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id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>List</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Germany,_1945–1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Germany,_1945–1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>West Germany, 1945–1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Germany,_1945–1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_Baden-Württemberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_Baden-Württemberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Establishment of Baden-Württemberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_Baden-Württemberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petitions_to_reconstitute_former_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petitions_to_reconstitute_former_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Petitions to reconstitute former states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petitions_to_reconstitute_former_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saar:_the_little_reunification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saar:_the_little_reunification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Saar: the little reunification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saar:_the_little_reunification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Constitutional amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reunited_Germany,_1990–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reunited_Germany,_1990–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reunited Germany, 1990–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reunited_Germany,_1990–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subdivisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Area_associations_(Landschaftsverbände)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_associations_(Landschaftsverbände)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Area associations (<i>Landschaftsverbände</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_associations_(Landschaftsverbände)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_districts_(Regierungsbezirke)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_districts_(Regierungsbezirke)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Governmental districts (<i>Regierungsbezirke</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_districts_(Regierungsbezirke)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_districts_(Kreise)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_districts_(Kreise)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Administrative districts (<i>Kreise</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_districts_(Kreise)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offices_(Ämter)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offices_(Ämter)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Offices (<i>Ämter</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offices_(Ämter)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipalities_(Gemeinden)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipalities_(Gemeinden)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Municipalities (<i>Gemeinden</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipalities_(Gemeinden)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">States of Germany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deelstate_van_Duitsland" title="Deelstate van Duitsland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Deelstate van Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(Deutschland)" title="Land (Deutschland) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Land (Deutschland)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%AD%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B5" title="የጀርመን ክፍላገራት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የጀርመን ክፍላገራት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ولايات ألمانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولايات ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaus_d%27Alemanya" title="Estaus d'Alemanya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estaus d'Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaos_d%27Alema%C3%B1a" title="Estaos d'Alemaña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estaos d'Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpaq_(Almaniya)" title="Torpaq (Almaniya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Torpaq (Almaniya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_wagian_ring_Jerman" title="Negara wagian ring Jerman – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Negara wagian ring Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok_%C3%AA_h%C3%AAng-ch%C3%A8ng-khu" title="Tek-kok ê hêng-chèng-khu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok ê hêng-chèng-khu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Германия ерҙәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германия ерҙәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Землі Германіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Землі Германіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльны падзел Нямеччыны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльны падзел Нямеччыны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Федерални провинции на Германия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Федерални провинции на Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesland_(Deitschland)" title="Bundesland (Deitschland) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bundesland (Deitschland)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dke_savezne_pokrajine" title="Njemačke savezne pokrajine – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemačke savezne pokrajine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stado%C3%B9_Alamagn" title="Stadoù Alamagn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stadoù Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_federat_alemany" title="Estat federat alemany – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat federat alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95_(%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8)" title="Федераци çĕрĕ (Германи) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Федераци çĕрĕ (Германи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A9_spolkov%C3%A9_zem%C4%9B" title="Německé spolkové země – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německé spolkové země" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_di_a_Germania" title="Stati di a Germania – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Stati di a Germania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taleithiau_ffederal_yr_Almaen" title="Taleithiau ffederal yr Almaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Taleithiau ffederal yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysklands_delstater" title="Tysklands delstater – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysklands delstater" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiskka_oassest%C3%A1htat" title="Duiskka oassestáhtat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiskka oassestáhtat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnesland" title="Bunnesland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bunnesland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(Deutschland)" title="Land (Deutschland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Land (Deutschland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liidumaa" title="Liidumaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liidumaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ομόσπονδα κρατίδια της Γερμανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομόσπονδα κρατίδια της Γερμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_federado_(Alemania)" title="Estado federado (Alemania) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado federado (Alemania)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacia_lando_(Germanio)" title="Federacia lando (Germanio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Federacia lando (Germanio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniako_estatuak" title="Alemaniako estatuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniako estatuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایالت‌های آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت‌های آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(Allemagne)" title="Land (Allemagne) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Land (Allemagne)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielsteaten_fan_D%C3%BAtsl%C3%A2n" title="Dielsteaten fan Dútslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dielsteaten fan Dútslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatyn_y_Ghermaan" title="Steatyn y Ghermaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Steatyn y Ghermaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_de_Alema%C3%B1a" title="Estados de Alemaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estados de Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A3%BC" title="독일의 주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일의 주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3_(%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Նահանգ (Գերմանիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նահանգ (Գերմանիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dke_savezne_pokrajine" title="Njemačke savezne pokrajine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačke savezne pokrajine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_di_Germania" title="Stati di Germania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stati di Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_bagian_di_Jerman" title="Negara bagian di Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara bagian di Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_federal_(Germania)" title="Stato federal (Germania) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato federal (Germania)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%85%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Германы зæххытæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Германы зæххытæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_federati_della_Germania" title="Stati federati della Germania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stati federati della Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="מדינות גרמניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינות גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaptar_negara_bag%C3%A9an_Jerman" title="Dhaptar negara bagéan Jerman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhaptar negara bagéan Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_ning_Germany" title="States ning Germany – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="States ning Germany" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიის ფედერალური მხარეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის ფედერალური მხარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Германия жерлері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германия жерлері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majimbo_ya_Ujerumani" title="Majimbo ya Ujerumani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Majimbo ya Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%AAm%C3%AAn_Almanyay%C3%AA" title="Herêmên Almanyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Herêmên Almanyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stac_federei_de_la_Germania" title="Stac federei de la Germania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Stac federei de la Germania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_foederalis_(Germania)" title="Terra foederalis (Germania) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Terra foederalis (Germania)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cijas_feder%C4%81l%C4%81s_zemes" title="Vācijas federālās zemes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācijas federālās zemes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(D%C3%A4itschland)" title="Land (Däitschland) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Land (Däitschland)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_%C5%BEem%C4%97s" title="Vokietijos žemės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos žemės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statos_de_Deutxland" title="Statos de Deutxland – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Statos de Deutxland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(Jermania)" title="Land (Jermania) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Land (Jermania)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1g_tartom%C3%A1nyai" title="Németország tartományai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Németország tartományai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сојузни покраини во Германија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сојузни покраини во Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="जर्मनीची राज्ये – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मनीची राज्ये" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიაშ ფედერალური აკანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანიაშ ფედერალური აკანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ولايات المانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ولايات المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_di_Jerman" title="Negeri di Jerman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negeri di Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara_bagian_di_Jerman" title="Nagara bagian di Jerman – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Nagara bagian di Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deelstaten_van_Duitsland" title="Deelstaten van Duitsland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deelstaten van Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deelstoaten_van_Duutslaand" title="Deelstoaten van Duutslaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Deelstoaten van Duutslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E3%81%AE%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86" title="ドイツの地方行政区分 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツの地方行政区分" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Германин латтанаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Германин латтанаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysklands_delstater" title="Tysklands delstater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysklands delstater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delstatar_i_Tyskland" title="Delstatar i Tyskland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Delstatar i Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_germani_federali_landes" title="Liste de germani federali landes – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Liste de germani federali landes" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_federat_d%27Alemanha" title="Estat federat d'Alemanha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat federat d'Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_yerlari" title="Germaniya yerlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya yerlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ ਦੇ ਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨੀ ਦੇ ਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(Deutschland)" title="Land (Deutschland) – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Land (Deutschland)" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="جرمنی دیاں ریاستاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمنی دیاں ریاستاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundsland_(D%C3%BC%C3%BCtschland)" title="Bundsland (Düütschland) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bundsland (Düütschland)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraje_zwi%C4%85zkowe_Niemiec" title="Kraje związkowe Niemiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kraje związkowe Niemiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_da_Alemanha" title="Estados da Alemanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estados da Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesland_(D%C3%BCtschland)" title="Bundesland (Dütschland) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bundesland (Dütschland)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landurile_Germaniei" title="Landurile Germaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Landurile Germaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Земли Германии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Земли Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istados_federados_de_Germ%C3%A0nia" title="Istados federados de Germània – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istados federados de Germània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_o_Germany" title="States o Germany – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="States o Germany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsit%C3%AB_federative_t%C3%AB_Gjermanis%C3%AB" title="Njësitë federative të Gjermanisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Njësitë federative të Gjermanisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Land" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ජර්මනියේ ප්‍රාන්තයන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මනියේ ප්‍රාන්තයන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="States of Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A1%D9%8E_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جرمنيءَ جون رياستون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمنيءَ جون رياستون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajina_(Nemecko)" title="Krajina (Nemecko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krajina (Nemecko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1ka_zvezna_de%C5%BEela" title="Nemška zvezna dežela – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemška zvezna dežela" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویلایەتەکانی ئەڵمانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلایەتەکانی ئەڵمانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Државе Њемачке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Државе Њемачке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dke_pokrajine" title="Njemačke pokrajine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačke pokrajine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_osavaltiot" title="Saksan osavaltiot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan osavaltiot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysklands_f%C3%B6rbundsl%C3%A4nder" title="Tysklands förbundsländer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tysklands förbundsländer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nder_ng_Alemanya" title="Länder ng Alemanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Länder ng Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இடாய்ச்சுலாந்தின் மாநிலங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடாய்ச்சுலாந்தின் மாநிலங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="รัฐของประเทศเยอรมนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐของประเทศเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya%27n%C4%B1n_eyaletleri" title="Almanya'nın eyaletleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya'nın eyaletleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Землі Німеччини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Землі Німеччини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="جرمنی کی ریاستیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمنی کی ریاستیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_federai_de_%C5%82a_Zerm%C3%A0nia" title="Stati federai de ła Zermània – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stati federai de ła Zermània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_(%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c)" title="Bang (Đức) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bang (Đức)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAelstoat_(Duutsland)" title="Dêelstoat (Duutsland) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Dêelstoat (Duutsland)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_estado_han_Alemanya" title="Mga estado han Alemanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mga estado han Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="联邦州（德国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="联邦州（德国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="דייטשע לענדער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטשע לענדער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%8Cp%C3%ADnl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Jẹ́mánì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%84%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="德國各聯邦州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國各聯邦州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First-level administrative subdivisions of the Federal Republic of Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the states of modern Germany. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="States of Germany (disambiguation)">States of Germany (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Regions of Germany" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Germany_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Regions of Germany (disambiguation)">Regions of Germany (disambiguation)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="float: right; width: ;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #F0F0F0; vertical-align: middle">German states</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 360px; padding: 15px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Germany_location_map.svg/360px-Germany_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Germany_location_map.svg/540px-Germany_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Germany_location_map.svg/720px-Germany_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:112.8px; top:341.2px"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-<br />Württemberg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:210px; top:337.6px"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:275.88px; top:139.24px"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:265.8px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102px; top:103.6px"><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:145.2px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:120px; top:247.6px"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:148.8px; top:132.4px"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower<br />Saxony</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:228px; top:78.4px"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-<br />Vorpommern</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:51.6px; top:193.6px"><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-<br />Westphalia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:44.4px; top:272.8px"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-<br />Palatinate</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:40.8px; top:316px"><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:271.2px; top:222.4px"><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:203.88px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-<br />Anhalt</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:123.6px; top:40.6px"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-<br />Holstein</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:188.4px; top:236.8px"><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></div><div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:4.8px; top:301.6px"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><i style="color: #48A3B5">Luxembourg</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:338.52px; top:118px"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><i style="color: #48A3B5">Poland</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:33.6px; top:370px"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><i style="color: #48A3B5">France</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:116.76px; top:15.76px"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><i style="color: #48A3B5">Denmark</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:10.2px; top:124.12px"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><i style="color: #48A3B5;">Netherlands</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-0.24px; top:265.6px"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><i style="color: #48A3B5;">Belgium</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:310.8px; top:402.4px"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><i style="color: #48A3B5;">Austria</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:300px; top:292.96px"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><i style="color: #48A3B5;">Czech Republic</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:91.2px; top:427.24px"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><i style="color: #48A3B5">Switzerland</i></a></div><div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:66px; top:49.6px"><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea"><i style="color: #48A3B5">North<br />Sea</i></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:278.4px; top:20.8px"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea"><i style="color: #48A3B5">Baltic Sea</i></a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Category</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Number</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="#List">16</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Areas</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">419.4 km<sup>2</sup> (161.92 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>) –<br />70,549.4 km<sup>2</sup> (27,239.29 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Government</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double var(--background-color-inverted, #101418);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#d33; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany"><span style="color: white;"><small>Politics of </small><br />Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Constitution <span style="font-size:85%;">(Basic Law)</span></span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Head of State</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(1949%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (1949–)">Chancellor of Germany</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="List of chancellors of Germany">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice Chancellor of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Habeck" title="Robert Habeck">Robert Habeck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scholz_cabinet" title="Scholz cabinet">Scholz</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_agency_(Germany)" title="Federal agency (Germany)">Federal agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bundestag_constituencies" title="List of Bundestag constituencies">constituencies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_German_Bundestag" title="Member of the German Bundestag">members</a></dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermittlungsausschuss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vermittlungsausschuss (page does not exist)"><i>Vermittlungsausschuss</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsamer_Ausschuss" title="Gemeinsamer Ausschuss"><i>Gemeinsamer Ausschuss</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Federal courts</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice" title="Federal Court of Justice">Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Germany)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Germany)">Administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Fiscal_Court" title="Federal Fiscal Court">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Labour_Court" title="Federal Labour Court">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Social_Court" title="Federal Social Court">Social</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Senate_of_the_Supreme_Courts_of_the_Federation" title="Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts of the Federation">Joint Senate</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany#Courts" title="Judiciary of Germany">Other courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Subdivisions</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State (<i>Land</i>)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_President_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister President (Germany)">Minister president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Parliament_(Germany)" title="State Parliament (Germany)">State Parliament (<i>Landtag</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">composition</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk"><i>Regierungsbezirk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District (<i>Kreis</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amt_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amt (country subdivision)">Collective municipality (<i>Amt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Municipalities of Germany">Municipality (<i>Gemeinde</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Germany" title="Electoral system of Germany">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_governing_coalition" title="German governing coalition">Coalitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention (<i>Bundesversammlung</i>)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Presidential elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">Weimar Republic (1919–1933)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_presidential_election" title="1919 German presidential election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Germany" title="President of East Germany">East Germany (1949–1960)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1957</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_presidential_election" title="1949 West German presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_West_German_presidential_election" title="1954 West German presidential election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_West_German_presidential_election" title="1959 West German presidential election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_West_German_presidential_election" title="1964 West German presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_presidential_election" title="1969 West German presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_West_German_presidential_election" title="1974 West German presidential election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_West_German_presidential_election" title="1979 West German presidential election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_West_German_presidential_election" title="1984 West German presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_West_German_presidential_election" title="1989 West German presidential election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_presidential_election" title="1994 German presidential election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_German_presidential_election" title="1999 German presidential election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_German_presidential_election" title="2004 German presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_presidential_election" title="2009 German presidential election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_German_presidential_election" title="2010 German presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_German_presidential_election" title="2012 German presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_presidential_election" title="2017 German presidential election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_German_presidential_election" title="2022 German presidential election"><i>2022</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Parliamentary election</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="February 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="August 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Zollparlament_election" title="1868 Zollparlament election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_German_federal_election" title="1871 German federal election">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_German_federal_election" title="1874 German federal election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_German_federal_election" title="1877 German federal election">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_German_federal_election" title="1878 German federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_German_federal_election" title="1881 