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Belgium)</div></li></ol></nav></div></div><div class="ui basic segment content-area"><main><div id="view"><div class="db-item-view case-study-view"><div class="eea banner"><div class="gradient"><div class="ui container"><div class="content"><div class="ui grid"><div class="nine wide computer ten wide mobile nine wide tablet column"><p class="subtitle">Case Studies</p><h1 class="documentFirstHeading title">An integrated plan incorporating flood protection: the Sigma Plan (Scheldt Estuary, Belgium)</h1><p class="metadata"></p></div><div class="three wide computer two wide mobile three wide tablet column actions"><div class="popup-trigger"><div class="action"><button class="ui basic icon inverted button share"><i title="Share" aria-hidden="true" class="icon ri-share-fill"></i><span class="mobile-sr-only">Share</span></button></div></div><div class="popup-container" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0"></div><div class="action"><button class="ui basic icon inverted button download"><i 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class="ui image"/><p>© Sigma Plan</p></div><div><p><em>The Sigma Plan, initiated in 1977, protects 20000 hectares along Belgium's Scheldt River from storm surges and floods combining dike reinforcement and controlled flood areas (CFAs). Since the 2005 Plan, flood protection is integrated with nature conservation, also creating new opportunities for recreation.</em></p> <p>The Sigma Plan is an integrated flood protection plan that was firstly established in 1977, in reaction to a major storm surge flood in 1976. The Sigma Plan offers protection against storm surges as well as river floods caused by excessive rainfall. Its objectives also include nature protection.</p> <p>The plan protects approximately 20,000 hectares of land in Belgium bordering the Scheldt River and its tributaries such as the Rupel, the Nete and the Durme Rivers. In order to achieve adequate protection, the plan combines ‘grey’ infrastructure measures, mainly strengthened dike protection, and ‘green’ measures in the form of a network of controlled flood areas.</p></div><div class="ui divider"></div><div class="adaptation-details"><div class="ui twelve column grid"><div class="four wide computer twelve wide mobile twelve wide tablet column"><div><h4>Case Study Description</h4><div role="list" class="ui bulleted list"><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#challenges_anchor">Challenges</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#objectives_anchor">Objectives of the adaptation measure</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#adapt_options_anchor">Adaptation Options Implemented In This Case</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#solutions_anchor">Solutions</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#relevance_anchor">Importance and Relevance of Adaptation</a></div></div></div></div><div class="four wide computer twelve wide mobile twelve wide tablet column"><div><h4>Additional Details</h4><div role="list" class="ui bulleted list"><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#stake_holder_anchor">Stakeholder participation</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#success_limitations_anchor">Success and limiting factors</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#cost_benefit_anchor">Costs and benefits</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#legal_aspects">Legal aspects</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#implementation_time_anchor">Implementation time</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#life_time_anchor">Lifetime</a></div></div></div></div><div class="four wide computer twelve wide mobile twelve wide tablet column"><div><h4>Reference Information</h4><div role="list" class="ui bulleted list"><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#contact">Contact</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#websites">Websites</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="#source">Source</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ui divider"></div><h2>Case Study Description</h2><div id="challenges_anchor" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Challenges</h5><div><p>The original Sigma Plan conceived in 1977, was designed to protect the coastlines of the Scheldt and its tributaries against storm surge floods. However, as the execution of the plan progressed, new requirements arose including the need for further adaptation to climate change. When the Sigma Plan was updated in 2005, it was understood that the existing plan was insufficient to provide adequate protection both under current conditions as well as for the likely conditions projected by climate change models. The 2005 update referred to a projected range of sea level rise of 9 to 88 cm by 2100, taking into account varying estimates of seawater expansion, melting of the icecaps and glaciers and climate sensitivity; this was based on the IPPC Third Assessment Report, released in 2001. In particular, the Sigma Plan used as a baseline for its protection measures a sea level rise of up to 25 cm by 2050 and 60 cm by 2100.</p> <p>The plan is focused on protection until 2050. Belgium has chosen to apply differentiated flood protection levels along the Scheldt based on the likelihood of deaths and the potential extent of economic damage. The minimum level of protection is a flood event occurring once in 1,000 years (otherwise expressed as the probability of occurrence 0.1% in a year). A number of possible additional measures are prepared for the period after 2050 in case they are needed to address higher sea-level rise. These will be undertaken depending on the advanced projections then available.</p> <p>It should also be noted that the average tidal amplitude of the river has increased significantly during the past century. These changes are largely due to human interventions affecting the flow of water through the Scheldt. Changes include the diverting of water to feed into canals, the removal of river meanders by straightening the river and increasing the depth of shipping channels. These changes exacerbate impacts from climate change.</p></div></div><div id="objectives_anchor" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Objectives of the adaptation measure</h5><div><p>The main objectives of the Sigma Plan are to protect the land bordering the Scheldt River and its tributaries such as the Rupel, the Nete and the Durme rivers from storm surges and river flooding. Another objective is to restore the Scheldt's ecosystems, helping Belgium meet its EU obligations for nature protection and achieve conservation objectives in the framework of Natura 2000. Moreover, the Sigma Plan aims to make the Scheldt and its tributaries more attractive to cyclists, hikers and other visitors, enhancing different recreational uses of the area.</p></div></div><div id="adapt_options_anchor" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Adaptation Options Implemented In This Case</h5><div role="list" class="ui list"><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="/en/metadata/adaptation-options/rehabilitation-and-restoration-of-rivers">Rehabilitation and restoration of rivers and floodplains</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="/en/metadata/adaptation-options/adaptation-or-improvement-of-dikes-and-dams">Improved design of dikes and levees</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="/en/metadata/adaptation-options/adaptation-of-flood-management-plans">Adaptation of flood management plans</a></div><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="/en/metadata/adaptation-options/restoration-and-management-of-coastal-wetlands">Restoration and management of coastal wetlands</a></div></div></div><div id="solutions_anchor" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Solutions</h5><div><p>While the Sigma Plan’s main purpose is flood control, the plan is based on an integrative perspective on river management which acknowledges various river functions and their importance for society. These include: shipping, nature protection, preservation of landscape values, cleansing functions, fish nurseries and more. The Sigma Plan was originally conceived in 1977 with flood control as its main purpose. Since then, perspectives on water management have evolved. An updated Sigma Plan was adopted in 2005. It was based on three main pillars; flood protection, access to Scheldt Ports and a natural functioning of the physical and ecological system.</p> <p>The original Sigma Plan called for dikes stretching a total length of 512 kilometres to be raised and strengthened, the establishment of 13 controlled flood areas covering a total of about 1,100 hectares, as well as the construction of a storm surge barrier. Plans for the storm surge barrier were later suspended after analysis showed that the benefits did not outweigh the costs. The consideration that the storm surge barrier was prohibitively expensive, together with an increased demand for a healthier river ecosystem, led to a greater application of a concept called ‘room for the river’. The 2005 revision also took into account projected climate change impacts.</p> <p>The 2005 plan gives a greater role to controlled flood areas (CFAs) and depoldered areas that counter storm surges by temporarily storing excess water. Controlled flooding areas have low dikes, called overflow dykes, along the river, and higher dykes on the inland side to maintain flood protection. The overflow dykes allow water to flood during storm surges. After high water levels have receded, drainage outlets allow water to exit. The CFAs help attenuate the impacts of flooding events by increasing the river catchment area, thus reducing upstream water levels. The volume of many CFAs is increased as their ground levels are below the average water level due to historic compacting of the soil and loss of natural sedimentation processes. These low ground levels however mean that overflow dikes and artificial water regulation are needed. The predominant use for land within CFAs has been as nature areas that contribute to achieving conservation objectives and improving water quality. Under EU nature legislation – in particular, requirements to compensate for the loss of natural areas taken by the expansion of the Port of Antwerp – the total area set aside as flooding areas was increased for the purpose of nature development: by 2030, a total of about 2,450 hectares are to be created. Another 650 hectares have been indicated as possible future flood zones to be constructed after 2030 if necessary to guarantee flood safety beyond 2050.</p> <p>Some CFAs also include controlled tidal areas, where a regular, reduced tide is produced through an adjustable weir system in the overflow dike. During high tide, water from the Scheldt flows into the area through a weir and during low tide it flows out through a low weir. The controlled tidal areas allow for the creation of tidal habitats while maintaining the CFA’s functions.</p> <p>Depoldering areas are zones where dike protection is moved inland exposing a former polder (land reclaimed from the water) once again to tidal influences. Depoldered areas provide room for river water during high water levels. Thus they, like the CFAs, attenuate storm surge levels. They also provide room for estuarine habitats.