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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Galvaskausa_kauli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galvaskausa_kauli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Galvaskausa kauli</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Galvaskausa_kauli-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Galvaskausa kauli apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Galvaskausa_kauli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Galvaskausa_smadzeņu_daļas_kauli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galvaskausa_smadzeņu_daļas_kauli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Galvaskausa smadzeņu daļas kauli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galvaskausa_smadzeņu_daļas_kauli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galvaskausa_sejas_daļas_kauli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galvaskausa_sejas_daļas_kauli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Galvaskausa sejas daļas kauli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galvaskausa_sejas_daļas_kauli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galvaskausa_attīstība" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galvaskausa_attīstība"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Galvaskausa attīstība</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galvaskausa_attīstība-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galvaskausa_vecuma_un_dzimuma_īpatnības" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galvaskausa_vecuma_un_dzimuma_īpatnības"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Galvaskausa vecuma un dzimuma īpatnības</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galvaskausa_vecuma_un_dzimuma_īpatnības-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papildu_attēli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papildu_attēli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Papildu attēli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papildu_attēli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ārējās_saites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ārējās_saites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ārējās saites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ārējās_saites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cilvēka galvaskauss</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 32 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جمجمة الإنسان – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمجمة الإنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_k%C9%99ll%C9%99si" title="İnsan kəlləsi – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsan kəlləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чэрап чалавека – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чэрап чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="মানব করোটি – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানব করোটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="མིའི་ཀ་ལི། – tibetiešu" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིའི་ཀ་ལི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calavera" title="Calavera – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calavera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%84%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="کەللەسەری مرۆڤ – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەللەسەری مرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebka_%C4%8Dlov%C4%9Bka" title="Lebka člověka – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lebka člověka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%83%C3%A7_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Этем пуç купташки – čuvašu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этем пуç купташки" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvašu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Ανθρώπινο κρανίο – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρώπινο κρανίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skull" title="Human skull – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Human skull" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabeza_%C3%B3sea" title="Cabeza ósea – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cabeza ósea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inemise_p%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Inemise pää – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inemise pää" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A2ne_(anatomie_humaine)" title="Crâne (anatomie humaine) – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crâne (anatomie humaine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_lubanja" title="Ljudska lubanja – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljudska lubanja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emberi_koponya" title="Emberi koponya – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emberi koponya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranio_human" title="Cranio human – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cranio human" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ми сауыты – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ми сауыты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilox%C3%AA_mirov" title="Kiloxê mirov – kurdu" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kiloxê mirov" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%8E%D1%80_%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Морт юр лы – komiešu" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Морт юр лы" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%81%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BA" title="Баш