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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Etiuni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiu%E1%B8%ABi" title="Etiuḫi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Etiuḫi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اتیونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتیونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Էթիունի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էթիունի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etiuni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Этиуни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этиуни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History of <span class="fn org label">Armenia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Armenia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Armenia"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of Armenia</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Legend of Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lchashen%E2%80%93Metsamor_culture" title="Lchashen–Metsamor culture">Lchashen–Metsamor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Arme–Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu (Kingdom of Van)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Etiuni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Armenia" title="Ancient Armenia">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Armenian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sophene" title="Kingdom of Sophene">Kingdom of Sophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Muslim conquest of Armenia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Emirate of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hamamshen" title="Principality of Hamamshen">Principality of Hamamshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Kingdom of Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tashir-Dzoraget" title="Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget">Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syunik" title="Kingdom of Syunik">Kingdom of Syunik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Kingdom of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khachen" title="Principality of Khachen">Principality of Khachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Early_Modern_period" title="History of Armenia">Early modern age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melikdoms_of_Karabakh" title="Melikdoms of Karabakh">Five Melikdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Oblast" title="Armenian Oblast">Armenian Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_question" title="Armenian question">Armenian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">National movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee; text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#20th_century" title="History of Armenia">Modern age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian S.S.R.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Contemporary Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">Timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Etymology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Armenia" title="Template:History of Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Armenia" title="Template talk:History of Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Etiuni</b> (other names Etiuḫi, Etiu, Etio) was the name of an early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> tribal confederation in northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Araxes River</a>, roughly corresponding to the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Ayrarat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayrarat Province">Ayrarat Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup> Etiuni was frequently mentioned in the records of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian</a> kings, who led numerous campaigns into Etiuni territory. It is very likely it was the "Etuna" or "Etina" which contributed to the fall of Urartu, according to <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> texts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars believe it had an <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>-speaking population.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49–53">: 49–53 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymology">Names and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiuni&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArmenianStamps-080-082.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/ArmenianStamps-080-082.jpg/250px-ArmenianStamps-080-082.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/ArmenianStamps-080-082.jpg/330px-ArmenianStamps-080-082.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/ArmenianStamps-080-082.jpg/500px-ArmenianStamps-080-082.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Stamps issued by Armenia, portraying ancient artifacts left by Lchashen-Metsamor culture (Etiuni), found near Lake Sevan</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Igor_Diakonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Diakonov">Igor Diakonov</a> wrote that Etiuni was a <a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a> name meaning "land/people of Etio",<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Mirjo Salvini preferred to read it as "Etiu". Ethnographer Armen Petrosyan suggested that this name could be a Urartian cuneiform rendering of <i>Hatio</i> (sometimes transliterated as <i>Hattiyo</i> or <i>Hatiyo</i>), which Diakonov had offered as a reconstructed initial form of the modern <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> endonym, <i>Hay</i> (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">հայ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cuneiform writing system the Urartians used lacked a symbol to designate an "h" sound, so the Urartians used either a symbol usually meant to convey a laryngeal h (ḫ, χ), or opted to not use any symbol to try to convey this sound. Petrosyan, citing Diakonoff and <a href="/wiki/Gevorg_Jahukyan" title="Gevorg Jahukyan">Gevorg Jahukyan</a>, said that Urartian "e" may correspond with Armenian "a" when used at the start of words.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup> </p><p> Petrosyan, citing 19th-century linguists <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Spiegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Spiegel">Friedrich Spiegel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kiepert" title="Heinrich Kiepert">Heinrich Kiepert</a>, proposed that "Hatio" might ultimately derive from Proto-Indo-European <i>*poti</i>, meaning "lord, master, husband."