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data-fusion-component="html-block-f0fgS3O7O2mo1WJ"></div><div><hr /></div><div id="fusion-static-exit:html-block-f0fgS3O7O2mo1WJ" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0fgS3O7O2mo1WJ"></div><div class="flex-chain container-fluid"><div class=""><div class="row"><div order="1" class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 fpjgZS col-sm-12 col-md-xl-6 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom "><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/culture/cinema/nelly-et-nadine-de-magnus-gertten-lamour-a-visages-redecouverts-20241126_PXRAONAZSFAPPNVO7EMCIN7PZY/" title="«Nelly et Nadine» de Magnus Gertten : l’amour à visages redécouverts"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a 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href="/societe/droits-des-femmes/il-y-a-un-siecle-les-sardinieres-de-douarnenez-entamaient-leur-greve-victorieuse-20241123_L7KVP3NAJFAMFEQU43Q4LV4UPE/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Histoire</a><a href="/societe/droits-des-femmes/il-y-a-un-siecle-les-sardinieres-de-douarnenez-entamaient-leur-greve-victorieuse-20241123_L7KVP3NAJFAMFEQU43Q4LV4UPE/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Il y a un siècle, les sardinières de Douarnenez entamaient leur grève victorieuse"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Il y a un siècle, les sardinières de Douarnenez entamaient leur grève victorieuse</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">23 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="fusion-static-enter:html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj"></div><div><hr /></div><div id="fusion-static-exit:html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj"></div></div><div class="default__Main-sc-sezp2u-2 kxxFcP sc-gOPDNC eIRGAC"><div class="flex-chain container-fluid"><div class=""><div class="row"><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 gWdzdQ col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/sciences/histoire/lhistorien-et-resistant-marc-bloch-va-entrer-au-pantheon-20241123_KCRQ7MHQIBATXJQN6LVJUMPFAU/" title="L’historien et résistant Marc Bloch va entrer au Panthéon"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/sciences/histoire/lhistorien-et-resistant-marc-bloch-va-entrer-au-pantheon-20241123_KCRQ7MHQIBATXJQN6LVJUMPFAU/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Hommage</a><a href="/sciences/histoire/lhistorien-et-resistant-marc-bloch-va-entrer-au-pantheon-20241123_KCRQ7MHQIBATXJQN6LVJUMPFAU/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="L’historien et résistant Marc Bloch va entrer au Panthéon"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">L’historien et résistant Marc Bloch va entrer au Panthéon</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">23 nov. 2024</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 keBvAW col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/gladiator-2-un-double-retour-vers-le-passe-20241116_QNTAEDPVWRBBVBSOT6JQ3UFWY4/" title="«Gladiator 2» : un double retour vers le passé"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><div class="font_black font_xs decoration_underline font_tertiary padding-xs-bottom">TRIBUNE</div><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/gladiator-2-un-double-retour-vers-le-passe-20241116_QNTAEDPVWRBBVBSOT6JQ3UFWY4/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU"></a><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/gladiator-2-un-double-retour-vers-le-passe-20241116_QNTAEDPVWRBBVBSOT6JQ3UFWY4/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="«Gladiator 2» : un double retour vers le passé"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">«Gladiator 2» : un double retour vers le passé</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">16 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 kwKUVH col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/sciences/histoire/une-statuette-de-gladiateur-decouverte-en-angleterre-temoigne-de-la-culture-de-la-celebrite-deja-omnipresente-sous-lempire-romain-20241115_ECHEZXVAP5FVVCFNNUWOBONVEA/" title="Une statuette de gladiateur découverte en Angleterre témoigne de la «culture de la célébrité» déjà «omniprésente» sous l’Empire romain"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/sciences/histoire/une-statuette-de-gladiateur-decouverte-en-angleterre-temoigne-de-la-culture-de-la-celebrite-deja-omnipresente-sous-lempire-romain-20241115_ECHEZXVAP5FVVCFNNUWOBONVEA/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Archéologie</a><a href="/sciences/histoire/une-statuette-de-gladiateur-decouverte-en-angleterre-temoigne-de-la-culture-de-la-celebrite-deja-omnipresente-sous-lempire-romain-20241115_ECHEZXVAP5FVVCFNNUWOBONVEA/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Une statuette de gladiateur découverte en Angleterre témoigne de la «culture de la célébrité» déjà «omniprésente» sous l’Empire romain"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Une statuette de gladiateur découverte en Angleterre témoigne de la «culture de la célébrité» déjà «omniprésente» sous l’Empire romain</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">15 nov. 2024</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="flex-chain container-fluid"><div class=""><div class="row"><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 gWdzdQ col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/culture/livres/la-grande-rupture-entre-leurope-la-russie-et-les-etats-unis-trente-ans-de-diplomatie-chaotique-20241113_ZTOBD3WSYJHVDIZIMBUH5FAY5E/" title="«La Grande Rupture» : entre l’Europe, la Russie et les Etats-Unis, trente ans de diplomatie chaotique"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/culture/livres/la-grande-rupture-entre-leurope-la-russie-et-les-etats-unis-trente-ans-de-diplomatie-chaotique-20241113_ZTOBD3WSYJHVDIZIMBUH5FAY5E/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Histoire</a><a href="/culture/livres/la-grande-rupture-entre-leurope-la-russie-et-les-etats-unis-trente-ans-de-diplomatie-chaotique-20241113_ZTOBD3WSYJHVDIZIMBUH5FAY5E/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="«La Grande Rupture» : entre l’Europe, la Russie et les Etats-Unis, trente ans de diplomatie chaotique"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">«La Grande Rupture» : entre l’Europe, la Russie et les Etats-Unis, trente ans de diplomatie chaotique</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">13 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 keBvAW col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/societe/ville/un-lieu-de-vie-pas-un-monument-aux-morts-bientot-un-jardin-memoriel-des-victimes-du-13-novembre-au-coeur-de-paris-20241113_VDPQNDKUE5CKTFHAHOIN67DBOA/" title="«Un lieu de vie, pas un monument aux morts» : bientôt un jardin mémoriel des victimes du 13 Novembre au cœur de Paris "><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/societe/ville/un-lieu-de-vie-pas-un-monument-aux-morts-bientot-un-jardin-memoriel-des-victimes-du-13-novembre-au-coeur-de-paris-20241113_VDPQNDKUE5CKTFHAHOIN67DBOA/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Lieu de mémoire</a><a href="/societe/ville/un-lieu-de-vie-pas-un-monument-aux-morts-bientot-un-jardin-memoriel-des-victimes-du-13-novembre-au-coeur-de-paris-20241113_VDPQNDKUE5CKTFHAHOIN67DBOA/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="«Un lieu de vie, pas un monument aux morts» : bientôt un jardin mémoriel des victimes du 13 Novembre au cœur de Paris "><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">«Un lieu de vie, pas un monument aux morts» : bientôt un jardin mémoriel des victimes du 13 Novembre au cœur de Paris </h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">13 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 kwKUVH col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/sciences/archeologie/des-scientifiques-devoilent-la-veritable-histoire-des-victimes-de-pompei-figees-sous-les-cendres-20241110_SYUW5EY6HZBJPF6C55ZBNHZOH4/" title="Des scientifiques dévoilent la véritable histoire des victimes de Pompéi figées sous les cendres"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/sciences/archeologie/des-scientifiques-devoilent-la-veritable-histoire-des-victimes-de-pompei-figees-sous-les-cendres-20241110_SYUW5EY6HZBJPF6C55ZBNHZOH4/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Vu du «Washington Post»</a><a href="/sciences/archeologie/des-scientifiques-devoilent-la-veritable-histoire-des-victimes-de-pompei-figees-sous-les-cendres-20241110_SYUW5EY6HZBJPF6C55ZBNHZOH4/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Des scientifiques dévoilent la véritable histoire des victimes de Pompéi figées sous les cendres"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Des scientifiques dévoilent la véritable histoire des victimes de Pompéi figées sous les cendres</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">10 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/1793-1794-au-musee-carnavalet-revivre-douze-mois-revolutionnaires-entre-incandescence-et-tenebres-20241108_EHAW6JVOVFC6PHND6PV6Y5AREE/" title="1793-1794 : au musée Carnavalet, revivre douze mois révolutionnaires entre incandescence et ténèbres" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Exposition</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">1793-1794 : au musée Carnavalet, revivre douze mois révolutionnaires entre incandescence et ténèbres</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">8 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/societe/les-mille-et-une-luttes-de-madeleine-riffaud-20241107_XHTQLUYCVREPVPOP3TNVLHCEUQ/" title="Mort de Madeleine Riffaud : mille et une luttes" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Disparition</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Mort de Madeleine Riffaud : mille et une luttes</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">7 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/culture/livres/linceste-genealogie-dun-silence-20241106_F346B2XSSVDUNIPWBQXDGMMP4I/" title="L’inceste, historicité d’un crime" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Histoire</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">L’inceste, historicité d’un crime</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">6 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/liberation-de-paris-madeleine-riffaud-cent-ans-de-resistance-20240823_3Z7CZJHZLNHP3N3B2RJ5MYATME/" title="Madeleine Riffaud, cent ans de résistance" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Rencontre</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Madeleine Riffaud, cent ans de résistance</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">6 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/culture/livres/1848-comment-adviennent-les-revolutions-20241030_6IRA2FRHPVHLVKA6VY52KJFRFM/" title="1848 : comment adviennent les révolutions" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Histoire</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">1848 : comment adviennent les révolutions</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">30 oct. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/sciences/histoire/le-monde-nazi-de-chapoutot-ingrao-et-patin-une-synthese-bienvenue-malgre-une-conclusion-discutable-20241022_LPPKEHMJUJD2VO3SJ2YQMQFXCE/" title="«Le monde nazi» de Chapoutot, Ingrao et Patin : une synthèse bienvenue malgré une conclusion discutable" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Critique</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">«Le monde nazi» de Chapoutot, Ingrao et Patin : une synthèse bienvenue malgré une conclusion discutable</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">22 oct. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/sciences/histoire/lepave-de-lendurance-naufragee-en-1915-au-large-de-lantarctique-devoilee-sur-grand-ecran-20241016_ZK5WE3VOBRDR7JRJBED44556XQ/" title="L’épave de l’«Endurance», naufragée en 1915 au large de l’Antarctique, dévoilée sur grand écran" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Beaux restes</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">L’épave de l’«Endurance», naufragée en 1915 au large de l’Antarctique, dévoilée sur grand écran</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">16 oct. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/checknews/non-le-pacte-germano-sovietique-na-pas-ete-retire-dun-livre-dhistoire-comme-laffirme-david-lisnard-20241014_HIW66IWBONE2PJYSJ6OC2VE4MI/" title="Non, le pacte germano-soviétique n’a pas été retiré d’un livre d’histoire, comme l’affirme David Lisnard" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">CheckNews</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Non, le pacte 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class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Pourquoi le torchon politique et mémoriel brûle entre l’Espagne et le Mexique</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">12 oct. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/sciences/histoire/historiennes-historiens-vos-papiers-20241009_FNPGONVSWJGI3P2J77SAXGA4XM/" title="Historiennes, historiens, vos papiers !" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Making-of</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Historiennes, historiens, vos papiers !</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">9 oct. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/traversees-et-escales-au-nouveau-musee-de-la-marine-par-guillaume-calafat-20241009_6LVM24LWRNE3XNJZ4IKE6GYZMQ/" title="Au musée de la Marine, un nouveau parcours qui tangue, par Guillaume Calafat" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Le Libé des historien·nes</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Au musée de la Marine, un nouveau parcours qui tangue, par Guillaume Calafat</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">9 oct. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/rika-benveniste-thessalonique-au-coeur-20241009_O46YYN32JZEONNM7I5KEA3J72Y/" title="Rika Benveniste, Thessalonique au cœur" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Le Libé des historien·nes</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Rika Benveniste, Thessalonique au cœur</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">9 oct. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/lagos-les-mille-visages-dune-ville-insatiable-20241009_LFJ2IR66KBCMXDZ7OGB7NYA2DY/" title="Lagos, les mille visages d’une ville insatiable" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Le Libé des historien·nes</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Lagos, les mille visages d’une ville insatiable</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">9 oct. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/guerre-a-gaza-a-luniversite-columbia-de-new-york-des-etudiants-pro-palestiniens-dans-le-droit-fil-de-leurs-predecesseurs-20241009_IBINYFH4NNHHJKA5HT2SFEL2OI/" title="Guerre à Gaza : à l’université Columbia de New York, des étudiants pro-palestiniens dans le droit fil de leurs prédécesseurs" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Le Libé des historien·nes</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Guerre à Gaza : à l’université Columbia de New York, des étudiants pro-palestiniens dans le droit fil de leurs prédécesseurs</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">9 oct. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/sciences/histoire/en-correze-de-nouvelles-recherches-pour-retrouver-les-corps-de-soldats-allemands-executes-en-1944-20241007_2S4ZYDIUJ5CNXDKZ4KSO543J2M/" title="En Corrèze, de nouvelles recherches pour retrouver les corps de soldats allemands exécutés en 1944" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Fouilles</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">En Corrèze, de nouvelles recherches pour retrouver les corps de soldats allemands exécutés en 1944</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">7 oct. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/culture/spoliation-sous-vichy-la-cour-de-comptes-juge-la-restitution-et-lindemnisation-des-biens-culturels-voles-aux-juifs-peu-satisfaisantes-20240924_C7JBOQFXMBANLABWXMU7KTB4VI/" title="Spoliation sous Vichy : la Cour des comptes juge la restitution et l’indemnisation des biens culturels volés aux Juifs «peu satisfaisantes»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Rapport</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Spoliation sous Vichy : la Cour des comptes juge la restitution et l’indemnisation des biens culturels volés aux Juifs «peu satisfaisantes»</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">24 sept. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/jean-numa-ducange-jean-jaures-est-lun-des-premiers-a-entrecroiser-la-question-sociale-la-laicite-et-la-republique-trois-piliers-de-la-gauche-20240919_U4GPDL6TTZEKXKBEVKXCGBYBJM/" title="Jean-Numa Ducange : «Jean Jaurès est l’un des premiers à entrecroiser la question sociale, la laïcité et la République, trois piliers de la gauche»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Entretien</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Jean-Numa Ducange : «Jean Jaurès est l’un des premiers à entrecroiser la question sociale, la laïcité et la République, trois piliers de la gauche»</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">19 sept. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/benjamin-stora-les-algeriens-qui-ont-combattu-pour-lindependance-ont-eu-du-mal-a-transmettre-cette-histoire-de-ce-silence-est-ne-un-trou-de-memoire-20240911_IEYPT7XDUBFT3DKQTZOY2LLF7M/" title="Benjamin Stora : «Les Algériens qui ont combattu pour l’indépendance ont eu du mal à transmettre cette histoire. De ce silence est né un trou de mémoire»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Interview</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Benjamin Stora : «Les Algériens qui ont combattu pour l’indépendance ont eu du mal à transmettre cette histoire. De ce silence est né un trou de mémoire»</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">11 sept. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/culture/livres/eleves-et-maitresses-1849-1928-des-femmes-a-lart-libre-20240904_OIS4MDHOIVFMNORUFBTGIMR7AY/" title="«Elèves et maîtresses (1849-1928)», des femmes à l’art libre" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Histoire</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">«Elèves et maîtresses (1849-1928)», des femmes à l’art libre</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">4 sept. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/eric-h-cline-1177-ans-avant-notre-ere-un-effondrement-sest-produit-et-certaines-civilisations-ont-reussi-a-sadapter-20240828_PDLEFDOW4FGNTEZNUR6UI6LTZM/" title="Eric H. Cline : «1177 ans avant notre ère, un effondrement s’est produit et certaines civilisations ont réussi à s’adapter»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Interview</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Eric H. Cline : «1177 ans avant notre ère, un effondrement s’est produit et certaines civilisations ont réussi à s’adapter»</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 août 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><div class="default__PaginationWrapper-sc-uxkk9j-0 ZcQhr"><div class="sc-hogtv hctwMl"><div class="sc-cYmoNK lmRMug"><a href="/sciences/histoire/" class="sc-dexYeb iNenfp"><span color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-gVUVPo hNEITA kDCchR">1</span></a><a href="/sciences/histoire/2/" class="sc-dexYeb iNenfp"><span color="#737373" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-gVUVPo bcekAH eHUpSx">2</span></a><a href="/sciences/histoire/3/" class="sc-dexYeb iNenfp"><span color="#737373" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-gVUVPo bcekAH eHUpSx">3</span></a><a 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Un homme se colle à la vitre du cadre reliquaire du citoyen Lefebvre, afin de déchiffrer des écrits glissés sous une pique rouillée, une cocarde en laine et du laurier séché. Plus loin, quatre Japonaises se prennent en photo en souriant devant la porte d’une cellule de la prison Saint-Lazare – et se font gronder par une gardienne de musée quand l’une prend le loquet dans sa main gauche. Devant une guillotine vintage, c’est comme un défilé. 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lettre capitale svp.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-11-07T14:44:29.945Z","start":351,"end":395,"text":"c'est le titre d'une expo : aucun italique.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1730991484684},"type":"text","content":"Dans une exposition aussi riche que fascinante, le musée Carnavalet s’attaque à un pan majeur de l’histoire de la capitale et de l’Hexagone : la Révolution française. Seulement, cet accrochage ne couvre pas l’événement dans sa durée, de l’ouverture des états généraux – le 5 mai 1789 – jusqu’au coup d’Etat de Napoléon Bonaparte – le 9 novembre 1799. «Paris 1793-1794, une année révolutionnaire»<i> </i>s’attache en effet à documenter cette <i>«année exceptionnelle, et même mythique»,</i> estime Jean-Clément Martin, l’un des plus grands spécialistes de la période et membre du comité scientifique de l’expo."},{"level":2,"_id":"22A54A4UXJF6BPDV2K5Z3LQZFM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730766741813},"type":"header","content":"La densité des œuvres permet de répondre à de nombreuses questions"},{"_id":"26P4STR7EVBEPDTNZP3XTAB2WU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731065883282},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Face à la clarté de «89», «93» apparaît bien plus ténébreuse et embarrassante»,</i> prévient d’emblée le texte introductif de la première salle, bondée comme les suivantes, signe que l’exposition qui a démarré en fanfare le 16 octobre 2024 attire autant les aficionados d’histoire moderne, les Français soucieux de penser cette période charnière dans la construction politique de leur pays et les étrangers désireux de saisir ce qui a amené un peuple à trancher la tête de leur roi et de leur reine. La densité des œuvres, objets ou affiches permet de répondre à de nombreuses questions. Et pas seulement la grande histoire en marche. <i>«Ce qui est révolutionnaire dans l’exposition […], c’est son ouverture à toutes les dimensions de la vie des Parisiens de l’an II», </i>souligne Jean-Clément Martin."},{"_id":"YMDOSLDIDRBB3JW47NIVUTKBPA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730766741814},"type":"text","content":"Car si quelques portraits émaillent les salles, dont la réplique du célèbre tableau de Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) représentant Marat assassiné – réplique signée du peintre et offerte à la Convention –, c’est surtout la réalisation collective de la Révolution qui est narrée ici, ces soldats inconnus d’une séquence politique inédite dans l’histoire moderne qui suscite de nombreux débats depuis près de deux siècles et demi, et pas seulement entre historiens."},{"_id":"N27FHSZJXRABTGGED4AHNDN3CE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-07T12:28:04.843Z","replies":[{"date":"2024-11-07T15:26:04.564Z","text":"ok fait ","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"start":657,"end":679,"text":"Mettre le lien","user":"Matthieu ECOIFFIER","email":"m.ecoiffier@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1731065883284},"type":"text","content":"Sur les murs, les dessins réalisés pour l’exposition par Florent Grouazel et Younn Locard illustrent d’ailleurs des foules de Parisiennes et Parisiens qui ont trop rarement été immortalisées sur le moment, que l’imagination, surtout, permet de reconstituer. Le trait fin de ces deux artistes permet de donner vie à la multitude en mouvement, cette multitude qui crée l’histoire non par son nom ou sa fonction, mais par ses actes collectifs et anonymes. Leur «histoire par le bas» fait d’ailleurs de leurs bandes dessinées sur la Révolution de 1789 des ouvrages plébiscités par le grand public comme par les historiens, et dont le premier tome a même glané <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/2020/02/01/revolution-de-grouazel-et-locard-fauve-d-or-2020-d-angouleme_1776705/\" target=\"_blank\">un fauve d’or en 2020.