сөөк – kirgīzu" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Баш сөөк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Череп – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Череп" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="മനുഷ്യ തലയോട് – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനുഷ്യ തലയോട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83" title="मनूया क्वतः – nevaru" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मनूया क्वतः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedel_(mens)" title="Schedel (mens) – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schedel (mens)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A2nio_humano" title="Crânio humano – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crânio humano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Череп человека – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Череп человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskans_kranium" title="Människans kranium – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Människans kranium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="மனித மண்டையோடு – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனித மண்டையோடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="labs raksts"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="กะโหลกศีรษะมนุษย์ – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กะโหลกศีรษะมนุษย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Череп людини – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Череп людини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%DA%91%DB%8C" title="انسانی کھوپڑی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسانی کھوپڑی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9604#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Labot starpvalodu saites" class="wbc-editpage">Labot saites</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:dimgray; color: white"><i>Cilvēka galvaskauss</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Gray190.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gray190.png/250px-Gray190.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gray190.png/375px-Gray190.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gray190.png/500px-Gray190.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Gray188.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gray188.png/250px-Gray188.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gray188.png/375px-Gray188.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Gray188.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #efefef">Detaļas</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #efefef">Identifikatori</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lat%C4%AB%C5%86u_valoda" title="Latīņu valoda">Latīņu</a></th><td> <i>Cranium</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em;text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminologia_Anatomica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminologia Anatomica (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">TA98</a></th><td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.1.00.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.1.00.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em;text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminologia_Anatomica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminologia Anatomica (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">TA2</a></th><td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=406">406</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em;text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">FMA</a></th><td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma46565">46565</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <b><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomisk%C4%81_terminolo%C4%A3ija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatomiskā terminoloģija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Anatomiskā terminoloģija</a></i></b><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9604" class="extiw" title="d:Q9604">Labot iekš Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Skull_inner_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Skull_inner_surface.jpg/260px-Skull_inner_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Skull_inner_surface.jpg/390px-Skull_inner_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Skull_inner_surface.jpg/520px-Skull_inner_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="3134" /></a><figcaption>Cilvēka galvaskausa iekšējā virsma.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pieauguša <b>cilvēka galvaskauss</b> (<i>Cranium</i>) ir veidots no 23 kauliem (8 ir pāra, 7 nepāra <a href="/wiki/Kauli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauli">kauli</a>). Visi <a href="/wiki/Kauli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauli">kauli</a> savā starpā savienojas ar visiem kaulu savienojumu veidiem. Galvaskausā veidojas dobums un dažādas bedres, kurās atrodas <a href="/wiki/Galvas_smadzenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvas smadzenes">galvas smadzenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%86u_org%C4%81ni" class="mw-redirect" title="Maņu orgāni">maņu orgāni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nervi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervi">nervi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asinsvadi" title="Asinsvadi">asinsvadi</a> un daži iekšējie orgāni. Galvaskausam izšķir: <a href="/wiki/Smadze%C5%86u_kapsula" title="Smadzeņu kapsula">smadzeņu daļu</a> (<i>neurocranium</i>) un sejas