait of Louis XV, 1748"><img alt="Maurice Quentin de La Tour, a bravura pastel portrait of Louis XV, 1748" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Louis15-1.jpg/115px-Louis15-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Louis15-1.jpg/172px-Louis15-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Louis15-1.jpg/229px-Louis15-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Quentin_de_La_Tour" title="Maurice Quentin de La Tour">Maurice Quentin de La Tour</a>, a bravura pastel portrait of <i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</a></i>, 1748</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chardin_pastel_selfportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin. Self Portrait, 1771, pastel on paper, The Louvre"><img alt="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin. Self Portrait, 1771, pastel on paper, The Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Chardin_pastel_selfportrait.jpg/106px-Chardin_pastel_selfportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Chardin_pastel_selfportrait.jpg/159px-Chardin_pastel_selfportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Chardin_pastel_selfportrait.jpg/213px-Chardin_pastel_selfportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="3092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin">Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin</a>. <i>Self Portrait</i>, 1771, pastel on paper, The Louvre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4t_der_Madame_Michel-L%C3%A9vy_(1882)_-_Edouard_Manet_(National_Gallery_of_Art,_Washington_D.C.).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Édouard Manet, Madame Michel-Lévy, 1882, pastel on canvas, National Gallery of Art"><img alt="Édouard Manet, Madame Michel-Lévy, 1882, pastel on canvas, National Gallery of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Portr%C3%A4t_der_Madame_Michel-L%C3%A9vy_%281882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_D.C.%29.jpg/95px-Portr%C3%A4t_der_Madame_Michel-L%C3%A9vy_%281882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_D.C.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Portr%C3%A4t_der_Madame_Michel-L%C3%A9vy_%281882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_D.C.%29.jpg/142px-Portr%C3%A4t_der_Madame_Michel-L%C3%A9vy_%281882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_D.C.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Portr%C3%A4t_der_Madame_Michel-L%C3%A9vy_%281882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_D.C.%29.jpg/190px-Portr%C3%A4t_der_Madame_Michel-L%C3%A9vy_%281882%29_-_Edouard_Manet_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%2C_Washington_D.C.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>, <i>Madame Michel-Lévy</i>, 1882, pastel on canvas, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whistler_James_Venetian_Scene_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Venetian Scene, 1879, pastel on paper"><img alt="James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Venetian Scene, 1879, pastel on paper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Whistler_James_Venetian_Scene_1879.jpg/120px-Whistler_James_Venetian_Scene_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Whistler_James_Venetian_Scene_1879.jpg/250px-Whistler_James_Venetian_Scene_1879.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">James Abbott McNeill Whistler</a>, <i>Venetian Scene</i>, 1879, pastel on paper</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_029.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edgar Degas, La Toilette (Woman Combing Her Hair), c. 1884–1886, pastel on paper, Pushkin Museum, Moscow"><img alt="Edgar Degas, La Toilette (Woman Combing Her Hair), c. 1884–1886, pastel on paper, Pushkin Museum, Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_029.jpg/250px-Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_029.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_029.jpg/330px-Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>, <i>La Toilette</i> (Woman Combing Her Hair), c. 1884–1886, pastel on paper, <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Museum" title="Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum</a>, Moscow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Odilon_Redon_(French_-_Baronne_de_Domecy_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Odilon Redon, Baronne de Domecy, c. 1900, pastel and graphite on light brown laid paper, J. Paul Getty Museum"><img alt="Odilon Redon, Baronne de Domecy, c. 1900, pastel and graphite on light brown laid paper, J. Paul Getty Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Odilon_Redon_%28French_-_Baronne_de_Domecy_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/121px-Odilon_Redon_%28French_-_Baronne_de_Domecy_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Odilon_Redon_%28French_-_Baronne_de_Domecy_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/182px-Odilon_Redon_%28French_-_Baronne_de_Domecy_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Odilon_Redon_%28French_-_Baronne_de_Domecy_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/242px-Odilon_Redon_%28French_-_Baronne_de_Domecy_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3486" data-file-height="4024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a>, <i>Baronne de Domecy</i>, c. 1900, pastel