</a>"},{"_id":"POC3X37YENH6PMKKMOY6LCANKY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730766741815},"type":"text","content":"Le quotidien apparaît parfois chez certains artistes de l’époque. Dans un tableau hypnotique, Jacques-Louis David peint le jardin du Luxembourg. Les couleurs d’automne, la terre, les herbes folles, les arbres au feuillage dense et le grondement de la ville alentour que l’on devine à peine, invitent à une longue flânerie par la pensée, ou à un sourire béat devant la beauté du banal. Cette œuvre est en fait peinte par David lors de son séjour dans la maison d’arrêt du jardin du Luxembourg. Emprisonné dans le sillage de la chute de Robespierre (1758-1794), le peintre et ancien député (élu en 1792) donne à voir le quotidien de ces individus ignorés qui ratissent la terre ou se promènent dans les allées."},{"_id":"S23BFIE73VGCHNPHHB66WD43XY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731065883287},"type":"text","content":"C’est cette vie qui continue aux côtés du tumulte de l’histoire que Victor Hugo (1802-1885) rappelle dans <i>les Misérables </i>(1862) : <i>«Hors des quartiers insurgés, rien n’est d’ordinaire plus étrangement calme que la physionomie de Paris pendant une émeute. Paris s’accoutume très vite à tout, – ce n’est qu’une émeute, – et Paris a tant d’affaires qu’il ne se dérange pas pour si peu. Ces villes colossales peuvent seules donner de tels spectacles. Ces enceintes immenses peuvent seules contenir en même temps la guerre civile et on ne sait quelle bizarre tranquillité.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"FFD44XBVINHVVM7J2LWUS3HSCU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730766741816},"type":"header","content":"Tirer une première fois le rideau sur des siècles d’ordre royal"},{"_id":"2IAUKWJZQBAQDGGNKL3FVBN364","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-07T15:47:25.369Z","start":422,"end":462,"text":"Slogan en italique.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-11-07T15:48:18.557Z","start":499,"end":510,"text":"gardons en italien avec 2 \"p\" et 2 \"l\"","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1731065883289},"type":"text","content":"La réussite des musées d’histoire se joue dans leur capacité à attirer visuellement tous les publics, en instruisant sur la ou les périodes traitées. Les objets sont alors les vecteurs les plus efficaces pour s’immerger dans l’époque. Instruments à vent, pièces de monnaie, pendule squelette (dont on perçoit les mécanismes), papier peint que l’on pouvait trouver au mur d’un tribunal révolutionnaire portant la devise : <i>«Soyons unis, nous serons invincibles»… </i>En écoutant une <i>Marseillaise</i> chantée <i>a cappella </i>et diffusée par les enceintes, on admire un modèle de filigrane pour les assignats, ces billets imprimés pendant la Révolution <i>«pour remédier au manque de monnaie métallique», </i>explique le petit texte du cartel, qui précise :<i> «Avec la guerre, les liquidités sont de plus en plus rares : imprimés en très grand nombre, les assignats perdent de la valeur. Les prix s’envolent. Les assignats deviennent le symbole d’une Révolution qui s’emballe.» «Tu savais que le télégraphe avait été installé sur le toit du Louvre ?» </i>demande un visiteur de 25-30 ans à son ami du même âge, face à un modèle en petit format. Ils découvrent que le musée d’art, aujourd’hui le plus visité au monde, était alors <i>«le centre d’une véritable révolution des communications».</i>"},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"b9ae268f466af4cf3bc79b503a0707e3766e3ce735e7d5e0c17cc1bfb32c0c53"},"caption":"Papier peint : liste des locataires et propriétaires à afficher dans l'entrée des immeubles parisiens (1793).","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","focal_point":{"x":1399,"y":1015},"version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/EGKKY3DNLZEELHT3T5ERUM2LJM.jpg","geo":{},"licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"CC0 Paris Musées. 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Dans la salle où trône la machine à couper les têtes, une caricature montre Robespierre <i>«guillottin [ant] le bourreau, après avoir fait guillotiner tous les Français».</i> Avec, comme légende, d’autres échafauds sur lesquels seraient passés<i> «les nobles et les prêtres», «la Convention nationale» </i>et même <i>«les vieillards, femmes et enfants». </i>Rien que ça."},{"_id":"UG5TWVFJK5BAJGFL74LKLVGHFA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731065883292},"type":"text","content":"La plaque explicative situe cette caricature dans <i>«un corpus de textes et d’images visant à faire de Robespierre le seul responsable de la répression mise en place en 1793».</i> <i>«Les compagnons de Robespierre, devenus ses rivaux et ses vainqueurs, l’accusèrent peu après son exécution d’avoir installé la Terreur et d’en avoir été le principal responsable, </i>rappelle Jean-Clément Martin. <i>Ils accompagnèrent cette invention de la répression systématique des «terroristes» – le mot naît alors – faisant oublier leurs rôles et satisfaisant l’opinion.» </i>Et l’historien d’ajouter : <i>«Ils donnèrent aussi aux penseurs du politique la possibilité de faire de la Terreur une période originale, caractéristique de «la Révolution française», négligeant toutes les crises extrêmes ayant affecté d’autres pays. Le recul pris par l’exposition permet d’apprécier les débats toujours animés autour de «notre» terreur de l’an II.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"W37JUYPQERCJTHMPIHT5LAUOTA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730766741818},"type":"header","content":"Les salles qui traitent de la prise de la Bastille sont remarquables"},{"_id":"ENTBWBQYZFA3ZHMQOKBWQ642WI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731065883294},"type":"text","content":"Ceux qui ne seront pas repus pourront même poursuivre dans les espaces des collections permanentes, dédiées à la Révolution <i>– «C’est en son sein que le plus grand ensemble mondial d’œuvres d’art et d’objets d’histoire de la période se trouve en effet réuni»,</i> rappelle Valérie Guillaume, la directrice de l’institution. Car si le Carnavalet a pris une dimension encore plus grande depuis sa réouverture en 2021, faisant du lieu l’un des musées d’histoire parmi les plus denses et réussis en France, les salles qui traitent de la prise de la Bastille puis des années suivantes sont particulièrement remarquables."},{"_id":"PLEQ423GB5CQ7PE3YU5Q5IYPBE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731065883295},"type":"text","content":"Lumineux <i>Serment du jeu de paume</i> de David, clés et menottes de la célèbre prison tombée un 14 juillet, portrait de Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (1738-1814) au sourire déstabilisant, armoire resplendissante aux portes gravées de symboles révolutionnaires, fauteuil roulant mécanique ayant appartenu au député du Puy-de-Dôme Georges Couthon (1755-1794)… C’est notamment dans ce foisonnement que l’exposition «Paris 1793-1794» a pioché, afin de rendre toute sa complexité à une période aussi célèbre que caricaturée."},{"level":2,"_id":"NJ6AXOK5SRDHXOUAXYRHULDD5A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730766741819},"type":"header","content":"L’An II en dix dates"},{"_id":"OAONRUXUZFHR7BN5FBIIC5EXOA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731061205730},"type":"text","content":"<b>5 octobre 1793 </b>Adoption du calendrier révolutionnaire, dont l’an I est fixé au 22 septembre 1792."},{"_id":"QVPVU56WKNF6NEAALDYNSWRV4A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731061205731},"type":"text","content":"<b>16 octobre 1793 </b>Exécution de la reine Marie-Antoinette."},{"_id":"R324JRN225C5NKQ4DZ3XJKMZXY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-08T10:26:41.409Z","start":0,"end":19,"text":"selon site musée Carnavalet et non pas le 24 octobre. \nhttps://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/sites/default/files/2024-11/paris_1793-1794.pdf","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1731061205732},"type":"text","content":"<b>30-31 octobre 1793 </b>Exécutions des députés girondins."},{"_id":"O6EPZ5S4FBC4HH4E66UTGACC5E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731061205733},"type":"text","content":"<b>3 novembre 1793 </b>Exécution d’Olympe de Gouges, femme de lettres, puis femme politique. Autrice de <i>la Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne.</i>"},{"_id":"UOYVNSPKX5DSJFPA62SRAWTUEU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731061205734},"type":"text","content":"<b>19 décembre 1793 </b>Loi Bouquier qui établit l’école primaire publique, gratuite et obligatoire à partir de 6 ans."},{"_id":"C4GUEEJGTZEDJJIVBSRIAD7IH4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731061205735},"type":"text","content":"<b>4 février 1794 </b>Décret d’abolition de l’esclavage dans les colonies françaises."},{"_id":"STJREOY5QFHQXCTPZDE57DVPOA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731061205736},"type":"text","content":"<b>5 avril 1794 </b>Exécutions de Danton et de Camille Desmoulins."},{"_id":"ARYYB7QL2NCLJMNU4XMOFS656U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731061205737},"type":"text","content":"<b>4 juin 1794 </b>Robespierre élu président de la Convention nationale."},{"_id":"EWUADBST5BFBHOOBBJTVXKNDH4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731061205738},"type":"text","content":"<b>28 juillet 1794 </b>Exécution de Robespierre."},{"_id":"UTEL5KE5HBCAXOOT46R75ROQTQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-08T10:36:55.399Z","start":48,"end":58,"text":"Une cap svp.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1731061205739},"type":"text","content":"<b>31 août 1794 </b>Décret de la Convention supprimant la Commune de Paris."},{"level":6,"_id":"5DTGS5YDVZGK5GQPJDDNDDFOUM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731084202148},"type":"header","content":"«Paris 1793-1794, une année révolutionnaire», exposition jusqu’au 16 février 2025 au musée Carnavalet, à Paris."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Vie quotidienne des Parisiens, figures politiques, mécanismes de la Terreur… Les plus grands spécialistes de la période explorent, dans une exposition visible jusqu’en février, tous les aspects d’une séquence charnière de la Révolution française."},"description":{"basic":"Vie quotidienne des Parisiens, figures politiques, mécanismes de la Terreur… Les plus grands spécialistes de la période explorent, dans une exposition visible jusqu’en février, tous les aspects d’une séquence charnière de la Révolution."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/idees-et-debats","parent_id":"/","name":"Idées et Débats","description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","_id":"/idees-et-debats","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","site_title":"Idées & Débats : nos tribunes et chroniques - 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regardent.»</i> Début août 1944, Madeleine Riffaud, «Rainer» de son nom de résistante, est emprisonnée à Fresnes. Quelques jours plus tôt, elle a tué un officier allemand, parce que c’étaient les ordres, et parce qu’elle voulait venger un camarade. Elle a été capturée et, depuis, elle est torturée par la Gestapo. Dans sa cellule, dans les rares moments de calme, la jeune femme écrit des poèmes, avec une mine de plomb donné par une geôlière, dans les marges d’un exemplaire de <i>l’Imitation de Jésus-Christ</i>. Elle évoque les sévices subis, ceux qui sont morts, les cris qu’elle entend la nuit, les rats qui passent devant elle, le pardon qu’il faudra accorder à l’ennemi, <i>«Ceux-là demain, qui me tueront. Ne les tuez pas à leur tour / Ce soir mon cœur n’est plus qu’amour.»</i> Elle se prépare à mourir. Elle ne sait pas qu’elle va survivre et participer héroïquement, à la fin de ce même mois, à la Libération de Paris, tout en fêtant ses 20 ans. Plus tard, elle dira (1) : <i>«Ce n’est pas impunément qu’on a accepté sa mort et qu’il faut tout recommencer. Etre survivante m’a été difficile parce que j’étais malade, dans ma tête et dans mon corps.»</i>"},{"_id":"CJ53AKQ7MNGLFN2EROXBINNX2U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730979601321},"type":"text","content":"Madeleine Riffaud, morte mercredi 6 novembre au petit matin, à 100 ans, deux mois et quelques jours, était l’une des dernières résistantes de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à témoigner encore. Pendant longtemps, comme beaucoup, elle s’était tue, jusqu’à être convaincue par le couple Aubrac, dans les années 90. Alors, elle ne s’est plus arrêtée. Elle est allée dans les écoles, partout où elle était demandée. Dès 1994, un livre d’entretiens (1) est publié, puis des petits ouvrages pour les enfants. Mais ce qui a marqué le public, notamment les plus jeunes, a été la publication à partir de 2021 de <i>Madeleine, résistante</i>, avec Jean-David Morvan au scénario et Dominique Bertail aux dessins : le récit en BD de sa jeunesse, salué pour la qualité du travail historique et l’intensité de sa narration, récompensé du prestigieux prix René-Goscinny. Entre les auteurs, s’est nouée une histoire qui va au-delà de l’amitié. Mercredi, Jean-David Morvan était là, jusqu’à la fin. Il dit : <i>«Elle était de plus en plus endormie ces derniers temps, c’était difficile. Elle a eu une vie de bataille et de souffrance, mais ce matin, elle a simplement arrêté de respirer.»</i>"},{"_id":"UN65C3XWQFHY7FQPFNH7WNZSRU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730994504942},"type":"text","content":"En 2021, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/madeleine-riffaud-ultra-resistante-20210826_27NO4DG34FCF7CFG6VBRJICJ3A/\" target=\"_blank\">pour un portrait de dernière page,</a> on l’avait rencontrée, dans son bel appartement du Marais empli de ses souvenirs, portée par le chant de ses oiseaux. A l’époque, elle ne voyait déjà plus, mais elle recevait, encore, dans le canapé, s’amusant à critiquer tous ces alburostres passant leur vie derrière un bureau au lieu de parcourir le monde, comme elle. On en avait pris pour notre grade, comme <i>Libé</i>, jamais assez à gauche pour cette fidèle de <i>l’Humanité</i>. Elle aimait admonester, pour poser le décor, avant d’allumer un cigarillo, de boire une lampée de whisky japonais et de raconter sa vie, avec force images et humour, tout en commentant l’actualité. En pleine crise du coronavirus, Madeleine Riffaud s’énervait de ces antivax qui se comparaient à des résistants. Elle disait : <i>«Je préfère mourir du vaccin que de la pandémie. Avec le Covid, on meurt étouffée, et je déteste cette sensation. Je l’ai été quand j’étais jeune dans la baignoire de la Gestapo, j’en ai gardé un souvenir affreux.»</i>"},{"_id":"KXCXUUQ4NNDCVA2M54J2DA4NTQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-07T12:13:56.190Z","start":784,"end":1061,"text":"Guillemets x4","user":"Michel Becquembois","email":"m.becquembois@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1730979601323},"type":"text","content":"<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/liberation-de-paris-madeleine-riffaud-cent-ans-de-resistance-20240823_3Z7CZJHZLNHP3N3B2RJ5MYATME/\" target=\"_blank\">Pour le second rendez-vous</a>, au cœur de cet été 2024, à la veille du 80e anniversaire de la Libération de Paris et pour la sortie du troisième tome de <i>Madeleine, résistante</i> (d’autres sont à venir), Madeleine Riffaud était beaucoup plus fatiguée. Les derniers mois avaient été difficiles, après le procès d’une aide-soignante ayant profité de sa faiblesse pour lui voler plus de 100 000 euros. C’était sa dernière interview, elle jetait ses dernières forces, pour rappeler, encore, l’importance de la lutte. Dans une ambiance sépulcrale, elle recevait alitée, son visage et sa chambre seulement éclairés par les braises du cigare de sa marque favorite, Cohiba Mini. Son dernier plaisir. Entre silence et mots lâchés dans un souffle, elle se replongeait en 1944 : <i>«Un militaire me dit : “Allez-y en nombre, il y a un train sur la Petite Ceinture, il faut l’arrêter.” Je lui réponds : “On est quatre hommes, en me comptant. – Démerdez-vous”, il me lance. On avait récupéré une caisse avec des armes de poing et de la dynamite. J’ai dit à mes gars : “Ça va servir.”»</i> Nous sommes le 23 août, c’est son anniversaire, elle a 20 ans. Avec un petit groupe, elle arrête le train rempli de soldats de la Wehrmacht, du côté des Buttes Chaumont. Un acte de courage qu’elle racontait non pas pour elle, mais pour tous ceux que l’histoire n’a pas retenus. Elle disait (1) : <i>«Dans les récits historiques, nous ne nous retrouvons pas, comme si nos traces s’étaient effacées. Oui, je cherche en vain les traces des humains, de ceux qui ont disparu sans même laisser leur nom.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"BSKBGAPI5BDE7C6CKW2QDHGSBU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730994504944},"type":"header","content":"Mineure et tuberculeuse"},{"_id":"PJJ2SZANJ5EFJBM536XLV2YDZ4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730979601325},"type":"text","content":"Madeleine Riffaud est née en 1924, à Arvillers, dans la Somme, un village meurtri par la Première Guerre mondiale. Son père, instituteur comme sa mère, a été gravement blessé lors de combats. C’est lui <i>«qui m’a éduquée aux questions politiques et qui m’a appris aussi à tirer et conduire alors que je n’étais qu’une enfant. Il trouvait que ça pourrait servir.»</i> L’été, la famille a l’habitude de descendre à Oradour-sur-Glane, chez un couple d’amis, qui ne survivra pas au massacre de 1944."},{"_id":"ATEBULSQTZCGRHLTV2GYU5WDBM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730984454424},"type":"text","content":"En 1940, dès l’arrivée des Allemands, la jeune femme de 16 ans sent la rébellion monter en elle. Elle ne supporte pas leur attitude. Ses parents craignent qu’elle ne fasse des bêtises, mais heureusement, se rassurent-ils, elle est malade des poumons et envoyée dans un sanatorium en Isère. Sur le chemin, elle est violée par le fils d’une amie censé l’accompagner. Elle ne le dira que bien plus tard."},{"_id":"AFRMYBXOD5FYPN4U7NDSB4VM6M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730979601326},"type":"text","content":"L’établissement de santé, à Saint-Hilaire-du-Touvet, est dirigé par un résistant, qui cache des Juifs. Elle y lit ses premiers poètes surréalistes et l’Allemand Rainer Maria Rilke – dont elle prendra le prénom comme pseudo –, commence à écrire de la poésie et rencontre Marcel Gagliardi, son premier amour. Nous sommes en 1942, elle le convainc de la suivre à Paris et d’entrer dans les FFI. En couverture, elle débute une formation de sage-femme. Pour ses premières missions, Madeleine Riffaud transporte des objets, des messages, distribue des tracts et rompt avec Marcel, pour éviter que l’un ne donne l’autre sous la torture. Petit à petit, elle monte en grade. A partir de mars 1944, ayant rejoint les FTP, admiratrice <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/editorial/les-manouchian-au-pantheon-aux-etrangers-la-france-enfin-reconnaissante-20240219_7RQV3ZOENJAFHKOLEAKRRCJFM4/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">du groupe Manouchian</a>, Rainer intensifie la lutte, jusqu’à abattre un officier allemand sur le pont de Solférino de deux balles dans la tête. Arrêtée par la milice et livrée à la Gestapo, elle est torturée, on l’a dit, et s’échappe in extremis le 15 août du «convoi des 57 000», le dernier train de déportés politiques, direction Ravensbrück et Buchenwald. Le 31 août 1944, elle est démobilisée. L’armée refuse qu’elle continue les combats, étant mineure et tuberculeuse. Cela la plonge dans une profonde dépression."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"28124ee44de906ad86894de42a96c9287f81f972e891a425f220c7c0e1e8688f"},"caption":"A son bureau au journal «Ce soir» en 1946.","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/W5G5BGWQQ5A6TLEGR7RRUYVH6A.jpg","geo":{},"licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"Fond Madeleine Riffaud","type":"author"}],"by":[]},"subtitle":"","width":4221,"creditIPTC":"Fond Madeleine 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pourtant, ne s’arrête pas là et si Madeleine Riffaud fut une grande résistante, récompensée de la croix de guerre avec palme, saluée par le général de Gaulle pour sa bravoure, sa vie d’aventures n’en était qu’à ses prémices."},{"level":2,"_id":"7MFPBBJYA5FS5NFPP32E3XNSH4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730994504949},"type":"header","content":"Rescapée d’un attentat"},{"_id":"6XMQW6P7JVA4FIVMOJKYLDAP5Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730979601328},"type":"text","content":"Rainer se lie d’amitié avec Vercors, Aragon, Picasso – qui dessine un portrait d’elle –, Paul Eluard. L’auteur de <i>Liberté </i>publie ses poèmes dès 1944. Dans la préface du<i> Poing fermé</i>, il écrit : <i>«Son courage se reflète dans ses poèmes, il les anime et son génie fait que c’est le courage de tous que nous entendons, la grandeur de tout un peuple qui chante ici, sa sensibilité et son intelligence, sa croyance au bien, au mieux.»</i> En février 1945, elle rencontre Pierre Daix, survivant des camps. Ils se marient, ont une fille, leur couple ne tient pas. Entre deux traumatisés, ce n’était pas possible. Ils ont aussi de fortes divergences politiques : Madeleine est davantage portée sur la défense des innocents que sur celle de Staline."},{"_id":"XOYU2NQ7CBCS7FHF7IPV3FIUGE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730979601330},"type":"text","content":"Cherchant à prolonger ses engagements, Madeleine Riffaud commence à écrire pour des journaux proches du PCF : <i>la Vie ouvrière, Ce soir, Vaillant</i>. Elle couvre la grève des mineurs en 1948, défend les ouvriers en général, ainsi que les manifestations indépendantistes pour l’Algérie.<i> «Ce travail s’ouvrait à nous comme une brèche qui nous permettait de continuer à notre manière le combat pour une société plus juste.»</i>"},{"_id":"S27HYLDJW5DOBCL7QZJ4WJKQJE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730979601331},"type":"text","content":"Jusqu’au début des années 80, la journaliste parcourt le monde, l’une des premières et rares femmes correspondantes de guerre. Dans son style direct, oral, subjectif, au plus près des victimes, elle raconte l’Indochine, où elle vit une grande histoire d’amour avec l’artiste Nguyen Dinh Thi, l’Algérie, l’Europe de l’Est. A partir de 1958, elle travaille pour <i>l’Humanité</i>, dénonce les tortures à Alger et les rafles à Paris. Elle échappe de peu à un attentat de l’OAS en juin 1962, qui marque un peu plus son corps et son âme, déjà lesté des cicatrices laissées par la Gestapo. Cela ne l’empêche pas de couvrir la guerre du Vietnam côté vietcong et de s’enfoncer au plus profond du maquis, pour des reportages et un livre avec le journaliste australien Wilfred Burchett, très remarqués à l’époque."},{"level":2,"_id":"IW2QE2MADRBBJMGMJA3CJZMDAM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730994504953},"type":"header","content":"«Le fait même de se rebeller définit l’homme»"},{"_id":"TVKJJGRJAZGI5OIZIZHFIXXB2M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730979601332},"type":"text","content":"Son immersion dans un service de chirurgie, en France, en 1973, la rend plus célèbre encore. Son livre, publié l’année suivante, <i>les Linges de la nuit</i>, où elle dénonce les conditions de travail du personnel soignant – sous-effectif, heures supplémentaires, manque de moyens, d’hygiène – et les fins de vie misérables des malades, est vendu à plus d’un million d’exemplaires. Elle y écrit : <i>«La course aux superprofits pèse plus que la vie humaine.»</i>"},{"_id":"ZQCF5KRBDBF6BHQ42BEOUGBTAY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730979601333},"type":"text","content":"Le corps, les yeux et les poumons en vrac, Rainer se met en retrait. Elle est alors un peu oubliée – elle qui aurait sa place au Panthéon – comme souvent quand on est une femme d’extrême gauche ne se souciant pas de construire sa légende. Longtemps, elle a réfléchi au sens de sa vie. Elle l’a trouvé, en repensant à l’une de ses discussions avec Vercors, l’auteur du <i>Silence de la mer</i> (1) : <i>«Le fait même de se rebeller définit l’homme et l’on est au cours de sa vie, plus ou moins homme selon qu’on se résigne à sa condition humaine ou que l’on se rebelle. Etre un homme, c’est aussi faire de la résistance contre la vieillesse, la maladie, le sida, contre le fait de devenir aveugle. C’est ne pas s’habituer aux horreurs de la Bosnie, de Hébron, de Beyrouth, du Soudan, d’Angola, d’Algérie.»