daļu (<i>viscerocranium s. splanchnocranium</i>) </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galvaskausa_kauli">Galvaskausa kauli</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Galvaskausa kauli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Galvaskausa kauli"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:View_of_a_Skull_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/View_of_a_Skull_III.jpg/260px-View_of_a_Skull_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/View_of_a_Skull_III.jpg/390px-View_of_a_Skull_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/View_of_a_Skull_III.jpg/520px-View_of_a_Skull_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vin%C4%8Di" title="Leonardo da Vinči">Leonardo da Vinči</a> zīmēts galvaskauss</figcaption></figure> <p>Galvaskausu veido 22—30 kauli. Galvaskausa kaulu skaits katram cilvēkam var būt atšķirīgs, jo ne vienmēr notiek atsevišķu kaulu daļu saplūšana. Jaundzimušā galvaskausā kaulu skaits ir lielāks nekā pieaugušam cilvēkam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galvaskausa_smadzeņu_daļas_kauli"><span id="Galvaskausa_smadze.C5.86u_da.C4.BCas_kauli"></span>Galvaskausa smadzeņu daļas kauli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Galvaskausa smadzeņu daļas kauli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Galvaskausa smadzeņu daļas kauli"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galvaskausa smadzeņu daļu veido 4 nepāra un 2 pāra kauli. Dažiem kauliem ir gaisu saturoši dobumi, tos sauc par gaisa saturošajiem kauliem (<i>os pneumaticum</i>). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C4%81rnkauls" title="Spārnkauls">Spārnkauls</a> (<i>Os sphenoidale</i>) — nepāra kauls, gaisu saturošs kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakau%C5%A1a_kauls" title="Pakauša kauls">Pakauša kauls</a> (<i>Os occipitale</i>) — nepāra kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deni%C5%86u_kauls" title="Deniņu kauls">Deniņu kauls</a> (<i>Os temporale</i>) — pāra kauls, gaisu saturošs kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paura_kauls" title="Paura kauls">Paura kauls</a> (<i>Os parietale</i>) — pāra kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieres_kauls" title="Pieres kauls">Pieres kauls</a> (<i>Os frontale</i>) — nepāra kauls, gaisu saturošs kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieti%C5%86kauls" title="Sietiņkauls">Sietiņkauls</a> (<i>Os ethmoidale</i>) — nepāra kauls, gaisu saturošs kauls</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galvaskausa_sejas_daļas_kauli"><span id="Galvaskausa_sejas_da.C4.BCas_kauli"></span>Galvaskausa sejas daļas kauli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Galvaskausa sejas daļas kauli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Galvaskausa sejas daļas kauli"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galvaskausa sejas daļu veido 6 pāra un 3 nepāra kauli, viens pāris ir gaisa saturošie kauli. Kaulu forma ietekmē cilvēka sejas īpatnības. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aug%C5%A1%C5%BEok%C4%BCa_kauls" title="Augšžokļa kauls">Augšžokļa kauls</a> (<i>Maxilla</i>) — pāra kauls, gaisu saturošs kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiga_kauls" title="Vaiga kauls">Vaiga kauls</a> (<i>Os zygomaticum</i>) — pāra kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auksl%C4%93ju_kauls" title="Aukslēju kauls">Aukslēju kauls</a> (<i>Os palatinum</i>) — pāra kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaru_kauls" title="Asaru kauls">Asaru kauls</a> (<i>Os lacrimale</i>) — pāra kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deguna_kauls" title="Deguna kauls">Deguna kauls</a> (<i>Os nasale</i>) — pāra kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apak%C5%A1%C4%93j%C4%81_deguna_glieme%C5%BEn%C4%ABca" class="mw-redirect" title="Apakšējā deguna gliemežnīca">Apakšējā deguna gliemežnīca</a> (<i>Concha nasalis inferior</i>) — pāra kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemesis">Lemesis</a> (<i>Vomer</i>) — nepāra kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apak%C5%A1%C5%BEoklis" title="Apakšžoklis">Apakšžoklis</a> (<i>Mandibula</i>) — nepāra kauls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%93les_kauls" title="Mēles kauls">Mēles kauls</a> (<i>Os hyoideum</i>) — nepāra kauls</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galvaskausa_attīstība"><span id="Galvaskausa_att.C4.ABst.C4.ABba"></span>Galvaskausa attīstība</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Galvaskausa attīstība" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Galvaskausa attīstība"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Gray198.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gray198.png/260px-Gray198.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gray198.png/390px-Gray198.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Gray198.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Jaundzimušā galvaskauss.