and graphite on light brown <a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">laid paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roslin,_Marie-Suzanne_-_Jean-Baptiste_Pigalle_-_18th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="18th century pastel, depicting Jean-Baptiste Pigalle by Marie-Suzanne Giroust on gray-blue paper"><img alt="18th century pastel, depicting Jean-Baptiste Pigalle by Marie-Suzanne Giroust on gray-blue paper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Roslin%2C_Marie-Suzanne_-_Jean-Baptiste_Pigalle_-_18th_century.jpg/120px-Roslin%2C_Marie-Suzanne_-_Jean-Baptiste_Pigalle_-_18th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Roslin%2C_Marie-Suzanne_-_Jean-Baptiste_Pigalle_-_18th_century.jpg/250px-Roslin%2C_Marie-Suzanne_-_Jean-Baptiste_Pigalle_-_18th_century.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">18th century pastel, depicting Jean-Baptiste Pigalle by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Suzanne_Giroust" title="Marie-Suzanne Giroust">Marie-Suzanne Giroust</a> on gray-blue paper</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustaf_Lundberg_-_Portrait_of_Charles-Joseph_Natoire_-_WGA13778.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Charles-Joseph Natoire executed in pastel"><img alt="Portrait of Charles-Joseph Natoire executed in pastel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gustaf_Lundberg_-_Portrait_of_Charles-Joseph_Natoire_-_WGA13778.jpg/101px-Gustaf_Lundberg_-_Portrait_of_Charles-Joseph_Natoire_-_WGA13778.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gustaf_Lundberg_-_Portrait_of_Charles-Joseph_Natoire_-_WGA13778.jpg/152px-Gustaf_Lundberg_-_Portrait_of_Charles-Joseph_Natoire_-_WGA13778.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gustaf_Lundberg_-_Portrait_of_Charles-Joseph_Natoire_-_WGA13778.jpg/203px-Gustaf_Lundberg_-_Portrait_of_Charles-Joseph_Natoire_-_WGA13778.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Charles-Joseph_Natoire" title="Charles-Joseph Natoire">Charles-Joseph Natoire</a> executed in pastel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boucher_par_Gustav_Lundberg_1741.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="François Boucher depicted by Gustav Lundberg"><img alt="François Boucher depicted by Gustav Lundberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boucher_par_Gustav_Lundberg_1741.jpg/120px-Boucher_par_Gustav_Lundberg_1741.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boucher_par_Gustav_Lundberg_1741.jpg/250px-Boucher_par_Gustav_Lundberg_1741.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a> depicted by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Lundberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Lundberg">Gustav Lundberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassatt_Mary_Sleepy_Baby_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Cassatt, Sleepy Baby, 1910"><img alt="Mary Cassatt, Sleepy Baby, 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cassatt_Mary_Sleepy_Baby_1910.jpg/112px-Cassatt_Mary_Sleepy_Baby_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cassatt_Mary_Sleepy_Baby_1910.jpg/168px-Cassatt_Mary_Sleepy_Baby_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cassatt_Mary_Sleepy_Baby_1910.jpg/224px-Cassatt_Mary_Sleepy_Baby_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a>, <i>Sleepy Baby</i>, 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leon Dabo, Flowers in a Green Vase, c. 1910s, pastel"><img alt="Leon Dabo, Flowers in a Green Vase, c. 1910s, pastel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg/82px-Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg/123px-Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg/164px-Flowers_in_a_Green_Vase_by_Leon_Dabo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Dabo" title="Leon Dabo">Leon Dabo</a>, <i>Flowers in a Green Vase,</i> c. 1910s, pastel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiremy-Hirschl_Portrait_of_a_young_woman_c._1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl, Portrait of a Young Woman, c. 1915, pastel on orange paper, Art Institute of Chicago"><img alt="Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl, Portrait of a Young Woman, c. 1915, pastel on orange paper, Art Institute of Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hiremy-Hirschl_Portrait_of_a_young_woman_c._1915.jpg/96px-Hiremy-Hirschl_Portrait_of_a_young_woman_c._1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hiremy-Hirschl_Portrait_of_a_young_woman_c._1915.jpg/143px-Hiremy-Hirschl_Portrait_of_a_young_woman_c._1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hiremy-Hirschl_Portrait_of_a_young_woman_c._1915.jpg/191px-Hiremy-Hirschl_Portrait_of_a_young_woman_c._1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hir%C3%A9my-Hirschl" title="Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl">Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl</a>, <i>Portrait of a Young Woman,</i> c. 1915, pastel on orange paper, <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caran_d%27Ache_(company)" title="Caran d'Ache (company)">Caran d'Ache (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortillon" title="Tortillon">Tortillon</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_sources">References and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, Ralph. The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques. Viking Adult; 5th revised and updated edition, 1991. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-83701-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-83701-6">0-670-83701-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marie-Lydie Joffre. "Should I 'fix' my Pastels and, if so, how?" 10 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.marielydiejoffre.com/english/resource/faq_pastel_framing.html#fixation">http://www.marielydiejoffre.com/english/resource/faq_pastel_framing.html#fixation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_p8-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_p8_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_p8_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1992" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Judy (1992). <i>The Encyclopedia of Pastel Techniques</i>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56138-087-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56138-087-3"><bdi>1-56138-087-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Pastel+Techniques&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-56138-087-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1992" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Judy (1992). <i>The Encyclopedia of Pastel Techniques</i>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56138-087-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56138-087-3"><bdi>1-56138-087-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Pastel+Techniques&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-56138-087-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sheilaevans.art/more/pastel-faqs">"Pastel FAQs"</a>. <i>SHEILA M. EVANS STUDIO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SHEILA+M.+EVANS+STUDIO&rft.atitle=Pastel+FAQs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsheilaevans.art%2Fmore%2Fpastel-faqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMortensen2006" class="citation book cs1">Mortensen, Andreas (2006). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052462-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052462-7"><bdi>978-0-08-052462-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Composite+Materials&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-08-052462-7&rft.aulast=Mortensen&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCreevy1999" class="citation book cs1">Creevy, Bill (1999). <i>The Pastel Book</i>. New York; Great Britain: Watson-Guptill. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-3905-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-3905-0"><bdi>978-0-8230-3905-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pastel+Book&rft.place=New+York%3B+Great+Britain&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Watson-Guptill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8230-3905-0&rft.aulast=Creevy&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ampersandart.com/full/framing-pastelbord">"Framing Pastelbord | Artist Surfaces"</a>. <i>Ampersand Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ampersand+Art&rft.atitle=Framing+Pastelbord+%7C+Artist+Surfaces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fampersandart.com%2Ffull%2Fframing-pastelbord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1992" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Judy (1992). <i>The Encyclopedia of Pastel Techniques</i>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56138-087-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56138-087-3"><bdi>1-56138-087-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Pastel+Techniques&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-56138-087-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societyofcanadianartists.com/content/page.aspx?section=68&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1">"Dry Pastel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314174534/https://societyofcanadianartists.com/content/page.aspx?section=68&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1">Archived</a> 14 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Society of Canadian Artists. Retrieved 26 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaperon" class="citation web cs1">Chaperon, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artistrunwebsite.com/inspiration/729/Art+Material+Safety%3A+Labelling+%22AP%22+or+%22CL%22+On+Art+Materials">"Art Material Safety: Labelling "AP" or "CL" On Art Materials"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+Material+Safety%3A+Labelling+%22AP%22+or+%22CL%22+On+Art+Materials&rft.aulast=Chaperon&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artistrunwebsite.com%2Finspiration%2F729%2FArt%2BMaterial%2BSafety%253A%2BLabelling%2B%2522AP%2522%2Bor%2B%2522CL%2522%2BOn%2BArt%2BMaterials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unisoncolour.com/working-safely-with-unison-colour-pastels/">"Working safely with Unison Colour pastels | Unison Colour"</a>. 15 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Working+safely+with+Unison+Colour+pastels+%7C+Unison+Colour&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unisoncolour.com%2Fworking-safely-with-unison-colour-pastels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInc1996" class="citation web cs1">Inc, Golden Artist Colors (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justpaint.org/will-cadmium-always-be-on-the-palette/">"Will Cadmium Always Be On The Palette?"