</i>"},{"_id":"4WNOCG36LNASLN6RBQQYWBYR2Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730979601334},"type":"text","content":"En août, avant de s’endormir, laissant le cigare se consumer dans le cendrier posé sur son ventre, Madeleine Riffaut nous a soufflé : <i>«Je pense à mes camarades, à ceux que j’ai vu mourir sous mes yeux.»</i> Nous est revenu son poème, <i>Mitard</i>, écrit à Fresnes : <i>«Je sens bien qu’ils sont encore là / Autour de moi, et me regardent. / Leurs yeux s’allument quelques fois / Dans le noir comme des étoiles. / Et ma tête s’appuie / A leurs épaules d’ombre.»</i>"},{"level":6,"_id":"6COJJYXRIBC6FGANNFM5ZQEOAA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730984454433},"type":"header","content":"(1) <i>On l’appelait Rainer,</i> Madeleine Riffaud, entretiens avec Gilles Plazy, Julliard, 1994."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Torturée par la Gestapo, actrice de la Libération de Paris, ciblée par l’OAS, reporter durant la guerre du Vietnam… La résistante et poète de gauche n’aura cessé, jusqu’à son dernier souffle, de se battre et de témoigner. Elle est morte mercredi 6 novembre à 100 ans."},"description":{"basic":"La résistante et poète de gauche n’aura cessé, jusqu’à son dernier souffle, de se battre et de témoigner. 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décennie 2020, la dénonciation de l’inceste – en tant que violences sexuelles d’un parent sur un enfant – par des récits, tels ceux de Camille Kouchner <i>(</i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2021/01/05/olivier-duhamel-accuse-d-inceste-la-fin-d-une-omerta_1810436/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>la Familia grande</i></a><i>)</i> ou de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/familles/neige-sinno-mon-livre-sinscrit-dans-une-demarche-collective-contre-linceste-20231119_RBQ3FAKPSFCK3KSQJ752X57GVQ/\" target=\"_blank\">Neige Sinno</a> <i>(</i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/neige-sinno-triste-tigre-sur-papier-20230818_YGP3VWOI6BDUHMAGWZBRP2MMJU/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Triste Tigre</i></a><i>),</i> semble avoir brisé le séculaire silence qui l’avait érigé en tabou protecteur. La parole est, depuis, aux victimes, recueillie par milliers par le mouvement #MeToo inceste. Comme le confirme une enquête Ipsos de 2020, une personne sur dix a subi cette violence, dans huit cas sur dix, la victime est une femme. Ces révélations ont suscité l’indignation de l’opinion et la mise en œuvre de politiques pénales – à l’instar des réformes initiées par le Québec, qui poursuit cinquante ans après un inceste impuni parce qu’en 1964 les victimes n’avaient pas été crues. Des voix s’élèvent pour que cesse ce qui désormais est regardé comme un scandale sociétal. Forts de cette actualité, chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales, acteurs et actrices de la protection infantile et de la justice remontent ici le temps pour comprendre la constitution de cette chape de plomb, indispensable pour taire et invisibiliser ces actes criminels. Pourtant, dès le Moyen Age, l’inceste est identifié, poursuivi, condamné, mais aux XIVe et XVe siècles, le terme nomme moins souvent le viol commis par un ascendant sur un proche que des relations sexuelles consenties entre personnes auxquelles l’Eglise refuse le mariage en raison de leur parentalité. Cette union charnelle est un péché, à la fois «acte contre nature» et transgression des interdits religieux. Alors que le silence espère protéger les amours illicites qui mènent à la potence, en 1603, le couple fraternel Julien et Marguerite de Ravalet, il rend inaudibles les violences intrafamiliales. Lorsque certaines sont connues, la justice les condamne aussi rigoureusement que la sodomie, le crime de lèse-majesté et l’infanticide."},{"level":2,"_id":"JWKMVVNS25EIXNNQPB22FH5GKM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730829998963},"type":"header","content":"Préservation de l’honneur"},{"_id":"N3YN62XPTRFAFFYWEOZMXAXFIA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730804250253},"type":"text","content":"A travers ce livre collectif si documenté, archives et témoignages se font écho, d’une époque à l’autre, décrivant un même scénario : il mobilise la peur, l’innocence, la menace, l’affection même, de la victime afin de la dominer à travers son corps considéré par le violeur comme sa légitime propriété. Ces mécanismes de franchissement des interdits paraissent favorisés par la domination masculine patriarcale ; elle peut produire un «climat incestuel» auquel Peau d’Ane, cette référence enfantine toujours vivante, tente d’échapper et que l’adaptation en 2003 du roman populaire du XIXe siècle <i>le Bossu</i> de Paul Féval refuse de reproduire, une autocensure qui renvoie <i>«à la dénonciation d’une pratique devenue intolérable»</i>."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"cb5fccc8c03a2bc044da96504e5adb3bc749558c599b4aaaf7c6eeccfb7ddd38"},"caption":"Gérard de Jode, « L'inceste », gravure sur bois.\nIllustration du chapitre consacré à l'inceste dans le traité de Josse de Damhouder, La Praticque et Enrichidion des causes criminelles. 1554","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo 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à ces constats, confirmés par les travaux de la <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/violences-sexuelles-sur-les-enfants-la-ciivise-invite-a-mettre-en-oeuvre-sans-concession-ses-conclusions-20231120_UO3CRMDMZBGG7DYAJBY3TMAI74/\" target=\"_blank\">Ciivise</a>, l’ouvrage, dont les auteurs ont tenu à laisser s’exprimer les victimes, a déplacé la focale des accusations vers leur réception. Là réside l’historicité de l’inceste ; il relève ainsi de l’histoire de la vie privée et de celle des mentalités. La préservation de l’honneur et de la cohésion de celle-ci favorise, hier comme aujourd’hui, la cécité, la surdité ou le mutisme de l’entourage ; du reste, en réservant le terme juridique d’inceste aux «crimes et délits contre la famille», le code pénal suisse, unifié en 1942, veut <i>«sauvegarder en priorité l’institution familiale»</i>. Cette lecture est refusée par le bloc soviétique : l’inceste serait un produit du capitalisme, amené à disparaître avec lui. Sa survie est à partir de 1948 considérée comme un vestige du passé."},{"level":2,"_id":"IMZLU5XV4NANHC6MLEPRN4E4PM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730829998966},"type":"header","content":"Un refus de dire et d’entendre"},{"_id":"HQLBSGZZHVBBVIC5SU4A6B5UJQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730804250255},"type":"text","content":"Dans la France du XVIIIe siècle, non reconnu comme un viol, l’inceste est toujours imputé par la justice à un homme, bien identifié donc comme une «violence de genre». Nonobstant, la misogynie de la société judiciaire en rend aussi responsable la victime féminine, supposée digne héritière d’Eve ; son agresseur, tel Adam, n’a pu résister à la tentatrice… Voilà les dénonciatrices, prétendues séductrices ensorceleuses, <i>«jugées, voire condamnées»</i>. Tel est le sort d’une petite fille de 13 ans, abusée en 1771 par son grand-père, déclarée coupable d’<i>«avoir commis inceste ensemble»</i>. A l’époque contemporaine, le refus de dire, d’entendre et de juger l’inceste est patent dans les codes pénaux. Perdu dans la catégorie des «attentats aux mœurs» (1810), des «crimes contre la morale» ou des «agressions sexuelles» (1994) – une reconnaissance du moins qu’il est <i>«une atteinte à l’intégrité physique et psychique d’un individu» </i>–, ce type d’atteintes sexuelles sur mineur n’est qualifiée d’<i>«incestueux»,</i> une surqualification du viol et des agressions sexuelles, qu’en 2016. Cinq ans plus tard, le crime d’inceste est inscrit <i>«au titre des infractions sexuelles visées par le code pénal».</i> Parmi d’autres preuves de ces changements d’appréhension, l’évolution sur des décennies du traitement de la célèbre <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2017/10/18/violette-noziere-jeune-fille-en-fleur-a-l-ombre_1604022/\" target=\"_blank\">affaire Violette Nozières</a>, ignorée même de ses enfants, confirme que la <i>«révélation de l’inceste [est] un processus ancré dans diverses temporalités»</i>."},{"level":6,"_id":"5YF257VXSVC33B3QPWPWKE47KM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730804250256},"type":"header","content":"Anne-Emmanuelle Demartini, Julie Doyon, Léonore Le Caisne (dir.),<b> </b><i>Dire, entendre et juger l’inceste du Moyen Age à nos jours</i>. éditions du Seuil, 416 pp., 24,50 €."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Un livre collectif très documenté retrace l’histoire notamment judiciaire des violences sexuelles d’un parent 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href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/les-mille-et-une-luttes-de-madeleine-riffaud-20241107_XHTQLUYCVREPVPOP3TNVLHCEUQ/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Madeleine Riffaud est morte le 6 novembre 2024</b></a><b>. Elle avait 100 ans, 2 mois et quelques jours. Nous republions cet article, écrit cet été alors qu’on l’avait rencontrée pour la sortie du troisième tome de sa biographie en BD, </b><i><b>Madeleine Riffaud, résistante.</b></i><b> C’était juste avant qu’elle fête son centenaire, le 23 août. Elle était très affaiblie, alitée, mais souhaitait témoigner, encore et encore, de l’horreur du fascisme.</b>"},{"_id":"TRXFJOMVLZELLA6YTIBFAKFFEU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-08-22T10:59:58.678Z","start":760,"end":837,"text":"guill","user":"Nina MORENO","email":"n.moreno@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-08-22T10:59:41.916Z","start":855,"end":893,"text":"guill","user":"Nina MORENO","email":"n.moreno@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-08-22T10:59:48.744Z","start":897,"end":910,"text":"guill","user":"Nina MORENO","email":"n.moreno@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-08-22T10:59:32.256Z","start":1021,"end":1033,"text":"guill\n","user":"Nina MORENO","email":"n.moreno@liberation.fr"}]},"type":"text","content":"La chambre est plongée dans la pénombre. Madeleine Riffaud est allongée dans son lit. A l’orée de ses 100 ans, elle souffre, chaque jour un peu plus. Les yeux mi-clos, elle demande un cigarillo à <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/images/2017/02/12/je-savais-l-importance-du-quotidien-dans-ce-que-taniguchi-voulait-narrer_1548039/\" target=\"_blank\">Jean-David Morvan</a>. Le scénariste de BD lui tend la boîte de sa marque fétiche, Cohiba Mini. Elle la tient précieusement entre ses mains, se saisit d’un ninas, l’allume et le porte à sa bouche. Les volutes de fumée commencent à danser autour de son visage, sa voix devient plus claire et affirmée. L’étincelle rouge fait ressurgir les ombres. Alors, elle se souvient : le 23 août 1944, la jeune résistante a patrouillé toute la nuit, elle somnole. Le téléphone sonne, c’est l’état-major des Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTP). Elle murmure : <i>«Un militaire me dit : </i>“<i>Allez-y en nombre, il y a un train sur la Petite Ceinture, il faut l’arrêter.</i>”<i> Je lui réponds :</i><i> “On est quatre hommes, en me comptant</i><i>.” </i>“<i>Démerdez-vous</i>”<i>, il me lance. On avait récupéré une caisse avec des armes de poing et de la dynamite. J’ai dit à mes gars : </i>“<i>Ça va servir</i>”<i>.»</i>"},{"_id":"F6W7MEB2WJA6JCDI362BIJ2DEY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-08-22T11:17:21.586Z","start":295,"end":325,"text":"le pont à la base, mais je ne trouve pas de pont qui s'appelait vraiment comme ça (et en tout cas c'était vers cette gare que l'action a eu lieu apparemment)\n","user":"Nina MORENO","email":"n.moreno@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1724316952126},"type":"text","content":"Madeleine Riffaud joue avec les personnages. Ses récits sont toujours des dialogues. Comme une comédienne, ou la journaliste qu’elle a été, elle nous prend par la main, nous emporte dans l’histoire, donne le ton et les décors. Voilà Paris, la Libération : avec ses trois hommes, elle fonce vers la gare de Belleville-Villette en Citroën traction avant. Lorsque le train ennemi surgit du tunnel, ils balancent tout ce qu’ils ont. Les nazis répliquent à la mitrailleuse. Marcel, l’un des résistants, est blessé. Les explosions s’enchaînent, dans des gerbes de rouge, bleu, vert de feux d’artifice, lancés par mégarde. Madeleine Riffaud en rit encore, de ces couleurs. Le conducteur allemand tente de faire machine arrière, se retrouve bloqué. A l’intérieur, 80 SS. Pour éviter qu’ils ne s’échappent, il faut réussir à détacher la locomotive. Personne ne sait comment faire. On trouve un cheminot, en train de déjeuner chez lui avec sa femme, dans un immeuble voisin. Quatre-vingts ans après, Madeleine Riffaud est impressionnée : <i>«Il a arrêté son repas, et a osé y aller, sur la voie, détacher la locomotive et la démarrer, sans se prendre une balle. Je ne sais pas qui était cet homme, je ne l’ai jamais revu.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"MMF37MCVWRGAHOR3CJHK3NDDH4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1723988572186},"type":"header","content":"Une intrépide aux mille vies"},{"_id":"3LP3OZ3FNBHLJIRTGIHQSITJPY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724328980335},"type":"text","content":"Les soldats ennemis se rendent, mains sur la tête. Dans les wagons, les résistants trouvent des armes et des dizaines de kilos de nourriture. Des années qu’ils n’ont pas mangé ainsi. Le soir, dans les rues du XIXe, Paris n’est pas encore libéré, mais un banquet est organisé. Madeleine Riffaud a perdu la notion du temps, elle demande la date : le 23 août. Elle sourit : elle a 20 ans. Elle n’est pas majeure (la majorité est fixée à 21 ans à l’époque), n’a pas le droit de voter ni celui de posséder un compte en banque, mais elle mène des actions de résistance depuis plus de trois ans."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"30cdfac1d9898e6d38c0b8ad06ee7f288e76044d100556180edcd9cddeaf4124"},"caption":"Madeleine Riffaud dans son bureau au journal «Ce soir», en 1946","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/ELY5UV4XKRBLBL52YVYC4A4FRI.jpg","licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"Fond Madeleine Riffaud","type":"author"}]},"subtitle":"","width":4221,"creditIPTC":"Fond Madeleine 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cinquante ans, l’héroïne, récompensée de la croix de guerre, tait ses exploits. <i>«Cela ne se faisait pas de s’épancher»</i>, nous disait-elle <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/madeleine-riffaud-ultra-resistante-20210826_27NO4DG34FCF7CFG6VBRJICJ3A/\" target=\"_blank\">lors d’une précédente rencontre en 2021</a>. En 1994, convaincue par <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/2007/03/15/lucie-aubrac-une-conscience-s-est-eteinte_13984/\" target=\"_blank\">le couple Aubrac,</a> elle commence à partager ses souvenirs, dans les écoles, en public, pour maintenir la mémoire. Elle parle de <i>«l’esprit de la résistance»</i> : <i>«Ne jamais pleurer sur l’état de son pays ou sur son propre sort. Aucune cause n’est jamais perdue, sauf si on abandonne.»</i>"},{"_id":"CILT74TKNJA4VNLOBRHE5N6T54","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724316952130},"type":"text","content":"Ces dernières années, tandis que son souvenir s’estompait hors des cercles mémoriels, tout s’est accéléré. Le scénariste Jean-David Morvan (<i>Sillage,</i> plusieurs <i>Spirou et Fantasio</i>) l’a contactée et convaincue de publier <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/le-prix-goscinny-recompense-lesprit-de-la-resistance-20211123_25BEDQ75IFD47OSQIIZ6BKKFZU/&xtor=CS7-51-/\" target=\"_blank\">sa biographie en bande dessinée</a>. Les deux premiers tomes, avec Dominique Bertail aux pinceaux, ont eu un succès conséquent. Un nouveau public, plus jeune, a découvert une intrépide aux mille vies, une femme libre au caractère trempé, une bougonne au grand cœur, farouchement de gauche, engagée, toujours forte malgré la vieillesse et les maladies. Aussi, Madeleine Riffaud a confié ce qu’elle n’avait jamais confié, comme son viol par un milicien à 17 ans. Le fils collabo d’une connaissance de ses parents devait la récupérer à une gare et la conduire à un sanatorium pour soigner sa tuberculose. Il profita de la nuit à l’hôtel pour abuser d’elle, plusieurs fois."},{"_id":"YTVDPTYNPJFYHK636QKWUSQGLE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1723992635264},"type":"text","content":"Sans une confiance construite sur la durée avec Jean-David Morvan, elle n’en aurait jamais parlé. Leur relation dépasse l’écriture d’un album. Elle est quasi filiale. Avec d’autres indignés, c’est lui qui, se rendant compte qu’elle se faisait voler depuis de nombreuses années par son auxiliaire de vie, a réclamé justice. En décembre, la directrice de l’entreprise d’aide à domicile, soupçonnée d’avoir dérobé près de 140 000 euros, a été condamnée pour <i>«abus de confiance sur personne vulnérable»</i>."},{"level":2,"_id":"ROCQ3S2VVBHFLLS6RUKHUIWJMI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724328980339},"type":"header","content":"Un meurtre qui change tout"},{"_id":"J4PMDC2OTZEQ7ICR6N46S4IWNQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1723988572189},"type":"text","content":"Ce vendredi 23 août, Madeleine Riffaud a fêté ses 100 ans et la sortie du troisième tome, <i>les Nouilles à la tomate</i>. L’héroïne raconte en détail sa détention dans les geôles de la Gestapo et la Libération de Paris. <i>«Pendant longtemps, les tortures, elle ne voulait pas en parler,</i> explique Jean-David Morvan.<i> C’était un album vraiment dur à faire. Le dire permet de l’expulser. Ça l’a rendue malade. Moi aussi. Dominique Bertail aussi.»</i>"},{"_id":"LIHE3G7LDJFLJHJAM6MQT3EFJE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1723988572190},"type":"text","content":"Madeleine Riffaud a commencé à mener des actions pour la résistance dès 1941. Par conviction, d’abord : ses parents, instituteurs dans la Somme, sont de gauche. Elle ne supporte pas non plus l’attitude des occupants ; un coup de pied aux fesses d’un officier, alors qu’elle refuse les avances de ses hommes, agit comme un révélateur. Par amour, aussi : au sanatorium niché dans la montagne, à Saint-Hilaire-du-Touvet (Isère), où le directeur cache des médecins juifs sans qu’elle le sache, elle rencontre le jeune Marcel Gagliardi, qui devient ensuite son compagnon. Bien qu’il soit malade, elle réussit à le convaincre de s’engager dans la résistance intérieure française (RIF). En nom de guerre, elle choisit Rainer, pour <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2020/10/09/marilyn-et-lady-gaga-groupies-de-rilke_1801917/\" target=\"_blank\">Rainer Maria Rilke</a>, poète allemand qu’elle admire. Elle transporte des plis, tague les murs, vole des armes. Chaque geste compte. Au fur et à mesure de son expérience et de l’arrestation de ses camarades, elle monte en grade, et rejoint en mars 1944 les FTP, fondés par le Parti communiste. Les alliés se rapprochent, le débarquement est imminent, et il est alors demandé aux petits groupes de mener des actions de plus en plus violentes, pour semer le doute et la terreur chez l’occupant. Madeleine Riffaud obéit. Dévastée par <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/europeennes-de-bayeux-a-oradour-les-villes-memoires-de-1944-ont-mis-le-rn-en-tete-20240611_7P57J2CNS5DNFG7HLCWVV6SP4E/\" target=\"_blank\">le massacre d’Oradour-sur-Glane</a>, où elle allait enfant en vacances, et par la mort de son camarade Charles «Picpus» Martini, Rainer décide d’agir elle-même. Le 23 juillet, elle abat un soldat de l’armée d’occupation sur le pont de Solférino, en plein jour. De deux balles dans la tête. Ce jour-là, la vie de Madeleine Riffaud change à jamais."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"NKGLOYFVQ5CDDLZBQZK6BWM6PU","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"EUF6FBA3DRF6FFYNNSLTXIJY3A"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"WLP3BGQUBBA65NDKJUZ6SO36UM","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"LMXNFTWTUVCP5CNGMPIP7EQSEU","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Aux grandes résistantes, la patrie reconnaissante","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/familles/aux-grandes-resistantes-la-patrie-reconnaissante-20211111_5PXZGKL24ZFGBOANZQL4SMVWFI/"}]},{"_id":"RXZTKEM2SVGPFFSYAHWL67P37Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-08-18T14:57:06.397Z","start":232,"end":234,"text":"guil anglaises","user":"Quentin GIRARD","email":"q.girard@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1723988572191},"type":"text","content":"Dans le lit de son appartement parisien, la dame âgée tire sur son cigarillo. La lumière rouge : <i>«Le jour où j’ai tué un sous-officier allemand, je ne pensais à rien. Il fallait le faire, je l’ai fait.»</i> Elle souffle :<i> «On m’a dit : “Ce n’était pas à vous de le faire, c’était à vos hommes.” Mais mes hommes, j’en avais presque plus, et ceux qui restaient étaient démoralisés. J’étais face à moi-même.» </i>Moment suspendu.<i> «J’ai toujours assumé cet acte. J’essaye.»</i> Un instant. <i>«Ouais.»</i>"},{"_id":"E5P3FDUV2VEG7AQAWKYTFYS3LM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1723988572192},"type":"text","content":"Juste après cette exécution, la résistante tente de s’échapper à vélo. Un milicien la poursuit en voiture, l’arrête et <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/medias/2004/08/20/parisienne-liberee_489769/\" target=\"_blank\">la livre à la Gestapo, rue des Saussaies.</a> Les Allemands et les Français la torturent pendant trois semaines, dans le sinistre immeuble du VIIIe arrondissement, puis à Fresnes. Madeleine Riffaud subit l’horreur, entend des gens agoniser, en voit d’autres mourir devant elle. Mais elle ne parle pas. Dans sa cellule, pour tenir, elle se récite des poèmes d’Apollinaire : <i>«Passent les jours et passent les semaines /Ni temps passé /Ni les amours reviennent /Sous le pont Mirabeau coule la Seine.»</i> Elle aime fredonner les surréalistes. Elle a aussi écrit et publié de la poésie, remarquée notamment par Paul Eluard : <i>«Ils ont bien pu tordre mes mains /Je n’ai jamais livré vos noms. /On doit me fusiller. Demain. /As-tu très peur, dis ? Oui ou non /Le temps a pris /Le mors aux dents. Courez, courez /Après le temps !»