</figcaption></figure> <p>Galvaskausa pirmā attīstības stadija ir saistaudu stadija jeb saistaudu galvaskauss (<i>desmocranium</i>). Tā sākas ar to, ka saistaudi kapsulas veidā ietver galvas smadzeņu aizmetni. Otrajā attīstības mēnesī saistaudu stadiju pakāpeniski nomaina skrimšļa stadija. Tās sākumā saistaudos, kas atrodas zem <a href="/wiki/Galvas_smadzenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvas smadzenes">galvas smadzenēm</a>, veidojas divi skrimšļu pāri. Šie skrimšļi aug un rezultātā tuvojas viens otram līdz saaug vienā plātnē, uz kuras atrodas <a href="/wiki/Galvas_smadzenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvas smadzenes">galvas smadzenes</a>. Skrimšļa plātne saaug ar maņu orgānu kapsulām un izveidojas skrimšļa galvaskauss (<i>chondrocranium</i>), bet tomēr arī šajā stadijā vēl saglabājas saistaudi, tādēļ kādu laiku galvaskausā ir sastopamas abas pirmās attīstības stadijas, taču skrimšļaudu stadija ir tikai galvaskausa pamatnē. Trešā galvaskausa attīstības stadija sākas ar pārkaulošanās punktu (<i>punctum ossificationis</i>) rašanos dažādās galvaskausa vietās. Pārkaulošanās procesā saistaudu un skrimšļaudu vietā veidojas kaulaudi. Šajā periodā cilvēka galvaskausā veidojas daudz kaulu. Daži kaulaudu laukumi tālākā attīstības gaitā savienojas savā starpā ar kaulaudiem un izveidojas kauli, kas attīstījušies no vairākām daļām. Katram kaulam ir noteikts pārkaulošanās punktu skaits, kā arī atsevišķu punktu saplūšanas laiks. Trešā stadija nebeidzas ar piedzimšanas brīdi, bet turpinās dzīves laikā. Kad kaulu daļas ir pārsvarā, to sauc par kaula galvaskausu (<i>osteocranium</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arī galvaskausa sejas daļai ir trīs attīstības stadijas. Pirmajā stadijā (saistaudu stadijā) veidojas metamēri žaunu loki, kas ārēji līdzinās rumpja kaulu segmentu daļām. Žaunu loki aptver gremošanas caurules priekšējo galu. Tālākā attīstībā dažās saistaudu loku daļās izveidojas <a href="/wiki/Skrimslis" title="Skrimslis">skrimslis</a>, bet citas uzreiz pārkaulojas. No simetriskiem un metamēriem skrimšļu lokiem, kas atrodas ap mutes spraugu, veidojas žokļu kauli, vēlāk <a href="/wiki/M%C4%93les_kauls" title="Mēles kauls">mēles kauls</a> un dzirdes kauliņi. Atsevišķu kaulu saplūšanas process notiek arī pēc dzimšanas.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galvaskausa_vecuma_un_dzimuma_īpatnības"><span id="Galvaskausa_vecuma_un_dzimuma_.C4.ABpatn.C4.ABbas"></span>Galvaskausa vecuma un dzimuma īpatnības</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Galvaskausa vecuma un dzimuma īpatnības" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&action=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Galvaskausa vecuma un dzimuma īpatnības"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Gray197.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray197.png/260px-Gray197.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Gray197.png 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Jaundzimušā galvaskausa avotiņi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Galvaskausa attīstība nebeidzas ar bērna piedzimšanas brīdi un galvaskauss mainās visā dzīves laikā. Jaundzimušā galvaskausam raksturīgās īpatnības: </p> <ul><li>daudziem kauliem ir saistaudu un skrimšļaudu attīstības stadijas paliekas</li> <li>vairāku kaulu daļas savā starpā savienojas ar saistaudiem un skrimšļaudiem</li> <li>jaundzimušā galvaskauss atgādina <a href="/wiki/Mugurkaulnieki" title="Mugurkaulnieki">mugurkaulaino dzīvnieku</a> galvaskausu<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Avotiņi ir saistaudu galvaskausa attīstības stadijas paliekas un ar laiku tie aizaug. Jaundzimušā galvaskausa kaulos nav attīstīti gaisa dobumi, galvaskausam ir izteikti <a href="/wiki/Pieres_kauls" title="Pieres kauls">pieres pauguri</a> un zems <a href="/wiki/Aug%C5%A1%C5%BEok%C4%BCa_kauls" title="Augšžokļa kauls">augšžoklis</a>. Košļāšanas aparāts ir vāji attīstīts. <a href="/wiki/Apak%C5%A1%C5%BEoklis" title="Apakšžoklis">Apakšžoklim</a> nav leņķa un tas ir zems. Jaundzimušajam nav arī <a href="/wiki/Zobi" title="Zobi">zobu</a>. Jaundzimušā sejiņa ir maza, jo sejas daļa ir maz attīstīta, attiecība pret galvaskausa smadzeņu daļu ir 1:8. Pieauguša cilvēka sejas daļa aizņem 50% visa galvaskausa. Kauli ir plāni, gludi, kā arī sīki un elastīgi. </p><p>Līdz 7 gadu vecumam, skrimšļaudus un saistaudus nomaina kaulaudi. Atsevišķas kaula daļas saaug vienā kaulā, aizaug avotiņi un dažas šuves. Notiek kaulu pneimatizācija — izveidojas gaisu saturošie dobumi. Attīstās arī košļāšanas aparāts un kauli kļūst nelīdzenāki. Bērnam izaug piena <a href="/wiki/Zobi" title="Zobi">zobi</a>, kas vēlāk nomainās pret īstajiem zobiem. Attiecība starp galvaskausa sejas daļu un smadzeņu daļu samazinās. 7—16 gadu vecumā attīstības procesi palēninās. Kaulu struktūra kļūst līdzīgāka pieauguša cilvēka kaulu struktūrai. Attīstības un augšnas procesi turpinās līdz 25 gadu vecumam, kad visas jaundzimušā galvaskausa īpatnības izzūd. Novecojot raksturīga pakāpeniska šuvju izzušana, kas notiek pārkaulošanās rezultātā. Cilvēkam izkrīt <a href="/wiki/Zobi" title="Zobi">zobi</a>, kā rezultātā izzūd arī zobu izaugumi un žokļi kļūst gludi, <a href="/wiki/Apak%C5%A1%C5%BEoklis" title="Apakšžoklis">apakšžoklis</a> paceļas uz augšu, bet zoda izcilnis izvirzās uz priekšu. </p><p>Galvaskausa lielums un forma ir individuāli mainīgi un tie ir atkarīgi no <a href="/wiki/Galvas_smadzenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvas smadzenes">galvas smadzeņu</a> attīstības, sadzīves apstākļiem, maņu orgānu attīstības un paražām. </p><p>Sievietes galvaskauss ir mazāks, gludāks un vieglāks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papildu_attēli"><span id="Papildu_att.C4.93li"></span>Papildu attēli</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļu: Papildu attēli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&action=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Papildu attēli"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Human_skull_side_complete.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Human_skull_side_complete.svg/120px-Human_skull_side_complete.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Human_skull_side_complete.svg/180px-Human_skull_side_complete.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Human_skull_side_complete.svg/240px-Human_skull_side_complete.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Gray194.