</a>. <i>Just Paint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Just+Paint&rft.atitle=Will+Cadmium+Always+Be+On+The+Palette%3F&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.aulast=Inc&rft.aufirst=Golden+Artist+Colors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjustpaint.org%2Fwill-cadmium-always-be-on-the-palette%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monnier-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monnier_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monnier_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monnier, Geneviève, "Pastel", Oxford Art Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monnier, Geneviève, "Maurice-Quentin de La Tour", Oxford Art Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner_15-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_15_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_15_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_15_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner, A., & Degas, E. (1977). <i>Degas pastels</i>. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082301276X" title="Special:BookSources/082301276X">082301276X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/amdr2/hd_amdr2.htm">"Nineteenth-Century American Drawings"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Nineteenth-Century+American+Drawings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Famdr2%2Fhd_amdr2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithgall2016" class="citation book cs1">Smithgall, Elsa; et al. (2016). <i>William Merritt Chase: A Modern Master</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300206265" title="Special:BookSources/9780300206265"><bdi>9780300206265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Merritt+Chase%3A+A+Modern+Master&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780300206265&rft.aulast=Smithgall&rft.aufirst=Elsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwardsrw-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edwardsrw_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2015" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Robert W. (2015). <i>Pedro de Lemos, Lasting Impressions: Works on Paper</i>. Worcester, Mass.: Davis Publications Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>65, pls. 3b, 5a, <span class="nowrap">7a –</span> <span class="nowrap">11b</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615284054" title="Special:BookSources/9781615284054"><bdi>9781615284054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedro+de+Lemos%2C+Lasting+Impressions%3A+Works+on+Paper&rft.place=Worcester%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E65%2C+pls.+3b%2C+5a%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7a+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11b%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Davis+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781615284054&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APastel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">School Arts Magazine (Worcester, Mass.): 18.7, 1919, pp. 353–356; 19.10, 1920, pp. 596–600; 25.2, 1925, p. 77.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pilgrim, Dianne H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1594084">"The Revival of Pastels in Nineteenth-Century America: The Society of Painters in Pastel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Art_(journal)" title="American Art (journal)">American Art Journal</a></i>, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Nov. 1978), pp. 43–62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1594084">10.2307/1594084</a>.</li> <li>Jeffares, Neil. <i>Dictionary of Pastellists Before 1800</i>. London: Unicorn Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906290-86-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-906290-86-4">0-906290-86-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Saunier" title="Philippe Saunier">Saunier, Philippe</a> & <a href="/wiki/Thea_Burns" title="Thea Burns">Thea Burns</a>. (2015) <i>The art of the pastel</i>. <a href="/wiki/Abbeville_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbeville Press">Abbeville Press</a>. (Translated by Elizabeth Heard) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789212405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0789212405">978-0789212405</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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title="commons:Category:Pastel colors (medium)"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Pastel colors (medium)</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdupastelenfrance.fr/">Art du Pastel en France</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastelsec.com/">Pastel society of eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastelsocietyofamerica.org/">Pastel society of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastellists.com/">Dictionary of pastellists before 1800</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189085#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098548">United States</a></span></li><li><span 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