</p> <p>The Sigma Plan also includes projects aiming to raise and reinforce river levees for a total length of 645 km. The required thickness and height of the Scheldt river levees have been calculated considering the water pressure on the levees, through simulations of storm tides with computer models. Levees are raised to 8 metres TAW (Tweede Algemene Waterpassing, the reference height for measuring water levels in Belgium) in those areas that are more upstream along the River Scheldt. Levees are raised to 11 metres TAW in the section between Antwerp and the Western Scheldt.</p> <p>The Sigma Plan has already proven its effectiveness in recent years during several storms surges occurred between 2013 and 2018, successfully containing excess water and preventing dangerous flooding. In particular, during the event of the 3<sup>rd</sup> January 2018, a strong storm tide caused very high water levels in the Scheldt and its tributaries. Fifteen Flood Control Areas, out of the total sixteen already completed, became operational, buffering the excess water.</p></div></div><div id="relevance_anchor" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Relevance</h5><p>Case partially developed, implemented and funded as a climate change adaptation measure.</p></div><div class="ui divider"></div><h2>Additional Details</h2><div id="stake_holder_anchor" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Stakeholder participation</h5><div><p>The Flanders Region has followed a strategy of open communication in order to implement the Sigma Plan in a way that maximizes public acceptance and support. The communication strategy is coordinated by Waterwegen en Zeekanaal NV (W&Z) (Waterways and Sea Channels), a department of the regional government, with consultation at ministerial level and under the oversight of a steering group. The steering group includes representatives of various public institutions, including the Department of Waterways and Sea Channels, the Agency for Nature and Forests, the Department for Land Use Planning, the Department for Housing Policy and Heritage Buildings, the Department of Environment, Nature and Energy, the Department for Agriculture and Fisheries, the Flemish Land Agency, the Executive Secretariat of the Flemish-Dutch Scheldt Commission and the OS2010 working group.</p> <p>Communication is carried out using various tools including brochures, newsletters and educational materials for children as well as meetings to disseminate information and discuss key issues with stakeholders. Specific types of stakeholders have been actively involved in the planning, including agricultural organisations, environmental NGOs, hunters, fishers and the tourism and hospitality industry. Important stakeholders for Sigma Plans are farmers, because several projects have been planned in areas used for agriculture. The effects of Sigma Plan on farms have been analysed with the Flemish Land Agency and discussed with farmers, leading to an agriculture impact study and to the definition of measures to mitigate or compensate the loss of land.</p> <p>The communication strategy focuses on three outcomes from the Sigma Plan. The first and primary pillar is the increase in flood safety; the other two pillars are recreation, and nature protection. Each project part of the plan is extensively communicated to the public and focus groups are organised at both regional and local levels. In Belgium, the <a href="https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/kruibeke-bazel-rupelmonde-belgium-a-controlled-flood-area-for-flood-safety-and-nature-protection">Kruibeke project</a> was the only one that saw significant opposition, delaying the final completion of the project. A trans-boundary project involving the depoldering of the <a href="https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/a-transboundary-depoldered-area-for-flood-protection-and-nature-hedwige-and-prosper-polders">Hedwige Polder</a>, located in the Netherlands, has also resulted in stakeholder and public opposition.</p></div></div><div id="success_limitations_anchor" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Success and limiting factors</h5><div><p>Main success factors include:</p> <ul> <li>The coordinated identification of suitable areas for the development of controlled flood zones, providing increased safety with limited damage caused to agriculture, land use and economy.</li> <li>The integration of climate change and sea level rise projections.</li> <li>The integration of compensation for areas lost by port expansion and the dredging of the Scheldt in the plan’s overall objectives, strengthening its profile in negotiations with local governments and stakeholders.</li> <li>The availability of areas for the compensation of natural habitats lost due to infrastructure works in the Scheldt Estuary.</li> <li>The ability to expropriate the land necessary for the controlled flood areas. Landholders are compensated for the existing price of the land plus 20%. Where feasible, expropriation can be delayed to the time when a farmer retires or is near to retirement.</li> <li>The ongoing engagement of plan managers with stakeholders during the phases of each project and in the overall decision-making process – this has addressed initial opposition (see limiting factors). </li> <li>Application of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and environmental impact assessment (EIA) to strengthen plan and project design.</li> </ul> <p>Limiting factors include:</p> <ul> <li>Stakeholder opposition has been an issue for the construction of the Kruibeke CFA and also in the Netherlands for the Hedwige Polder project.</li> <li>Budget restrictions have slowing the implementation of the plan, which could push its completion beyond the intended date of 2030.</li> </ul></div></div><div id="cost_benefit_anchor" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Costs and benefits</h5><div><p>In 2005, the total costs for realising the updated Sigma Plan were estimated at 882 million Euros: 830 million for construction works and 52 million Euros for accompanying measures. In 2010, an update of the estimates resulted in a cost estimate of 994 million Euros for the works and 62 million Euros for the accompanying measures, due to mainly to overall price increases.</p> <p>The 2005 Sigma Plan included a detailed cost benefit (CBA) analysis to assist in determining the optimal plan. In total, 180 potential areas were considered for use as controlled flood areas, with a total surface area of 15,000 ha. The CBA took the average annual flood risk during the 100 year project life into account, allowing for a sea level rise of 60 cm and taking into account climate change. The economic risk with only the works of the original (1997) Sigma Plan without the storm surge barrier completed was estimated to be 942 million Euros. From the cost benefit analysis, it was found that the optimal scenario included the raising of dikes and the use of CFAs. The safety benefits of the optimal scenario were estimated to be 736 million Euros.</p> <p>A cost benefit analysis of the ecosystem benefits was also undertaken. This analysis used various available market prices for goods such as for timber production, reed production, carbon dioxide capture, fish production (shrimp), and the prevention of riverbed erosion leading to a reduction in dredging activities. It also used studies to price goods and services with no available market values. Goods and services with no available price information were studied using contingent valuation methods and hedonistic pricing, for example by seeing how housing prices near the project areas could change. The hedonistic price change was estimated using data from other studies while for the contingent valuation study a total of 1,704 questionnaires were collected. The conclusion of the extensive CBA to determine ecosystem benefits found that the benefits range between 143 and 984 million Euros, with the highest level of benefits realised by the maximisation of the use of controlled tidal areas. The non-use value that people attributed by people was the largest benefit measured but also the most contentious. From the cost benefit analysis it was concluded that the benefits outweigh the costs.</p> <p>From an environmental perspective, several benefits and losses can be identified. Benefits include:</p> <ul> <li>Restoration of estuarine processes with accompanying water quality gains;</li> <li>Development of more robust nature areas of high quality that are protected at European level;</li> <li>Desirable changes to the sedimentation regime, with increased sedimentation in the inundation zones leading to a lower turbidity in the river;</li> <li>Reduction in tidal energy.</li> </ul> <p>Losses include:</p> <ul> <li>Loss of former cultural landscapes (mainly agricultural landscapes);</li> <li>Impacts on agriculture and other land use functions in flood zones (monetary compensation and in some cases compensation in the form of alternative agricultural land was provided to farmers)</li> <li>Impacts on valuable groundwater upwelling nature zones and valley ecotypes;</li> <li>Sedimentation impacts on the soil quality in the flood zones.</li> </ul> <p>Some benefits of the implementation of the Sigma Plan have been already experienced, with an overall increase of protection of the area during storm surges, as reported in the section about solutions.</p></div></div><div id="legal_aspects" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Legal aspects</h5><div><p>The Sigma Plan is part of the <a href="http://www.vnsc.eu" target="_blank">Scheldt Estuary Development Outline 2010</a>. This is a combined package of measures and projects in Flanders and the Netherlands aimed to create a safer, more accessible and natural river Scheldt, with a view to all its functions.</p> <p>Key EU legislation relevant to the plan has included: the Birds and Habitats Directives, the EIA and SEA Directives, and the Water Framework Directive and Floods Directive.</p> <p>The nature protection aspect was added to the Sigma Plan in large part due to obligations under the EU Birds and Habitats Directives. The expansion of Port of Antwerp, in particular the construction of the Deurganck Dock, led to the need for compensation of lost natural areas. In 2001, construction of the dock area was halted by court order due to its impacts on special protection areas (SPAs) under the Birds Directive. To continue the project, the Flemish Government approved an emergency decree that unblocked construction of the Deurganck Dock and called for nature compensation within the Kruibeke controlled flood area. This event, together with the ongoing need to comply with EU environmental obligations, contributed to the Flemish government’s decision to make nature protection the second pillar of the updated Sigma Plan. The plan was adopted in 2005.</p> <p>Individual Sigma Plan projects follow a stepwise plan that follows the legal procedures to obtain the relevant permits. The first step is to design a development plan outlining the zone uses, the exact contours of the controlled flood area, the nature types to be developed and how agricultural land will remain accessible. Next, an environmental impact assessment study (EIA) needs to be undertaken detailing the impacts on surrounding people, effects on the soil and waterways and other impacts. Following the EIA process, and any changes it requires, the regional land use plan needs to be adapted. Finally, planning permits are needed. Once all permits have been obtained, the construction can be initiated.