German federal election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_German_federal_election" title="1884 German federal election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_German_federal_election" title="1887 German federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_German_federal_election" title="1890 German federal election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_German_federal_election" title="1893 German federal election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_German_federal_election" title="1898 German federal election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_German_federal_election" title="1903 German federal election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_German_federal_election" title="1907 German federal election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_federal_election" title="1919 German federal election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">1924 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">1924 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">1932 (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">1932 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">1933 (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_parliamentary_election" title="November 1933 German parliamentary election">1933 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1936 German parliamentary election and referendum">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1938 German parliamentary election and referendum">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>European elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1984 European Parliament election in West Germany">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1994 European Parliament election in Germany">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1999 European Parliament election in Germany">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2004 European Parliament election in Germany">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">State and local politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b>State Politics</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Politics of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bavaria" title="Politics of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Berlin" title="Politics of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brandenburg" title="Politics of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Bremen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Bremen (page does not exist)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hamburg" title="Politics of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hesse" title="Politics of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Politics of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Politics of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Politics of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saarland" title="Politics of Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony" title="Politics of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Politics of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Politics of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thuringia" title="Politics of Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><br /> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Foreign relations by country</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Germany–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Russia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>International Relations</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_German_citizens" title="Visa requirements for German citizens">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_passport" title="German passport">Passport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Political ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Germany" title="Political culture of Germany">Political culture</a> / <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Federalism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Germany_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Communism in Germany (disambiguation)">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Conservatism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian Conservatism in Germany">Agrarian Conservatism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democracy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">federal state</a>, consists of sixteen <i>states</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> (with its seaport <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>) are called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>Stadtstaaten</b></i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>"), while the other thirteen states are called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>Flächenländer</b></i></span> ("area states") and include <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, which describe themselves as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freistaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Freistaat">Freistaaten</a></i></span> ("free states"). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> ("West Germany") was created in 1949 through the unification of the three western zones previously under American, British, and French administration in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">aftermath of World War II</a>. Initially, the states of the Federal Republic were <a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">Baden</a> (until 1952), Bavaria (in German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bayern</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hessen</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Niedersachsen</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nordrhein-Westfalen</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinland-Pfalz</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> (until 1952), and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> (until 1952). <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, while still under occupation by the Western Allies, viewed itself as part of the Federal Republic and was largely integrated and considered a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> state. In 1952, following <a href="/wiki/1951_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_referendum" title="1951 Baden-Württemberg referendum">a referendum</a>, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>. In 1957, the <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a> joined the Federal Republic as the state of <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>. </p><p>The next change occurred with <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990, in which the territory of the former German Democratic Republic (<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>) became part of the Federal Republic, by accession of the <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">re-established eastern states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></i></span>), Saxony (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sachsen</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sachsen-Anhalt</i></span>), and Thuringia (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Thüringen</i></span>), and the reunification of West and <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> into a city state. A referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">German constitution</a>, some topics, such as foreign affairs and defence, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation. The states retain residual or exclusive legislative authority for all other areas, including culture, which in Germany includes not only topics such as the financial promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training (see <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education in Germany</a>). Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level, the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area: in matters that affect them directly, the states defend their interests at the federal level through the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></i></span> ("Federal Council"), and in areas where they have the legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties "with the consent of the federal government".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States">States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was the states that formed the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. This was in contrast to the post-war development in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, where the national <i>Bund</i> ("federation") was constituted first, and then the individual states were carved out as units of that federal nation. </p><p>The German use of the term <i>Länder</i> ("lands") dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> of 1919. Previously, the <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">states of the German Empire</a> had been called <i>Staaten</i> ("states"). Today, it is very common to use the term <i>Bundesland</i> (federated <i>Land</i>). Officially this term <i>Bundesland</i> neither appears in the constitution of 1919 nor in the current one. Three <i>Länder</i> call themselves <i><a href="/wiki/Freistaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Freistaat">Freistaaten</a></i> ("free states", an older German term for "republic"): Bavaria (since 1919), Saxony (originally from 1919 and again since 1990), and Thuringia (since 1994). Of the 17 states at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, six still exist (though partly with different borders): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (The geographically distinct <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_the_Rhine" title="Circle of the Rhine"> Palatinate</a>, which was part of Bavaria, 1816–1946, is now part of <a href="/wiki/Rheinland_Pfalz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinland Pfalz">Rheinland Pfalz</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> <p>The other 11 states of the Weimar Republic either merged into one another or were separated into smaller entities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Anhalt" title="Free State of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> is now part of the state of <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a> is now part of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Braunschweig</a> is now part of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Lippe" title="Free State of Lippe">Lippe</a> is now part of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a> is now part of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a> are now parts of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a> is now part of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, with its former exclaves now belonging to their neighbouring states of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a> was <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Prussia" title="Abolition of Prussia">divided</a> among the states of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>. The erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia"> Prussian provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, Schleswig-Holstein and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover"> Hanover</a> formed the core of the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony, respectively. The Prussian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia"> Westphalia </a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province"> Rhineland</a> contributed most territory to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, and Rhineland province contributed about half of the territory of the state of Rhineland Palatinate. Most of the Prussian province of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a> was merged with the existing state of Hesse.</li></ul> <p>Some territories bordering other states were annexed to the bordering state. Also, Prussia had exclaves that were surrounded by other states. These became part of their surrounding states. All states, except <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, now have territory of the former Free State of Prussia. Other former Prussian territories lying east of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Neisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Neisse">Neisse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> were lost in 1945 and are now part of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. They are Silesia (Upper and Lower), Pomerania, West Prussia-Posen, and East Prussia respectively. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a> is now part of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> is now part of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>.</li></ul> <p>Possible boundary changes between states continue to be debated in Germany, in contrast to how there are "significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes" in those other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur B. Gunlicks summarizes the main arguments for boundary reform in Germany: "the German system of dual federalism requires strong <i>Länder</i> that have the administrative and fiscal capacity to implement legislation and pay for it from own source revenues. Too many <i>Länder</i> also make coordination among them and with the federation more complicated."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But several proposals have failed so far; territorial reform remains a controversial topic in German politics and public perception.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List">List</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_government_of_the_German_federal_states" title="List of current heads of government of the German federal states">List of current heads of government of the German federal states</a></div> <table style="clear:both" class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#bbb"> <th>State </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DE" title="ISO 3166-2:DE">State code</a></th> <th>Since</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Legislature </th> <th>Head of state and government<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_president_(Germany)" title="Minister president (Germany)">Minister-President</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a>)</small> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a><br />votes </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Pop.