</i>"},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"f8161468c0665cfa6c8a59e57eb9f7ef7b3279adab9636baaafae6e7ec358a40"},"caption":"Extrait de la BD «Madeleine, résistante».","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","focal_point":{"x":1187,"y":2257},"version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","geo":{},"licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"Dupuis 2024","type":"author"}],"by":[{"name":"Riffaud, Morvan Bertail","type":"author","byline":"Riffaud, Morvan Bertail"}]},"subtitle":"","width":2400,"creditIPTC":"Dupuis 2024","_id":"RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI","additional_properties":{"fullSizeResizeUrl":"/resizer/Jk8BOiQXX6MWslCQgojZV63eq0E=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","owner":"l.charrier@liberation.fr","comments":[],"keywords":[],"proxyUrl":"/resizer/Jk8BOiQXX6MWslCQgojZV63eq0E=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","originalUrl":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","published":true,"resizeUrl":"/resizer/Jk8BOiQXX6MWslCQgojZV63eq0E=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","ingestionMethod":"manual","thumbnailResizeUrl":"/resizer/GNtq-GXiUykKP_ZTGYTDpMdmurc=/300x0/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","version":2,"usage_instructions":"PARUTION GRATUITE","originalName":"Mad3b_HD copie.jpg","mime_type":"image/jpeg","restricted":false,"template_id":183,"galleries":[],"_id":"4SU5HQUQ5FCBNLBOUUQ3QPZ3B4"},"created_date":"2024-08-23T15:06:55Z","last_updated_date":"2024-08-23T18:50:39Z","slug":"Mad3_HD","height":3151,"image_type":"photograph","resized_params":[{"url":"resizer/Alz3h2zSiyEb4Qcp6n8T8EZF0LQ=/84x56/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":84,"height":56},{"url":"resizer/2xS8m3kEX_df_ddRdVpKDJnsT9w=/105x70/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":105,"height":70},{"url":"resizer/013ehNKsadQB4SaQZma3aqF8WG8=/158x105/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":158,"height":105},{"url":"resizer/yfLB4rKYNBgu9xzv6XhLUAhCWgE=/274x183/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":274,"height":183},{"url":"resizer/S2ei-UZLlOG54aQHC_4HwOhOWms=/377x251/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":377,"height":251},{"url":"resizer/KQmJrEg1z5MONbdxvhuzkHzsPSI=/400x267/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":400,"height":267},{"url":"resizer/jw9nYNyX-eqM5t2kkcuXYsf5I5U=/600x400/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":600,"height":400},{"url":"resizer/0syz7sdUhIZ7mIgMTo7Ib_YbalM=/768x512/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":768,"height":512},{"url":"resizer/GCwPTu9wpWzVN6umW8bqa51woTw=/800x533/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":800,"height":533},{"url":"resizer/Cg2_WiTueE1zlienw6UjqZ_OnJg=/1024x683/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":1024,"height":683},{"url":"resizer/y1OOmtjmR5HsN7iqICl5HkeC_G0=/1200x800/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":1200,"height":800},{"url":"resizer/LD2gx-5YHECzETHOH9nSsDOUiUo=/1440x960/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":1440,"height":960},{"url":"resizer/9FB0IAxJRQJzxSjlVcB7Fo3Tqn8=/1600x1067/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(1182x2252:1192x2262)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/RNKUCSK465EDHCYEC26OYAM2RI.jpg","width":1600,"height":1067}]},{"level":2,"_id":"YEZC6C7IE5DEDNCROJQ6OFSUXE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1723988572197},"type":"header","content":"Avec l’oubli, viennent les grandes catastrophes"},{"_id":"EW42BFTYNJCETASO3N2YWADSYI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1723988572193},"type":"text","content":"Prisonnière, l’ultra-résistante est condamnée à être fusillée. Elle sera à la place réinterrogée et de nouveau suppliciée. Le 5 août, elle monte dans le «convoi des 57 000», un train de déportés politiques, direction les camps de concentration de Buchenwald et Ravensbrück. Elle s’extirpe de son wagon, est reprise immédiatement. Le 19 août, la jeune femme est libérée grâce à un échange de prisonniers organisé par le consul de Suède, Raoul Nordling. La mort n’avait pas voulu d’elle. Rainer reprend le combat dans la foulée, traumatisée à jamais. <i>«Quand elle a été cambriolée il y a quelques années, on a posé des serrures,</i> raconte Jean-David Morvan. <i>Elle m’a appelé, m’a dit qu’elle ne le supportait pas, qu’elle avait l’impression d’être de nouveau dans sa cellule de Fresnes.»</i>"},{"_id":"7UYBWGO645BVDLJ56OPNLTCVQE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1723988572195},"type":"text","content":"Parmi de multiples aventures et combats, comme son immersion et sa dénonciation du système hospitalier dans <i>les Linges de la nuit, </i>un énorme succès en 1974,<i> </i>Madeleine Riffaud a fait de la dénonciation des tortures une des grandes causes de sa vie. Après la guerre, la communiste, pas dupe de Staline, devient journaliste, défend les opprimés, couvre les grandes grèves de mineurs de 1947 et 48. Puis elle part dans les années 50 et 60 en reportage en Algérie française, où elle échappe à un attentat de l’OAS qui lui fait perdre un œil, et en Indochine. Farouchement anticolonialiste, en couple avec un écrivain et politique vietnamien proche de Hô Chi Minh, elle publie de nombreux articles de soutien aux révoltés. Elle dit, tirant sur son cigarillo : <i>«J’aimais trop la France pour la laisser </i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/tribune/2000/12/07/les-colonies-terres-de-torture_346831/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>commettre dans les colonies les mêmes atrocités que les nazis chez nous.</i></a><i> Souvent les tortionnaires là-bas étaient des anciens policiers qui avaient torturé pendant l’Occupation.» </i>Elle sait qu’un pays n’est jamais loin de basculer, que les ténèbres n’attendent qu’un instant de relâchement pour revenir."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"FTO7FQO755EHVIWG4TW4FHDFHU","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"7O63TCE7WVE4NIQGDTTKO7NSXA"},"title":"Tribune","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"BM3B6ZZZIJH23HJ4DEFJBR2VZA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"I7HZG4FDKNFF7OUBFVUJZU5VFI","type":"interstitial_link","content":"L'histoire de la Libération pourra toujours se raconter sans ses acteurs","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/lhistoire-de-la-liberation-pourra-toujours-se-raconter-sans-ses-acteurs-20240822_5C222FJ2SZDR5N5KSFQ6A2GZ5U/"}]},{"_id":"DS3GIUNFOBBV7F5RDQKCHLTKQM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724322996503},"type":"text","content":"Avec le Rassemblement national à plus de 30 % et Emmanuel Macron <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/consultations-macron-fait-passer-a-la-gauche-un-entretien-dembuches-20240823_X2AFUXK6WJAKTG7VHYW3N66XLI/\" target=\"_blank\">qui refuse toujours de nommer son ou sa Premier·ère ministre,</a> les commémorations de la Libération de Paris résonnent d’étrange manière cet été. De cette attirance récurrente des Français pour l’extrême droite, elle chuchote, se souvenant très bien que la majorité était déjà loin d’être contre Pétain au début du conflit : <i>«C’est navrant. J’ai peur de l’arrivée au pouvoir un jour du RN, comme tous les gens intelligents. Mais il ne faut jamais renoncer à convaincre</i>, soutient Madeleine Riffaud.<i> Je suis assez âgée pour avoir bien connu le père de Mme Le Pen. A une époque, j’habitais près de la statue de Jeanne d’Arc et je me souviens de ses petits défilés. Jean-Marie Le Pen était accompagné d’anciens amis SS. C’était répugnant ce qu’il racontait. Un jour que j’étais là, je m’y rends, ils étaient en train de foutre à l’eau un jeune Marocain qui n’avait rien fait. Un homme a enlevé sa veste et a plongé pour le récupérer, mais c’était trop tard. On ne pouvait pas le récupérer.»</i> C’était le 1er mai 1995, la victime s’appelait <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/1998/05/14/le-proces-du-meurtre-de-brahim-bouarramle-service-d-ordre-fn-delateur-pour-la-bonne-cause-lepeniste_235964/\" target=\"_blank\">Brahim Bouarram</a>."},{"_id":"YEZC6C7IE5DEDNCROJQ6OFSUXE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1723988572197},"type":"text","content":"Aux législatives, Madeleine Riffaud a soutenu le NFP. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/opinions/le-front-populaire-de-1936-visait-a-defendre-les-institutions-plus-qua-empecher-larrivee-au-pouvoir-de-lextreme-droite-20240618_SZKBMS4OKBDTTNPPA4JQ3AJXSU/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>«J’aurai maintenant connu les deux Fronts populaires.</i></a><i> J’avais 12 ans pour le premier, mon père le soutenait. C’est lui qui m’a éduquée aux questions politiques et qui m’a appris aussi à tirer et conduire alors que je n’étais qu’une enfant. Il trouvait que ça pourrait servir.» </i>Elle a raconté moult fois l’anecdote, ne pensait pas que les antifascistes devraient se poser à nouveau cette question. Le jour où il n’y aura plus personne pour témoigner lui <i>«fait peur»</i>. Avec l’oubli, viennent les grandes catastrophes. Alors, aveugle et alitée depuis plusieurs années, elle y jette ses dernières forces, portée par une pulsion de vie et de mémoire. D’autres révélations sont à venir dans les prochains tomes de sa BD, comme une mission secrète pour neutraliser un collabo. Les braises du Cohiba Mini rougeoient encore une fois : <i>«Je pense à mes camarades, à ceux que j’ai vu mourir sous mes yeux.»</i> Long silence. 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enseigné les révolutions de 1848 vous le diront : ce n’est pas simple. Auteur du best-seller <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2015/07/30/l-obstination-des-somnambules_1356411/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>les Somnambules</i></a> (2013), l’historien australien Christopher Clark, professeur à l’université de Cambridge, a décidé de s’y coller. Il faut lui en être d’emblée reconnaissant. Le sujet des <i>Somnambules</i> – les causes de la Première Guerre mondiale – était de ceux qui attirent naturellement les lecteurs de livres d’histoire. C’est loin d’être le cas de l’année 1848, qui figure parmi les événements révolutionnaires les plus méconnus du grand public. Remercions donc l’historien de ne pas s’être lancé sur les traces d’un nouveau succès commercial (avec, par exemple, un de ces livres sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui se vendent toujours bien). Félicitons-le d’être resté dans son champ de compétences – le XIXe siècle – et de donner à lire à celles et ceux qui n’en ont qu’un vague souvenir une histoire renouvelée du <i>«printemps des peuples»</i> (appellation ambiguë, cela dit, puisque postérieur d’un bon siècle aux événements qu’elle désigne). En procédant à quatre déplacements d’importance, Christopher Clark réussit l’exploit de complexifier l’approche de son sujet, tout en en simplifiant le récit."},{"_id":"TGQITHLNHBAIVO7LPMEHXNNR6Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-29T14:03:25.787Z","start":257,"end":321,"text":"guill","user":"Guillaume LECAPLAIN","email":"g.lecaplain@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-10-29T14:05:13.133Z","start":1228,"end":1254,"text":"guill","user":"Guillaume LECAPLAIN","email":"g.lecaplain@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-10-29T14:05:21.975Z","start":1305,"end":1316,"text":"guill","user":"Guillaume LECAPLAIN","email":"g.lecaplain@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-10-29T14:05:38.492Z","start":1567,"end":1577,"text":"guill","user":"Guillaume LECAPLAIN","email":"g.lecaplain@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1730129655964},"type":"text","content":"Pour commencer, l’historien ne s’est pas limité à la déjà très riche année 1848. D’une certaine façon, c’est logique : <i>«A la question de savoir comment il avait fait faillite, Bill Gordon, personnage du roman de Hemingway, </i>Le Soleil se lève aussi<i>, répond : “De deux manières : progressivement d’abord, puis soudainement.”»</i> Persuadé que les révolutions adviennent selon cette double temporalité, l’historien prend le temps de rappeler ce que fut la première moitié du XIXe siècle : il décrit l’émergence de la <i>«question sociale»</i>, le rôle de la religion (qui «<i>balaie l’Europe comme une vague de surtension électrique, menaçant parfois de faire griller le circuit</i>») et le triomphe d’un certain type de politique libérale, dont l’année 1848 constitua l’apogée. Les styles des Constitutions qui se multiplièrent cette année-là, tantôt «<i>débonnaires</i>», tantôt «<i>liturgiques</i>», s’expliquent ainsi par la croyance libérale dans la<i> «dimension communicative»</i> de ces textes, qu’on réduit aujourd’hui trop souvent à leur seule fonction juridique. L’historien rappelle aussi de petits faits dont on néglige parfois les conséquences. Ainsi du triomphe de la sténographie parlementaire : <i>«A l’Assemblée constituante de 1848, deux sténographes, un “rouleur” et un “réviseur”, se tiennent de part et d’autre de la tribune. Les “rouleurs” se succèdent à tour de rôle, prenant des notes sténographiques pendant deux minutes et les transcrivant ensuite à la hâte, tandis que le réviseur, par tranches de dix-huit minutes, collationne les transcriptions des rouleurs et en établit le sens en “révisant” le texte. L’ensemble est rassemblé, vérifié et certifié par le chef de service, qui reste présent dans l’hémicycle tant que dure la session.»</i> Ça n’a l’air de rien ? C’est pourtant la fin de la circulation parallèle de versions contradictoires des mêmes discours, qui avait posé tant de problèmes sous la monarchie de Juillet. Plongeant ses racines dans les lendemains du congrès de Vienne, le livre de Christopher Clark peut donc se lire aussi comme une histoire du XIXe siècle – depuis la Restauration jusqu’au Second Empire, dans le cas français."},{"level":2,"_id":"6CACUA7YSFGUJHU2WOXN7YUBP4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730213031156},"type":"header","content":"Impensable d’abolir le pouvoir des hommes sur les femmes"},{"_id":"LFM53GR2TNAAFA6M7RWUXVTNHA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730129655965},"type":"text","content":"Sauf que – c’est le deuxième déplacement proposé par l’historien – la France n’occupe qu’une petite partie du livre. Son <i>«printemps des peuples»</i> ne s’ouvre pas avec les événements parisiens de février 1848, mais avec la guerre civile suisse du Sonderbund (qui vit <i>«la dernière bataille rangée jamais livrée par l’armée suisse et la première de l’histoire mondiale à avoir vu l’utilisation de chariots spécialement conçus pour soigner les blessés sur le champ de bataille, conduits par des volontaires zurichois accompagnés d’infirmières»</i>) et avec l’insurrection de Palerme. Non seulement Christopher Clark consacre de longs développements aux autres épicentres révolutionnaires que la France (l’Empire d’Autriche, l’Italie, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/1998/03/19/1848-l-allemagne-redecouvre-sa-revolution-une-fievre-du-souvenir-se-developpe-autour-de-cette-tentat_229990/\" target=\"_blank\">l’espace germanique</a>), mais il considère les conséquences de ces événements sur les sociétés qui n’ont pas vécu d’épisodes révolutionnaires majeurs, comme les Pays-Bas, l’Espagne, la Belgique ou la Grande-Bretagne (dont il retrace la répression méconnue des îles ioniennes). Critique de la métaphore de la <i>«vague»</i> révolutionnaire, il montre de quelle façon l’enchaînement des révolutions témoignait alors, par-delà les différences des sociétés, d’une identité européenne évidente. Enfin, il s’efforce de penser la dimension mondiale du phénomène. Tropisme d’un Australien descendant d’Irlandais émigrés en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud à la fin des années 1840 ? Pas seulement. En accord avec le tournant mondial de l’historiographie, dont témoignait en 2018 le colloque parisien sur «Les mondes de 1848», il analyse la <i>«violence mondiale endémique»</i> de cette époque où l’état de guerre était <i>«diffus, décentré et essentiellement de basse intensité»</i>. Il le fait avec une prudence bienvenue : ce n’est pas dans ce livre qu’on trouvera des théories métahistoriques indémontrables sur la coïncidence des révolutions de 1848 et de la révolte chinoise des Taiping, certes presque contemporaines, mais complètement déconnectées."},{"_id":"SKWQUA4UIJDABGJZV477WBNBNY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-29T14:14:08.609Z","start":200,"end":214,"text":"guill","user":"Guillaume LECAPLAIN","email":"g.lecaplain@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1730129655966},"type":"text","content":"Raconter une histoire mettant en scène autant d’espaces est extraordinairement complexe. Christopher Clark en est bien convaincu : <i>«tel un fleuve, le récit sort de son lit, l’historien se désespère et “entretemps” devient l’adverbe le plus employé»</i>. Il faut donc faire autrement, mais comment ? <i>«Suivre chacune des voies dissidentes au sein de l’entreprise commune de 1848-1849 reviendrait à écrire l’histoire d’un feu en voulant faire le récit biographique de chacune de ses flammes</i>.<i>»</i> Sans doute est-ce là une des raisons du troisième déplacement qu’il propose : prêter attention à des représentants individuels des différents groupes sociaux – et singulièrement de ceux qui, à l’époque, luttaient pour leur émancipation : les Juifs, les esclaves (ceux des colonies européennes mais aussi les Roms de Valachie et de Moldavie) et, de façon peut-être plus frappante dans le livre, les femmes. L’auteur ne se borne pas à faire les portraits des actrices déjà bien connues de 1848 (Cristina de Belgiojoso, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2018/09/05/george-sand-a-nohant-pignon-sur-ruche_1676769/\" target=\"_blank\">George Sand</a> ou Jeanne Deroin). Il donne la parole à celles qui furent simplement témoins des événements, comme l’Américaine Margaret Fuller ou l’Allemande Fanny Lewald. De fait, si, en 1848, on pouvait envisager l’abolition de la féodalité, des privilèges aristocratiques ou des réglementations spéciales des corporations et même celle de l’esclavage, il était impensable d’abolir le pouvoir des hommes sur les femmes. Les témoignages féminins, nous dit-il, ont donc une valeur unique : <i>«Aux yeux de ces femmes qui vivaient et écrivaient dans un monde de ségrégation sexuelle, les hommes politiques et les tribuns populaires de 1848 apparaissaient comme des </i>hommes<i>. Alors que les hommes se considéraient les uns les autres comme des républicains, des réactionnaires, des monarchistes, des menteurs, des traîtres, des renégats, des ennemis, des alliés, des charlatans, des agitateurs et des communistes, les femmes pouvaient, à l’occasion du moins, les percevoir comme des hommes enfermés dans les rivalités et les antipathies de la politique.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"IMF2IZ6T65FDPG7I4BILDEFZ5Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730213031159},"type":"header","content":"«Le mécontentement social ne cause pas les révolutions»"},{"_id":"CPYO6MFBHFB4RGCIP4WP2LM4RI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-29T14:19:20.660Z","start":790,"end":799,"text":"guill","user":"Guillaume LECAPLAIN","email":"g.lecaplain@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1730129655967},"type":"text","content":"Enfin, comme l’indique le sous-titre du livre, <i>«Se battre pour un monde nouveau»</i>, Christopher Clark tente de tirer de l’histoire de 1848 des conclusions pour notre temps. Que serait une révolution transnationale aujourd’hui ? Il ne suffit pas de constater les malheurs et les angoisses d’une époque : <i>«Le mécontentement social ne cause pas les révolutions – si c’était le cas, les révolutions seraient beaucoup plus fréquentes.»</i> En comparant les places des grandes capitales de 1848 et <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2011/02/13/place-tahrir-poumon-de-la-revolution_714581/\" target=\"_blank\">la place Tahrir du Caire en 2011</a> – ou l’invasion de l’Assemblée nationale française et <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/dossier/impeachment-destitution-trump/\" target=\"_blank\">l’assaut contre le Capitole du 6 janvier 2021</a> – l’historien établit des liens entre le passé et aujourd’hui. Non pas pour résoudre les problèmes <i>(«Il est dans la nature des problèmes politiques de ne pas pouvoir être “résolus” ; c’est précisément en cela qu’ils diffèrent des problèmes de physique et de mathématiques»),</i> même si nous pourrions tirer quelques leçons utiles de son regret que les libéraux et les radicaux de 1848 (disons les gauches irréconciliables de l’époque) n’aient pas su s’entendre pour triompher. Mais parce que, <i>«si une révolution se profile (et une solution non-révolutionnaire à la crise multiple que nous traversons semble de plus en plus improbable), elle ressemblera peut-être à 1848 : sans réelle préparation, dispersée, composite et hérissée de contradictions».</i>"},{"level":6,"_id":"6T5ZXMSFZBGL3NPVKGML5LCDA4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1730129655968},"type":"header","content":"Christopher Clark, <i>1848. Le Printemps des Peuples. Se battre pour un monde nouveau</i>, traduit de l’anglais par Marie-Anne de Béru et Gabriel Boniecki, Flammarion «Au fil de l’histoire», 808 pp., 35€ (ebook : 23,99 €)."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Christopher Clark retrace les épisodes parfois méconnus de cette année riche en révoltes, prenant soin de rappeler la dimension européenne, voire mondiale, du phénomène et donnant notamment la parole aux femmes qui l’ont traversé. 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: comment adviennent les révolutions"},"websites":{"liberation":{"website_url":"/culture/livres/1848-comment-adviennent-les-revolutions-20241030_6IRA2FRHPVHLVKA6VY52KJFRFM/","website_section":{"path":"/culture/livres","parent":{"default":"/culture"},"_website":"liberation","parent_id":"/culture","name":"Livres","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité littéraire : critiques et nouveautés livres, le cahier livres, nos rencontres et interviews d'auteurs.","_id":"/culture/livres","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/culture","default":"/culture","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/culture","amp-menu":"/culture","headernav":"/culture"},"social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité littéraire : critiques et nouveautés livres, le cahier livres, nos rencontres et 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2 «LL» mais sans \"I\" svp.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1728917789410},"type":"text","content":"Pavé de 600 pages, <i>le Monde nazi, 1919-1945</i> est un livre bienvenu pour s’y retrouver dans l’océan des publications sur le nazisme, source d’une fascination toujours intacte près de quatre-vingts ans après la chute du régime. <i>«Une synthèse comme celle-là, il n’y en avait pas en France, pour les enseignants du secondaire et le grand public», </i>justifie l’historien Nicolas Patin, l’un des coauteurs, avec <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/christian-ingrao-la-guerre-en-ukraine-est-terriblement-liee-aux-violences-des-guerres-du-passe-20220406_TEO3VUX72VFMPIHYTQ2KJGFDBQ/\" target=\"_blank\">Christian Ingrao</a> et Johann Chapoutot, par ailleurs chroniqueur à <i>Libération</i>. La commande de l’éditeur Tallandier était d’ailleurs d’écrire un manuel, avant que le projet n’évolue vers cet ouvrage richement illustré qui s’adresse à un public plus large."},{"_id":"6SYD4R3YHRB47K4RVJYIDWURHQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728917789411},"type":"text","content":"Le titre, le «monde nazi», renvoie non à la géopolitique, mais à la «vision du monde» que ces trois spécialistes d’histoire culturelle ont exploré dans leurs travaux, chacun à leur manière – Chapoutot, avec <i>la Loi du sang. Penser et agir en nazi </i>(2014) ; Ingrao avec <i>Croire et détruire. Les intellectuels dans la machine de guerre SS</i> (2010) ; et Patin dans sa thèse sur les députés sous la République de Weimar, puis sa biographie <i>Krüger, un bourreau ordinaire </i>(2017)."},{"_id":"PHITWLK57JFK3BJHDVGL4BW5SQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728917789412},"type":"text","content":"Comment un parti de 50 000 adhérents qui récolta à peine 2,6 % des voix en 1928 a-t-il pu, cinq ans plus tard, se retrouver à la tête de l’un des pays les plus modernes du monde, phare de la culture européenne ? Et mener à bien, sans rencontrer de résistance, une entreprise d’extermination qui reste à ce jour inconcevable : l’assassinat, de manière industrielle, d’environ six millions de Juifs ? Cette question est au cœur de cette somme brillante qui démarre au lendemain de la Grande Guerre pour nous plonger dans cet inframonde «völkisch», ultranationaliste, imprégné de racisme biologique et de darwinisme social, où évoluent des soldats désœuvrés qui, à l’image du caporal Adolf Hitler, voient dans la défaite une trahison des Juifs (la thèse du «coup de poignard dans le dos») et cherchent un exutoire à leur violence et leur soif de vengeance."},{"_id":"UVKOHWYXPNAGDA635FBWEOYMH4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728923716250},"type":"text","content":"Divisé en trois parties («la Conquête du pouvoir», «Anatomie d’une dictature» et «la Guerre génocide»), <i>le</i> <i>Monde nazi </i>dresse un état des lieux des avancées de l’historiographie, alors que l’ouverture des archives à l’Est d’un côté, les apports de nouvelles disciplines comme l’histoire du quotidien, l’anthropologie, les <i>gender studies</i> ou encore l’histoire de l’expérience («Erfahrungsgeschichte») ont donné naissance à une troisième, puis à une quatrième vague de recherche."},{"level":2,"_id":"LGB5AZ3PVVCG5GZRXNUNEWIUGM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728989237882},"type":"header","content":"Démonter un certain nombre d’idées reçues"},{"_id":"OSN6UE6J2FBCXG5CYGCUTCTJLU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729518603573},"type":"text","content":"L’occasion pour les auteurs de démonter un certain nombre d’idées reçues, qui n’en sont plus pour les spécialistes, mais dont le grand public n’a pas forcément connaissance. Non, les chômeurs victimes de la crise de 1929 n’ont pas voté en masse pour le parti nazi : c’est davantage la petite bourgeoisie, hantée par la peur du déclassement, qui s’est laissée séduire par sa promesse rédemptrice. Non, les nazis n’ont pas conquis le pouvoir uniquement par les urnes, mais aussi par la rue, habiles quand ils forcent les gens, dans les petites villes de province où ils paradent, à se positionner pour ou contre eux."