</p></div></div><div id="implementation_time_anchor" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Implementation time</h5><div><p>The Sigma Plan was initiated in 1977 and was updated in 2005. Sigma Plans comprises different projects that are launched every five years. The works under the 2005 plan will be completed in 2030. Additional works are planned for the period after 2030 depending on the extent of sea-level rise and/or climate change.</p></div></div><div id="life_time_anchor" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Lifetime</h5><div><p>The plan should provide protection at least until 2100.</p></div></div><div class="ui divider"></div><h2>Reference Information</h2><div id="contact" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Contact</h5><div><p>Wim Dauwe<br>Head of unit<br>Waterwegen en Zeekanaal NV – Department Sea Scheldt<br>Anna Bijnsgebouw - Lange Kievitstraat 111-113 bus 44 - 2018 Antwerp<br>E-mail: <a href="mailto:wim.dauwe@wenz.be" target="_blank">wim.dauwe@wenz.be</a> </p> <p>Stefaan Nollet<br>Project Engineer<br>Waterwegen en Zeekanaal NV – Department Sea Scheldt<br>Anna Bijnsgebouw - Lange Kievitstraat 111-113 bus 44 - 2018 Antwerp<br>E-mail: <a href="mailto:Stefaan.nollet@wenz.bel" target="_blank">Stefaan.nollet@wenz.bel</a> </p> <p>General contact: <a href="https://www.sigmaplan.be/en/contact-us" target="_blank">https://www.sigmaplan.be/en/contact-us</a> </p></div></div><div id="websites" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">Websites</h5><div role="list" class="ui list"><div role="listitem" class="item"><a href="https://www.sigmaplan.be/en/">https://www.sigmaplan.be/en/</a></div></div></div><div id="source" class="section"><h5 class="section-title">References</h5><div><p>The SIGMA Plan</p></div></div><div class="published-modified-info"><p><span><strong>Published in Climate-ADAPT</strong> <!-- -->Jun 7, 2016</span><span> - </span><span><strong>Last Modified in Climate-ADAPT</strong> <!-- -->Apr 18, 2024</span></p></div><div class="ui divider"></div><p>Please contact us for any other enquiry on this Case Study or to share a new Case Study (email<!-- --> <span class="link-mailto"><a href="mailto: climate.adapt@eea.europa.eu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">climate.adapt@eea.europa.eu</a></span>)</p><div class="share-info"><a href="/en/help/share-your-info"><button class="ui icon primary left labeled button">Share your information<i aria-hidden="true" class="icon ri-share-line"></i></button></a></div></div><div class="four wide computer twelve wide mobile twelve wide tablet column col-right"><div class="case-study-gallery"><div class="gallery-title"><span>Case Study illustrations</span><span> (<!-- -->4<!-- -->) </span><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon ri-image-fill"></i></div><div class="image-gallery"><div tabindex="0" role="button"><img src="https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/case-studies/an-integrated-plan-incorporating-flood-protection-the-sigma-plan-scheldt-estuary-belgium/11271549.png/@@images/image/large" alt="Locations of key Sigma Plan projects and related completion program" class="ui image preview-image"/></div></div></div><div class="ui segment"><div class="content-metadata"><h5>Date of creation:</h5><p>2020<i class="ri-question-fill"></i></p><h5>Keywords:</h5><span>Controlled flood area, Habitats Directive, Scheldt estuary, Sigma Plan, depoldering, dike, embankment, nature restoration, wetlands</span><h5>Climate impacts:</h5><p>Flooding, Sea Level Rise, Storms</p><h5>Adaptation Approaches:</h5><p>Societal aspects, Cost-benefit analysis and maintenance costs, Adaptation Measures and Actions, Nature-based solutions, Environmental aspects, Adaptation Plans and Strategies</p><h5>Sectors:</h5><p>Biodiversity, Coastal areas, Disaster Risk Reduction, Land use planning, Water management</p><h5>Governance level:</h5><span>Sub National Regions</span><h5>Geographic characterisation:</h5><div class="geochar"><p>Europe</p><h5>Macro-Transnational region:</h5><p>North West Europe, North Sea</p><h5>Biogeographical regions:</h5><p>Atlantic</p><h5>Countries:</h5><p>Belgium</p><h5>Sub Nationals:</h5><p>Prov. 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Groups are not directly related to permissions on a global level, you normally use Roles for that - and let certain Groups have a particular role. The symbol{plone_svg}indicates a role inherited from membership in another group.":"Groups are logical collections of users, such as departments and business units. Groups are not directly related to permissions on a global level, you normally use Roles for that - and let certain Groups have a particular role. The symbol{plone_svg}indicates a role inherited from membership in another group.","Header cell":"Header cell","Headline":"Headline","Headline level":"Headline level","Hidden facets will still filter the results if proper parameters are passed in URLs":"Hidden facets will still filter the results if proper parameters are passed in URLs","Hide Replies":"Hide Replies","Hide facet?":"Hide facet?","Hide title":"Hide title","History":"History","History Version Number":"#","History of {title}":"History of {title}","Home":"","ID":"ID","If all of the following conditions are met:":"If all of the following conditions are met:","If selected, this item will not appear in the navigation tree":"If selected, this item will not appear in the navigation tree","If this date is in the future, the content will not show up in listings and searches until this date.":"If this date is in the future, the content will not show up in listings and searches until this date.","If you are certain this user has abandoned the object, you may unlock the object. You will then be able to edit it.":"If you are certain this user has abandoned the object, you may unlock the object. You will then be able to edit it.","If you are certain you have the correct web address but are encountering an error, please contact the {site_admin}.":"If you are certain you have the correct web address but are encountering an error, please contact the {site_admin}.","Image":"Image","Image gallery":"Image gallery","Image override":"Image override","Image size":"Image size","Image view":"Image view","Include this occurence":"Include this occurrence","Info":"","InfoUserGroupSettings":"You have selected the option 'many users' or 'many groups'. Thus this control panel asks for input to show users and groups. If you want to see users and groups instantaneous, head over to user group settings. See the button on the left.","Inherit permissions from higher levels":"Inherit permissions from higher levels","Inherited value":"Inherited value","Insert col after":"","Insert col before":"","Insert row after":"","Insert row before":"","Inspect relations":"Inspect relations","Install":"Install","Installed":"Installed","Installed version":"Installed version","Installing a third party add-on":"Installing a third party add-on","Interval Daily":"days","Interval Monthly":"Month(s)","Interval Weekly":"week(s)","Interval Yearly":"year(s)","Invalid Block":"Invalid block - Will be removed on saving","It is not allowed to define both the password and to request sending the password reset message by e-mail. You need to select one of them.":"It is not allowed to define both the password and to request sending the password reset message by e-mail. You need to select one of them.","Item batch size":"Item batch size","Item succesfully moved.":"Item successfully moved.","Item(s) copied.":"Item(s) copied.","Item(s) cut.":"Item(s) cut.","Item(s) has been updated.":"Item(s) has been updated.","Item(s) pasted.":"Item(s) pasted.","Item(s) state has been updated.":"Item(s) state has been updated.","Items":"Items","Items must be unique.":"Items must be unique.","Label":"Label","Language":"Language","Language independent field.":"Language independent field.","Large":"Large","Last":"Last","Last comment date":"Last comment date","Last modified":"Last modified","Latest available configuration":"Latest available configuration","Latest version":"Latest version","Layout":"Layout","Lead Image":"Lead Image","Left":"Left","Link":"Link","Link more":"Link more","Link redirect view":"Link redirect view","Link settings":"Link settings","Link title":"Link Title","Link to":"Link to","Link translation for":"Link translation for","Linking this item with hyperlink in text":"Linking this item with hyperlink in text","Links and references":"Links and references","Listing":"Listing","Listing view":"Listing view","Load more":"Load more...","Loading":"Loading.","Log In":"Login","Log in":"Log in","Logged out":"Logged out","Login":"Login","Login Failed":"Login Failed","Login Name":"Login Name","Logout":"Logout","Made by {creator} on {date}. This is not a working copy anymore, but the main content.":"Made by {creator} on {date}. This is not a working copy anymore, but the main content.","Make the table compact":"","Manage Translations":"Manage Translations","Manage content…":"Manage content…","Manage translations for {title}":"Manage translations for {title}","Manual":"Manual","Manually or automatically added?":"Manually or automatically added?","Many relations found. Please search.":"Many relations found. Please search.","Maps":"Maps","Maps URL":"Maps URL","Maximum length is {len}.":"Maximum length is {len}.","Maximum value is {len}.":"Maximum value is {len}.","Medium":"Medium","Membership updated":"Membership updated","Message":"Message","Minimum length is {len}.":"Minimum length is {len}.","Minimum value is {len}.":"Minimum value is {len}.","Moderate Comments":"Moderate Comments","Moderate comments":"Moderate comments","Monday and Friday":"Monday and Friday","Month day":"Day","Monthly":"Monthly","More":"More","More information about the upgrade procedure can be found in the documentation section of plone.org in the Upgrade Guide.":"More information about the upgrade procedure can be found in the documentation section of plone.org in the Upgrade Guide.","Mosaic layout":"Mosaic layout","Move down":"Move down","Move to bottom of folder":"Move to bottom of folder","Move to top of folder":"Move to top of folder","Move up":"Move up","Multiple choices?":"Multiple choices?","My email is":"My email is","My username is":"My user name is","Name":"Name","Narrow":"Narrow","Navigate back":"Navigate back","Navigation":"Navigation","New password":"New password","News Item":"News Item","News item view":"News item view","No":"No","No Transactions Found":"No transactions found","No Transactions Selected":"No transactions selected","No Transactions Selected To Do Undo":"No transactions selected to do undo","No Video selected":"No Video selected","No addons found":"No addons found","No connection to the server":"There is no connection to the server, due to a timeout o no network connection.","No image selected":"No image selected","No image set in Lead Image content field":"No image set in Lead Image content field","No image set in image content field":"No image set in image content field","No images found.":"No images found.","No items found in this container.":"No items found in this container.","No items selected":"No items selected","No links to this item found.":"No links to this item found.","No map selected":"No map selected","No occurences set":"No occurences set","No options":"No options","No relation found":"No relation found","No results found":"No results found","No results found.":"No results found.","No selection":"No selection","No uninstall profile":"This addon does not provide an uninstall profile.","No user found":"No user found","No value":"No value","No workflow":"No workflow","None":"None","Note":"Note","Note that roles set here apply directly to a user. The symbol{plone_svg}indicates a role inherited from membership in a group.":"Note that roles set here apply directly to a user. The symbol{plone_svg}indicates a role inherited from membership in a group.","Number of active objects":"Number of active objects","Object Size":"Object Size","Occurences":"occurrence(s)","Ok":"Ok","Only lowercase letters (a-z) without accents, numbers (0-9), and the characters \"-\", \"_\", and \".