<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–31">: 30–31 </span></sup> According to this theory, the name, with plural suffix, developed from <i>*potiio</i>→<i>*hetiyo</i>→<i>*hatiyo</i>→<i>hay</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Name of Armenia</a></div> <p>The Urartians sometimes used the variation, Etiuḫi, which seems to have referred to the people of Etiuni specifically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_regions">Location and regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiuni&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location and regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayrarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ayrarat.jpg/500px-Ayrarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ayrarat.jpg/960px-Ayrarat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Etiuni seems to have largely overlapped geographically with the later Ayrarat province of the Kingdom of Armenia, although Etiuni encompassed more of Lake Sevan's shoreline</figcaption></figure> <p>Etiuni was composed of a number of small kingdoms and tribes, included Iga (also known as Igani, Iya, and Aia), on the south shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Cildir" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Cildir">Lake Cildir</a>, Abiliani and Apuni, probably corresponding to the Armenian Abełean and Havnunik, in <a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars region</a>, and the Luša, Katarza, Uiṭeruḫi (Witeruḫi), and Gulutaḫi, of the <a href="/wiki/Ararat_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ararat plain">Ararat plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another region of Etiuni was Liquini, located near <a href="/wiki/Armavir_(ancient_city)" title="Armavir (ancient city)">Armavir</a>. Petrosyan suggested that Erkuaḫi, another Etiunian region located on the north side of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>, could be a native Armenian name for the two peaks of the mountain (compare to Armenian <i>erku</i> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">երկու</span></span> 'two').<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of Aza, mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Rusa_I" title="Rusa I">Rusa</a> as an important temple-city along the Araxes River, has been connected to the wealthy religious center, Azara, which was later placed by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> near <a href="/wiki/Artashat" class="mw-redirect" title="Artashat">Artashat</a>. </p><p>The Etiunian lands of <a href="/wiki/Gegharkunik_Province" title="Gegharkunik Province">Uelikuni (Welikuni)</a> and Tiluḫu were located on the western shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a> and Kekuni was on the lake's northern shore. The archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Lchashen" title="Lchashen">Lchashen</a>, probably corresponding to the city of Ishtikuni, was located in one of these kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> </p><p>The Urartians mentioned "the four kings of Uduri-Etiuni." This may have referred to a separate, but perhaps culturally and linguistically connected, confederation from Etiuni, comprising the lands Lueḫi, Kemani, Urteḫini, and Arquqini, stretching along the southern shore of Lake Sevan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "Uduri" probably means "water" (referring to its location along Lake Sevan).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etiuni seems to have been bordered by <a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diaeuḫi</a> to the west, Urartu and possibly the separate lands of <a href="/wiki/Pasinler,_Erzurum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasinler, Erzurum">Biani</a> to the south and Kulḫi to the north or northwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_with_Urartu">Relation with Urartu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiuni&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relation with Urartu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the co-regency of <a href="/wiki/Ishpuini_of_Urartu" title="Ishpuini of Urartu">Ishpuini</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Menua" title="Menua">Menua</a>, Urartu began expanding northward into Etiunian territories, battling the Katarza and Luša tribes, bragging about conquering Liquini and "the mighty land of" Erkuaḫi, and putting Etiuni under tribute as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menua's son, <a href="/wiki/Argishti_I_of_Urartu" title="Argishti I of Urartu">Argishti</a>, ventured further into Etiunian territory than his predecessors, building the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Erebuni_Fortress" title="Erebuni Fortress">Erebuni</a> (located in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>) on newly conquered land, and bringing to it 6600 warriors from <a href="/wiki/Hatti_(land_of_the_Hittites)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatti (land of the Hittites)">Hatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Shupria</a>. Argišti conquered Apuni, Luša (castrating its king as a result), and Iga, taking many of the inhabitants of these regions as captives.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Etiunians seem to have revolted and invaded Urartu during Argishti's reign, stealing the <i>aštiuzi</i> (perhaps an idol of a god; compare this word to Armenian <span title="Old Armenian-language text"><i lang="xcl-Latn">astuats</i></span> 'god') of the Urartian religious center, <a href="/wiki/Musasir" title="Musasir">Musasir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50–51">: 50–51 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sarduri_II" title="Sarduri II">Sarduri II</a>, Argishti's son, also launched numerous military campaigns in Etiuni in the 740s BCE, battling with local rulers and the king of Etiuni, Diaṣuni. However, whatever became of this confrontation with Diaṣuni is unknown, as the text breaks off.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Assyrians, "the Etinaeans" revolted three times during the reign of Rusa I, Sarduri II's son. These revolts apparently resulted in Urartian military losses and Urartu being "plundered."<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later Assyrian text mention that Urartu had been "destroyed" by the "people of Etuna."