},{"_id":"5WJ243MBFFDSZKV4PFJI6UUQFY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729518603574},"type":"text","content":"La nouveauté du nazisme par rapport aux autres partis nationalistes concurrents, <i>«c’était ce mélange de jeunesse, de violence et de démagogie illimitée</i>», résument les auteurs. Les députés nazis sèment le chaos en bordélisant le Reichstag, en intimidant leurs opposants politiques, tandis que les chemises brunes de la SA <i>[section d’assaut],</i> l’organisation paramilitaire du NSDAP <i>[Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands]</i> font le coup-de-poing contre les «rouges» : entre 1923 et 1931, les combats politiques auront fait près de 500 morts et un millier de blessés."},{"_id":"P5IU7QFGPJATFMHODGSEIABUXU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728989237883},"type":"text","content":"Non, rappellent encore les auteurs, les Allemands n’ont pas vécu sous un régime de terreur, comme le laisse penser la théorie du totalitarisme, les nazis ayant su créer une «dictature au service du peuple» et de son bien-être : c’est du moins la thèse, discutée, de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2005/11/03/guerre-et-paie_537799/\" target=\"_blank\">l’historien Götz Aly</a>. Non, les Allemands n’ont pas découvert les crimes du régime en 1945 : ils furent aux premières loges de la ségrégation qui toucha les Juifs avec les lois raciales de Nuremberg, puis de ce qu’on appelle aujourd’hui le «pogrom de Novembre» 1938 pour éviter d’utiliser le terme nazi de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/85-ans-de-la-nuit-de-cristal-la-grande-peur-des-juifs-berlinois-20231109_36UB3IWZIJGBDP4KC443VIGXBY/\" target=\"_blank\">Nuit de cristal </a>(suggérant quelques vitres cassées alors que la moitié des synagogues du Reich furent incendiées, 7 500 magasins juifs détruits et un millier de personnes trouvèrent la mort si l’on inclut la vague de suicides qui s’ensuivit). Enfin, la correspondance des soldats envoyés sur le front Est prouve assez qu’ils n’ignorent rien des violences des commandos de tueurs œuvrant dans le sillage de la Wehrmacht. Il leur arrivait même de partager «<i>des photos de Juifs pendus, devant lesquels ils posaient, fièrement</i>»."},{"level":2,"_id":"O6YTE4ZMMNDIJIRSCLIOBLY57A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728917789419},"type":"header","content":"L’ouvrage comprend cependant plusieurs erreurs factuelles"},{"_id":"YAISQMGZB5CARBY42I2KTI6UTA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729518603577},"type":"text","content":"Certaines questions demeurent ouvertes. Comme celle, centrale dans la controverse toujours vive entre intentionnalistes et fonctionnalistes, de savoir si Hitler avait dès le départ l’intention d’en finir avec les Juifs et quand précisément<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2012/02/02/passage-secret_792972/\" target=\"_blank\"> la «Solution finale» </a>a pris le pas sur la «Solution territoriale» (pousser les Juifs à émigrer) : dès l’invasion de l’URSS en juin 1941 ou en décembre après l’entrée en guerre des Etats-Unis dans laquelle le dictateur paranoïaque voyait encore une fois la main de la «juiverie internationale» ?"},{"_id":"GXUSKLUWHRFQXOWZHMEIVMHX5Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728989237885},"type":"text","content":"L’ouvrage comprend cependant plusieurs erreurs factuelles, comme dans la légende d’une photo extraite de l’<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/un-album-dauschwitz-la-preuve-en-images-20230201_WJ52MKCWUVGDZFXAT633ZZOPRM/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Album d’Auschwitz,</i></a> qui n’a pas été «<i>volé</i>» par une détenue juive, mais trouvé dans le camp de Dora, ou encore l’indication que les «<i>Juifs européens</i>» périrent à Auschwitz quand les «<i>Juifs polonais, eux</i>», furent gazés dans les centres de mise à mort comme Treblinka ou Sobibor : c’est oublier que 300 000 Juifs de Pologne furent assassinés à Auschwitz, ce qui en fait le deuxième contingent après les Hongrois. De même, un graphique sur les tueries perpétrées en Lituanie par l’Einsatzgruppe 3 commandé par Karl Jäger indique que «<i>le 26 août 1941, l’unité assassine 17 000 personnes</i>» (sur un total de 138 272) : ce chiffre correspond davantage au bilan mensuel qu’à cette seule journée où, comme le mentionne lui-même Jäger dans son rapport, 2 569 Juifs ont été assassinés."},{"_id":"NSDGQ6BKCZDANPVJJOYUOOYGNM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-18T13:57:19.708Z","start":103,"end":105,"text":"Quant à l’histoire du nazisme, «il y a eu un tel réflexe depuis 1946 de dire «c’est un accident», «et un accident allemand», qu’il est important de rappeler que les composantes qui ont mené aux nazismes sont pleinement européennes et parties de notre modernité», a objecté l’historien. ","user":"Eve Szeftel","email":"e.szeftel@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1728989237886},"type":"text","content":"Plus embêtant, les auteurs défendent deux thèses discutables. La première consiste à dire que le nazisme, loin d’être un <i>«accident, et un accident allemand», </i>est avant tout le produit d’une <i>«histoire européenne».</i> L’antisémitisme, en particulier, se retrouverait au même niveau dans toute l’Europe. Or, ce point de vue les conduit à minorer l’antisémitisme germanique en affirmant par exemple qu’aux yeux des Juifs de l’Est persécutés, «<i>les Allemands sont, traditionnellement, ceux qui protègent</i>». Le Reich était peut-être vu comme un moindre mal pour les <i>Ostjuden,</i> mais il n’a jamais eu la force d’attraction de la France, première nation à émanciper les Juifs en 1789 avant de se mobiliser pour la défense du capitaine Dreyfus – ce qui ne risquait pas de se produire outre-Rhin où la carrière militaire était interdite aux Juifs."},{"level":2,"_id":"ZIDZSDNEPBDXRP4B4HMXZQ54VU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729258865797},"type":"header","content":"Poser une équivalence entre «nazisme» et «démocraties libérales» ?"},{"_id":"JRPXMLLNYRHN7PV4AQ6ELMVJYQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729518603581},"type":"text","content":"Pourtant, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/2007/01/12/un-pave-dans-la-bonne-conscience-allemande_81670/\" target=\"_blank\">l’historien israélien Saul Friendländer </a>a bien montré que «<i>l’antisémitisme rédempteur</i>» qui animait le Führer et le noyau dur du parti nazi, cette <i>«synthèse de frénésie meurtrière et d’objectif “idéaliste”»,</i> avait peu à voir avec les <i>«autres formes de haine antisémite très répandues dans l’Europe chrétienne, et aussi du fonds ordinaire de l’antisémitisme racial allemand et européen». </i>Mais ses travaux sont à peine mentionnés."},{"_id":"5V7CCIW3UJHG5FYPUGMOBIN4DI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728978213745},"type":"text","content":"La seconde, dans le droit fil de la première, surgit en conclusion, trois pages avant la fin, et gâche singulièrement le plaisir et l’intérêt pris à la lecture de cet ouvrage, qui quitte brusquement le terrain de la rigueur historique pour le ciel de l’idéologie. Elle consiste à poser une équivalence entre «nazisme» et «démocraties libérales» : entre elles, il y aurait une différence de degré, pas de nature. Les deux procéderaient d’une même «matrice» occidentale, intrinsèquement criminogène. Ainsi, voulant expliquer que le nazisme n’a pas disparu comme par magie après 1945, mais a survécu à la défaite, ils écrivent : «<i>Aux mêmes causes, les mêmes effets : ségrégations états-uniennes, empires et violences ultramarines procédaient inexorablement de la même matrice – sociale-darwinienne, impérialiste et raciste – que le nazisme.</i>»"},{"_id":"6OJGQU4QHRDGRGOWNQ4I5QKPRA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729518603583},"type":"text","content":"Avant d’ironiser sur ces vainqueurs qui ne valent pas mieux que les vaincus : «<i>La longue litanie des guerres et des massacres dus à la douceur universaliste et à la bienveillance humaniste des “vainqueurs du nazisme” prouve assez» </i>que le nazisme ne fut pas un <i>«accident, mais la sécrétion la plus cohérente, radicale et conséquentialiste d’une histoire occidentale qui avait créé toutes les catégories mentales et tous les instruments techniques d’une domination du monde et d’une réduction des êtres, des espaces et des choses à des fonds d’énergie et de matière dans lesquels il était loisible de puiser jusqu’à l’épuisement</i>». Occidentale ? Et pourquoi pas mondiale ? Après tout, les bourreaux nazis furent nombreux à fuir vers l’Amérique latine d’un côté, le Moyen-Orient de l’autre, où ils recyclèrent leur savoir-faire criminel dans les appareils répressifs locaux."},{"level":2,"_id":"XOOZ6DZ6YBA27PWIZGIEEM3WRY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729522350669},"type":"header","content":"Cette banalisation du nazisme, réduit à un paradigme…"},{"_id":"2ENSPPG2FRABDFIOB47JNKTMSI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[{"pos":254,"comment":" par ailleurs compagnon de route de La France insoumise "}],"comments":[],"_id":1729518603585},"type":"text","content":"Cette thèse d’un continuum entre dictature nazie et démocraties néolibérales n’est pas nouvelle. Elle fait écho à <i>Libres d’obéir</i>, petit livre à grand succès de Johann Chapoutot au sous-titre explicite : <i>Le management du nazisme à aujourd’hui. </i>L’historieny revendiquait sa filiation avec deux auteurs qui voient le nazisme toujours à l’œuvre aujourd’hui, le sociologue <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2017/01/11/zygmunt-bauman-il-avait-vu-la-societe-liquide_1540689/\" target=\"_blank\">Zygmunt Bauman</a> (<i>Modernité et Holocauste), </i>et le philosophe <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/livres/1999/04/01/agamben-le-chercheur-d-homme_270036/\" target=\"_blank\">Giorgio Agamben (<i>Ce qui reste d’Auscwhitz</i>),</a> qui, «<i>entre autres sagaces intuitions, voit dans le camp</i> [de concentration, ndlr]<i> le lieu paradigmatique du contrôle social, de la hiérarchisation et de la réification caractéristiques de notre modernité</i>»."},{"_id":"FQBE33BVGRECFONELCDQ7LLWIQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-21T13:05:47.651Z","start":223,"end":232,"text":"A Libé on préfère le \"s\" au \"z\"","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1728989237888},"type":"text","content":"Une analyse qui a pour effet d’oblitérer le cœur du projet nazi, son absolue priorité, ce pour quoi il a tout sacrifié, jusqu’aux ressources nécessaires pour ne pas perdre la guerre, à savoir l’éradication des Juifs et des Tsiganes. Certes, le capitalisme néolibéral est prédateur, il exploite les ressources naturelles et humaines, mais, jusqu’à preuve du contraire, il n’organise pas l’assassinat à grande échelle d’enfants et de vieillards, de femmes enceintes et de handicapés, ni même d’hommes et de femmes en âge de travailler comme ce fut le cas dans les centres de mise à mort comme Treblinka."},{"_id":"IYG4JJ5NL5D45G6V4GPGC7R5CQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728989237889},"type":"text","content":"«<i>Où sont les camps d’extermination du néolibéralisme ?</i>» Interrogé par <i>Libération</i> lors des Rendez-vous de l’histoire de Blois le 13 octobre, Johann Chapoutot a répondu : par exemple, «<i>dans la sixième extinction de masse» </i>des espèces. L’assassinat des malades mentaux, les deux millions de prisonniers de guerre soviétiques morts affamés, le génocide juif et tsigane, comparés à la disparition des dodos de Madagascar ? Sur scène, ses coauteurs n’ont pas questionné cette banalisation du nazisme, réduit à un paradigme explicatif de toutes les horreurs du monde, des victimes de l’industrie du tabac (le «Golden Holocaust») à celles du dérèglement climatique."},{"_id":"YRCHQHARJVAN7GRENEFYDL3HWI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[{"pos":234,"comment":", de Bruno Latour qui critiquait la manière dont le paradigme scientifique occidental s’était mis en place, à Pierre Charbonnier dans Abondance et Liberté"}],"comments":[],"_id":1729504802274},"type":"text","content":"Mais après la rencontre, la discussion s’est poursuivie avec Nicolas Patin. «<i>Face à la crise écologique et aux dérèglements du temps, un très grand nombre d’intellectuels cherchent à comprendre ce que notre “modernité” a de défectueux</i>», a développé l’auteur de <i>la Catastrophe allemande</i>. Qui a tenu à préciser que ces questions étaient «<i>légitimes et ouvertes au débat</i>». 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cent ans d’histoire. Plus d’un siècle après son naufrage au large de l’Antarctique et deux ans après <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/pourquoi-a-t-on-mis-cent-ans-a-retrouver-lepave-de-lendurance-dernest-shackleton-20220310_SAQ5OTZ5ZFDFLI3QZSS6SXAR3Q/\" target=\"_blank\">la découverte de son épave</a>, l’<i>Endurance</i>, le navire de<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/voyages/2011/01/08/shackleton-epopee-au-pole-sud_705713/\" target=\"_blank\"> l’explorateur anglo-irlandais Ernest Shackleton</a>, fait l’objet d’un documentaire produit par National Geographic, qui révèle son état de conservation <i>«époustouflant»</i> à 3 000 mètres de profondeur."},{"_id":"TV3BOSVCAJCPJMPCTMAQOMDAVU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-16T08:40:57.504Z","start":5,"end":14,"text":"les titres d'oeuvre sont en italique","user":"Antoine RONDEL","email":"a.rondel@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1729067348356},"type":"text","content":"Dans <i>Endurance,</i> l’équipe d’explorateurs à l’origine de la <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/lendurance-mythique-bateau-britannique-retrouve-dans-lantarctique-20220309_DYKHRB6UFNGSTAYKUNYR2DAKRM/fin-de-vie/fin-de-vie/\" target=\"_blank\">découverte du navire</a> a utilisé des milliers d’images en 3D de l’épave gisant dans la mer de Weddell depuis 1915, prises par un appareil capable de filmer en ultra-haute définition. Du pistolet d’alarme aux tenues de soirée portées par l’équipage jusqu’à une botte remarquablement préservée ; ces images inédites dévoilent les moindres détails du navire."},{"_id":"7AHVUGPGTVEYRJ5G6NTCC2WHLA","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"2SGUJSQYDZASHN3T6WZVTXHUJU"},"type":"raw_html","content":"<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-media-max-width=\"560\"><p lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\">"Endurance": des images 3D révèlent l'épave "comme jamais auparavant", presque intacte après un siècle<br>➡️ <a href=\"https://t.co/JP4KdZzHsd\">https://t.co/JP4KdZzHsd</a> <a href=\"https://t.co/qnKAYWRp22\">pic.twitter.com/qnKAYWRp22</a></p>— GEO (@GEOfr) <a href=\"https://twitter.com/GEOfr/status/1844703641506115832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">October 11, 2024</a></blockquote> <script async src=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>"},{"subtype":"twitter","referent":{"referent_properties":{"additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":1729101659719}},"provider":"https://publish.x.com/oembed?url=","service":"oembed","id":"https://x.com/JusteCentriste/status/1845567073583571289","type":"twitter"},"_id":"KV7MI2X6CBEHVECWNMBTVJXKAY","raw_oembed":{"author_name":"LE JUSTE CENTRISTE 🇪🇺♦️😷🇺🇦","cache_age":"3153600000","provider_url":"https://twitter.com","type":"twitter","version":"1.0","url":"https://twitter.com/JusteCentriste/status/1845567073583571289","author_url":"https://twitter.com/JusteCentriste","width":550,"html":"<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\">Le navire Endurance, perdu en 1915, a été redécouvert et modélisé en 3D, révélant des détails saisissants de l’épave.<br><br>Source : Science et vie <a href=\"https://t.co/cJa3SoEa6t\">https://t.co/cJa3SoEa6t</a></p>— LE JUSTE CENTRISTE 🇪🇺♦️😷🇺🇦 (@JusteCentriste) <a href=\"https://twitter.com/JusteCentriste/status/1845567073583571289?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">October 13, 2024</a></blockquote>\n<script async src=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n\n","_id":"https://x.com/JusteCentriste/status/1845567073583571289","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":1729101659719},"provider_name":"Twitter","height":null},"type":"oembed_response"},{"_id":"XB27OWX2BBEANCKSJNM3KTB4UM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729067348359},"type":"text","content":"Le documentaire est sorti lundi 14 octobre au Royaume-Uni après sa diffusion en avant-première au London Film Festival, qui se tient actuellement dans la capitale britannique. <i>«Nous avons été totalement époustouflés», </i>raconte à l’AFP Mensun Bound, l’un des responsables de l’expédition qui a retrouvé l’épave en 2022. <i>«Nous ne nous attendions pas à voir la barre du navire – la partie la plus emblématique du bateau – simplement là, encore debout.»</i>"},{"_id":"TOP4C3MISNF2BCDPRTDSF3BU6U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729067348360},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Personne n’a jamais trouvé un navire en bois à 3 000 mètres de fond dans l’un des endroits les plus reculés du monde et sous la glace», </i>insiste Dan Snow, l’un des producteurs exécutifs du film. Cette découverte est <i>«importante»,</i> souligne-t-il, car elle témoigne d’<i>«une histoire de direction d’hommes et de survie comme aucune autre».</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"6UOVM2K4J5FQFEQKJ5FAH24UKU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729067348361},"type":"header","content":"«L’ultime défi polaire»"},{"_id":"G42Z5TA47FEYPH63NA6OK77PVY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-16T08:44:30.917Z","start":22,"end":28,"text":"concordance","user":"Antoine RONDEL","email":"a.rondel@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1729067348362},"type":"text","content":"Fin 1914, l’<i>Endurance</i> avait quitté l’île britannique de Géorgie du Sud, dans l’Atlantique Sud, pour emmener <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/2002/11/07/l-odyssee-inachevee-de-shackleton_420925/\" target=\"_blank\">l’expédition Imperial Trans-Antarctic</a> dirigée par Shackleton. Ce dernier avait l’ambition de devenir le premier homme à traverser l’Antarctique de bout en bout, de la mer de Weddell à la mer de Ross. L’aventure se solde par un échec mais<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2013/02/11/a-travers-l-antarctique-avec-un-equipement-de-1916_880916/\" target=\"_blank\"> l’épopée de Shackleton</a> dans l’enfer blanc entre dans l’Histoire. Au bout de quelques mois, le trois-mâts goélette de 44 mètres de long se retrouve pris dans les glaces de la mer de Weddell, et finit par couler. L’équipage survit en campant durant des mois sur la banquise avant qu’elle ne rompe, puis trouve refuge sur l’inhospitalière île de l’Eléphant, face à la péninsule Antarctique. Shackleton se lance alors dans un périple audacieux, partant dans un canot de l’<i>Endurance</i> avec quelques compagnons chercher des secours jusqu’en Géorgie du Sud, avant de revenir sauver tout son équipage."},{"_id":"S5FG473CYVDKTOSDLZ3ZKX75DQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729067348363},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Je crois vraiment que de toutes les grandes histoires de survie dont j’ai entendu parler, celle-ci l’emporte parce qu’elle a impliqué tellement de gens»,</i> explique Jimmy Chin, qui a réalisé et produit le documentaire avec son épouse Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi, oscarisés en 2019 pour <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/une-saison-a-la-montagne/2019/02/15/free-solo-la-verticale-du-fou_1709517/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Free Solo</i>.</a>"},{"_id":"PRHDTQADLZHUHEC4VA6HZDJIEI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1729067348364},"type":"text","content":"Le documentaire<i> Endurance</i> mêle d’une part le récit 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de l’«Endurance», naufragée en 1915 au large de l’Antarctique, dévoilée sur grand écran"},"websites":{"liberation":{"website_url":"/sciences/histoire/lepave-de-lendurance-naufragee-en-1915-au-large-de-lantarctique-devoilee-sur-grand-ecran-20241016_ZK5WE3VOBRDR7JRJBED44556XQ/","website_section":{"path":"/sciences/histoire","parent":{"default":"/sciences"},"_website":"liberation","parent_id":"/sciences","name":"Histoire","description":"Consultez l’ensemble des articles de la rubrique Histoire publiés par Libération.","_id":"/sciences/histoire","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"default":"/sciences","burgermenu":"/sciences"},"social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Consultez l’ensemble des articles de la rubrique Histoire publiés par Libération.","site_title":"Histoire : actualités et informations - Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Histoire"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/sciences/histoire"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","_website":"liberation","name":"Histoire","_id":"/sciences/histoire","ancestors":{"default":["/sciences"],"burgermenu":["/","/sciences"]},"order":{"default":2004,"burgermenu":2004}}},"_website_section_id":"liberation./sciences/histoire","type":"section","version":"0.6.0"}}},"created_date":"2024-10-16T07:45:41.383Z","publish_date":"2024-10-16T18:21:54.121Z","_id":"ZK5WE3VOBRDR7JRJBED44556XQ","website":"liberation","website_url":"/sciences/histoire/lepave-de-lendurance-naufragee-en-1915-au-large-de-lantarctique-devoilee-sur-grand-ecran-20241016_ZK5WE3VOBRDR7JRJBED44556XQ/"},{"content_elements":[{"_id":"GVCITHPVPNECNPQPYS3LRKRXJE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728894065930},"type":"text","content":"Dans une publication partagée dimanche 13 octobre au soir sur le réseau social X, le maire de Cannes et président de l’Association des maires de France, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/inondations-a-cannes-le-maire-david-lisnard-accuse-la-prefecture-et-meteo-france-de-defaillances-20240923_XXOMBK5B7RAD3CRPAX3HI5XNHM/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">David Lisnard</a>, a interpellé les éditions Hatier pour leur faire part d’un supposé oubli dans leur manuel d’histoire destiné aux élèves de troisième. <i>«Pouvez-vous m’indiquer où est évoqué, dans votre manuel d’histoire-géo pour la classe de troisième, le pacte germano-soviétique d’août 1939 ? Nous ne trouvons avec mon fils nulle part mention de cette alliance tragiquement déterminante entre nazis et communistes.»</i>"},{"subtype":"twitter","referent":{"referent_properties":{"additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":1728898444289}},"provider":"https://publish.x.com/oembed?url=","service":"oembed","id":"https://x.com/davidlisnard/status/1845513388996145598","type":"twitter"},"_id":"6HTW5LBABBGJTBTJC2CLY43XBI","raw_oembed":{"author_name":"David Lisnard","cache_age":"3153600000","provider_url":"https://twitter.com","type":"twitter","version":"1.0","url":"https://twitter.com/davidlisnard/status/1845513388996145598","author_url":"https://twitter.com/davidlisnard","width":550,"html":"<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\">Bonsoir <a href=\"https://twitter.com/EditionsHatier?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@EditionsHatier</a>, pouvez-vous m’indiquer où est évoqué, dans votre manuel d’histoire-géo pour la classe de 3è, le pacte germano-soviétique d’août 1939 ? Nous ne trouvons avec mon fils nulle part mention de cette alliance tragiquement déterminante entre nazis et communistes <a href=\"https://t.co/2WHAG9zzKA\">pic.twitter.com/2WHAG9zzKA</a></p>— David Lisnard (@davidlisnard) <a href=\"https://twitter.com/davidlisnard/status/1845513388996145598?