\" are allowed.":"Only lowercase letters (a-z) without accents, numbers (0-9), and the characters \"-\", \"_\", and \".\" are allowed.","Open in a new tab":"Open in a new tab","Open menu":"Open menu","Open object browser":"Open object browser","Ordered":"Ordered","Origin":"Origin","Overview of relations of all content items":"Overview of relations of all content items","Page":"Page","Parent fieldset":"Parent fieldset","Password":"Password","Password reset":"Password reset","Passwords do not match.":"Passwords do not match.","Paste":"Paste","Paste blocks":"Paste blocks","Perform the following actions:":"Perform the following actions:","Permissions have been updated successfully":"Permissions have been updated successfully","Permissions updated":"Permissions updated","Personal Information":"Personal Information","Personal Preferences":"Personal Preferences","Personal tools":"Personal tools","Persons responsible for creating the content of this item. Please enter a list of user names, one per line. The principal creator should come first.":"Persons responsible for creating the content of this item. Please enter a list of user names, one per line. The principal creator should come first.","Please choose an existing content as source for this element":"Please choose an existing content as source for this element","Please continue with the upgrade.":"Please continue with the upgrade.","Please ensure you have a backup of your site before performing the upgrade.":"Please ensure you have a backup of your site before performing the upgrade.","Please enter a valid URL by deleting the block and adding a new video block.":"Please enter a valid URL by deleting the block and adding a new video block.","Please enter the Embed Code provided by Google Maps -\u003E Share -\u003E Embed map. It should contain the \u003Ciframe\u003E code on it.":"Please enter the Embed Code provided by Google Maps -\u003E Share -\u003E Embed map. It should contain the \u003Ciframe\u003E code on it.","Please fill out the form below to set your password.":"Please fill out the form below to set your password.","Please search for users or use the filters on the side.":"Please search for users or use the filters on the side.","Please upgrade to plone.restapi \u003E= 8.24.0.":"Please upgrade to plone.restapi \u003E= 8.24.0.","Plone Foundation":"Plone Foundation","Plone Site":"Plone Site","Plone{reg} Open Source CMS\u002FWCM":"Plone{reg} Open Source CMS\u002FWCM","Position changed":"Position changed","Possible values":"Possible values (Enter allowed choices one per line).","Powered by Plone & Python":"Powered by Plone & Python","Preferences":"Preferences","Prettify your code":"Prettify your code","Preview":"Preview","Preview Image URL":"Preview Image URL","Profile":"Profile","Properties":"Properties","Publication date":"Publication date","Publishing Date":"Publishing Date","Query":"Query","Re-enter the password. Make sure the passwords are identical.":"Re-enter the password. Make sure the passwords are identical.","Read More…":"Read More…","Rearrange items by…":"Rearrange items by…","Recurrence ends":"Ends","Recurrence ends after":"after","Recurrence ends on":"on","Redo":"Redo","Reduce complexity":"","Referencing this item as related item":"Referencing this item as related item","Referencing this item with {relationship}":"Referencing this item with {relationship}","Register":"Register","Registration form":"Registration form","Relation name":"relation","Relations":"Relations","Relations updated":"Relations updated","Relevance":"","Remove":"Remove","Remove item":"Remove item","Remove recurrence":"Remove","Remove selected":"Remove selected","Remove term":"Remove term","Remove users from group":"Remove users from group","Remove working copy":"Remove working copy","Rename":"Rename","Rename Items Loading Message":"Renaming items...","Rename items":"Rename items","Repeat":"Repeat","Repeat every":"Repeat every","Repeat on":"Repeat on","Replace existing file":"Replace existing file","Reply":"Reply","Required":"Required","Required input is missing.":"Required input is missing.","Reset term title":"Reset title","Reset the block":"Reset the block","Results limit":"Results limit","Results preview":"Results preview","Results template":"Results template","Reversed order":"Reversed order","Revert to this revision":"Revert to this revision","Review state":"Review state","Richtext":"Richtext","Right":"Right","Rights":"Rights","Roles":"Roles","Root":"Root","Rule added":"Rule added","Rule enable changed":"Rule enable changed","Rules":"Rules","Rules execute when a triggering event occurs. Rule actions will only be invoked if all the rule's conditions are met. You can add new actions and conditions using the buttons below.":"Rules execute when a triggering event occurs. Rule actions will only be invoked if all the rule's conditions are met. You can add new actions and conditions using the buttons below.","Save":"Save","Save recurrence":"Save","Saved":"Saved","Scheduled":"Scheduled","Schema":"Schema","Schema updates":"Schema updates","Search":"Search","Search SVG":"Search SVG","Search Site":"Search Site","Search block":"Search block","Search button label":"Search button label","Search content":"Search content","Search for user or group":"Search for user or group","Search group…":"Search group…","Search input label":"Search input label","Search results":"","Search results for {term}":"Search results for {term}","Search sources by title or path":"Search sources by title or path","Search targets by title or path":"Search targets by title or path","Search users…":"Search users…","Searched for: \u003Cem\u003E{searchedtext}\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.":"Searched for: \u003Cem\u003E{searchedtext}\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.","Second":"Second","Section title":"Section title","Select":"","Select a date to add to recurrence":"Select a date to add to recurrence","Select columns to show":"Select columns to show","Select relation":"Select relation","Select the transition to be used for modifying the items state.":"Select the transition to be used for modifying the items state.","Selected":"Selected","Selected dates":"Selected dates","Selected items":"Selected items","Selected items - x of y":"of","Selection":"Selection","Select…":"Select…","Send":"Send","Send a confirmation mail with a link to set the password.":"Send a confirmation mail with a link to set the password.","Server Error":"Server Error","Set my password":"Set my password","Set your password":"Set your password","Settings":"Settings","Sharing":"Sharing","Sharing for {title}":"Sharing for {title}","Short Name":"Short Name","Short name":"Short name","Show":"Show","Show All":"Show All","Show Replies":"Show Replies","Show groups of users below":"Show groups of users below","Show item":"Show item","Show search button?":"Show search button?","Show search input?":"Show search input?","Show sorting?":"Show sorting?","Show total results":"Show total results","Shrink sidebar":"Shrink sidebar","Shrink toolbar":"Shrink toolbar","Sign in to start session":"Sign in to start session","Site":"Site","Site Administration":"Site Administration","Site Setup":"Site Setup","Sitemap":"Sitemap","Size: {size}":"Size: {size}","Small":"Small","Some items are also a folder. By deleting them you will delete {containedItemsToDelete} {variation} inside the folders.":"Some items are also a folder. By deleting them you will delete {containedItemsToDelete} {variation} inside the folders.","Some items are referenced by other contents. By deleting them {brokenReferences} {variation} will be broken.":"Some items are referenced by other contents. By deleting them {brokenReferences} {variation} will be broken.","Sorry, something went wrong with your request":"Sorry, something went wrong with your request","Sort By":"Sort by","Sort By:":"Sort by:","Sort on":"Sort on","Sort on options":"Sort on options","Sort transactions by User-Name, Path or Date":"Sort transactions by User-Name, Path or Date","Sorted":"Sorted","Source":"","Specify a youtube video or playlist url":"Specify a youtube video or playlist url","Split":"Split","Start Date":"Start Date","Start of the recurrence":"Start of the recurrence","Start password reset":"Start password reset","State":"State","Status":"Status","Sticky":"Sticky","Stop compare":"Stop compare","String":"String","Stripe alternate rows with color":"","Styling":"Styling","Subject":"Subject","Success":"Success","Successfully Undone Transactions":"Successfully undone transactions","Summary":"Summary","Summary view":"Summary view","Switch to":"Switch to","Table":"","Table of Contents":"Table of Contents","Tabular view":"Tabular view","Tags":"Tags","Tags to add":"Tags to add","Tags to remove":"Tags to remove","Target":"Target","Target Path (Required)":"Target Path (Required)","Target memory size per cache in bytes":"Target memory size per cache in bytes","Target number of objects in memory per cache":"Target number of objects in memory per cache","Target url path must start with a slash.":"Target url path must start with a slash.","Teaser":"Teaser","Text":"Text","Thank you.":"Thank you.","The Database Manager allow you to view database status information":"The Database Manager allow you to view database status information","The backend is not responding, due to a server timeout or a connection problem of your device. Please check your connection and try again.":"The backend is not responding, due to a server timeout or a connection problem of your device. Please check your connection and try again.","The backend is not responding, please check if you have started Plone, check your project's configuration object apiPath (or if you are using the internal proxy, devProxyToApiPath) or the RAZZLE_API_PATH Volto's environment variable.":"The backend is not responding, please check if you have started Plone, check your project's configuration object apiPath (or if you are using the internal proxy, devProxyToApiPath) or the RAZZLE_API_PATH Volto's environment variable.","The backend is responding, but the CORS headers are not configured properly and the browser has denied the access to the backend resources.":"The backend is responding, but the CORS headers are not configured properly and the browser has denied the access to the backend resources.","The backend server of your website is not answering, we apologize for the inconvenience. Please try to re-load the page and try again. If the problem persists please contact the site administrators.":"The backend server of your website is not answering, we apologize for the inconvenience. Please try to re-load the page and try again. If the problem persists please contact the site administrators.","The button presence