<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethno-linguistic_makeup">Ethno-linguistic makeup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiuni&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethno-linguistic makeup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Igor Diakonov considered it possible that the Etiuni were a <a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurro-Urartian">Hurro-Urartian</a> people, although he did not explain his reasoning for this classification.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, Armen Petrosyan, linguist <a href="/wiki/Hrach_Martirosyan" title="Hrach Martirosyan">Hrach Martirosyan</a>, and other scholars have suggested Armenian etymologies for a number of Etiunian personal, place, tribal, and religious names.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto6_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenian names and words have been identified in Urartu as well, suggesting the possibility that Armenian speaking tribes could have constituted part of the populations of both lands.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> </p><p>In addition to Armenian speaking populations, there were also likely <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian">Cimmerian</a> tribes present in Etiuni or its vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of the Etiunian land Ishkugul (probably near <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a>) and its prince, Saga-tur or Sagaputara (perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Paroyr_Skayordi" title="Paroyr Skayordi">Skayordi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Khorene" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses of Khorene">Moses of Khorene</a>) are suggestive of the presence of Scythians and/or Cimmerians.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiuni&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Urartians only named one king of Etiuni, Diaṣuni of Iga (or Iya). Petrosyan etymologized Diaṣuni as being an otherwise unattested Armenian name meaning "born of god" (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">տիւ</span></span> + <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ծնուն</span></span>), comparing it to <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>Diogenes</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Διογένης</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a> <i>Diazenus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> <i>Divogenos</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>Devaja</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">देवजा</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other kings of regions of Etiuni were likely rulers of smaller kingdoms or local chieftains. These included: Murinu of Uelikuni, Murini of Abiliani, Ṣinalbi of Lueḫi, Rashu of Ruishia, and Kapurini of Iga (Iya).<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_historiography">In historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiuni&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Petrosyan theorized that memories of Etiuni may have been passed down by the medieval Armenian historian <a href="/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi" title="Movses Khorenatsi">Movses Khorenatsi</a>. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia_(book)" title="History of Armenia (book)">History of Armenia</a></i>, Khoren says the historically unattested Armenian king, <a href="/wiki/Zarmayr_Haykazuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarmayr Haykazuni">Zarmayr</a>, led an army of "Ethiopians" to aid Troy during the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. Petrosyan speculated that Khoren or his contemporaries may have confused "Etio" for "Ethiopia" (a name they would have been more familiar with through Biblical studies).<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiuni&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_-_03.jpg/250px-%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_-_03.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_-_03.jpg/500px-%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Ishtikuni was a city in Etiuni, along Lake Sevan. It is located in modern Lchashen, Armenia</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeologists connect Etiuni with the <a href="/wiki/Lchashen-Metsamor_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lchashen-Metsamor culture">Lchashen-Metsamor culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lchashen-Metsamor culture ultimately descends from the <a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti-Vanadzor culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ishtikuni, near modern Lchashen, is a notable Etiunian archaeological site. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Metsamor_site" title="Metsamor site">Metsamor site</a>, near modern <a href="/wiki/Taronik" title="Taronik">Taronik</a>, was an important metal-working center during the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiuni&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of the Armenians">Origins of the Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiuni&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Armen Petrosyan (2007). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3657764">Towards the Origins of the Armenian People: The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review (in English)</a>". <i>Journal for the Society of Armenian Studies</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. W. F. Saggs. "The Nimrud Letters, 1952: Part IV." <i>British Institute for the Study of Iraq.</i> <i>Iraq</i>. Vol. 20, No. 2 (Autumn, 1958), pp. 182-212. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4199640">4199640</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shirak.asj-oa.am/663/1/5%2D19.pdf">Sargis Petrosyan. "Light Worship in Etiuni Lands." 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">I. M. Diakonoff. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/armenian/diakph11.htm">The Pre-History of the Armenian People</a></i> (revised, trans. Lori Jennings). Caravan Books, New York (1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matiossian, Vartan (2009). "Azzi-Hayasa on the Black Sea? Another Puzzle of Armenian Origins". In Hovannisian, Richard G (ed.). <i>Armenian Pontus : the Trebizond-Black Sea communities</i>. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series. p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Armen Petrosyan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35086087">Էթիունին հայոց օրրան. Գիտական հոդվածների ժողովածու, նվիրված Գրիգոր Ղափանցյանի ծննդյան 130-ամյակին</a>. Երևան 2018, էջ 299-330։. Etiuni – cradle of Armenians.