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">October 13, 2024</a></blockquote>\n<script async src=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n\n","_id":"https://x.com/davidlisnard/status/1845513388996145598","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":1728898444289},"provider_name":"Twitter","height":null},"type":"oembed_response"},{"_id":"SWTZKB3CDRAEJGBVPOBHODCBTY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728894065932},"type":"text","content":"Tout de suite après son tweet, le père de famille David Lisnard s’est vu rapidement aiguiller par une armée de professeurs d’histoire. Puisque c’est aux pages 70 et 71 du manuel, <a href=\"https://mesmanuels.fr/acces-libre/5354077\" target=\"_blank\">consultable en ligne</a>, que se trouvait la leçon introuvable."},{"_id":"IBVJMS5QXBDPXIEMKEVXL4KU6U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728894065933},"type":"text","content":"On y lit alors que, <i>«en août 1939, l’Allemagne signe avec l’URSS un pacte de non-agression, le pacte germano-soviétique (DOC. 5), ce qui lui permet d’attaquer la Pologne le 1er septembre 1939, sans craindre l’URSS. Mais cette fois, la France et le Royaume-Uni déclarent la guerre à l’Allemagne». </i>Cette phrase est même audible <a href=\"https://www.hatier-clic.fr/miniliens/mie/9782401082250/21hg210.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">dans la version podcast de la leçon</a>. Le document 5 en question est composé de cinq articles du pacte germano-soviétique. Deux questions demandent à l’élève de réfléchir à <i>«Pourquoi cette alliance a-t-elle beaucoup surpris ?» </i>et <i>«Pourquoi le pacte permet à l’Allemagne d’attaquer la Pologne ?»</i>"},{"subtype":"twitter","referent":{"referent_properties":{"additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":1728898444292}},"provider":"https://publish.x.com/oembed?url=","service":"oembed","id":"https://x.com/louis_stvg/status/1845527288177205318","type":"twitter"},"_id":"6GB43UHEPBC77FRZOP2T335DQI","raw_oembed":{"author_name":"Louis Sounthavong","cache_age":"3153600000","provider_url":"https://twitter.com","type":"twitter","version":"1.0","url":"https://twitter.com/louis_stvg/status/1845527288177205318","author_url":"https://twitter.com/louis_stvg","width":550,"html":"<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\">Surpris par ce tweet de <a href=\"https://twitter.com/davidlisnard?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@davidlisnard</a>. Le programme revient deux fois sur le pacte germano-soviétique, il suffit de regarder le sommaire ! <br><br>Pourquoi une telle malveillance ? <br><br>Ces accusations sont graves, c'est l'honnêteté des l'historiens que l'on attaque. <a href=\"https://t.co/yUFfKkd130\">https://t.co/yUFfKkd130</a> <a href=\"https://t.co/tg1LwPNl3b\">pic.twitter.com/tg1LwPNl3b</a></p>— Louis Sounthavong (@louis_stvg) <a href=\"https://twitter.com/louis_stvg/status/1845527288177205318?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">October 13, 2024</a></blockquote>\n<script async src=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n\n","_id":"https://x.com/louis_stvg/status/1845527288177205318","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":1728898444292},"provider_name":"Twitter","height":null},"type":"oembed_response"},{"_id":"SXVJDID73VFDHBMDUBMWB4SVI4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728894065935},"type":"text","content":"Face aux nombreuses interpellations sur X, David Lisnard a finalement réagi ce lundi 14 octobre en constatant que le pacte germano-soviétique apparaît bien page 70. Un emplacement peu suffisant selon lui, car il ne se trouverait pas<i> «dans les chapitres sur l’URSS, l’Allemagne nazie et le déroulé du conflit» </i>et ne serait évoqué que <i>«de façon lapidaire – mais claire – et à une place dont chacun jugera l’exposition».</i>"},{"_id":"L645J6BWMVHETKNW2KN4GFH744","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728894627954},"type":"text","content":"En réalité, la leçon sur le pacte germano-soviétique se trouve bien dans le chapitre consacré aux «Expériences totalitaires et démocraties fragilisées» qui s’étale des pages 48 à 74. Les pages 52 à 59 sont dédiées au régime totalitaire soviétique, puis les pages 60 à 65 au nazisme. Les pages 66 à 69 sont consacrées à la situation française et à l’arrivée au pouvoir du Front populaire. La leçon consacrée aux démocraties fragilisées, notamment par le pacte germano-soviétique, s’inscrit dans cette suite. Le déroulé du conflit de la Seconde Guerre mondiale commence quelques pages plus loin, page 76."},{"subtype":"twitter","referent":{"referent_properties":{"additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":1728898444295}},"provider":"https://publish.x.com/oembed?url=","service":"oembed","id":"https://x.com/davidlisnard/status/1845530117084491790","type":"twitter"},"_id":"CAE3TO4DN5D25I7N43QXBLP47A","raw_oembed":{"author_name":"David Lisnard","cache_age":"3153600000","provider_url":"https://twitter.com","type":"twitter","version":"1.0","url":"https://twitter.com/davidlisnard/status/1845530117084491790","author_url":"https://twitter.com/davidlisnard","width":550,"html":"<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\">Vu, page 70 et non dans les chapitres sur l’Urss, l’Allemagne nazie et le déroulé du conflit, de façon lapidaire - mais claire - et à une place dont chacun jugera l’exposition. En tout cas merci.</p>— David Lisnard (@davidlisnard) <a href=\"https://twitter.com/davidlisnard/status/1845530117084491790?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">October 13, 2024</a></blockquote>\n<script async src=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n\n","_id":"https://x.com/davidlisnard/status/1845530117084491790","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":1728898444295},"provider_name":"Twitter","height":null},"type":"oembed_response"},{"_id":"RWQOWNXYIFDAPEGKFB5MU7OEX4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-14T09:29:04.980Z","start":651,"end":676,"text":"guill anglais","user":"Sophie MARECHAL","email":"s.marechal@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1728894065937},"type":"text","content":"Le pacte germano-soviétique fait toujours partie du programme d’histoire en classe de troisième. La preuve, dans les <a href=\"https://eduscol.education.fr/document/17860/download\" target=\"_blank\">«Ressources d’accompagnement du programme d’histoire-géographie au cycle 4»</a>, destinées aux enseignants et disponibles sur la plateforme Eduscol, on y lit bien que <i>«la signature du pacte germano-soviétique, le 23 août 1939, sanctionne l’échec des diplomaties française et anglaise et rend la guerre pratiquement inévitable, Hitler ayant désormais les mains libres à l’Ouest. Déclarée le 3 septembre à la suite de l’agression allemande contre la Pologne, elle prend, avec l’attaque de l’URSS par Hitler le 22 juin 1941, la figure d’une “guerre d’anéantissement” sur le front de l’Est ; cette radicalisation est une des causes des génocides juif et tzigane».</i>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Ne trouvant «nulle part mention» de l’alliance entre nazis et communistes, David Lisnard a interpellé les éditions Hatier pour qu’elles lui indiquent où se trouve la leçon consacrée au pacte germano-soviétique. C’était page 70."},"description":{"basic":"Ne trouvant «nulle part mention» de l’alliance entre nazis et communistes, David Lisnard a interpellé les éditions Hatier pour qu’elles lui indiquent où se trouve la leçon consacrée au pacte germano-soviétique. 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Ni génocidaires, ni esclavagistes. Ils furent des héros et des saints.»</i> Cette affiche, accrochée dans des lieux publics dans 62 villes espagnoles, est le fait de l’Association nationale catholique de propagande, une organisation d’ultras patriotes. Elle cherche à marquer de son sceau fondamentaliste le «jour de l’hispanité», la fête nationale qui a lieu chaque 12 octobre et qui commémore l’arrivée des caravelles de Christophe Colomb dans l’actuel archipel des Bahamas, en 1492. En projetant l’image de <i>conquistadores</i> valeureux et moraux, elle réagit à sa manière à la polémique à la fois politique et mémorielle qui agite les relations entre l’Espagne et le Mexique, deux nations pourtant très liées, tant sur le plan culturel qu’économique – l’Espagne est le deuxième investisseur avec plus de 6 000 entreprises sur place."},{"_id":"FTTSRDQCLRB53PSDC5ZCAZATTY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728654212645},"type":"text","content":"Le torchon brûle depuis la fin septembre, lorsque Madrid a fait savoir qu’elle n’enverrait aucun représentant à la<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/amerique/au-mexique-claudia-sheinbaum-face-au-defi-de-linsecurite-20241001_BPNRZFZPAVA3HPUOXUKXEUR5RY/\" target=\"_blank\"> cérémonie d’investiture de la nouvelle présidente, Claudia Sheinbaum, le 1er octobre</a>. Ni même son ministre des Affaires étrangères, José Manuel Albares. Seuls y ont assisté des dirigeants de partis de gauche anticolonialistes, à l’instar de Ione Belarra, de Podemos, qui a manifesté sa colère face à l’absence de représentation institutionnelle : <i>«C’est un exercice de servilisme monarchique insupportable.»</i> La Couronne est en effet au cœur de cette dispute diplomatique : fin juillet, lorsque le pouvoir mexicain invite les autorités espagnoles, il exclut de façon drastique le chef de l’Etat, le monarque Philippe VI. Inacceptable pour le gouvernement de Pedro Sanchez qui décide donc de boycotter la cérémonie."},{"level":2,"_id":"UKJJS53BPRCBRHYWVGBYGR5V7I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728654212646},"type":"header","content":"Débat d’historiens autour de la «légende noire»"},{"_id":"VT7KM3UP3FAQVJI6WF6ZORIFNE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728654212647},"type":"text","content":"Pour comprendre ce différend, il faut remonter à mars 2019, lorsque le président mexicain d’alors, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/amerique/election-presidentielle-dans-le-mexique-rural-grace-a-andres-manuel-lopez-obrador-on-est-pris-en-compte-20240529_VOPOHS6ZYZF5NEOIQXU757DRDE/\" target=\"_blank\">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a> – dont Claudia Sheinbaum est <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/amerique/presidentielle-au-mexique-claudia-sheinbaum-lheritiere-dandres-manuel-lopez-obrador-20240528_AVMO564LIJD5LMRSVH3ASHKMFE/\" target=\"_blank\">l’héritière</a> – exige au roi espagnol <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2019/05/01/1519-2019-une-lecon-pour-l-europe_1724355/\" target=\"_blank\">des excuses solennelles</a> pour les <i>«excès»</i> et les <i>«dommages»</i> causés par la conquête espagnole au XVe et au XVIe siècle. Demande à laquelle Philippe VI ne donnera pas suite. Depuis lors, sans toutefois remettre en cause les dynamiques commerciales et culturelles, les relations bilatérales sont aigres, les déclarations officielles inamicales. La semaine dernière, Philippe VI, d’ordinaire très prudent, a demandé du <i>«respect»</i> auprès des autorités mexicaines. Le 2 octobre, soit le lendemain de son arrivée à la présidence, Claudia Sheinbaum a enfoncé le clou en corrélant le massacre étudiant de Tlatelolco de 1968 – un trauma national – avec la <i>Conquista </i>par les Espagnols."},{"_id":"AMHQBGMHSRF3DBDWHFFOOZ3HJU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728654212648},"type":"text","content":"Cette polémique coïncide en Espagne avec, ces dernières années, un débat d’historiens autour de la «légende noire» (<i>leyenda negra</i>), cette idée que l’histoire du pays a été spécialement marquée par des périodes très obscures et négatives, en particulière celle de la conquête des Amériques. Cette tendance historiographie est battue en brèche par plusieurs essayistes, mais aussi par des formations comme Vox, l’ultra-droite, dont le leader Santiago Abascal clamait à ses troupes il y a peu, dans la perspective des festivités de ce jour de l’hispanité : <i>«Il faut restaurer la notion de la grandeur de l’Empire solaire espagnol qui a mis fin à la barbarie des peuples précolombiens.»</i> A en croire l’historienne espagnole Izaskun Alvarez, de l’université de Salamanque, il est vrai que <i>«dans cette conception de l’hispanité, il demeure aujourd’hui l’idée d’une expansion coloniale».</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"NXPRLELM6JAC7CLPPNOFHSKLZU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728654212649},"type":"header","content":"«Polarisation sociale et politique»"},{"_id":"S3ZN7S7DTVCJLJG6HXK4JXGZI4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728654212650},"type":"text","content":"La dispute sur ce sujet s’est muée en rupture entre ces pays si proches. Depuis les débuts des célébrations de ce jour de l’hispanité, le 2 octobre 1892 – pour le 400e anniversaire de l’arrivée de Colomb en Amérique –, le Mexique n’avait pas manifesté de rejet saillant. L’Espagne a même été le premier pays à le reconnaître comme République indépendante en 1836. Et, depuis, globalement, les relations ont été excellentes. Ces dernières décennies, cependant, on revisite au Mexique la version officielle de la conquête espagnole. Souvent pour réhabiliter le rôle des peuples conquis et pour condamner l’arrivée ibérique."},{"_id":"RAZZHBLZ4VHNVB5BHCFQSFXCRQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728654212651},"type":"text","content":"Sauf que si cette vieille polémique d’historiens s’exacerbe ces jours-ci, cela a sûrement à voir avec la politique intérieure au Mexique. Cité dans le journal <i>El País</i>, l’historien espagnol installé au Mexique Tomás Pérez Vejo avance que<i> «l’hispanophobie fait partie de la culture populaire mexicaine et a en outre une énorme capacité de polarisation sociale et politique. Lorsque López Obrador joue sur ce thème, il s’adresse à ses propres partisans au Mexique, et non à l’opinion publique espagnole». </i>Ce 12 octobre, à Madrid, le roi Philippe VI présidera le défilé militaire et les prouesses aériennes des forces armées. Il se souviendra qu’après avoir été reçu en grande pompe lors de 86 cérémonies d’investiture dans des nations ibéro-américaines, en tant que prince puis en tant que roi, il aura été boycotté par une présidente mexicaine."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Les relations entre les deux pays virent à l’aigre depuis 2019 et une série de querelles diplomatiques partie d’une demande d’excuses par Mexico pour les «dommages» de la conquête espagnole. 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le torchon politique et mémoriel brûle entre l’Espagne et le Mexique"},"websites":{"liberation":{"website_url":"/international/europe/pourquoi-le-torchon-politique-et-memoriel-brule-entre-lespagne-et-le-mexique-20241012_JVQNOHXUUFBQ3BVUUXSHYQ4JKQ/","website_section":{"path":"/international/europe","parent":{"default":"/international"},"_website":"liberation","parent_id":"/international","name":"Europe","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité politique et économique en Europe sur Libération : Allemagne, Espagne, Italie, Belgique, Grèce, Hongrie, Ukraine...","_id":"/international/europe","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/international","default":"/international","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/international","amp-menu":"/international","headernav":"/international"},"social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité politique et économique en Europe sur Libération : Allemagne, Espagne, Italie, Belgique, Grèce, Hongrie, Ukraine...","site_title":"Europe : actualités et infos sur le continent européen - Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Europe"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/international/europe","200024"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","_website":"liberation","name":"Europe","_id":"/international/europe","ancestors":{"footer2":["/international"],"default":["/international"],"footer":[],"burgermenu":["/","/international"],"amp-menu":["/","/international"],"headernav":["/","/international"]},"order":{"footer2":2001,"default":2001,"burgermenu":2001,"amp-menu":2001,"headernav":2001}}},"_website_section_id":"liberation./international/europe","type":"section","version":"0.6.0"}}},"created_date":"2024-10-11T12:40:00.185Z","publish_date":"2024-10-12T04:07:00.267Z","_id":"JVQNOHXUUFBQ3BVUUXSHYQ4JKQ","website":"liberation","website_url":"/international/europe/pourquoi-le-torchon-politique-et-memoriel-brule-entre-lespagne-et-le-mexique-20241012_JVQNOHXUUFBQ3BVUUXSHYQ4JKQ/"},{"content_elements":[{"_id":"MI2Y6G3AABFCDBEGDAKZFDKGJM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728497647483},"type":"text","content":"<i><b>A l’occasion des «Rendez-vous de l’histoire», qui se tiennent à Blois du 9 au 13 octobre 2024, les journalistes de </b></i><b>Libération </b><i><b>invitent une trentaine d’historiens pour porter un autre regard sur l’actualité. Retrouvez ce numéro spécial en kiosque jeudi 10 octobre et </b></i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/dossier/libe-des-historiens/\"><i><b>tous les articles de cette édition dans ce dossier</b></i></a><b>.</b>"},{"_id":"ZQFJXBZXKVH67GTXXAEID2EGXE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728497647484},"type":"text","content":"Que les historiennes et les historiens s’intéressent d’abord au présent, le fait semblait entendu. Mais l’actualité ! Voici une quinzaine d’entre elles et eux réunis autour d’une table ronde et cernés par une quarantaine de journalistes et photographes. D’autres suivent et interviennent à distance. 9 h 45, le café est à peine servi que toutes et tous sont plongés dans le bouillon des idées par la rédaction en cheffe bicéphale du nouveau <i>Libé</i> des historiens : Laure Murat, historienne, professeure à l’UCLA, et Paul Quinio, directeur délégué de la rédaction, lancent les discussions."},{"_id":"MSOPACRAXZDAPCY3WFYZVEVWDA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728497647485},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Si vous n’évacuez pas vous serez morts !»</i> Frayeur liée à une inattention momentanée. C’est l’annonce peu rassurante faite à toutes celles et ceux qui se trouvent sur la trajectoire de Milton, un ouragan à la puissance inédite. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/catastrophes-climatiques-lhistoire-se-prend-un-vent-20241009_RLS6RMJTSBC5VN5LAPEQ4FBELY/\" target=\"_blank\">Le climat arrive tôt sur la table</a>, c’est le sujet du jour. Il n’éclipse pas d’autres nouvelles <i>«volantes»</i>. Des sujets <i>«tombent»</i>, d’autres sont prévus au fil de la journée et tout pourra changer jusqu’à l’impression. En France, arrestation d’un ponte du crime organisé, première reconnaissance par le Fonds d’indemnisation d’une enfant victime de pesticides, préparation du budget à l’Assemblée nationale. Ailleurs, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/moyen-orient/proche-orient-netanyahou-le-jusquau-boutisme-en-ligne-de-mire-20241009_O4FBQRZMPVBLJE7W7LM6NNAJ2Y/\" target=\"_blank\">brutal discours adressé aux Libanais par Benyamin Nétanyahou</a> pour les prévenir des ruines qui les attendent en cas de soutien au Hezbollah, élections américaines. Le prix Nobel de chimie vient d’être attribué à trois scientifiques pour leurs travaux sur les protéines : quelqu’un pour ce sujet ? Personne. Au chaud succède le froid, ou plutôt le chaud-froid, soit les sujets pensés voire écrits en amont. Tribunes, pages cultures, portrait passent en revue. Et le Bangladesh ? demande un historien qui souhaite écrire sur <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/asie-pacifique/le-bangladesh-dans-le-nouvel-age-des-revolutions-20241009_4OAPBWMF6ZA2VAMVOZ77YFCOYE/\" target=\"_blank\">la fin d’un cycle révolutionnaire réussi</a>. A-t-on un contact en Martinique ? s’exclame un autre qui tient à parler <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/letat-francais-a-t-il-manque-de-memoire-en-envoyant-des-crs-en-martinique-20241009_2WG63OAE2BBWBP4FVIZJ2YBS7Q/\" target=\"_blank\">du mouvement de contestation actuel</a>. Grève au Bureau d’aide psychologique universitaire (Bapu). La santé mentale, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/sante/sante-mentale-des-etudiants-une-greve-et-des-signaux-de-detresse-20241009_ZMTHK2N2U5G3BI6VWTYUBQWHWY/\" target=\"_blank\">autre sujet du jour</a> : le Premier ministre Michel Barnier en a fait une de ses priorités."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"copyright":"Albert Facelly","address":{"locality":"PARIS","country_name":"FRA"},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"8d1294b993bf0352737531c9d6570265a0278278d3c71dd9330efd64a24e343d"},"caption":"Raphaëlle Branche, professeure à l’Université Paris-Nanterre, Aïcha Limbada, membre de l’Ecole française de Rome, Romain Huret, président de l’EHESS, Anouche Kunth, chargée de recherche au CNRS, Hervé Mazurel, maître de conférences à l’Université de Bourgogne et Quentin Deluermoz, professeur à l’université Paris-Cité, le 9 octobre dans les locaux de Libé.","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo 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deux catastrophes, les lettres de Rimbaud"},{"_id":"FDFZOTFR5ZBEROHHB7USNZ22FM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728497647487},"type":"text","content":"On tient la une ! La santé mentale chez les jeunes. Oui mais la météo ? Dépression, catastrophe. Débat. D’accord, les journalistes et les historiens jouent rarement les docteurs <i>feel good</i>. Mais n’y aurait-il pas un peu de positif ? Pourquoi être positif ? Donner des raisons d’agir, de rêver ? Le lecteur pourra se reporter <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/le-livre-que-je-nai-pas-ecrit-la-comedie-introuvable-de-laure-gouraige-20241009_WLRI5SUMRFCYNI7RBYUFWHLJV4/\" target=\"_blank\">au compte rendu du livre de Laure Gouraige</a> qui, partie à la recherche de bonnes nouvelles, a fini par titrer son ouvrage <i>le livre que je n’ai pas écrit</i>. Raté. Il s’agit alors de prendre au sérieux la catastrophe. Entre la santé mentale et la tempête, Laure Murat tranche pour la première. Et pour donner aux lecteurs un peu de respiration, on se déplacera vers <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/arthur-rimbaud-poste-mortem-ces-centaines-de-lettres-que-recoit-encore-le-poete-a-charleville-mezieres-20241009_3LO2U33J7JAJTLEUURSXEAYZMI/\" target=\"_blank\">les lettres que reçoit encore aujourd’hui Arthur Rimbaud</a>."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"2WQAD7QJ4ZG6HASMVWWSMDMQ34","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"QGINSURUIRAMZBBIT5R7J73XKI"},"title":"L'édito de Laure Murat, professeure à l'UCLA","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"DVNYEBHN2JGIVAQ6EWDMYDO3EE","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"4TG5TJDDBJG3PO35HO4JMX5PII","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Prendre la santé mentale à bras-le-corps","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/prendre-la-sante-mentale-a-bras-le-corps-20241009_ZAVLRBTXWZCF3EMKR4SIU6PG2A/"}]},{"_id":"GQICIBWXCFCYZEAFOPHYKCWOXI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728497647488},"type":"text","content":"<i>«On appelle ça un billet !»</i> tambourine Paul Quinio qui regarde sa montre en revêtant sa casquette de commandant en chef. Historiennes, historiens ! … Vos papiers ! Pour 17 heures. Deux mille signes ici. Trois feuillets là. Une voix discrète : y a-t-il de la place pour cela ? On en fera ! Et à la petite troupe de se disperser dans les étages et de squatter les bureaux des journalistes. Encombrés, les bureaux : téléphone, ordinateur, mug au café fossilisé, montagnes de livres, casque de chantier qu’un historien vient subtiliser. C’est en open space. Pour les historiennes et historiennes habitués au silence, c’est nouveau. On cohabite avec les hôtes."},{"_id":"SFTJLUB6FBBK3J2S5AIQDV244Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728497647489},"type":"text","content":"Une langue commune émerge néanmoins. Les vérités sont traquées, dans le bureau des Checknews, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/amerique/etats-unis-le-desastre-climatique-grande-aubaine-pour-les-complotistes-20241009_V3RRIVTXNFEGPF4LAFDWQ2CRRM/\" target=\"_blank\">dans le sujet sur le complotisme</a>, dans les récits des demandeurs d’asiles étudiés. Choix des angles d’attaques et des perspectives animent ceux qui doivent lancer sous pression l’écriture. La gestion du budget durant la Rome antique interroge celle d’aujourd’hui. Les temps s’entremêlent. La plus petite écume a sa profondeur."