<br />(2023-07-01)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Pop. per km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><br />(2021)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> per capita<br />(<a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>; 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </td> <td>BW </td> <td>1952<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landtag of Baden-Württemberg">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winfried_Kretschmann" title="Winfried Kretschmann">Winfried Kretschmann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right">35,752 </td> <td style="text-align:right">11,148,904 </td> <td style="text-align:right">310 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.956 </td> <td style="text-align:center">45,108 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a><br />(<i>Bayern</i>) </td> <td>BY </td> <td>1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a><br />(<i>München</i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Markus Söder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right">70,552 </td> <td style="text-align:right">13,203,592 </td> <td style="text-align:right">185 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.950 </td> <td style="text-align:center">46,498 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td>BE </td> <td>1990<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin" title="Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin">Abgeordnetenhaus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kai_Wegner" title="Kai Wegner">Kai Wegner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">892 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,689,708 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,086 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.959 </td> <td style="text-align:center">42,221 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </td> <td>BB </td> <td>1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Brandenburg" title="Landtag of Brandenburg">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Woidke" title="Dietmar Woidke">Dietmar Woidke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">29,480 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,546,685 </td> <td style="text-align:right">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.918 </td> <td style="text-align:center">29,282 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> </td> <td>HB </td> <td>1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerschaft_of_Bremen" title="Bürgerschaft of Bremen">Bürgerschaft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Bovenschulte" title="Andreas Bovenschulte">Andreas Bovenschulte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">3 </td> <td style="text-align:right">419 </td> <td style="text-align:right">663,567 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,630 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.954 </td> <td style="text-align:center">46,468 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </td> <td>HH </td> <td>1949</td> <td style="text-align:center">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Bürgerschaft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tschentscher" title="Peter Tschentscher">Peter Tschentscher</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">3 </td> <td style="text-align:right">755 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,904,212 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,439 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.972 </td> <td style="text-align:center">64,022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a><br />(<i>Hessen</i>) </td> <td>HE </td> <td>1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rhein" title="Boris Rhein">Boris Rhein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">5 </td> <td style="text-align:right">21,115 </td> <td style="text-align:right">6,313,614 </td> <td style="text-align:right">297 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.950 </td> <td style="text-align:center">44,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a><br />(<i>Niedersachsen</i>) </td> <td>NI </td> <td>1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a><br />(<i>Hannover</i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Weil" title="Stephan Weil">Stephan Weil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right">47,609 </td> <td style="text-align:right">8,045,829 </td> <td style="text-align:right">168 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.930 </td> <td style="text-align:center">37,005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> </td> <td>MV </td> <td>1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuela_Schwesig" title="Manuela Schwesig">Manuela Schwesig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">3 </td> <td style="text-align:right">23,180 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,605,259 </td> <td style="text-align:right">69 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.916 </td> <td style="text-align:center">28,590 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a><br />(<i>Nordrhein-Westfalen</i>) </td> <td>NW </td> <td>1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_W%C3%BCst" title="Hendrik Wüst">Hendrik Wüst</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right">34,085 </td> <td style="text-align:right">17,944,923 </td> <td style="text-align:right">526 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.939 </td> <td style="text-align:center">38,876 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a><br />(<i>Rheinland-Pfalz</i>) </td> <td>RP </td> <td>1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schweitzer_(politician)" title="Alexander Schweitzer (politician)">Alexander Schweitzer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">19,853 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,126,872 </td> <td style="text-align:right">206 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.929 </td> <td style="text-align:center">34,673 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> </td> <td>SL </td> <td>1957<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saarland" title="Landtag of Saarland">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anke_Rehlinger" title="Anke Rehlinger">Anke Rehlinger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">3 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,569 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,005,796 </td> <td style="text-align:right">386 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.931 </td> <td style="text-align:center">34,125 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a><br />(<i>Sachsen</i>) </td> <td>SN </td> <td>1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony" title="Landtag of Saxony">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kretschmer" title="Michael Kretschmer">Michael Kretschmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">18,416 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,036,369 </td> <td style="text-align:right">221 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.933 </td> <td style="text-align:center">30,903 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a><br />(<i>Sachsen-Anhalt</i>) </td> <td>ST </td> <td>1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reiner_Haseloff" title="Reiner Haseloff">Reiner Haseloff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">20,446 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,155,742 </td> <td style="text-align:right">108 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.911 </td> <td style="text-align:center">28,652 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </td> <td>SH </td> <td>1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_G%C3%BCnther" title="Daniel Günther">Daniel Günther</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">15,799 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,936,486 </td> <td style="text-align:right">183 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.921 </td> <td style="text-align:center">33,452 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a><br />(<i>Thüringen</i>) </td> <td>TH </td> <td>1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Thuringia" title="Landtag of Thuringia">Landtag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Ramelow" title="Bodo Ramelow">Bodo Ramelow</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">4 </td> <td style="text-align:right">16,172 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,099,527 </td> <td style="text-align:right">133 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.923 </td> <td style="text-align:center">28,953 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Germany" title="List of historic states of Germany">List of historic states of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Empire_states_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/German_Empire_states_map.svg/220px-German_Empire_states_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/German_Empire_states_map.svg/330px-German_Empire_states_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/German_Empire_states_map.svg/440px-German_Empire_states_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (light gray) within the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg/220px-Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg/330px-Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg/440px-Weimar_Republic_states_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="States of the Weimar Republic">states of the Weimar Republic</a> in 1925, with the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> as the largest</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a> has a long tradition in German history. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> comprised <a href="/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei">many petty states</a>, numbering more than 300 in around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1796–1814). After the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (1815), 39 states formed the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>. The Confederation was dissolved after the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> in which Prussia defeated Austria and forced Austria to remove itself from the affairs of the German states. </p><p>Territorial boundaries were essentially redrawn as a result of military conflicts and interventions from the outside: from the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the number of territories decreased from about 300 to 39; in 1866 <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> annexed the sovereign states of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nassau_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau (state)">Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Free City of Frankfurt</a>. Prussia and the other states in Northern and Central Germany united as a <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">federal state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="North German Federation">North German Federation</a>, on 1 July 1867. Four of the five southern German states (Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt) entered military alliances with Prussia but Austria did not. In the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–71, those four states joined the North German Federation which was consequently renamed to <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. The parliament and Federal Council decided to give the Prussian king the title of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Emperor</a> (since 1 January 1871). The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic</a> cities) and the imperial territory of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>. Within the empire, 65% of the territory and 62% of the population belonged to the state of Prussia. </p><p>After the territorial losses of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Weimar Germany">remaining states</a> continued as republics of a new German federation. The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Preuss" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Preuss">Hugo Preuss</a>, the father of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>, drafted a plan to divide the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: "Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory". In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: the 7 <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringian</a> states were merged in 1920, whereby <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg" title="Saxe-Coburg">Coburg</a> opted for <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, Pyrmont joined <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1922, and <a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck</a> did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favourable to state reforms. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> seized power in January 1933, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span> were gradually abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span> process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Nazi <i>Gau</i> system</a>. Three changes are of particular note: on 1 January 1934, <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> was united with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>; and, by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Hamburg_Act" title="Greater Hamburg Act">Greater Hamburg Act</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz</i></span>) of 1937, the territory of the city-state was extended, while <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a> lost its independence and became part of the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">province of Schleswig-Holstein</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Germany,_1945–1990"><span id="West_Germany.2C_1945.E2.80.931990"></span>West Germany, 1945–1990</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: West Germany, 1945–1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png/170px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png/255px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png/340px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> (blue) and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> (red) and <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> (yellow)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Occupation Zones in Germany">Allied occupation of Germany after World War II</a>, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. New states were established in all four zones of occupation: <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">American zone</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">British zone</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> –  which later received a special status –  in the French zone; <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg(-Vorpommern)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">Soviet zone</a>. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia had been in the past. Initially, only seven of the pre-War states remained: Baden (in part), Bavaria (reduced in size), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (enlarged), Saxony, and Thuringia. The states with hyphenated names, such as Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Saxony-Anhalt, owed their existence to the occupation powers and were created out of mergers of former Prussian provinces and smaller states. </p><p>Former German territory that lay east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a> fell under either Polish or Soviet administration but attempts were made at least symbolically not to abandon sovereignty well into the 1960s. The former <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> fell under Polish administration with the Soviet Union taking the area around Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), pending a final peace conference with Germany which eventually never took place.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 8 million Germans had been <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">expelled</a> from these territories that had formed part of the German-speaking lands for centuries and which mostly did not have sizable Polish minorities before 1945. However, no attempts were made to establish new states in these territories, as they lay outside the jurisdiction of West Germany at that time. </p><p>In 1948, the military governors of the three <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> handed over the so-called <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Documents" title="Frankfurt Documents">Frankfurt Documents</a> to the minister-presidents in the Western occupation zones. Among other things, they recommended revising the boundaries of the West German states in a way that none of them should be too large or too small in comparison with the others. </p><p>As the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the <a href="/wiki/Parlamentarischer_Rat" title="Parlamentarischer Rat">Parliamentary Council</a> was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29 of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law</a>. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised (paragraph 1). Moreover, in territories or parts of territories whose affiliation with a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Land</i></span> had changed after 8 May 1945 without a referendum, people were allowed to petition for a revision of the current status within a year after the promulgation of the Basic Law (paragraph 2). If at least one tenth of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections were in favour of a revision, the federal government had to include the proposal into its legislation. Then a referendum was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed (paragraph 3). The proposal should not take effect if within any of the affected territories a majority rejected the change. In this case, the bill had to be introduced again and after passing had to be confirmed by referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4). The reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force (paragraph 6). Article 29 states that "the division of the federal territory into Länder may be revised to ensure that each <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Land</i></span> be of a size and capacity to perform its functions effectively". </p><p>In their letter to <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, the three western military governors approved the Basic Law but suspended Article 29 until such time as a peace treaty should be concluded. Only the special arrangement for the southwest under Article 118 could enter into force. </p><p>Upon its founding in 1949, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> thus had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (<a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>) merged to form <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>. From 1957, when the French-occupied <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a> was returned and formed into the <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, the Federal Republic consisted of ten states, which are referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Old_states_of_Germany" title="Old states of Germany">Old States</a>" today. West Berlin was under the sovereignty of the Western Allies and neither a Western German state nor part of one. However, it was in many ways integrated with West Germany under a special status. </p><p>A new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before. Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states; academics (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Rutz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Rutz (page does not exist)">Werner Rutz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meinhard_Miegel" title="Meinhard Miegel">Meinhard Miegel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Ottnad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Ottnad (page does not exist)">Adrian Ottnad</a>, etc.) and politicians (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_D%C3%B6ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Döring (page does not exist)">Walter Döring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Apel" title="Hans Apel">Hans Apel</a>, and others) made proposals –  some of them far-reaching –  for redrawing boundaries but hardly anything came of these public discussions. Territorial reform is sometimes propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce <a href="/wiki/Equalization_payments" title="Equalization payments">fiscal transfers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_of_Baden-Württemberg"><span id="Establishment_of_Baden-W.C3.BCrttemberg"></span>Establishment of Baden-Württemberg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Establishment of Baden-Württemberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suedweststaat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Suedweststaat.png/170px-Suedweststaat.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Suedweststaat.png/255px-Suedweststaat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Suedweststaat.png/340px-Suedweststaat.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>The three states that merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952</figcaption></figure> <p>In southwestern Germany, territorial revision seemed to be a top priority since the border between the French and American occupation zones was set along the Autobahn Karlsruhe-Stuttgart-Ulm (today the <a href="/wiki/A8_motorway_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="A8 motorway (Germany)">A8</a>). Article 118 stated "The division of the territory comprising <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> into <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span> may be revised, without regard to the provisions of Article 29, by agreement between the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span> concerned. If no agreement is reached, the revision shall be effected by a federal law, which shall provide for an advisory referendum." Since no agreement was reached, a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> was held on 9 December 1951 in four different voting districts, three of which approved the merger (<a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a> refused but was overruled, as the result of total votes was decisive). On 25 April 1952, the three former states merged to form Baden-Württemberg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Petitions_to_reconstitute_former_states">Petitions to reconstitute former states <span class="anchor" id="Petitions_asking_to_reconstitute_former_states"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Petitions to reconstitute former states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences" title="London and Paris Conferences">Paris Agreements</a> in 1954, West Germany regained (limited) sovereignty. This triggered the start of the one-year period as set in paragraph 2 of Article 29. As a consequence, eight petitions for referendums were launched, six of which were successful: </p> <ul><li>Reconstitution of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Free State of Oldenburg</a> 12.9%</li> <li>Reconstitution of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe</a> 15.3%</li> <li>Integration of <a href="/wiki/Koblenz_(region)" title="Koblenz (region)">Koblenz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trier_(region)" title="Trier (region)">Trier</a> into <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> 14.2%</li> <li>Reintegration of <a href="/wiki/Rheinhessen_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinhessen (region)">Rheinhessen</a> into <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> 25.3%</li> <li>Reintegration of <a href="/wiki/Montabaur_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montabaur (region)">Montabaur</a> into Hesse 20.2%</li> <li>Reconstitution of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a> 15.1%</li></ul> <p>The last petition was originally rejected by the Federal Minister of the Interior by reference to the referendum of 1951. However, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court of Germany</a> ruled that the rejection was unlawful: the population of Baden had the right to a new referendum because the one of 1951 had taken place under different rules from the ones provided for by article 29. In particular, the outcome of the 1951 referendum did not reflect the wishes of the majority of Baden's population. </p><p>The two <a href="/wiki/Pfalz_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pfalz (region)">Palatine</a> petitions (for a reintegration into Bavaria and integration into Baden-Württemberg) failed with 7.6% and 9.3%. Further requests for petitions (Lübeck, Geesthacht, Lindau, Achberg, and 62 Hessian communities) had already been rejected as inadmissible by the Federal Minister of the Interior or were withdrawn as in the case of Lindau. The rejection was confirmed by the Federal Constitutional Court in the case of Lübeck. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saar:_the_little_reunification">Saar: the little reunification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Saar: the little reunification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Agreements">Paris Agreements</a> of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a> (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the <a href="/wiki/Saar_Statute_referendum,_1955" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar Statute referendum, 1955">Saar Statute referendum</a> the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> for the plan. The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 October 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Saar_Treaty" title="Saar Treaty">Saar Treaty</a> established that Saarland should be allowed to join Germany, as provided by the German constitution. Saarland became part of Germany effective 1 January 1957. The Franco-Saarlander currency union ended on 6 July 1959, when the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> was introduced as legal tender in the Saarland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_amendments">Constitutional amendments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constitutional amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that, if a petition was successful, a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening, the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958. The complaint was dismissed in July 1961 on the grounds that Article 29 had made the new delimitation of the federal territory an exclusively federal matter. At the same time, the Court reaffirmed the requirement for a territorial revision as a binding order to the relevant constitutional bodies. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">grand coalition</a> decided to settle the 1956 petitions by setting binding deadlines for the required referendums. The referendums in Lower Saxony and Rhineland-Palatinate were to be held by 31 March 1975, and the referendum in Baden was to be held by 30 June 1970. The threshold for a successful vote was set at one-quarter of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections. Paragraph 4 stated that the vote should be disregarded if it contradicted the objectives of paragraph 1. </p><p>In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an alternative proposal for the two regions: the north and center-southwest. </p><p>In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one in the northeast consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and the northern part of Lower Saxony (from <a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a> to <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCchow-Dannenberg" title="Lüchow-Dannenberg">Lüchow-Dannenberg</a>) and one in the northwest consisting of Bremen and the rest of Lower Saxony (solution B). </p><p>In the center and southwest, one alternative was that Rhineland-Palatinate (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Germersheim_(district)" title="Germersheim (district)">Germersheim district</a> but including the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Neckar" title="Rhine-Neckar">Rhine-Neckar</a> region) should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland (solution C), the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-Württemberg. The other alternative was that the Palatinate (including the region of <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>) could be merged with the Saarland and Baden-Württemberg, and the rest of Rhineland-Palatinate would then merge with Hesse (solution D). </p><p>Both alternatives could be combined (AC, BC, AD, BD). </p><p>At the same time, the commission developed criteria for classifying the terms of Article 29 Paragraph 1. The capacity to perform functions effectively was considered most important, whereas regional, historical, and cultural ties were considered as hardly verifiable. To fulfill administrative duties adequately, a population of at least five million per state was considered as necessary. </p><p>After a relatively brief discussion and mostly negative responses from the affected states, the proposals were shelved. Public interest was limited or nonexistent. </p><p>The referendum in Baden was held on 7 June 1970. 81.9% of voters decided for Baden to remain part of Baden-Württemberg, only 18.1% opted for the reconstitution of the old state of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Baden</a>. </p><p>The referendums in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> were held on 19 January 1975 (the percentages given are the percentages of those eligible who voted in favour): </p> <ul><li>reconstitution of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Free State of Oldenburg</a> 31%</li> <li>reconstitution of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe</a> 39.5%</li> <li>integration of <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> into <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> 13%</li> <li>reintegration of Rheinhessen into Hesse 7.1%</li> <li>reintegration of Montabaur region into Hesse 14.3%</li></ul> <p>The votes in Lower Saxony were successful as both proposals were supported by more than 25% of eligible voters. The Bundestag, however, decided that both Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe should remain part of Lower Saxony. The justification was that a reconstitution of the two former states would contradict the objectives of paragraph 1 of article 29 of the constitution. An appeal against the decision was rejected as inadmissible by the Federal Constitutional Court. </p><p>On 24 August 1976, the binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory was altered into a mere discretionary one. Paragraph 1 of Article 29 was rephrased, with the provision that any state had to be "of a size and capacity to perform its functions effectively" put first.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The option for a referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4) was abolished, which meant territorial revision was no longer possible against the will of the population affected by it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reunited_Germany,_1990–present"><span id="Reunited_Germany.2C_1990.E2.80.93present"></span>Reunited Germany, 1990–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reunited Germany, 1990–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> had originally consisted of five states (i.e., Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia). In 1952, these states were abolished and the East was divided into <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative division of the German Democratic Republic">14 administrative districts</a> called <i>Bezirke</i>. <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> – despite officially having the same status as <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> – was declared East Germany's capital and its 15th district. </p><p>The debate on territorial revision restarted shortly before <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>. While academics (Rutz and others) and politicians (Gobrecht) suggested introducing only two, three, or four states in East Germany, legislation reconstituted the East German states in an arrangement similar to that which they had had before 1952, as the five "<a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">New States</a>" on 3 October 1990. The former district of East Berlin joined West Berlin to form the new state of Berlin. Henceforth, the 10 "old states" plus 5 "new states" plus the new state Berlin add up to current 16 states of Germany. </p><p>After reunification, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">West German constitution</a> thus applied to the entire <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German people</a>. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Council (Germany)">Federal Council</a> and the 16 German states in matters concerning the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Article 29 was again modified and provided an option for the states to "revise the division of their existing territory or parts of their territory by agreement without regard to the provisions of paragraphs (2) through (7)". Article 118a was introduced into the Basic Law and provided the possibility for Berlin and Brandenburg to merge "without regard to the provisions of Article 29, by agreement between the two <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span> with the participation of their inhabitants who are entitled to vote". A state treaty between Berlin and Brandenburg was approved in both parliaments with the necessary two-thirds majority, but in a popular referendum of 5 May 1996, about 63% voted against the merger. </p><p>The German states can conclude treaties with foreign countries in matters within their own sphere of competence and with the consent of the federal government (Article 32 of the Basic Law). Typical treaties relate to cultural relationships and economic affairs. </p><p>Some states call themselves a "<a href="/wiki/Free_state_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free state (government)">free state</a>" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freistaat</i></span>). It is merely a historic synonym for "republic" and was a description used by most German states after the abolishment of monarchy after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Today, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freistaat</i></span> is associated emotionally with a more independent status, especially in Bavaria. However, it has no legal significance. All sixteen states are represented at the federal level in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat (Germany)">Bundesrat</a></i></span> (Federal Council), where their voting power depends on the size of their population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double var(--background-color-inverted, #101418);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#d33; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany"><span style="color: white;"><small>Politics of </small><br />Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Constitution <span style="font-size:85%;">(Basic Law)</span></span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Head of State</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(1949%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (1949–)">Chancellor of Germany</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="List of chancellors of Germany">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice Chancellor of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Habeck" title="Robert Habeck">Robert Habeck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scholz_cabinet" title="Scholz cabinet">Scholz</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_agency_(Germany)" title="Federal agency (Germany)">Federal agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bundestag_constituencies" title="List of Bundestag constituencies">constituencies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_German_Bundestag" title="Member of the German Bundestag">members</a></dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermittlungsausschuss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vermittlungsausschuss (page does not exist)"><i>Vermittlungsausschuss</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsamer_Ausschuss" title="Gemeinsamer Ausschuss"><i>Gemeinsamer Ausschuss</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Federal courts</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice" title="Federal Court of Justice">Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Germany)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Germany)">Administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Fiscal_Court" title="Federal Fiscal Court">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Labour_Court" title="Federal Labour Court">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Social_Court" title="Federal Social Court">Social</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Senate_of_the_Supreme_Courts_of_the_Federation" title="Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts of the Federation">Joint Senate</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany#Courts" title="Judiciary of Germany">Other courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Subdivisions</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State (<i>Land</i>)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_President_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister President (Germany)">Minister president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Parliament_(Germany)" title="State Parliament (Germany)">State Parliament (<i>Landtag</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">composition</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk"><i>Regierungsbezirk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District (<i>Kreis</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amt_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amt (country subdivision)">Collective municipality (<i>Amt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Municipalities of Germany">Municipality (<i>Gemeinde</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Germany" title="Electoral system of Germany">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_governing_coalition" title="German governing coalition">Coalitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention (<i>Bundesversammlung</i>)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Presidential elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">Weimar Republic (1919–1933)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_presidential_election" title="1919 German presidential election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Germany" title="President of East Germany">East Germany (1949–1960)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1957</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_presidential_election" title="1949 West German presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_West_German_presidential_election" title="1954 West German presidential election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_West_German_presidential_election" title="1959 West German presidential election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_West_German_presidential_election" title="1964 West German presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_presidential_election" title="1969 West German presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_West_German_presidential_election" title="1974 West German presidential election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_West_German_presidential_election" title="1979 West German presidential election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_West_German_presidential_election" title="1984 West German presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_West_German_presidential_election" title="1989 West German presidential election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_presidential_election" title="1994 German presidential election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_German_presidential_election" title="1999 German presidential election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_German_presidential_election" title="2004 German presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_presidential_election" title="2009 German presidential election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_German_presidential_election" title="2010 German presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_German_presidential_election" title="2012 German presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_presidential_election" title="2017 German presidential election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_German_presidential_election" title="2022 German presidential election"><i>2022</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Parliamentary election</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="February 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="August 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Zollparlament_election" title="1868 Zollparlament election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_German_federal_election" title="1871 German federal election">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_German_federal_election" title="1874 German federal election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_German_federal_election" title="1877 German federal election">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_German_federal_election" title="1878 German federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_German_federal_election" title="1881 German federal election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_German_federal_election" title="1884 German federal election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_German_federal_election" title="1887 German federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_German_federal_election" title="1890 German federal election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_German_federal_election" title="1893 German federal election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_German_federal_election" title="1898 German federal election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_German_federal_election" title="1903 German federal election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_German_federal_election" title="1907 German federal election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_federal_election" title="1919 German federal election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">1924 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">1924 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">1932 (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">1932 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">1933 (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_parliamentary_election" title="November 1933 German parliamentary election">1933 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1936 German parliamentary election and referendum">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1938 German parliamentary election and referendum">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>European elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1984 European Parliament election in West Germany">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1994 European Parliament election in Germany">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1999 European Parliament election in Germany">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2004 European Parliament election in Germany">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">State and local politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b>State Politics</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Politics of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bavaria" title="Politics of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Berlin" title="Politics of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brandenburg" title="Politics of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Bremen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Bremen (page does not exist)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hamburg" title="Politics of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hesse" title="Politics of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Politics of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Politics of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Politics of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saarland" title="Politics of Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony" title="Politics of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Politics of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Politics of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thuringia" title="Politics of Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><br /> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Foreign relations by country</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Germany–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Russia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>International Relations</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_German_citizens" title="Visa requirements for German citizens">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_passport" title="German passport">Passport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Political ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Germany" title="Political culture of Germany">Political culture</a> / <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Federalism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Germany_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Communism in Germany (disambiguation)">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Conservatism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian Conservatism in Germany">Agrarian Conservatism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democracy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Federalism in Germany</a></div> <p>Germany is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a>. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Grundgesetz</a></i> (Basic Law). By calling the document the <i>Grundgesetz</i>, rather than <i>Verfassung</i> (constitution), the authors expressed the intention that it would be replaced by a true constitution once Germany was reunited as one state. </p><p>Amendments to the <i>Grundgesetz</i> generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of the parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity. Despite the original intention, the <i>Grundgesetz</i> remained in effect after the German reunification in 1990, with only minor amendments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_state_government_compositions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/German_state_government_compositions.svg/220px-German_state_government_compositions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/German_state_government_compositions.svg/330px-German_state_government_compositions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/German_state_government_compositions.svg/440px-German_state_government_compositions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Composition of German states' governing coalitions</figcaption></figure> <p>The federal constitution stipulates that the structure of each Federated State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> led by a <i><a href="/wiki/Minister_president_(Germany)" title="Minister president (Germany)">Ministerpräsident</a></i> (minister-president), together with a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative body</a> known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></i> (State <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">Diet</a>). The states are <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republics</a> and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years (depending on the state), and the minister-president is then chosen by a <a href="/wiki/Majority_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority vote">majority vote</a> among the <i>Landtag</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s members. The <a href="/wiki/Minister-president" title="Minister-president">minister-president</a> is typically the head of the biggest party of a coalition. The minister-president appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government. Like in other parliamentary systems, the legislature can dismiss or replace the minister-president after a successful <a href="/wiki/No-confidence_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="No-confidence vote">no-confidence vote</a>. </p><p>The governments in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> are referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Senate#Alternative_meanings" title="Senate">senates</a>". In the <a href="/wiki/Free_state_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free state (government)">free states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Saxony">Saxony</a>, the government is referred to as "state government" <i>(Staatsregierung)</i>; and in the other states, the government is referred to as "Land government" <i>(Landesregierung)</i>. Before 1 January 2000, Bavaria had a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> parliament, with a popularly elected <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria"><i>Landtag</i></a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Senate" title="Bavarian Senate">Senate</a> made up of representatives of the state's major social and economic groups. The Senate was abolished following a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> in 1998. The states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg are governed slightly differently from the other states. In each of those cities, the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight, selected by the state's parliament; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers in the larger states. The equivalent of the minister-president is the <i>Senatspräsident</i> (president of the senate), also commonly referred to as <i>Bürgermeister</i> (Mayor) in Bremen, the <i>Erster Bürgermeister</i> (first mayor) in Hamburg, and the <i>Regierender Bürgermeister</i> (governing mayor) in Berlin. The parliament for Berlin is called the <i>Abgeordnetenhaus</i> (House of Representatives), while Bremen and Hamburg both have a <i>Bürgerschaft</i>. The parliaments in the remaining 13 states are referred to as <i>Landtag</i> (State Parliament). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg" title="File:Administrative divisions of Germany.svg"><img alt="The vertical (federal) separation of powers across the federal government (white), the states (yellow), and the municipalities (brown)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/300px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/450px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/600px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="519" usemap="#ImageMap_ed391f04fb959ace" resource="/wiki/File:Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg" /></a><map name="ImageMap_ed391f04fb959ace"><area href="/wiki/Germany" shape="poly" coords="150,0,188,38,112,38" alt="Federal Level" title="Federal Level" /><area href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" shape="poly" coords="112,38,188,38,186,76,74,76" alt="Federal States" title="Federal States" /><area href="/wiki/City-state#Stadtstaaten_of_Germany" shape="poly" coords="188,38,300,150,223,150,186,76" alt="City States" title="City States" /><area href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" shape="poly" coords="74,76,186,76,193,90,60,90" alt="(Governmental Districts)" title="(Governmental Districts)" /><area href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" shape="poly" coords="60,90,150,90,150,107,43,107" alt="(Rural) Districts" title="(Rural) Districts" /><area href="/wiki/Gemeindeverband" shape="poly" coords="43,107,98,107,90,124,26,124" alt="(Collective Municipalities)" title="(Collective Municipalities)" /><area href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" shape="poly" coords="26,124,90,124,77,150,0,150" alt="Municipalities" title="Municipalities" /><area href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" shape="poly" coords="98,107,150,107,150,150,77,150" alt="(Municipalities)" title="(Municipalities)" /><area href="/wiki/Independent_city#Germany" shape="poly" coords="150,90,193,90,223,150,150,150" alt="Urban Districts" title="Urban Districts" /></map><figcaption>Administrative divisions of Germany (clickable <a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg" title="File:Administrative divisions of Germany.svg">image</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> of Berlin and Hamburg are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/District" title="District">Districts</a>. The City of Bremen consists of two <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_urban_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German urban districts">urban districts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, which are not contiguous. In the other states there are the subdivisions below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Area_associations_(Landschaftsverbände)"><span id="Area_associations_.28Landschaftsverb.C3.A4nde.29"></span>Area associations (<i>Landschaftsverbände</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Area associations (Landschaftsverbände)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most populous state of North Rhine-Westphalia is uniquely divided into two area associations (<i><a href="/wiki/Landschaftsverband" class="mw-redirect" title="Landschaftsverband">Landschaftsverbände</a></i>), one for the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, and one for <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe">Lippe</a>. This arrangement was meant to ease the friction caused by uniting the two culturally different regions into a single state after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <i>Landschaftsverbände</i> now have very little power. </p><p>The constitution of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> at §75 states the right of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vorpommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorpommern">Vorpommern</a> to form <i>Landschaftsverbände</i>, although these two constituent parts of the state are not represented in the current administrative division. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_districts_(Regierungsbezirke)"><span id="Governmental_districts_.28Regierungsbezirke.29"></span>Governmental districts (<i>Regierungsbezirke</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Governmental districts (Regierungsbezirke)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The large states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, and North Rhine-Westphalia are divided into governmental districts, or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a></i></span>. </p><p>In Rhineland-Palatinate, these districts were abolished or re-organized on 1 January 2000, in Saxony-Anhalt on 1 January 2004, and in Lower Saxony on 1 January 2005. From 1990 until 2012, Saxony was divided into three districts (called <i>Direktionsbezirke</i> since 2008). In 2012, these districts' authorities were merged into one central authority, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landesdirektion_Sachsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landesdirektion Sachsen (page does not exist)">Landesdirektion Sachsen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesdirektion_Sachsen" class="extiw" title="de:Landesdirektion Sachsen">de</a>]</span>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_districts_(Kreise)"><span id="Administrative_districts_.28Kreise.29"></span>Administrative districts (<i>Kreise</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative districts (Kreise)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts of Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">List of districts of Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landkreise,_Kreise_und_kreisfreie_St%C3%A4dte_in_Deutschland_2021-07-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Landkreise%2C_Kreise_und_kreisfreie_St%C3%A4dte_in_Deutschland_2021-07-01.svg/220px-Landkreise%2C_Kreise_und_kreisfreie_St%C3%A4dte_in_Deutschland_2021-07-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Landkreise%2C_Kreise_und_kreisfreie_St%C3%A4dte_in_Deutschland_2021-07-01.svg/330px-Landkreise%2C_Kreise_und_kreisfreie_St%C3%A4dte_in_Deutschland_2021-07-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Landkreise%2C_Kreise_und_kreisfreie_St%C3%A4dte_in_Deutschland_2021-07-01.svg/440px-Landkreise%2C_Kreise_und_kreisfreie_St%C3%A4dte_in_Deutschland_2021-07-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Map of German districts. Yellow districts are urban, white are sub-urban or rural.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts of Germany</a> <i>(Kreise)</i> are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and the state of <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> consists of "rural districts" <i>(Landkreise),</i> District-free Towns/Cities (<i>Kreisfreie Städte</i>, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or <i>Stadtkreise</i>), cities that are districts in their own right, or local associations of a special kind <i>(Kommunalverbände besonderer Art),</i> see below. The state <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Free Hanseatic City of Bremen</a> consists of two urban districts, while Berlin and Hamburg are states and urban districts at the same time. </p><p>As of 2011, there are 295 <i>Landkreise</i> and 107 <i>Kreisfreie Städte</i>, making 402 districts altogether. Each consists of an elected council and an executive, which is chosen either by the council or by the people, depending on the state, the duties of which are comparable to those of a <a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">county executive</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a>, supervising local government administration. The <i>Landkreise</i> have primary administrative functions in specific areas, such as highways, hospitals, and public utilities. </p><p>Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more <i>Landkreise</i> with one or more <i>Kreisfreie Städte</i> to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> are grouped into such an association, or <i>Kommunalverband besonderer Art</i>. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states. </p><p>In 2010 only three <i>Kommunalverbände besonderer Art</i> exist. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover (district)">District of Hanover</a>: formed in 2001 from the rural district of Hanover and the district-free city of <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>.</li> <li><i>Regionalverband</i> (district association) of <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_(district)" title="Saarbrücken (district)">Saarbrücken</a>: formed in 2008 from the <i>Stadtverband Saarbrücken</i> (city association of <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>), which was formed in 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aachen_(district)" title="Aachen (district)">City region of Aachen</a>: formed in 2009 from the rural district of Aachen and the district-free city of <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offices_(Ämter)"><span id="Offices_.28.C3.84mter.29"></span>Offices (<i>Ämter</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Offices (Ämter)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amt_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amt (country subdivision)">Ämter</a> ("offices" or "bureaus"): in some states, there is an administrative unit between the districts and the municipalities, called <i>Ämter</i> (singular <i>Amt</i>), <i>Amtsgemeinden</i>, <i>Gemeindeverwaltungsverbände</i>, <i>Landgemeinden</i>, <i>Verbandsgemeinden</i>, <i>Verwaltungsgemeinschaften</i>, or <i>Kirchspiellandgemeinden</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipalities_(Gemeinden)"><span id="Municipalities_.28Gemeinden.29"></span>Municipalities (<i>Gemeinden</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Municipalities (Gemeinden)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Municipalities of Germany">Municipalities of Germany</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Municipalities of Germany">Municipalities</a> (<i>Gemeinden</i>): every rural district and every <i>Amt</i> is subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a>, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as well, also having city rights or town rights (<i><a href="/wiki/Stadtrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtrecht">Stadtrechte</a></i>). Nowadays, this is mostly just the right to be called a city or town. However, in former times there were many other privileges, including the right to impose local taxes or to allow industry only within city limits. Municipalities have the competence to define the amount of taxes to be paid, esp. facing Gewerbesteuer (companies taxation) and Grundsteuer (property taxation). Municipalities have the competence to deliver local services of general interest (so called Kommunale Daseinsvorsorge). </p><p>The number of inhabitants of German municipalities differs greatly, the most populous municipality being <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> with nearly 3.8 million inhabitants, while the least populous municipalities (for instance, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B6de" title="Gröde">Gröde</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nordfriesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordfriesland">Nordfriesland</a>) have less than 10 inhabitants. </p><p>The municipalities are ruled by elected councils and by an executive, the mayor, who is chosen either by the council or directly by the people, depending on the state. The "constitution" for the municipalities is created by the states and is uniform throughout a state (except for Bremen, which allows Bremerhaven to have its own constitution). </p><p>The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law". Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. For instance, many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial <a href="/wiki/Trading_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Trading estate">trading estates</a>. </p><p>Local authorities foster cultural activities by supporting local artists, building <a href="/wiki/Arts_centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts centres">arts centres</a>, and by holding fairs. Local government also provides public utilities, such as gas and electricity, as well as public transportation. The majority of the funding for municipalities is provided by higher levels of government rather than from taxes raised and collected directly by themselves. </p><p>In five of the German states, there are <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated areas</a>, in many cases unpopulated forest and mountain areas, but also four Bavarian lakes that are not part of any municipality. As of 1 January 2005, there were 246 such areas, with a total area of 4167.66 km<sup>2</sup> or 1.2% of the total area of Germany. Only four unincorporated areas are populated, with a total population of around 2,000. The table below provides an overview. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%"> <caption>Unincorporated areas in German states </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">State</th> <th>2022-01-01</th> <th colspan="2">2005-01-01</th> <th colspan="2">2000-01-01 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Number</th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Number</th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td>173</td> <td>216</td> <td>2,725.06</td> <td>262</td> <td>2,992.78 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td>25</td> <td>23</td> <td>949.16</td> <td>25</td> <td>1,394.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> </td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>327.05</td> <td>4</td> <td>327.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>99.41</td> <td>2</td> <td>99.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>66.98</td> <td>2</td> <td>76.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td>206</td> <td>246</td> <td>4,167.66</td> <td>295</td> <td>4,890.33 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2000, the number of unincorporated areas was 295, with a total area of 4,890.33 square kilometres (1,888.17 sq mi). However, the unincorporated areas are continually being incorporated into neighboring municipalities, wholly or partially, most frequently in Bavaria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Landespolizei">Landespolizei</a></i></span> – German state police</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">List of administrative divisions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">List of cities and towns in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by area">List of German states by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_exports" title="List of German states by exports">List of German states by exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_fertility_rate" title="List of German states by fertility rate">List of German states by fertility rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GRP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GRP">List of German states by GRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_household_income" title="List of German states by household income">List of German states by household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of German states by Human Development Index">List of German states by Human Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">List of German states by life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by population">List of German states by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by population density">List of German states by population density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_poverty_rate" title="List of German states by poverty rate">List of German states by poverty rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of German states by unemployment rate">List of German states by unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">List of states in the Holy Roman Empire</a> – the German states prior to 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Austria">States of Austria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><b>Länder</b></i>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Overview" title="Grammatical number">sing.</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>Land</b></i></span>; colloquially also (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Overview" title="Grammatical number">sing.</a>) <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>Bundesland</b></i></span>/(<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Overview" title="Grammatical number">pl.</a>) <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>Bundesländer</b></i></span>, <i>"Federate State/s"</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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"Länder Power-Sharing in International Relations and European Affairs". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.fes.de/fulltext/bueros/london/00538007.htm"><i>The institutional structures of German federalism</i></a>. Working papers / Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, London Office (electronic ed.). <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert_Foundation" title="Friedrich Ebert Foundation">Friedrich Ebert Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107162246/http://library.fes.de/fulltext/bueros/london/00538007.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%C3%A4nder+Power-Sharing+in+International+Relations+and+European+Affairs&rft.btitle=The+institutional+structures+of+German+federalism&rft.series=Working+papers+%2F+Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung%2C+London+Office&rft.edition=electronic&rft.pub=Friedrich+Ebert+Foundation&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Leonardy&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Ffulltext%2Fbueros%2Flondon%2F00538007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStates+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunlicks, Arthur B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol06No10/PDF_Vol_06_No_10_1283-1296_SI_Articles_Gunlicks.pdf">"German Federalism and Recent Reform Efforts"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110621215821/http://www.germanlawjournal.com/pdfs/Vol06No10/PDF_Vol_06_No_10_1283-1296_SI_Articles_Gunlicks.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>German Law Journal</i>, Vol. 06, No. 10, p. 1287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunlicks, p. 1288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunlicks, pp. 1287–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/en/germany/cities/">"Germany: States and Major Cities"</a>. <i>City Population</i>. 3 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802130824/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/germany/cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+States+and+Major+Cities&rft.date=2020-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fgermany%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStates+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>globaldatalab.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915025618/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+-+Subnational+HDI+-+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStates+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/73061/umfrage/bundeslaender-im-vergleich---bruttoinlandsprodukt/">"Bruttoinlandsprodukt je Einwohner nach Bundesländern 2020"</a>. <i>de.statista.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907054933/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/73061/umfrage/bundeslaender-im-vergleich---bruttoinlandsprodukt/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=de.statista.com&rft.atitle=Bruttoinlandsprodukt+je+Einwohner+nach+Bundesl%C3%A4ndern+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F73061%2Fumfrage%2Fbundeslaender-im-vergleich---bruttoinlandsprodukt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStates+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The states of <a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> were constituent states of the federation when it was formed in 1949. They united to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berlin has only officially been a <i>Bundesland</i> since <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification</a>, even though <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> was largely treated as a state of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though it was originally founded in 1920 after World War I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_K._Roberts,_Patricia_Hogwood2013" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847790323" title="Special:BookSources/9781847790323"><bdi>9781847790323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+Today+Companion+to+West+European+Politics&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781847790323&rft.au=Geoffrey+K.+Roberts%2C+Patricia+Hogwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ40tDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStates+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_Stefan_Wandycz1980" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XaFaNshCrkC"><i>The United States and Poland</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674926851" title="Special:BookSources/9780674926851"><bdi>9780674926851</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111155012/https://books.google.com/books?id=_XaFaNshCrkC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Poland&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780674926851&rft.au=Piotr+Stefan+Wandycz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XaFaNshCrkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStates+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_A._Bühler1990" class="citation book cs1">Phillip A. Bühler (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riBpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under internaromtional law</i></a>. East European Monographs. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880331746" title="Special:BookSources/9780880331746"><bdi>9780880331746</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111154906/https://books.google.com/books?id=riBpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oder-Neisse+Line%3A+a+reappraisal+under+internaromtional+law&rft.series=East+European+Monographs&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780880331746&rft.au=Phillip+A.+B%C3%BChler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriBpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStates+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/viewer/-/content/26859090-52d0-4850-9019-92748182042a/en;jsessionid=D56ABFCD5B07575A729089229C359CD3">"Results of the referendum on the Saar Statute (23 October 1955)"</a>. <i>Saarländische Volkszeitung</i>. Saarbrücken. 24 October 1955. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319015013/http://www.cvce.eu/viewer/-/content/26859090-52d0-4850-9019-92748182042a/en;jsessionid=D56ABFCD5B07575A729089229C359CD3">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saarl%C3%A4ndische+Volkszeitung&rft.atitle=Results+of+the+referendum+on+the+Saar+Statute+%2823+October+1955%29&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1955-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fviewer%2F-%2Fcontent%2F26859090-52d0-4850-9019-92748182042a%2Fen%3Bjsessionid%3DD56ABFCD5B07575A729089229C359CD3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStates+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf">"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.btg-bestellservice.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619180331/https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.btg-bestellservice.de&rft.atitle=Basic+Law+for+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.btg-bestellservice.de%2Fpdf%2F80201000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStates+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=States_of_Germany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citymayors.com/government/germany_government.html">CityMayors feature on Germany subdivisions</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hesse" title="Greater Hesse">Greater Hesse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Allied-administered Germany"><img alt="Map of Allied-administered Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg/120px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg/180px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg/240px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1273" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="British occupation zone in Germany">British Zone</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Hanover" title="State of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="French occupation zone in Germany">French Zone</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Soviet occupation zone in Germany">Soviet Zone</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_(1945%E2%80%931952)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg (1945–1952)">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mecklenburg_(1945%E2%80%931952)" title="State of Mecklenburg (1945–1952)">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_(1945%E2%80%931952)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxony (1945–1952)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt_(1945%E2%80%931952)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxony-Anhalt (1945–1952)">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (1949–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France/UK/US)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(USSR)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bizone" title="Bizone">Bizone</a> <a href="/wiki/Bizone" title="Bizone">Trizone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First-level_administrative_divisions_in_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Articles_on_first-level_administrative_divisions_of_European_countries" title="Template:Articles on first-level administrative divisions of European countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Articles_on_first-level_administrative_divisions_of_European_countries" title="Template talk:Articles on first-level administrative divisions of European countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Articles_on_first-level_administrative_divisions_of_European_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Articles on first-level administrative divisions of European countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First-level_administrative_divisions_in_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">First-level <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative divisions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> countries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Andorra" title="Parishes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Administrative divisions of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_states_of_Austria" title="Federal states of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Provinces of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Croatia" title="Counties of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Cyprus" title="Districts of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Denmark" title="Regions of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Greece" title="Regions of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iceland" title="Regions of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Liechtenstein" title="Municipalities of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Lithuania" title="Counties of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Luxembourg" title="Cantons of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Malta" title="Local councils of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Moldova" title="Administrative divisions of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco#Administrative_divisions" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Montenegro" title="Municipalities of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia" title="Municipalities of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Slovakia" title="Regions of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Slovenia" title="Municipalities of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Abkhazia" title="Districts of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kosovo" title="Districts of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Districts of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Ossetia" title="Administrative divisions of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Transnistria" title="Administrative divisions of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">Table of administrative divisions by country</a><br /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li><li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germany_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germany_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br /> History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_States_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Germany" title="Template:Orders, decorations, and medals of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Orders, decorations, and medals of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orders, decorations, and medals of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_States_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_German_states" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the German states">Orders, decorations, and medals</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">States of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_merit" title="Order of merit">Orders of merit</a> of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Republic of Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_merit" title="Order of merit">Orders of merit</a> of the<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">states of Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Order_of_Merit" title="Bavarian Order of Merit">Bavaria</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_Berlin" title="Order of Merit of Berlin">Berlin</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_Brandenburg" title="Order of Merit of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_Order_of_Merit" title="Hessian Order of Merit">Hesse</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Order of Merit of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony_Order_of_Merit" title="Lower Saxony Order of Merit">Lower Saxony</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Order of Merit of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Order of Merit of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland_Order_of_Merit" title="Saarland Order of Merit">Saarland</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Free_State_of_Saxony" title="Order of Merit of the Free State of Saxony">Saxony</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Order of Merit of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Order of Merit of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Free_State_of_Thuringia" title="Order of Merit of the Free State of Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Maximilian_Order_for_Science_and_Art" title="Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art">Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">States of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> (since 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> (since 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> (since 1990)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="States of Germany"><img alt="States of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/70px-States_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/105px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/140px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City-states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (since 1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> (1949–1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Europe">Subdivisions of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Austria" title="Subdivisions of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Bulgaria" title="Subdivisions of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Greece" title="Subdivisions of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Montenegro" title="Subdivisions of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Portugal" title="Subdivisions of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Slovenia" title="Subdivisions of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Abkhazia" title="Subdivisions of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdivisions_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdivisions of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdivisions_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdivisions of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdivisions_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdivisions of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> 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