disables the live search, the query is issued when you press ENTER":"The button presence disables the live search, the query is issued when you press ENTER","The following content rules are active in this Page. Use the content rules control panel to create new rules or delete or modify existing ones.":"The following content rules are active in this Page. Use the content rules control panel to create new rules or delete or modify existing ones.","The following list shows which upgrade steps are going to be run. Upgrading sometimes performs a catalog\u002Fsecurity update, which may take a long time on large sites. Be patient.":"The following list shows which upgrade steps are going to be run. Upgrading sometimes performs a catalog\u002Fsecurity update, which may take a long time on large sites. Be patient.","The item could not be deleted.":"The item could not be deleted.","The link address is:":"The link address is:","The provided alternative url already exists!":"The provided alternative url already exists!","The registration process has been successful. Please check your e-mail inbox for information on how activate your account.":"The registration process has been successful. Please check your e-mail inbox for information on how activate your account.","The site configuration is outdated and needs to be upgraded.":"The site configuration is outdated and needs to be upgraded.","The working copy was discarded":"The working copy was discarded","The {plonecms} is {copyright} 2000-{current_year} by the {plonefoundation} and friends.":"The {plonecms} is {copyright} 2000-{current_year} by the {plonefoundation} and friends.","There are no groups with the searched criteria":"There are no groups with the searched criteria","There are no users with the searched criteria":"There are no users with the searched criteria","There is a configuration problem on the backend":"There is a configuration problem on the backend","There was an error with the upgrade.":"There was an error with the upgrade.","There were some errors":"There were some errors","There were some errors.":"There were some errors.","Third":"Third","This has an ongoing working copy in {title}":"This has an ongoing working copy in {title}","This is a reserved name and can't be used":"This is a reserved name and can't be used","This is a working copy of {title}":"This is a working copy of {title}","This item is also a folder. By deleting it you will delete {containedItemsToDelete} {variation} inside the folder.":"This item is also a folder. By deleting it you will delete {containedItemsToDelete} {variation} inside the folder.","This item was locked by {creator} on {date}":"This item was locked by {creator} on {date}","This name will be displayed in the URL.":"This name will be displayed in the URL.","This page does not seem to exist…":"This page does not seem to exist…","This rule is assigned to the following locations:":"This rule is assigned to the following locations:","Time":"Time","Title":"Title","Title field error. Value not provided or already existing.":"Title field error. Value not provided or already existing.","Total active and non-active objects":"Total active and non-active objects","Total comments":"Total comments","Total number of objects in each cache":"Total number of objects in each cache","Total number of objects in memory from all caches":"Total number of objects in memory from all caches","Total number of objects in the database":"Total number of objects in the database","Transactions":"Transactions","Transactions Checkbox":"#","Transactions Have Been Sorted":"Transactions have been sorted","Transactions Have Been Unsorted":"Transactions have been unsorted","Translate to {lang}":"Translate to {lang}","Translation linked":"Translation linked","Translation linking removed":"Translation linking removed","Triggering event field error. Please select a value":"Triggering event field error. Please select a value","Type":"Type","Type a Video (YouTube, Vimeo or mp4) URL":"Type a Video (YouTube, Vimeo or mp4) URL","Type text...":"Type text...","Type text…":"","Type the heading…":"Type the heading…","Type the title…":"Type the title…","UID":"UID","URL Management":"URL Management","URL Management for {title}":"URL Management for {title}","Unassign":"Unassign","Unassigned":"Unassigned","Unauthorized":"Unauthorized","Undo":"Undo","Undo Controlpanel":"Undo Controlpanel","Unfold":"Unfold","Unified":"Unified","Uninstall":"Uninstall","Unknown Block":"Unknown Block {block}","Unlink translation for":"Unlink translation for","Unlock":"Unlock","Unsorted":"Unsorted","Update":"Update","Update User":"Update User","Update installed addons":"Update installed addons","Update installed addons:":"Update installed addons:","Updates available":"Updates available","Upgrade":"Upgrade","Upgrade Plone Site":"Upgrade Plone Site","Upgrade Report":"Upgrade Report","Upgrade Steps":"Upgrade Steps","Upload":"Upload","Upload a lead image in the 'Lead Image' content field.":"Upload a lead image in the 'Lead Image' content field.","Upload a new image":"Upload a new image","Upload files":"Upload files","Uploading files":"Uploading files","Uploading image":"Uploading image","Use the form below to define the new content rule":"Use the form below to define the new content rule","Use the form below to define, change or remove content rules. Rules will automatically perform actions on content when certain triggers take place. After defining rules, you may want to go to a folder to assign them, using the 'rules' item in the actions menu.":"Use the form below to define, change or remove content rules. Rules will automatically perform actions on content when certain triggers take place. After defining rules, you may want to go to a folder to assign them, using the 'rules' item in the actions menu.","Used for programmatic access to the fieldset.":"Used for programmatic access to the fieldset.","User":"User","User Group Membership":"User Group Membership","User Group Settings":"User Group Settings","User created":"User created","User name":"User name","User roles updated":"User roles updated","User updated successfuly":"User updated successfuly","Username":"Username","Users":"Users","Users and Groups":"Users and Groups","Using this form, you can manage alternative urls for an item. This is an easy way to make an item available under two different URLs.":"Using this form, you can manage alternative urls for an item. This is an easy way to make an item available under two different URLs.","Variation":"Variation","Version Overview":"Version Overview","Video":"Video","Video URL":"Video URL","View":"View","View changes":"View changes","View links and references to this item":"View links and references to this item","View this revision":"View this revision","View working copy":"View working copy","Viewmode":"View","Vocabulary term":"Vocabulary term","Vocabulary term title":"Title","Vocabulary terms":"Vocabulary terms","Warning Regarding debug mode":"You are running in 'debug mode'. This mode is intended for sites that are under development. This allows many configuration changes to be immediately visible, but will make your site run more slowly. To turn off debug mode, stop the server, set 'debug-mode=off' in your buildout.cfg, re-run bin\u002Fbuildout and then restart the server process.","We apologize for the inconvenience, but the backend of the site you are accessing is not available right now. Please, try again later.":"We apologize for the inconvenience, but the backend of the site you are accessing is not available right now. Please, try again later.","We apologize for the inconvenience, but the page you were trying to access is not at this address. You can use the links below to help you find what you are looking for.":"We apologize for the inconvenience, but the page you were trying to access is not at this address. You can use the links below to help you find what you are looking for.","We apologize for the inconvenience, but there was an unexpected error on the server.":"We apologize for the inconvenience, but there was an unexpected error on the server.","We apologize for the inconvenience, but you don't have permissions on this resource.":"We apologize for the inconvenience, but you don't have permissions on this resource.","Weeek day of month":"The","Weekday":"Weekday","Weekly":"Weekly","What":"What","When":"","When this date is reached, the content will nolonger be visible in listings and searches.":"When this date is reached, the content will nolonger be visible in listings and searches.","Whether or not execution of further rules should stop after this rule is executed":"Whether or not execution of further rules should stop after this rule is executed","Whether or not other rules should be triggered by the actions launched by this rule. Activate this only if you are sure this won't create infinite loops":"Whether or not other rules should be triggered by the actions launched by this rule. Activate this only if you are sure this won't create infinite loops","Whether or not the rule is currently enabled":"Whether or not the rule is currently enabled","Who":"Who","Wide":"Wide","Workflow Change Loading Message":"Updating workflow states...","Workflow updated.":"Workflow updated.","Yearly":"Yearly","Yes":"Yes","You are trying to access a protected resource, please {login} first.":"You are trying to access a protected resource, please {login} first.","You are using an outdated browser":"You are using an outdated browser","You can add a comment by filling out the form below. Plain text formatting.":"You can add a comment by filling out the form below. Plain text formatting.","You can control who can view and edit your item using the list below.":"You can control who can view and edit your item using the list below.","You can view the difference of the revisions below.":"You can view the difference of the revisions below.","You can view the history of your item below.":"You can view the history of your item below.","You can't paste this content here":"You can't paste this content here","You have been logged out from the site.":"You have been logged out from the site.","Your email is required for reset your password.":"Your email is required for reset your password.","Your password has been set successfully. You may now {link} with your new password.":"Your password has been set successfully. You may now {link} with your new password.","Your preferred language":"Your preferred language","Your site is up to date.":"Your site is up to date.","Your usernaame is required for reset your password.":"Your username is required for reset your password.","addUserFormEmailDescription":"Enter an email address. This is necessary in case the password is lost. We respect your privacy, and will not give the address away to any third parties or expose it anywhere.","addUserFormFullnameDescription":"Enter full name, e.g. John Smith.","addUserFormPasswordDescription":"Enter your new password. Minimum 8 characters.","addUserFormUsernameDescription":"Enter a user name, usually something like \"jsmith\". No spaces or special characters. Usernames and passwords are case sensitive, make sure the caps lock key is not enabled. This is the name used to log in.","availableViews":"Available views","box_forgot_password_option":"Forgot your password?","checkboxFacet":"Checkbox","common":"Common","compare_to":"Compare to language","daterangeFacet":"Date Range","delete":"delete","deprecated_browser_notice_message":"You are using {browsername} {browserversion} which is deprecated by its vendor. That means that it does not get security updates and it is not ready for current modern web features, which deteriorates the user experience. Please upgrade to a modern browser.","description":"Description","description_lost_password":"For security reasons, we store your password encrypted, and cannot mail it to you. If you would like to reset your password, fill out the form below and we will send you an email at the address you gave when you registered to start the process of resetting your password.","description_sent_password":"Your password reset request has been mailed. It should arrive in your mailbox shortly. When you receive the message, visit the address it contains to reset your password.","draft":"Draft","email":"Input must be valid email (something@domain.com)","event_alldates":"All dates","event_attendees":"Attendees","event_contactname":"Contact Name","event_contactphone":"Contact Phone","event_website":"Website","event_what":"What","event_when":"When","event_where":"Where","fileTooLarge":"This website does not accept files larger than {limit}","flush intIds and rebuild relations":"flush intIds and rebuild relations","head_title":"head title","heading_sent_password":"Password reset confirmation sent","hero":"Hero","html":"HTML","image":"Image","integer":"Input must be integer","intranet":"Intranet","item":"item","items":"items","label_my_email_is":"My email is","label_my_username_is":"My user name is","leadimage":"Lead Image Field","listing":"Listing","loading":"Loading","log in":"log in","maps":"Maps","maxLength":"Maximum Length","maximum":"End of the range (including the value itself)","media":"Media","minLength":"Minimum Length","minimum":"Start of the range","mostUsed":"Most used","no":"No","no workflow state":"No workflow state","number":"Input must be number","of the month":"of the month","or try a different page.":"or try a different page.","others":"others","pending":"Pending","private":"Private","published":"Published","querystring-widget-select":"Select…","rebuild relations":"rebuild relations","reference":"reference","references":"references","results found":"results","return to the site root":"return to the site root","rrule_and":"and","rrule_approximate":"(~approximate)","rrule_at":"at","rrule_dateFormat":"[month] [day], [year]","rrule_day":"day","rrule_days":"days","rrule_every":"every","rrule_for":"for","rrule_hour":"hour","rrule_hours":"hours","rrule_in":"in","rrule_last":"last","rrule_minutes":"minutes","rrule_month":"month","rrule_months":"months","rrule_nd":"nd","rrule_on":"on","rrule_on the":"on 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Preparing the ground for adaptation":"","1.1 Obtaining high-level political support for adaptation":"","1.1 Obtaining political support for adaptation":"","1.2 Collecting initial information":"","1.2 Setting up the process in a structured way":"","1.3 Estimating human and financial resources needed and identifying potential sources of long-term funding":"","1.3 Setting up adaptation processes within and beyond the municipality":"","1.4 Collecting information":"","1.4 Identifying and obtaining human and technical resources":"","1.5 Communicating adaptation and raising awareness":"","1.5 Identifying and obtaining financing and funding":"","1.6 Identifying and engaging stakeholders":"","1.6 Preparing the ground for adaptation: Self-check":"","1.7 Communicating adaptation to different target audiences":"","1.8 Finding additional support":"","1.9 Preparing the ground for adaptation: Self check":"","12 regions":"","2. 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Author: Flanders Government; Source: www.sigmaplan.be \r\n","rights":"","title":"Depoldered tidal area","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fclimate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fmetadata\u002Fcase-studies\u002Fan-integrated-plan-incorporating-flood-protection-the-sigma-plan-scheldt-estuary-belgium\u002F11271597.png\u002F@@images\u002Fimage\u002Flarge"}],"cca_last_modified":"2024-04-18T08:42:26+00:00","cca_published":"2016-06-07T05:59:57+00:00","challenges":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003EThe original Sigma Plan conceived in 1977, was designed to protect the coastlines of the Scheldt and its tributaries against storm surge floods. However, as the execution of the plan progressed, new requirements arose including the need for further adaptation to climate change. When the Sigma Plan was updated in 2005, it was understood that the existing plan was insufficient to provide adequate protection both under current conditions as well as for the likely conditions projected by climate change models. The 2005 update referred to a projected range of sea level rise of 9 to 88 cm by 2100, taking into account varying estimates of seawater expansion, melting of the icecaps and glaciers and climate sensitivity; this was based on the IPPC Third Assessment Report, released in 2001. In particular, the Sigma Plan used as a baseline for its protection measures a sea level rise of up to 25 cm by 2050 and 60 cm by 2100.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe plan is focused on protection until 2050. Belgium has chosen to apply differentiated flood protection levels along the Scheldt based on the likelihood of deaths and the potential extent of economic damage. The minimum level of protection is a flood event occurring once in 1,000 years (otherwise expressed as the probability of occurrence 0.1% in a year). A number of possible additional measures are prepared for the period after 2050 in case they are needed to address higher sea-level rise. These will be undertaken depending on the advanced projections then available.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIt should also be noted that the average tidal amplitude of the river has increased significantly during the past century. These changes are largely due to human interventions affecting the flow of water through the Scheldt. Changes include the diverting of water to feed into canals, the removal of river meanders by straightening the river and increasing the depth of shipping channels. These changes exacerbate impacts from climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","encoding":"utf-8"},"climate_impacts":[{"title":"Flooding","token":"FLOODING"},{"title":"Sea Level Rise","token":"SEALEVELRISE"},{"title":"Storms","token":"STORM"}],"comments":null,"contact":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003EWim Dauwe\u003Cbr\u003EHead of unit\u003Cbr\u003EWaterwegen en Zeekanaal NV – Department Sea Scheldt\u003Cbr\u003EAnna Bijnsgebouw - Lange Kievitstraat 111-113 bus 44 - 2018 Antwerp\u003Cbr\u003EE-mail: \u003Ca href=\"mailto:wim.dauwe@wenz.be\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewim.dauwe@wenz.be\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EStefaan Nollet\u003Cbr\u003EProject Engineer\u003Cbr\u003EWaterwegen en Zeekanaal NV – Department Sea Scheldt\u003Cbr\u003EAnna Bijnsgebouw - Lange Kievitstraat 111-113 bus 44 - 2018 Antwerp\u003Cbr\u003EE-mail: \u003Ca href=\"mailto:Stefaan.nollet@wenz.bel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EStefaan.nollet@wenz.bel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EGeneral contact: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sigmaplan.be\u002Fen\u002Fcontact-us\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.sigmaplan.be\u002Fen\u002Fcontact-us\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E","encoding":"utf-8"},"contributor_list":[],"contributors":[],"cost_benefit":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2005, the total costs for realising the updated Sigma Plan were estimated at 882 million Euros: 830 million for construction works and 52 million Euros for accompanying measures. In 2010, an update of the estimates resulted in a cost estimate of 994 million Euros for the works and 62 million Euros for the accompanying measures, due to mainly to overall price increases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 2005 Sigma Plan included a detailed cost benefit (CBA) analysis to assist in determining the optimal plan. In total, 180 potential areas were considered for use as controlled flood areas, with a total surface area of 15,000 ha. The CBA took the average annual flood risk during the 100 year project life into account, allowing for a sea level rise of 60 cm and taking into account climate change. The economic risk with only the works of the original (1997) Sigma Plan without the storm surge barrier completed was estimated to be 942 million Euros. From the cost benefit analysis, it was found that the optimal scenario included the raising of dikes and the use of CFAs. The safety benefits of the optimal scenario were estimated to be 736 million Euros.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EA cost benefit analysis of the ecosystem benefits was also undertaken. This analysis used various available market prices for goods such as for timber production, reed production, carbon dioxide capture, fish production (shrimp), and the prevention of riverbed erosion leading to a reduction in dredging activities. It also used studies to price goods and services with no available market values. Goods and services with no available price information were studied using contingent valuation methods and hedonistic pricing, for example by seeing how housing prices near the project areas could change. The hedonistic price change was estimated using data from other studies while for the contingent valuation study a total of 1,704 questionnaires were collected. The conclusion of the extensive CBA to determine ecosystem benefits found that the benefits range between 143 and 984 million Euros, with the highest level of benefits realised by the maximisation of the use of controlled tidal areas. The non-use value that people attributed by people was the largest benefit measured but also the most contentious. From the cost benefit analysis it was concluded that the benefits outweigh the costs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom an environmental perspective, several benefits and losses can be identified. Benefits include:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cul\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003ERestoration of estuarine processes with accompanying water quality gains;\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EDevelopment of more robust nature areas of high quality that are protected at European level;\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EDesirable changes to the sedimentation regime, with increased sedimentation in the inundation zones leading to a lower turbidity in the river;\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EReduction in tidal energy.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003ELosses include:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cul\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003ELoss of former cultural landscapes (mainly agricultural landscapes);\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EImpacts on agriculture and other land use functions in flood zones (monetary compensation and in some cases compensation in the form of alternative agricultural land was provided to farmers)\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EImpacts on valuable groundwater upwelling nature zones and valley ecotypes;\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003ESedimentation impacts on the soil quality in the flood zones.