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raffaele Biscione. "The Roots of the Urartian Kingdom. The Growth of Social Complexity on the Armenian Plateau Between and Ancient Bronze and Early Iron Ages." <i>Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology Presented to Mirjo Salvini on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday</i>. eds. Pavel S. Avetisyan, Roberto Dan, Yervand H. Grekyan. <i>Archaeopress</i>. 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raffaele Biscione et al. . "The Armenian-Italian archaeological survey in the Sevan Lake Basin, Campaigns 1994-2000." In: Raffaele Biscione, Simon Hmayakyan Neda Parmegiani (Ed.): The North-Eastern frontier Urartians and non-Urartians in the Sevan Lake basin. Rome: CNR, Istituto di studi sulle civiltà dell'Egeo e del Vicino Oriente, 2002, pp. 10-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Mosvsisyan. "Argishti I." <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofarmenia-am.armin.am/en/Encyclopedia_History_Argishti_1-in">Institute for Armenian Studies of Yerevan State University</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.D. Barnett. "Urartu." The Cambridge Ancient History. eds. Stanley Arthur Cook, Martin Percival Charlesworth, John Bagnell Bury, John Bernard Bury. Cambridge University Press. 1982 edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armen Petrosyan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33109045">Indo-European *wel- in Armenian mythology.</a>" <i>Journal of Indo-European studies.</i> 2016, 1-2, pp. 129-146"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrach Martirosyan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ling.hse.ru/data/2014/09/01/1313574129/Hrach%20Martirosyan%20-%20Handout.pdf">Origins and historical development of the Armenian language.</a>" pp. 8, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayk Avetisyan, Pavel Avetisyan, Arsen Bobokhyan, Knarik Navasardyan, Artak Gnuni. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsakhlib.am/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Hayk-Avetisyan-Pavel-Avetisyan-Arsen-Bobokhyan-Knarik-Navasardyan-Artak-Gnuni-Notes-On-Urartian-Period-Pottery-Traditions-in-Armenia.pdf">Notes on Urartian Era Pottery Traditions in Armenia.</a>" 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sargis Ayvazyan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19646158">The Haykazunis and the Kingdom of Van (Ararat-Urartu).</a>" <i>Fundamental Armenology.</i> No. 2. 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aylin U. Erdem. "The Relationship between State and Nomads in the Urartian Kingdom." <i>Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology Presented to Mirjo Salvini on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday.</i> Archaeopress. 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pavel Avetisyan and Arsen Bobokhyan. "Archaeology of Armenia in a Regional Context." <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288832986_">National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography</a></i>. 2009. p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruzan Mrtchyan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-ancient-population-of-lchashen-as-a-representative-of-the-bronze-age-armenian-population">The ancient population of Lchashen as a representative of the Bronze Age Armenian population.</a>" <i>Moscow University Bulletin.</i> Issue 23. 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali Çifçi. "Control of Capital in Urartu: Economic Resources and Movement of Commodities." <i>Brill</i>. 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hewsen. <i>Armenia: A Historical Atlas</i>. University of Chicago Press. 2001. p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krzysztof Jakubiak and Kinga Bigoraj. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/metsamor-the-early-iron-ageurartian-settlement-in-the-aras-valley-armenia/AB4FE6B9F30D8C66972BA0C61DC1E9F2">Metsamor: the Early Iron Age/Urartian settlement in the Aras Valley, Armenia.</a>" <i>Antiquity</i>. 94. 2020.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenia_topics" title="Template talk:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenia_articles688" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">timeline</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi_(Armenian_usages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairi (Armenian usages)">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Kingdom of Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1508–1828 Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Independent_Armenia_(1991-today)" title="History of Armenia">Independent Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Plain" title="Ararat Plain">Ararat Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="List of cities and towns in Armenia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Armenia" title="List of earthquakes in Armenia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Armenia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Armenia" title="Mountains of Armenia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Armenia" title="Municipalities of Armenia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Armenia" title="List of rivers of Armenia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Armenia" title="List of lakes of Armenia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikahogh_State_Reserve" title="Shikahogh State Reserve">Shikahogh State Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Plain" title="Shirak Plain">Shirak Plain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Armenia" title="Category:Geography of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Administrative divisions of Armenia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Armenia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">National Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Armenia" title="Police of Armenia">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Armenia" title="List of political parties in Armenia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Armenia" title="President of the National Assembly of Armenia">President of the National Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Armenia" title="Category:Government of Armenia">more on government</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Politics of Armenia">on