},{"_id":"D4M6R7335FAL3GIKPHHGJUQKBM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728497647490},"type":"text","content":"Il règne une atmosphère studieuse, non sans frissons. Il y a celle qui voit son quota de signes augmenter, celui qui se résout à couper, celle encore qui cherche à joindre un interlocuteur. Dans une autre salle, les journalistes font des bilans intermédiaires : choix des photographies, des «lead», des «éclairages» ; envoi des articles en «prod»."},{"_id":"MCUMU6S4QNA5TBALRTQMMQQ45E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728497647491},"type":"text","content":"18 heures. Réunion générale. Le service maquette fait des propositions pour la première page. Les yeux scrutent le visuel : <i>«un peu daté»</i>, <i>«cliché», «trop bleu»</i>. Puis la manchette. Le logo <i>Libération </i>a sauté ! Une première. Après une heure de touches et retouches, le choix est fait. Souffrance mentale, ouragans et entrée de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/arts/exposition-sur-le-nucleaire-et-lart-au-musee-dart-moderne-de-paris-regarde-latome-tomber-20241009_QJ6TJZVBXRE47BS7IAET5YDM2Q/\" target=\"_blank\">l’âge atomique au musée</a> : explosions partout. Ah non ! Rappel des troupes. L’image choisie était celle de l’affiche de l’exposition. 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Retrouvez ce numéro spécial en kiosque jeudi 10 octobre et </b></i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/dossier/libe-des-historiens/\"><i><b>tous les articles de cette édition dans ce dossier.</b></i></a>"},{"_id":"QYXLON3BWBHSHO4LP2QRDLLWQA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728404641802},"type":"text","content":"Qu‘attend-on d’un musée ? Comment concilier des enjeux muséographiques, pédagogiques et historiques avec des exigences politiques et publiques ? Le musée de la Marine du Trocadéro a rouvert ses portes en novembre 2023, après plus de six années de travaux qui visaient à rénover ce musée emblématique du palais de Chaillot, héritier de la «salle de Marine» du musée du Louvre inaugurée sous Louis XV (1710-1774) et du musée naval du XIXe siècle."},{"level":2,"_id":"N6PLYPVYFJH3XC6C6MQWOUNINM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728402800217},"type":"header","content":"Maquettes et clous de girofle"},{"_id":"Q5YL6DDU3FELPNUGQNE6D44R2I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-08T16:43:00.598Z","start":884,"end":895,"text":"laissez italique svp.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1728402800218},"type":"text","content":"Sur les 35 000 artefacts que contiennent les collections, le nouveau parcours du musée en donne à voir plus de 900 réparties en «traversées» et en «escales». Après une entrée dans une sorte d’étrave stylisée, la visite s’ouvre avec les maquettes offertes en 1748 à Louis XV, don à l’origine du musée. Ce point de départ fait le trait d’union avec l’ancien parcours qui donnait une large part aux modèles réduits. Ces maquettes permettaient aux architectes navals d’expérimenter de nouvelles formes de navires ; elles servaient aussi à la formation des officiers pour l’apprentissage des gréements et des manœuvres. Les modèles sont aussi des prouesses artisanales : ainsi de ces pontons britanniques, véritables geôles flottantes, que les prisonniers français fabriquaient en modèle réduit durant leur captivité pendant les guerres napoléoniennes. On peut admirer le massif vaisseau <i>Royal Louis</i> (1770), mais aussi un modèle de bateau en clous de girofle, l’épice prisée des îles Moluques qui a motivé le voyage de Magellan (1480-1521) au début du XVIe siècle."},{"_id":"S4JQ6HE4CREHZJHXGMACTXHW4I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-08T17:23:55.218Z","start":401,"end":410,"text":"au lieu de \"container\" svp.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1728402800219},"type":"text","content":"On passe ensuite par Le Havre, dans une aile tout entière consacrée au port normand qui permet d’évoquer le commerce, la pêche, le transport naval, l’énergie, les loisirs et les sports nautiques. Ici, la traversée est un peu difficile : on est ballotté entre des vidéos sur les métiers de la mer (docker, capitaine, skippeuse, pêcheur), des tableaux sur la pêche et les communautés de bord de mer, un conteneur, des éoliennes. Des régatières font face à une aile réduite, dans un recoin du parcours, consacrée à la traite des esclaves africains. Le choix du Havre comme fil d’Ariane de cette traversée n’est pas toujours évident, et les juxtapositions, sans véritable repère chronologique, ont de quoi dérouter."},{"level":2,"_id":"B3UQYVKRKFAPPE5IHC6YDPFXLY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728402800221},"type":"header","content":"Histoires de naufrages"},{"_id":"QVUWW7NCUBEJJGNR2WOXGS3DUM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728402800222},"type":"text","content":"L’escale suivante expose des instruments pour s’orienter en mer : cartes marines, chronomètres, globes. Puis se dresse une impressionnante vague qui annonce une traversée de tempêtes et le risque du naufrage. Des tableaux du XVIIIe siècle montrent des canots à la dérive et des rescapés tirés des eaux. Il est évidemment question du naufrage de La Pérouse sur l’île de Vanikoro dans le Pacifique. Les naufrages sont aussi de puissants réservoirs à fictions : une jolie scénographie évoque <i>l’Odyssée</i>, <i>Paul et Virginie</i> ou <i>Robinson Crusoé</i>. L’aile n’oublie pas les conséquences environnementales des naufrages et des marées noires provoquées par l’<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/2000/04/13/le-petrole-de-l-amoco-resurgit-au-havre-robin-des-bois-revele-l-existence-d-un-enfouissement-sauvage_322637/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Amoco Cadiz (1978),</i></a> <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/evenement/2007/02/10/une-maree-noire-a-la-barre_84588/\" target=\"_blank\">l’<i>Erika</i> (1999)</a> et le <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2013/11/13/verdict-attendu-dans-le-proces-du-prestige_946544/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Prestige </i>(2002)</a>. Un passage réussi évoque la quête d’identité des naufragés en mer, notamment le travail de la médecin légiste Cristina Cattaneo, qui cherche à retrouver les noms des morts en mer Méditerranée. Un gilet de sauvetage de SOS Méditerranée utilisé sur l’<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/01/06/a-bord-de-l-aquarius-un-naufrage-avec-le-son-sans-l-image_1620768/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Aquarius</i> (2018)</a> évoque la crise de l’accueil des réfugiés en Europe. L’assistance est aussi abordée avec la Société nationale de sauvetage en mer et le récit d’une sauveteuse. Sans compter les pratiques religieuses des marins, avec une série d’ex-voto du XIXe siècle."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"copyright":"GARDEL Bertrand / hemis.fr","address":{"locality":"Paris","region":"Paris"},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"b3058fc1a421e4a5fc3f5fa53bdfb37971ac992ca11d6cc0292e36cd5653daa6"},"caption":"La rénovation a coûté 72 millions d'euros.","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/Q7FVU4GQYZDZ3CXHMC5LJ3OBZU.jpg","licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"Hemis","type":"author"}],"by":[{"name":"Bertrand Gardel","type":"author","byline":"Bertrand 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une escale figurant les ornements des galères de Louis XIV (1638-1715), des allégories antiques et figures de souverains, le parcours nous conduit au sous-sol entièrement consacré à l’histoire navale de la marine française depuis Richelieu (1585-1642) jusqu’aux missions contemporaines de l’armée. On peut admirer les Vues des ports de France (1754-1765) de Joseph Vernet restaurées, chefs-d’œuvre à la fois mis en lumière et isolés du reste du parcours. Puis il est question de la construction navale, des réformes de Colbert (1619-1683), des grandes figures de corsaires, ou encore de l’expédition d’Alger. Les descriptions des pièces sont parfois un peu rapides, et on passe très vite de l’amiral Duperré (1775-1846) aux conflits mondiaux et aux mutations technologiques des XXe et XXIe siècles. La visite se termine par un simulateur de vol : le panneau final indique au visiteur ce que cette ultime traversée doit au mécénat de Naval Group et de Dassault."},{"level":1,"_id":"G5UP32Q375FA5FPQO5IA6ZWU3U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728402800225},"type":"header","content":"Musée et patrouilleur"},{"_id":"RMHRZMGAXVCB5IFM2W7U2IA7LU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728402800226},"type":"text","content":"Si l’on voit à l’étage un tableau de naufrage dans la rade d’Alger en 1831, se souvient-on qu’il a lieu un an après la conquête d’Alger évoquée au sous-sol ? On sort en effet de la visite du musée avec un sentiment étrange, celui d’avoir vu quelque peu escamotés et décontextualisés des objets et des sujets pourtant en lien direct avec l’histoire de la marine française, à l’instar de l’esclavage ou de la colonisation."},{"_id":"WJYM53SH6NGBTMBS5KFGIJWKXI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[{"pos":132,"comment":"en effet "}],"comments":[],"_id":1728402800227},"type":"text","content":"La rénovation du musée a coûté près de 72 millions d’euros, soit à peu près le prix d’un patrouilleur. Le ministère de la Défense a choisi de consacrer une partie de son budget à la rénovation du lieu, dans le but plus ou moins explicite de susciter des vocations, d’inciter les jeunes gens à s’engager dans l’armée. Que le musée qui dépend du ministère des Armées parle de la marine française, c’est après tout de bonne guerre ! Mais pourquoi scinder ainsi le marchand du naval, l’économique du militaire, quand on sait à quel point ces dimensions sont indissociables pour comprendre, historiquement et aujourd’hui, le fait maritime ?"},{"_id":"EA34ZXD7L5GVDAEPFJIJZWGRV4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728402800228},"type":"text","content":"Le parcours a ceci d’un peu étonnant qu’il questionne (en partie) l’histoire globale et universelle de la mer et de la marine au rez-de-chaussée pour se rétrécir à la dimension d’un récit national au sous-sol. Le parcours hésite entre ces deux échelles, globale et nationale, mondiale et locale, sans parvenir vraiment à faire autre chose qu’à les juxtaposer sans les articuler tout à fait. 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des «Rendez-vous de l’histoire», qui se tiennent à Blois du 9 au 13 octobre 2024, les journalistes de </b></i><b>Libération </b><i><b>invitent une trentaine d’historiens pour porter un autre regard sur l’actualité. Retrouvez ce numéro spécial en kiosque jeudi 10 octobre et </b></i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/dossier/libe-des-historiens/\"><i><b>tous les articles de cette édition dans ce dossier.</b></i></a>"},{"_id":"7F4USL2KJZDQNEOCGFJZJBYUHQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727790442297},"type":"text","content":"Le soleil vient de se coucher. Rika s’est attablée aussi près que possible de la mer, les pieds dans le sable. Le serveur la salue chaleureusement. Des chiffres peints sur la façade du restaurant datent son ouverture : 1883. Des olives, une ribambelle de poissons frits gros et petits, du poulpe, ne tarderont pas à occuper les nappes blanches en papier. Ils accompagnent les mignonnettes de tsipouro, une eau-de-vie anisée ou non, inventée à Volos. Cette ville moyenne, à mi-chemin entre Athènes et Thessalonique, aux portes du Peillon, est une destination touristique populaire pour les Grecs. Son port est le troisième du pays, et elle abrite l’université de Thessalie. 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Puis munie d’une licence, débarque à Paris six ans plus tard, et inscrit à la Sorbonne une thèse, sous la direction du médiéviste Robert Fossier : <i>Stratégies judiciaires et rapports sociaux d’après les plaidoiries devant la chambre criminelle du Parlement de Paris (vers 1345 - vers 1454)</i>. Elle la soutient en<i> </i>1986. <i>«C’était exotique,</i> explique-t-elle. <i>Je ne voulais pas faire de l’histoire des Juifs, et surtout pas celle de la Shoah.»</i> Non qu’elle s’en désintéresse. Pour preuve : en février 1997, elle participe au tout premier colloque sur les Juifs de Grèce pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à Thessalonique – où elle s’est de nouveau installée après sa décennie à l’étranger et où elle continue de revenir, entre les cours qu’elle dispense en Grèce ou ailleurs –, organisé par la Société des Juifs de Grèce, <i>«une bande de copains, plutôt de copines, dont je fais partie». </i>C’est au cours de ce colloque qu’est née notre amitié, scellée par la complicité intellectuelle."},{"_id":"ZZOH33TIKVGYXE3VHC2TIUCU64","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727790442299},"type":"text","content":"Mais il fallait un déclic personnel pour que bifurquent ses recherches académiques. Ce sera le décès de sa mère, bien après celui de son père. Désormais, Rika Benveniste se consacrera aux Juifs de son pays, dans l’ombre portée du second conflit mondial, sujet dont elle est aujourd’hui une spécialiste internationalement reconnue. Une histoire nouée à celle de sa famille et de sa ville. A Blois, elle présente son dernier livre, <i>Louna. Essai de biographie historique </i>(1), grand prix national de l’essai en Grèce, et premier de ses ouvrages publiés en français. Il parachève le précédent, traduit en allemand et en anglais, <i>Those who survived. The Resistance, Deportation and Return of the Jews from Salonika in the 1940th. </i>Des quelque 50 000 Juifs qui résidaient à Thessalonique avant guerre, 4 000 survécurent, cachés, résistants, survivants à Auschwitz ou à Bergen-Belsen. La Libération venue, alors que leur pays basculait dans la guerre civile, certains émigrèrent, d’autres reprirent leur vie sur place."},{"level":2,"_id":"EKSNL5KCAZCH7P3L6UTQH3UGBM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728371684052},"type":"header","content":"Récits imbriqués"},{"_id":"72WBS7Q32BBC3CTEC6CNKKWBZQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728371684053},"type":"text","content":"<i>Those who survived</i> retrace ces existences, mais ne dit pas ce que les proches de Rika remarquèrent d’emblée : le livre suit le fil de l’histoire de son père, combattant dans les montagnes, et de sa mère, internée à Bergen-Belsen – avec sa propre mère et sa sœur. Et s’il évoque quasiment tous les membres de sa famille, un ami de Rika y remarqua l’absence d’une cousine, Louna. <i>«Pauvre, illettrée et femme»,</i> elle avait été aussi invisible pour l’autrice. D’où ce nouvel ouvrage. En tentant d’écrire sa biographie, l’historienne dresse une <i>«topographie de la mémoire et de l’identité culturelle»</i>. Deux récits s’y imbriquent, se nourrissent, se complètent : la vie de Louna, longue d’un siècle ou presque, passée à Thessalonique hormis la parenthèse Auschwitz-Bergen-Belsen ; et celle d’une ville détruite par le grand incendie de 1917, puis par la rage nazie."},{"_id":"BII7SHRQDZGZLOD3OVYAILNH6U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727790442300},"type":"text","content":"Thessalonique-Volos-Paris… Je ne sais combien de fois, ces trente dernières années, nous nous sommes retrouvées. Y compris dans sa maison familiale de Possidi, en Chalcidique, à une bonne heure de route de Thessalonique, toujours face à la mer. Un écrin idéal pour traduire en grec, ce qu’elle a fait, les livres de Le Goff, Duby, Boucheron, Didi-Huberman et d’autres… Et dans laquelle elle reçoit avec la même chaleur ses proches, les proches de ses proches, et ses doctorants. Le soir, sur la terrasse de Possidi, nos discussions d’historiennes peuvent être interminables."},{"level":6,"_id":"MCORCXAM55GWZPMKOBXXOJJGUE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727790442301},"type":"header","content":"(1) <i>Louna </i>de Rika Benveniste, traduit du grec par Loïc Marcou, préface d’Annette Wieviorka, éd. 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Au XVe siècle, à la place de Lagos se trouvaient deux villages en bord de lagune nommés «Oto» et «Iddo» peuplés par des Awori qui faisaient partie du monde yoruba. La position de ces ports dans le lagon à l’abri des vagues de l’Océan leur assure une certaine richesse. Ils attirent alors les convoitises et leur puissant voisin de l’ouest, le royaume du Bénin, va les envahir au XVIe siècle. En quelques années, les différents villages sont regroupés et renommés «Eko»."},{"level":2,"_id":"GB572QVELVABDHRABSCXAPZ7MQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727963035479},"type":"header","content":"La traite de plus de 2 millions d’êtres humaines enrichit les notables"},{"_id":"HCFEUV4STNCWXMIB6SRMTRV4HQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728382468479},"type":"text","content":"La ville en gestation sera ensuite rebaptisée «Onim», puis «Lagos» par les navigateurs portugais à partir du XVIe siècle. Peut-être en référence à la ville portugaise de Lagos ou simplement à la lagune au bord de laquelle la ville se trouve. Lagos devient rapidement une ville fréquentée par des commerçants européens. Au XVIIe siècle, la nature de ce commerce commence à changer. Ce sont maintenant des êtres humains que les Européens viennent acheter dans la ville. Lagos acquiert ainsi son importance grâce au commerce transatlantique de plus de 2 millions d’êtres humains entre les XVIIe et XIXe siècles."},{"_id":"4GI5WZO6JRAVBFNZSWPWPZS2OI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-08T09:39:04.564Z","start":522,"end":553,"text":"Lagos dès 1861 devient une colonie britannique cf. https://www.lhistoire.fr/carte/xixe-si%C3%A8cle-colonisation-de-lafrique","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1727963035480},"type":"text","content":"La traite enrichit d’ailleurs les notables de la ville : le roi Ọba Kosoko ou encore la marchande Madam Efunroye Tinubu (1805-1887) en sont deux parfaits exemples au XIXe siècle. Ceci donnera d’ailleurs une excuse aux Britanniques pour s’insérer dans la politique de la ville au nom de leur tout récent combat pour l’abolition de l’esclavage. Après une dizaine d’années de pression, ils finissent par coloniser Lagos en 1861. Place au commerce de l’huile de palme pour alimenter la révolution industrielle en Europe. Cette invasion britannique de Lagos est ainsi la première pièce d’un puzzle commercial et territorial qui mène à la création de la colonie britannique du Nigeria en 1900."},{"_id":"GJAGENXX4VET5IWKF44LADMV5E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727963035481},"type":"text","content":"Capitale du Nigeria colonial, Lagos est un lieu de pouvoir grâce à sa position de port qui la connecte à Londres et au reste de l’Empire britannique. Des entrepreneurs nigérians introduisent la culture du cacao dans le sud-ouest de la colonie et favorisent l’essor de la finance. Une nouvelle élite intellectuelle prend alors son essor. Sa puissance est telle que de nombreux mouvements politiques vont éclore dès les années 20. Alimotu Pelewura (vers 1861-1951) est ainsi une commerçante qui fonde la Lagos Market Women’s Association dans les années 20. Celle-ci s’oppose aux taxes coloniales et s’allie avec Herbert Macaulay (1864-1946), un architecte et politicien souvent considéré comme le fondateur du nationalisme nigérian."},{"level":2,"_id":"QDHQMKYHWBHYZLV6WLZLF2QE4E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727963035482},"type":"header","content":"Un haut lieu de tensions politiques et d’esprit de révolte"},{"_id":"ANFPWU7MUZASPFIIHOD5LHMX3I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728382468483},"type":"text","content":"Haut lieu de tensions politiques, Lagos est resté le centre névralgique de la politique nigériane jusqu’en 1991, date à laquelle Abuja, à 763 kilomètres plus au nord, devient la capitale du pays. Auparavant Lagos avait été le théâtre d’une grève générale en 1945 et le lieu des négociations pour l’indépendance acquise en 1960. C’est aussi à Lagos que se déroulent les nombreux coups d’Etat qui émaillent l’histoire mouvementée du pays. Tout comme toutes les grandes manifestations contre le pouvoir nigérian."},{"_id":"2Q5NXTCML5HIZH5E4QUGII4AAA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728382468484},"type":"text","content":"Même les artistes incarnent cet esprit de révolte à l’image de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/musique/fela-kuti-afrobeat-generation-20221215_3L5Z7T54FRGXFHVBVRTJFOTZQI/\" target=\"_blank\">Fela Anikulapo Kuti, le père de l’afrobeat</a> (1938-1997), qui régna un temps sur une enclave au sein même de la ville, la république de Kalakuta, prise d’assaut par des soldats en 1977. En pleine expansion démographique depuis les années 50, Lagos va continuer à attirer des populations venues de toutes les régions du Nigeria, mais aussi de tous les pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest, grâce au corridor de commerce qui la relie à Abidjan en Côte-d’Ivoire."},{"level":2,"_id":"2OQBKKYYIJARPEA27CUZQPJ54U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727963035483},"type":"header","content":"Une expansion démesurée avec des projets constant d’urbanisme"},{"_id":"NX5IGON3FRBHBFMMJQUM7HKAL4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728382468486},"type":"text","content":"Lagos est souvent prise en exemple comme un nouveau défi pour penser la ville. Mais différentes Lagos se superposent, entre <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/apps/2016/02/lagos-de-riches-lagos-de-pauvres/#chapitre-1\" target=\"_blank\">la Lagos riche</a> des îles, la Lagos commerçante d’Ebute Metta ou encore les très nombreux quartiers pauvres comme celui de Makoko construit sur des pilotis sous l’un des grands ponts de la ville. Connue pour son expansion démesurée et ses problèmes de circulation routière, la ville fait l’objet constant de projets d’urbanisme imposés bien souvent de manière autoritaire et effaçant les traces de son passé."},{"_id":"VBVXYE5KCBFR5I77U2ZNCLQR6A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728382468487},"type":"text","content":"Un nouveau quartier d’affaires, Eko Atlantic City, nommé d’après l’un des anciens noms de la ville, est ainsi en train de voir le jour. Gagné sur la mer, le projet a fait l’objet de multiples critiques que ce soit pour l’érosion côtière qu’il a causée, mais aussi de fortes suspicions de corruption. En 2024, le<a href=\"https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240421-au-nigeria-le-grand-projet-d-autoroute-lagos-calabar-fait-pol%C3%A9mique\" target=\"_blank\"> projet d’autoroute entre Lagos et la ville à l’est du pays</a>, Calabar, a été responsable de l’éviction de centaines de personnes."},{"_id":"MBE75EPCTNE53E4AHZYCIW6SDY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727963035484},"type":"text","content":"Lagos est surtout connue pour son rayonnement culturel. Avec une ambition continentale, voire mondiale, la ville est devenue une référence pour l’art. En particulier, pour la musique mais aussi le cinéma, comme l’atteste le succès de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2019/08/04/telenovelas-versus-nollywood_1815978/\" target=\"_blank\">Nollywood,</a> deuxième industrie cinématographique au monde avec plus de 2 000 films par an, derrière Bollywood en Inde. Malgré l’extrême pauvreté de la grande majorité de ses <a href=\"https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fhabitant.es%2F&data=05%7C02%7Cvincent.hiribarren%40kcl.ac.uk%7Ca7751c85eec6458254dc08dce2fc587f%7C8370cf1416f34c16b83c724071654356%7C0%7C0%7C638634820666244451%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=fDjSN8QHwA6opIQNdq1phRRnwcdO%2FMn6TBbn3RdCGlQ%3D&reserved=0\">habitants</a>, la ville est paradoxalement le symbole d’une révolution urbaine permanente dont témoigne la mini-série d’animation <i>Iwájú, </i>qui imagine une Lagos du futur. Née dans le monde urbain du littoral ouest africain au XVe siècle, la ville est ainsi devenue une référence urbaine mondiale au XXIe siècle."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"L’expansion tentaculaire de la mégalopole nigériane apparaît comme le symbole du renouveau urbain africain. Retour aux racines."},"description":{"basic":"L’expansion tentaculaire de la mégalopole nigériane apparaît comme le symbole du renouveau urbain africain. 