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003ESome benefits of the implementation of the Sigma Plan have been already experienced, with an overall increase of protection of the area during storm surges, as reported in the section about solutions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","encoding":"utf-8"},"created":"2015-08-08T13:04:19+00:00","creators":["prosptest"],"description":"None","elements":[{"title":"Societal aspects","token":"SOCIETALASP"},{"title":"Cost-benefit analysis and maintenance costs","token":"COSTBENEFIT"},{"title":"Adaptation Measures and Actions","token":"MEASUREACTION"},{"title":"Nature-based solutions","token":"NATUREBASEDSOL"},{"title":"Environmental aspects","token":"ENVIRONMENTALASP"},{"title":"Adaptation Plans and Strategies","token":"PLANSTRATEGY"}],"geochars":"{\"geoElements\": {\"biotrans\": [\"TRANS_BIO_ATLANTIC\"], \"city\": \"\", \"countries\": [\"BE\"], \"macrotrans\": [\"TRANS_MACRO_NW_EUROPE\", \"TRANS_MACRO_N_SEA\"], \"subnational\": [\"SUBN_Prov__Antwerpen__BE_\"], \"element\": \"EUROPE\"}}","geographic":{"countries":["Belgium"],"transnational_region":["North West Europe","North Sea"]},"geolocation":{"latitude":51.3331857661,"longitude":4.26750183088},"governance_level":[{"title":"Sub National Regions","token":"SNA"}],"health_impacts":[{"title":"-NONSPECIFIC-","token":"-NONSPECIFIC-"}],"id":"an-integrated-plan-incorporating-flood-protection-the-sigma-plan-scheldt-estuary-belgium","image":null,"implementation_time":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Sigma Plan was initiated in 1977 and was updated in 2005. 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Author: Flanders Government; Source: www.sigmaplan.be","image_field":"image","image_scales":{"image":[{"content-type":"image\u002Fpng","download":"@@images\u002F264d60c3-5e72-4c7c-b535-b650ec78dd93.png","filename":"11271581.png","height":520,"scales":{"big":{"download":"@@images\u002Fe3e47241-b72d-46a8-a23e-f4bc025b1cd9.png","height":68,"width":80},"icon":{"download":"@@images\u002Fec2d000b-44cc-4e49-ba74-ebb6dfb9402e.png","height":27,"width":32},"listing":{"download":"@@images\u002F6ec053a7-68da-44cc-ab88-703f566ce158.png","height":13,"width":16},"medium":{"download":"@@images\u002Ff27edd0d-0c06-41ec-ba0e-1b6c333b9dba.png","height":51,"width":60},"mini":{"download":"@@images\u002Fdfddfb09-9123-4165-8b41-215e6464c1a6.png","height":171,"width":200},"preview":{"download":"@@images\u002F423c6bd0-f12e-4155-9cce-857dba6d8d7b.png","height":343,"width":400},"small":{"download":"@@images\u002F5e0e1717-9cbc-4bc2-97b2-4356029265e9.png","height":41,"width":48},"teaser":{"download":"@@images\u002F9e022a8c-fa95-4282-8251-ca2a6a16deb1.png","height":515,"width":600},"thumb":{"download":"@@images\u002Fae2fb65d-323f-40c6-9f2f-654cb074c009.png","height":110,"width":128},"tile":{"download":"@@images\u002Fd87272b9-fff0-4773-baae-d7412935bfb5.png","height":55,"width":64},"tiny":{"download":"@@images\u002F82708c28-8975-49af-8239-7e806e8405c5.png","height":20,"width":24},"wide":{"download":"@@images\u002F3939cd1a-5c31-4fc0-add9-17efa2357e31.png","height":183,"width":213}},"size":108344,"width":605}]},"review_state":null,"title":"The functioning of a CFA with a controlled tidal area","url":"\u002Fen\u002Fmetadata\u002Fcase-studies\u002Fan-integrated-plan-incorporating-flood-protection-the-sigma-plan-scheldt-estuary-belgium\u002F11271581.png"},{"@id":"https:\u002F\u002Fclimate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fmetadata\u002Fcase-studies\u002Fan-integrated-plan-incorporating-flood-protection-the-sigma-plan-scheldt-estuary-belgium\u002F11271597.png","@type":"Image","description":"In a depoldered area, dike protection is moved inland, opening the area to tidal action. Author: Flanders Government; Source: www.sigmaplan.be \r\n","image_field":"image","image_scales":{"image":[{"content-type":"image\u002Fpng","download":"@@images\u002F3e222c23-cb0e-4469-b2a2-9253f583ddc6.png","filename":"11271597.png","height":765,"scales":{"big":{"download":"@@images\u002Fdc350984-0bb2-4312-b053-efe0dda655bb.png","height":80,"width":57},"icon":{"download":"@@images\u002F03e0124e-e666-42c1-ae57-8b4e249414f9.png","height":32,"width":22},"listing":{"download":"@@images\u002Fa725f87d-6139-4d38-9e82-9e23b25511e5.png","height":16,"width":11},"medium":{"download":"@@images\u002F91c31ab1-5a38-4c17-b601-1edd887ac7ca.png","height":60,"width":42},"mini":{"download":"@@images\u002Fabf1811a-5c5b-4a81-b285-b8508c8bc356.png","height":200,"width":141},"preview":{"download":"@@images\u002F357e6ddd-340f-40dd-9b55-511232e31cd3.png","height":400,"width":283},"small":{"download":"@@images\u002Ff2652214-133e-4d67-bb71-db94978a7be4.png","height":48,"width":34},"thumb":{"download":"@@images\u002F0bba2925-8f67-481f-9f1f-29a4ae55a98c.png","height":128,"width":91},"tile":{"download":"@@images\u002Fdfd1a62d-6563-4f89-ac70-42b9a10ec02b.png","height":64,"width":45},"tiny":{"download":"@@images\u002Fcc9f0099-8f29-4729-8daf-048b0d610442.png","height":24,"width":17},"wide":{"download":"@@images\u002F9c370785-c592-45c0-84ce-cca37c2af0ac.png","height":183,"width":129}},"size":166120,"width":542}]},"review_state":null,"title":"Depoldered tidal area","url":"\u002Fen\u002Fmetadata\u002Fcase-studies\u002Fan-integrated-plan-incorporating-flood-protection-the-sigma-plan-scheldt-estuary-belgium\u002F11271597.png"}],"items_total":4,"keywords":["Controlled flood area","Habitats Directive","Scheldt estuary","Sigma Plan","depoldering","dike","embankment","nature restoration","wetlands"],"language":"en","layout":"view","legal_aspects":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Sigma Plan is part of the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.vnsc.eu\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EScheldt Estuary Development Outline 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This is a combined package of measures and projects in Flanders and the Netherlands aimed to create a safer, more accessible and natural river Scheldt, with a view to all its functions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EKey EU legislation relevant to the plan has included: the Birds and Habitats Directives, the EIA and SEA Directives, and the Water Framework Directive and Floods Directive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe nature protection aspect was added to the Sigma Plan in large part due to obligations under the EU Birds and Habitats Directives. The expansion of Port of Antwerp, in particular the construction of the Deurganck Dock, led to the need for compensation of lost natural areas. In 2001, construction of the dock area was halted by court order due to its impacts on special protection areas (SPAs) under the Birds Directive. To continue the project, the Flemish Government approved an emergency decree that unblocked construction of the Deurganck Dock and called for nature compensation within the Kruibeke controlled flood area. This event, together with the ongoing need to comply with EU environmental obligations, contributed to the Flemish government’s decision to make nature protection the second pillar of the updated Sigma Plan. The plan was adopted in 2005.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIndividual Sigma Plan projects follow a stepwise plan that follows the legal procedures to obtain the relevant permits. The first step is to design a development plan outlining the zone uses, the exact contours of the controlled flood area, the nature types to be developed and how agricultural land will remain accessible. Next, an environmental impact assessment study (EIA) needs to be undertaken detailing the impacts on surrounding people, effects on the soil and waterways and other impacts. Following the EIA process, and any changes it requires, the regional land use plan needs to be adapted. Finally, planning permits are needed. Once all permits have been obtained, the construction can be initiated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","encoding":"utf-8"},"lifetime":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003EThe plan should provide protection at least until 2100.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","encoding":"utf-8"},"lock":{"locked":false,"stealable":true},"logo":null,"long_description":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Sigma Plan, initiated in 1977, protects 20000 hectares along Belgium's Scheldt River from storm surges and floods combining dike reinforcement and controlled flood areas (CFAs). Since the 2005 Plan, flood protection is integrated with nature conservation, also creating new opportunities for recreation.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Sigma Plan is an integrated flood protection plan that was firstly established in 1977, in reaction to a major storm surge flood in 1976. The Sigma Plan offers protection against storm surges as well as river floods caused by excessive rainfall. Its objectives also include nature protection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe plan protects approximately 20,000 hectares of land in Belgium bordering the Scheldt River and its tributaries such as the Rupel, the Nete and the Durme Rivers. In order to achieve adequate protection, the plan combines ‘grey’ infrastructure measures, mainly strengthened dike protection, and ‘green’ measures in the form of a network of controlled flood areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","encoding":"utf-8"},"measure_type":{"title":"Case study","token":"A"},"modified":"2024-04-18T08:42:26+00:00","next_item":{"@id":"https:\u002F\u002Fclimate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fmetadata\u002Fcase-studies\u002Faddressing-coastal-erosion-in-marche-region-italy","@type":"eea.climateadapt.casestudy","description":"None","title":"Addressing coastal erosion in Marche region, Italy"},"objectives":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003EThe main objectives of the Sigma Plan are to protect the land bordering the Scheldt River and its tributaries such as the Rupel, the Nete and the Durme rivers from storm surges and river flooding. Another objective is to restore the Scheldt's ecosystems, helping Belgium meet its EU obligations for nature protection and achieve conservation objectives in the framework of Natura 2000. Moreover, the Sigma Plan aims to make the Scheldt and its tributaries more attractive to cyclists, hikers and other visitors, enhancing different recreational uses of the area.