politics</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Armenia" title="Agriculture in Armenia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Stock Exchange">AMX (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia" title="Central Bank of Armenia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Depository_of_Armenia" title="Central Depository of Armenia">Central Depository </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Dram (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Armenia" title="Mineral industry of Armenia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Armenia" title="Pensions in Armenia">Pension reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Armenia" title="Taxation in Armenia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Armenia" title="Tourism in Armenia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Railway" title="South Caucasus Railway">South Caucasus Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dress" title="Armenian dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia" title="Sport in Armenia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Armenia" title="Theater of Armenia">Theatre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Armenia" title="Category:Culture of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Armenia" title="Census in Armenia">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia" title="Crime in Armenia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Armenia" title="Social issues in Armenia">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Demographics of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Armenian Brotherhood Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Islam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Armenia" title="Category:Religion in Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Armenia" title="National symbols of Armenia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_eternity_sign" title="Armenian eternity sign">Armenian eternity sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_Hayrenik" title="Mer Hayrenik">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia" title="Outline of Armenia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenia" title="Category:Armenia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urartu_topics88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urartu_topics" title="Template:Urartu topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urartu_topics" title="Template talk:Urartu topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urartu_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urartu topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urartu_topics88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Armenian">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelashin_Stele" title="Kelashin Stele">Kelashin Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">Cuneiform script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-en.svg/250px-Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-en.svg/330px-Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-en.svg/500px-Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> (Ararat) at its greatest expanse, ca. 743 BC</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Urartu" title="List of kings of Urartu">Kings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arame_of_Urartu" title="Arame of Urartu">Aramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutipri" title="Lutipri">Lutipri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarduri_I" title="Sarduri I">Sarduri I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishpuini_of_Urartu" title="Ishpuini of Urartu">Ishpuini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argishti_I_of_Urartu" title="Argishti I of Urartu">Argishti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarduri_II" title="Sarduri II">Sarduri II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusa_I" title="Rusa I">Rusa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argishti_II" title="Argishti II">Argishti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusa_II" title="Rusa II">Rusa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarduri_III" title="Sarduri III">Sarduri III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erimena" title="Erimena">Erimena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusa_III" title="Rusa III">Rusa III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarduri_IV" title="Sarduri IV">Sarduri IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusa_IV" title="Rusa IV">Rusa IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and Fortresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armavir,_Armenia" title="Armavir, Armenia">Argistinikhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzashkun" title="Arzashkun">Arzashkun</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1ntepe" title="Altıntepe">Altıntepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastam_Citadel" title="Bastam Citadel">Bastam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebuni_Fortress" title="Erebuni Fortress">Erebuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haykaberd" class="mw-redirect" title="Haykaberd">Haykaberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horom_Citadel" title="Horom Citadel">Horom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelashin" title="Kelashin">Kelashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasir" title="Musasir">Musasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusahinili" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusahinili">Rusahinili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugunia" title="Sugunia">Sugunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teishebaini" title="Teishebaini">Teishebaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teyseba" class="mw-redirect" title="Teyseba">Teyseba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Fortress" title="Van Fortress">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shivini" title="Shivini">Artinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvarti" title="Bagvarti">Bagvarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAaldi" title="Ḫaldi">Khaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selardi" title="Selardi">Selardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivini" title="Shivini">Siwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theispas" title="Theispas">Theispas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>7 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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