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sagitāls griezums"><img alt="Sagitāls griezums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray194.png/120px-Gray194.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray194.png/180px-Gray194.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray194.png/240px-Gray194.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sagitāls griezums</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Gray193.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pamata iekšpuse"><img alt="Pamata iekšpuse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray193.png/81px-Gray193.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray193.png/122px-Gray193.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray193.png/163px-Gray193.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pamata iekšpuse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Gray187.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pamata ārpuse"><img alt="Pamata ārpuse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gray187.png/74px-Gray187.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gray187.png/110px-Gray187.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gray187.png/147px-Gray187.png 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pamata ārpuse</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&action=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> V.Kalbergs. "Cilvēka anatomija I". Rīga, Izdevniecība Zvaigzne, 1971; 34. lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> V.Kalbergs. "Cilvēka anatomija I". Rīga, Izdevniecība Zvaigzne, 1971; 35. lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> V.Kalbergs. "Cilvēka anatomija I". Rīga, Izdevniecība Zvaigzne, 1971; 62. lpp.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ārējās_saites"><span id=".C4.80r.C4.93j.C4.81s_saites"></span>Ārējās saites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējās saites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilv%C4%93ka_galvaskauss&action=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ārējās saites"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vikikr%C4%81tuve" title="Vikikrātuve">Vikikrātuvē</a> par šo tēmu ir pieejami <a href="/wiki/Multivides" title="Multivides">multivides</a> faili. Skatīt: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Modern_human_skulls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Modern human skulls">Cilvēka galvaskauss</a></b></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neslimo.lv/pme/?name=galvaskauss">galvaskauss | Medicīnas termins</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(latviski)</span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-skatīt"><a href="/wiki/Veidne:Anatomija" title="Veidne:Anatomija"><abbr title="Skatīt šo veidni" style=";;background-color:lightgrey;;background:none transparent;border:none;">s</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskusija"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veidnes_diskusija:Anatomija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veidnes diskusija:Anatomija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)"><abbr title="Diskusija par šo veidni" style="color:#002bb8;;;background-color:lightgrey;;background:none transparent;border:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-labot"><a class="external text" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veidne:Anatomija&action=edit"><abbr title="Labot šo veidni" style=";;background-color:lightgrey;;background:none transparent;border:none;">l</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomija" title="Anatomija">Anatomija</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:lightgrey;;"><a href="/wiki/Org%C4%81nu_sist%C4%93ma" title="Orgānu sistēma">Orgānu sistēmas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asinsrites_org%C4%81nu_sist%C4%93ma" title="Asinsrites orgānu sistēma">Asinsrites orgānu sistēma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balsta_un_kust%C4%ABbu_org%C4%81nu_sist%C4%93ma" title="Balsta un kustību orgānu sistēma">Balsta un kustību orgānu sistēma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpo%C5%A1anas_org%C4%81nu_sist%C4%93ma" title="Elpošanas orgānu sistēma">Elpošanas orgānu sistēma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endokr%C4%ABn%C4%81_sist%C4%93ma" title="Endokrīnā sistēma">Endokrīnā sistēma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremo%C5%A1anas_org%C4%81nu_sist%C4%93ma" title="Gremošanas orgānu sistēma">Gremošanas orgānu sistēma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C5%ABnsist%C4%93ma" title="Imūnsistēma">Imūnsistēma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limf%C4%81tisk%C4%81_sist%C4%93ma" title="Limfātiskā sistēma">Limfātiskā sistēma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvadorg%C4%81nu_sist%C4%93ma" title="Izvadorgānu sistēma">Izvadorgānu sistēma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%86u_org%C4%81nu_sist%C4%93ma" title="Maņu orgānu sistēma">Maņu orgānu sistēma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervu_sist%C4%93ma" title="Nervu sistēma">Nervu sistēma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reprodukt%C4%ABv%C4%81_sist%C4%93ma" title="Reproduktīvā sistēma">Reproduktīvā sistēma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segaudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Segaudi">Segaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C4%ABnorg%C4%81nu_sist%C4%93ma" title="Urīnorgānu sistēma">Urīnorgānu sistēma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:lightgrey;;">Orgāni</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acs" title="Acs">Acs</a></li> <li><a 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