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","encoding":"utf-8"},"origin_website":[],"other_contributor":null,"parent":{"@id":"https:\u002F\u002Fclimate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fmetadata\u002Fcase-studies","@type":"Folder","description":"","image_field":null,"image_scales":null,"review_state":"published","title":"Case studies"},"policy_legal_background":null,"previous_item":{"@id":"https:\u002F\u002Fclimate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fmetadata\u002Fcase-studies\u002Fcomplex-embankment-and-dyke-systems-in-the-smeltale-river-klaipeda-city","@type":"eea.climateadapt.casestudy","description":"","title":"Complex embankment and dyke systems in the Smeltalė River, Klaipėda 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Sigma Plan","primephoto":{"@id":"https:\u002F\u002Fclimate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\u002Frepository\u002F11271533.jpg","@type":"Image","description":"","image_field":null,"image_scales":null,"review_state":null,"title":"Figura1_Sigma.jpg"},"publication_date":"2020-12-01","relatedItems":[],"relevance":[{"title":"Case partially developed, implemented and funded as a climate change adaptation measure.","token":"PARTFUND_AS_CCA"}],"review_state":"published","rights":"","sectors":[{"title":"Biodiversity","token":"BIODIVERSITY"},{"title":"Coastal areas","token":"COASTAL"},{"title":"Disaster Risk Reduction","token":"DISASTERRISKREDUCTION"},{"title":"Land use planning","token":"LANDUSE"},{"title":"Water management","token":"WATERMANAGEMENT"}],"solutions":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile the Sigma Plan’s main purpose is flood control, the plan is based on an integrative perspective on river management which acknowledges various river functions and their importance for society. These include: shipping, nature protection, preservation of landscape values, cleansing functions, fish nurseries and more. The Sigma Plan was originally conceived in 1977 with flood control as its main purpose. Since then, perspectives on water management have evolved. An updated Sigma Plan was adopted in 2005. It was based on three main pillars; flood protection, access to Scheldt Ports and a natural functioning of the physical and ecological system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe original Sigma Plan called for dikes stretching a total length of 512 kilometres to be raised and strengthened, the establishment of 13 controlled flood areas covering a total of about 1,100 hectares, as well as the construction of a storm surge barrier. Plans for the storm surge barrier were later suspended after analysis showed that the benefits did not outweigh the costs. The consideration that the storm surge barrier was prohibitively expensive, together with an increased demand for a healthier river ecosystem, led to a greater application of a concept called ‘room for the river’. The 2005 revision also took into account projected climate change impacts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 2005 plan gives a greater role to controlled flood areas (CFAs) and depoldered areas that counter storm surges by temporarily storing excess water. Controlled flooding areas have low dikes, called overflow dykes, along the river, and higher dykes on the inland side to maintain flood protection. The overflow dykes allow water to flood during storm surges. After high water levels have receded, drainage outlets allow water to exit. The CFAs help attenuate the impacts of flooding events by increasing the river catchment area, thus reducing upstream water levels. The volume of many CFAs is increased as their ground levels are below the average water level due to historic compacting of the soil and loss of natural sedimentation processes. These low ground levels however mean that overflow dikes and artificial water regulation are needed. The predominant use for land within CFAs has been as nature areas that contribute to achieving conservation objectives and improving water quality. Under EU nature legislation – in particular, requirements to compensate for the loss of natural areas taken by the expansion of the Port of Antwerp – the total area set aside as flooding areas was increased for the purpose of nature development: by 2030, a total of about 2,450 hectares are to be created. Another 650 hectares have been indicated as possible future flood zones to be constructed after 2030 if necessary to guarantee flood safety beyond 2050.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003ESome CFAs also include controlled tidal areas, where a regular, reduced tide is produced through an adjustable weir system in the overflow dike. During high tide, water from the Scheldt flows into the area through a weir and during low tide it flows out through a low weir. The controlled tidal areas allow for the creation of tidal habitats while maintaining the CFA’s functions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EDepoldering areas are zones where dike protection is moved inland exposing a former polder (land reclaimed from the water) once again to tidal influences. Depoldered areas provide room for river water during high water levels. Thus they, like the CFAs, attenuate storm surge levels. They also provide room for estuarine habitats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Sigma Plan also includes projects aiming to raise and reinforce river levees for a total length of 645 km. The required thickness and height of the Scheldt river levees have been calculated considering the water pressure on the levees, through simulations of storm tides with computer models. Levees are raised to 8 metres TAW (Tweede Algemene Waterpassing, the reference height for measuring water levels in Belgium) in those areas that are more upstream along the River Scheldt. Levees are raised to 11 metres TAW in the section between Antwerp and the Western Scheldt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Sigma Plan has already proven its effectiveness in recent years during several storms surges occurred between 2013 and 2018, successfully containing excess water and preventing dangerous flooding. In particular, during the event of the 3\u003Csup\u003Erd\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E January 2018, a strong storm tide caused very high water levels in the Scheldt and its tributaries. Fifteen Flood Control Areas, out of the total sixteen already completed, became operational, buffering the excess water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","encoding":"utf-8"},"source":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003EThe SIGMA Plan\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","encoding":"utf-8"},"spatial_layer":"","spatial_values":[{"title":"Belgium","token":"BE"}],"special_tags":["coastal_CS"],"stakeholder_participation":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Flanders Region has followed a strategy of open communication in order to implement the Sigma Plan in a way that maximizes public acceptance and support. The communication strategy is coordinated by Waterwegen en Zeekanaal NV (W&Z) (Waterways and Sea Channels), a department of the regional government, with consultation at ministerial level and under the oversight of a steering group. The steering group includes representatives of various public institutions, including the Department of Waterways and Sea Channels, the Agency for Nature and Forests, the Department for Land Use Planning, the Department for Housing Policy and Heritage Buildings, the Department of Environment, Nature and Energy, the Department for Agriculture and Fisheries, the Flemish Land Agency, the Executive Secretariat of the Flemish-Dutch Scheldt Commission and the OS2010 working group.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003ECommunication is carried out using various tools including brochures, newsletters and educational materials for children as well as meetings to disseminate information and discuss key issues with stakeholders. Specific types of stakeholders have been actively involved in the planning, including agricultural organisations, environmental NGOs, hunters, fishers and the tourism and hospitality industry. Important stakeholders for Sigma Plans are farmers, because several projects have been planned in areas used for agriculture. The effects of Sigma Plan on farms have been analysed with the Flemish Land Agency and discussed with farmers, leading to an agriculture impact study and to the definition of measures to mitigate or compensate the loss of land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe communication strategy focuses on three outcomes from the Sigma Plan. The first and primary pillar is the increase in flood safety; the other two pillars are recreation, and nature protection. Each project part of the plan is extensively communicated to the public and focus groups are organised at both regional and local levels. In Belgium, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fclimate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\u002Fmetadata\u002Fcase-studies\u002Fkruibeke-bazel-rupelmonde-belgium-a-controlled-flood-area-for-flood-safety-and-nature-protection\"\u003EKruibeke project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was the only one that saw significant opposition, delaying the final completion of the project. A trans-boundary project involving the depoldering of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fclimate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\u002Fmetadata\u002Fcase-studies\u002Fa-transboundary-depoldered-area-for-flood-protection-and-nature-hedwige-and-prosper-polders\"\u003EHedwige Polder\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, located in the Netherlands, has also resulted in stakeholder and public opposition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","encoding":"utf-8"},"success_limitations":{"content-type":"text\u002Fhtml","data":"\u003Cp\u003EMain success factors include:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cul\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EThe coordinated identification of suitable areas for the development of controlled flood zones, providing increased safety with limited damage caused to agriculture, land use and economy.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EThe integration of climate change and sea level rise projections.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EThe integration of compensation for areas lost by port expansion and the dredging of the Scheldt in the plan’s overall objectives, strengthening its profile in negotiations with local governments and stakeholders.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EThe availability of areas for the compensation of natural habitats lost due to infrastructure works in the Scheldt Estuary.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EThe ability to expropriate the land necessary for the controlled flood areas. Landholders are compensated for the existing price of the land plus 20%. Where feasible, expropriation can be delayed to the time when a farmer retires or is near to retirement.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EThe ongoing engagement of plan managers with stakeholders during the phases of each project and in the overall decision-making process – this has addressed initial opposition (see limiting factors). \u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EApplication of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and environmental impact assessment (EIA) to strengthen plan and project design.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cp\u003ELimiting factors include:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\n\u003Cul\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EStakeholder opposition has been an issue for the construction of the Kruibeke CFA and also in the Netherlands for the Hedwige Polder project.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003EBudget restrictions have slowing the implementation of the plan, which could push its completion beyond the intended date of 2030.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E","encoding":"utf-8"},"supphotos":[],"title":"An integrated plan incorporating flood protection: the Sigma Plan (Scheldt Estuary, 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