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les mille visages d’une ville insatiable"},"websites":{"liberation":{"website_url":"/idees-et-debats/lagos-les-mille-visages-dune-ville-insatiable-20241009_LFJ2IR66KBCMXDZ7OGB7NYA2DY/","website_section":{"path":"/idees-et-debats","parent":{"default":"/"},"_website":"liberation","parent_id":"/","name":"Idées et Débats","description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","_id":"/idees-et-debats","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","site_title":"Idées & Débats : nos tribunes et chroniques - 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l’histoire», qui se tiennent à Blois du 9 au 13 octobre 2024, les journalistes de </b></i><b>Libération </b><i><b>invitent une trentaine d’historiens à porter un autre regard sur l’actualité. Retrouvez ce numéro spécial en kiosque jeudi 10 octobre et </b></i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/dossier/libe-des-historiens/\"><i><b>tous les articles de cette édition dans ce dossier.</b></i></a>"},{"_id":"SERG6ZUS6NFNNAKLJH7BB56VDA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-08T13:29:42.830Z","start":415,"end":438,"text":"Cap à \"Chambre\" !","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1728298285305},"type":"text","content":"On les a accusés de tout. Ces douze derniers mois, les médias ont ressassé à l’envi l’image d’une <i>«</i><a href=\"https://www.nationalreview.com/2024/04/columbias-war-is-about-america/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>foule</i></a><i>» </i>violente au <i>«</i><a href=\"https://nypost.com/2023/10/26/metro/leon-cooperman-vows-to-stop-giving-money-to-columbia/\"><i>cerveau rempli de merde</i></a><i>»</i> et qui sème le <i>«</i><a href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-lede/the-chaos-continues-at-columbia\"><i>chaos</i></a><i>»</i> sur les campus américains. Le <i>«</i><a href=\"https://nypost.com/2024/05/05/opinion/brainwashing-campus-activists-starts-long-before-college/\"><i>lavage de cerveau</i></a><i>»</i> commencerait dès l’école primaire, où des enseignants gauchisants formeraient de jeunes <i>«activistes»</i> qui chantent plus tard leur <i>«</i><a href=\"https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/mike-johnson-speaks-at-columbia-university\"><i>soutien aux terroristes</i></a><i>»</i> du Hamas (selon les propos du président de la Chambre des députés, Mike Johnson), ou au mieux, deviennent leurs<i> «</i><a href=\"https://www.newsweek.com/true-danger-chaos-columbia-other-elite-universities-opinion-1894198\"><i>idiots utiles</i></a><i>». </i>Le problème s’accentuerait à l’université lorsqu’ils sont, selon <i>The Wall Street Journal,</i> «<a href=\"https://www.wsj.com/us-news/education/some-columbia-professors-accused-of-pro-palestinian-indoctrination-002013fc\">endoctrinés</a>» dans leurs séminaires, et tout particulièrement à l’université Columbia à New York, où tout étudiant doit lire<a href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/27/opinion/columbia-university-protests.html\"> Marx, Fanon et Foucault</a> (ainsi que la Bible, Adam Smith, et Hannah Arendt, soit dit en passant…). A en croire un rapport <a href=\"https://www.columbiaspectator.com/opinion/2024/09/15/the-columbia-task-force-on-antisemitisms-report-generates-more-heat-than-light/\">controversé</a> paru cet été, ces jeunes seraient surtout animés par un <a href=\"https://president.columbia.edu/content/report-2-task-force-antisemitism\">antisémitisme décomplexé</a> et alimenté par des professeurs radicalisés eux aussi. Nombre d’entre eux se voient identifiés quotidiennement comme «antisémites», sur des écrans géants placés sur la voie publique aux abords des campus (une pratique nommée «<a href=\"https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2023/10/25/doxxing-truck-displaying-names-and-faces-of-affiliates-it-calls-antisemites-comes-to-columbia/\">doxxing</a>»)."},{"level":2,"_id":"6TJBNCOC7VELNJCACGYAO6FQ3I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728389103290},"type":"header","content":"Ne pas financer la guerre"},{"_id":"TZ52MFMID5EARHRHHVRSZBE5VY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-08T13:33:37.464Z","start":776,"end":801,"text":"un \"T\" cap svp à \"Territoires palestiniens\".","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1728296848885},"type":"text","content":"Mais qui sont donc ces étudiants tant redoutés ? Qu’est-ce qui explique que leur mouvement ait fait tache d’huile dans les universités américaines et <a href=\"https://www.palestineiseverywhere.com/\">du monde entier</a> au printemps dernier ? C’est à Columbia que tout commence en novembre 2023, dans la foulée des attaques meurtrières du Hamas du 7 Octobre. La présidence de l’université décide d’interdire deux associations étudiantes qui se mobilisent contre la guerre à Gaza : <a href=\"https://www.nationalsjp.org/\">Students for Justice in Palestine</a> et <a href=\"https://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/\">Jewish Voice for Peace</a>. En réponse, plus de 80 autres associations se coalisent sous la bannière du <a href=\"https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2023/11/29/over-80-student-groups-form-coalition-following-suspension-of-sjp-jvp/\">Cuad</a> (Columbia Université Apartheid Divest). Formé en 2016, ce groupe <a href=\"https://www.columbiaspectator.com/opinion/2023/11/14/columbia-university-apartheid-divest-who-we-are/\">réclame</a> que l’université cesse d’investir une partie de ses actifs financiers dans des entreprises qui profitent de l’occupation illégale des Territoires palestiniens. Désormais, ces étudiants demandent que leurs frais universitaires – qui peuvent atteindre 70 000 dollars par an – ne servent plus indirectement à financer l’offensive israélienne à Gaza. Selon une étude préliminaire, s’il était réalisé, ce désinvestissement aurait un impact négligeable sur le budget de l’université, qui dispose de réserves de 15 milliards de dollars. Ils réclament aussi des mesures symboliques, comme des bourses pour des étudiants palestiniens et la suspension d’une nouvelle antenne de Columbia à Tel-Aviv. Enfin, ils appellent à ce que le gouvernement américain fasse pression pour mettre un terme au conflit."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"AB4VJG5A6VCB5FKLOMC3UVYLD4","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"BJHWWB2SDNCOJCA5DW4HQ6I4OE"},"title":"A lire ensuite","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"IIBCXG7W4NAH5BE34G2IW6UD3M","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"WUDFGAWK7BGXJEJCNKILJSGNRU","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Mouvement propalestinien dans les campus : la présidente de l’université Columbia démissionne","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/international/amerique/mouvement-propalestinien-dans-les-campus-la-presidente-de-luniversite-columbia-demissionne-20240815_QPEYX4DC2BCOBMUROW7YGKRZCM/"}]},{"_id":"BWHINIVIJBCNNP7PY32BYRBQAI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-08T13:34:43.421Z","start":427,"end":440,"text":"aucune \"div\" svp ici.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1728296848886},"type":"text","content":"Leur mouvement prend de l’ampleur tout au long de l’hiver, alors que des groupes pro-israéliens manifestent à leur tour sur le campus. Ces actions se déroulent pacifiquement dans la grande majorité des cas, malgré une ambiance lourde et quelques incidents avérés d’insultes et d’agressions à caractère islamophobe et antisémite. C’est aux abords du campus, désormais fermé au public, que la tension monte entre sympathisants - non étudiants - du Hamas d’un côté, et les Proud Boys (un groupe néofasciste et raciste) de l’autre. Les politiques s’en mêlent : les républicains sautent sur l’occasion pour embarrasser l’administration Biden en dénonçant des universités sous le joug de <a href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-columbia-universitys-president-testifies-at-house-antisemitism-hearing\">l’antisémitisme</a> et de l’idéologie «woke» (ils iront jusqu’à voter <a href=\"https://www.gop.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=1850\">une loi</a> en ce sens en septembre). Sous la pression de grands donateurs qui menacent de retirer leur soutien, la présidence de Columbia décide à deux reprises de faire intervenir la police pour déloger des campements «<a href=\"https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2024/05/02/timeline-the-gaza-solidarity-encampment/\">solidaires de Gaza</a>» où étaient organisés débats, projections de films, un service de cuisine et un coin prière interconfessionnel où, le soir du 24 avril, juifs et musulmans célèbrent la <a href=\"https://x.com/ArielleLAngel/status/1782546155567546698\">Pâque juive</a>."},{"level":2,"_id":"YJC66LTSBJEVNIZ7QQCXGSSYSU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728389103294},"type":"header","content":"L’engagement historique de Columbia"},{"_id":"TC7NRVJR5NGV7EO2XEMKKCIXEY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-08T13:57:17.566Z","start":735,"end":751,"text":"A 6 ans, on n'est pas une \"jeune fille\" mais une \"fillette\" !","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1728296848887},"type":"text","content":"Ce qui rassemble ces étudiants venus d’horizons divers, c’est un sentiment de révolte face au drame que vit la population civile gazaouie et, plus généralement, le peuple palestinien. En cela, ils prétendent s’inscrire dans une longue tradition d’activisme politique et éthique des campus universitaires, dont Columbia fait figure de modèle : voilà longtemps que ses étudiants réclament que l’université coupe ses liens avec les <a href=\"https://sunrisecolumbia.org/\">énergies fossiles</a> ou encore la <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2015/06/23/us/columbia-university-prison-divest/index.html\">privatisation des prisons</a>, par exemple. Ainsi, ils se revendiquent explicitement d’un héritage dont l’université est, aujourd’hui, elle-même fière. Lorsqu’un petit groupe de manifestants occupe un bâtiment, <a href=\"https://www.columbiaspectator.com/main/2024/05/12/in-focus-when-hamilton-hall-became-hinds-hall/\">Hamilton Hall</a>, et le rebaptise «Hind Hall» en hommage à <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/moyen-orient/a-gaza-la-fillette-de-6-ans-disparue-dans-les-combats-a-ete-retrouvee-morte-20240210_VMAFNXDRLNEOPMGL24BYNPKRRM/\" target=\"_blank\">Hind Rajab, fillette de 6 ans</a>, tuée par balles par l’armée israélienne alors qu’elle fuyait Gaza City, ils savent très bien ce qu’ils font. Quarante ans auparavant, leurs prédécesseurs s’étaient barricadés dans le même bâtiment, l’appelant «<a href=\"https://www.columbiaspectator.com/eye/2016/04/12/mandela-hall/\">Mandela Hall</a>» et demandant que l’université se désinvestisse de toute compagnie impliquée dans l’apartheid en Afrique du Sud."},{"_id":"Z3PQE64C6ZBR5KCYFE3KNYVOGU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1728389103296},"type":"text","content":"Columbia deviendra alors la première université nord-américaine à rompre avec le régime sud-africain (et ce malgré des pertes financières conséquentes à l’époque). Vingt ans avant, en 1968, le même bâtiment avait déjà été occupé et rebaptisé «<a href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/30/nyregion/hamilton-hall-columbia-student-protests.html\">Malcolm X Hall</a>», par les étudiants de Columbia (qui, <a href=\"https://www.thenation.com/article/society/columbia-protests-police-history/\">alors comme aujourd’hui</a>, se feront finalement déloger et arrêter par les forces de police). En 1968, les manifestants réclamaient que l’université cesse de soutenir l’effort de guerre au Vietnam à travers un centre de recherche militaire et abandonne un projet de gymnase ségrégué aux abords du quartier majoritairement noir de Harlem. Malgré son dénouement violent, la contestation a finalement eu gain de cause, et a conduit par ailleurs à l’instauration d’une gouvernance collective de l’université ainsi qu’à l’interdiction de policiers armés sur le campus – deux principes que l’administration décide de bafouer soixante ans plus tard."},{"_id":"WXUJ3UO74NDHXKPQHRVFYQ5QEY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-10-08T13:40:02.688Z","start":212,"end":226,"text":"laissez les div.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1728296848888},"type":"text","content":"Il est encore trop tôt pour mesurer quel sera l’impact de cette mobilisation. Violemment réprimée, elle s’est fracturée pendant l’été, laissant la place, d’un côté, à une <a href=\"https://cuapartheiddivest.substack.com/\">frange radicalisée </a>qui prône des actions coups-de-poing condamnables, et de l’autre, à des veillées émouvantes où kippas et keffiehs se mélangent en scandant les noms des plus de 41 000 morts à Gaza. Si la nouvelle présidente par intérim de Columbia s’est <a href=\"https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2024/09/19/im-really-sorry-armstrong-apologizes-to-those-hurt-by-nypd-sweeps/\">excusée</a> des violences policières sur le campus et semble disposée au dialogue, l’université poursuit cependant en justice quelque deux cents manifestants et continue d’interdire ponctuellement l’accès au campus à certains étudiants. Pourtant, malgré les violences auxquelles nous avons assisté à Columbia, à UCLA (Los Angeles) et ailleurs, d’autres universités comme <a href=\"https://president.brown.edu/president/agreement-end-encampment\">Brown</a> ou <a href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/02/opinion/college-president-campus-political.html\">Wesleyan</a> ont montré que la répression n’était pas la seule solution possible et que, invités à la table des négociations, les étudiants connaissent l’art du compromis (peut-être l’apprennent ils aussi dans leurs cours). Il faut juste daigner les recevoir et les écouter. Le temps long de l’histoire dira si leur cause sera entendue."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Les élèves de l’université new-yorkaise ont été les premiers à militer en faveur de la population palestinienne bombardée, ce qui a fait naître un mouvement mondial. Après un an de déchirements, ce combat étudiant est de plus en plus réprimé."},"description":{"basic":"Les élèves de l’université new-yorkaise ont été les premiers à militer en faveur de la population palestinienne bombardée, ce qui a fait naître un mouvement mondial. 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De nouvelles recherches pour retrouver les restes d’une trentaine de soldats allemands, exécutés par des résistants français en juin 1944, selon le récit de l’un d’eux, ont démarré ce lundi 7 octobre à Meymac, en Corrèze, 14 mois après <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/histoire/en-correze-des-recherches-pour-retrouver-un-charnier-de-soldats-allemands-executes-par-des-resistants-en-1944-20230516_L7A6Y7BXWVDXJDZKBLGNGQV3AA/\" target=\"_blank\">des fouilles infructueuses.</a> Le 12 juin 1944, un groupe de 46 soldats de la Wehrmacht et une Française soupçonnée de collaboration auraient été exécutés par des Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTP), d’obédience communiste, quelques jours après les <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2014/06/09/hollande-rend-hommage-aux-pendus-de-tulle_1036837/\" target=\"_blank\">massacres nazis de Tulle</a> et <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/2013/09/04/oradour-sur-glane-village-martyr-de-la-barbarie-nazie_929293/\" target=\"_blank\">d’Oradour-sur-Glane</a>, selon le témoignage d’un membre survivant, Edmond Réveil, âgé de 18 ans à l’époque."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"2YLNJTWGYVDPVPOKFJQMRTK6DQ","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"3MFOVPEHAZHRTDY2U57OPWP6I4"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"SSHTUIOHMZAUVACWRXX5B3UE5Y","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"E5JO7WJ24VG77LFB5ERYCIM4II","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Des soldats allemands exécutés en 1944, le «secret de famille» d’un village de Corrèze","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/des-soldats-allemands-executes-en-1944-le-secret-de-famille-dun-village-de-correze-20230627_F3VIJRQZ45FJ7HSVW2LHKKNG3A/"}]},{"_id":"EOIXIUJ5MNDZLGN5DWQACM6XGE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"Sur la base de ce témoignage médiatisé au printemps 2023, une équipe d’archéologues avait exploré durant dix jours, et sans succès, une colline boisée de la commune de Meymac l’été suivant, près de 60 ans après de premières fouilles secrètes organisées à la fin des années 1960, qui avaient permis d’exhumer 11 corps."},{"_id":"HGQ4RBOTANFJBIR4DGV63YL3XQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"De nouvelles recherches ont débuté ce lundi à proximité, dans une zone de 3,5 hectares, où, selon Edmond Réveil, se trouve une fosse dans laquelle les corps ont été enfouis à l’époque. Cette zone, examinée avec un géoradar et des détecteurs de métaux, a été également localisée par deux témoins des fouilles inachevées des années 1960 - la date exacte demeure inconnue à ce jour -, un agriculteur de la commune, alors enfant, et un ancien militaire, en permission dans la région à l’époque."},{"level":2,"_id":"AQKK2TT3SJCYRF2O5SYAOY53PQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"header","content":"«Ce sera la dernière opération menée»"},{"_id":"MJOOFJKXYRBLXIGIHQRK2LXDXA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"Mais <i>«la prospection a été interrompue en raison de fortes pluies, le véhicule de géoradar s’étant enfoncé dans la boue»</i>, a indiqué Diane Tempel-Bornett, porte-parole du VDK, l’organisme allemand chargé de l’entretien des tombes de guerre allemandes. Mardi, <i>«si les conditions météorologiques ne le permettent pas et que le véhicule ne peut pas circuler, il faudra procéder à la prospection manuelle»</i>, a-t-elle ajouté, précisant que les travaux devraient se poursuivre jusqu’à jeudi. Des fouilles archéologiques seront ensuite lancées en cas d’indices concordants collectés par ces outils d’analyses, ont indiqué les autorités sur place."},{"_id":"HAYPGGNACJCQ7KYFE6QBP4BA6I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"Cette nouvelle campagne est menée par l’Office national des anciens combattants et victimes de guerre (ONACVG) en lien avec le VDK. <i>«Ces témoignages, c’est tout ce qu’il nous reste. Le VDK, qui finance cette opération, a une nouvelle fois voulu essayer. Ce sera la dernière opération menée. 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convient lui-même, après <a href=\"https://www.ccomptes.fr/fr/publications/la-reparation-par-la-france-des-spoliations-de-biens-culturels-commises-entre-1933-et\" target=\"_blank\">la publication d’un rapport ce mardi 24 septembre</a> : <i>«C’est un objet peu habituel pour la Cour avec une charge mémorielle importante.» </i>Les magistrats sont en effet plus enclins à auditer les dépenses publiques récentes et à mettre en lumière dérapages et déficits que de parler restitutions d’objets d’art volés sous le nazisme. Cette fois-ci, la Cour a pris un recul historique qu’on ne lui connaissait pas pour évaluer l’action publique française en la matière et instruire le cycle d’indifférence, d’oubli puis de redécouverte de ce sujet aujourd’hui brûlant. Ainsi son enquête remonte-t-elle jusque dans les années 50, période de la première vague d’indemnisation et de restitution d’une partie des quelque 60 000 bien culturels volés à des familles juives, en France entre 1933 et 1945."},{"_id":"ODZMTT3IBFG4BFS5GCOK64O3FQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727189328002},"type":"text","content":"Il s’agit aussi bien de confiscations que de pillages d’appartements ou de mises sous séquestre d’œuvres dans le cadre de la politique dite «d’aryanisation» de l’économie. Près de 45 000 objets ont été restitués dans les années qui ont suivi la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Sur les 15 000 non remis à leurs propriétaires ou à leurs ayants droit, 13 000 ont été vendus par l’administration des Domaines. Enfin, 2 100 ont fait l’objet d’un classement spécifique intitulé «Musées nationaux récupération» (MNR). En clair, une position d’attente en vue d’une éventuelle restitution."},{"level":2,"_id":"EPCQI7E34VBDFAYXHIT76FI5P4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727197026669},"type":"header","content":"Uniquement six agents dédiés à cette mission"},{"_id":"DLR33YPG3BBJTDKGVTSTUSQFFY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727182503808},"type":"text","content":"Il faut néanmoins attendre le <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2017/07/20/le-vel-d-hiv-la-france-et-l-historien_1585054/\" target=\"_blank\">discours de Jacques Chirac au Vél d’Hiv</a> en 1995 qui reconnaît la responsabilité de la France dans le régime de Vichy pour que soit créée, en 1999, une «commission pour l’indemnisation des victimes de spoliations intervenues du fait des législations antisémites en vigueur pendant l’Occupation». Charge à elle d’instruire les demandes de restitution des œuvres ou d’indemnisation quand il n’est pas possible de rendre le bien volé."},{"_id":"QMIBHQSZ7VD6ZFTE57J5WEMLQI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727189328004},"type":"text","content":"Pour renforcer le travail de cette commission, une mission spéciale de recherche de ces tableaux et autres œuvres d’art a été créée au sein du ministère de la Culture. L’an passé, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/arts/spoliation-doeuvres-par-les-nazis-un-projet-de-loi-pour-faciliter-la-restitution-des-biens-20230419_DHVVDCANQFCQVD3J4L7SZ255MU/\" target=\"_blank\">une loi-cadre</a> était adoptée pour assouplir le principe d’inaliénabilité des collections publiques. Mais en dépit de ce dispositif<i> «unique en Europe», </i>le bilan reste<i> «peu satisfaisant», </i>selon Pierre Moscovici. Au 4 juin, la Cour des comptes a recensé 2 035 biens classés MNR, ce qui signifie que leur histoire mérite d’être sérieusement analysée afin de déterminer s’ils sont le résultat de spoliations. Sur ce total, seules 188 œuvres ont été effectivement restituées. Le manque de moyens est souligné par la cour : uniquement six agents dédiés à cette mission au ministère de la Culture. Or le temps presse : <i>«Les spoliations ont eu lieu il y a plus de quatre-vingts ans, la première génération a disparu et la deuxième vieillit», </i>souligne Pierre Moscovici."},{"level":2,"_id":"VGA2HQKLXNGI3HDZSBE3YR3ZU4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727197026672},"type":"header","content":"Elargissement considérable du marché"},{"_id":"6WMG6UU64RBUPHVXZYUDYOJAKM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727189328005},"type":"text","content":"Le rapport de la Cour des comptes, outre le manque de moyens, pointe clairement la responsabilité du marché de l’art dans le faible nombre de restitutions. En clair, l’attitude des collectionneurs privés et des marchands d’art, visiblement peu enclins à s’intéresser à l’histoire et à la provenance des biens.<i> «Trop d’acteurs semblent encore insuffisamment responsabilisés en la matière», </i>écrit la Cour des comptes dans son traditionnel style policé. Il serait aujourd’hui impossible de contraindre collectionneurs et professionnels à faire toute la lumière sur l’historique d’une œuvre d’art et les procédures judiciaires en la matière sont extrêmement longues."},{"_id":"UED5QSHXMVEVZPOMPAJR6CIDZI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1727189328006},"type":"text","content":"Reste la formation. Dans les musées français, ils ne sont encore qu’une dizaine d’enquêteurs spécialisés en histoire de l’art et en droit de la propriété intellectuelle à pister les œuvres mais la demande explose, notamment sous l’effet de l’élargissement considérable du marché de l’art, la démultiplication des salles de vente et la massification du <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/arts/2020/06/25/trafic-antiquites-d-origine-non-controlee_1792439/\" target=\"_blank\">trafic illicite due aux conflits au Moyen-Orient</a>. La Cour des comptes incite donc à ce que musées, marchands, commissaires-priseurs soient davantage formés,<i> «et dans leur intérêt», </i>à la recherche de provenance. Une profession encore méconnue et largement sous-financée, comme le déploraient l’an dernier <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/arts/restitutions-des-biens-spolies-la-france-a-une-vision-tres-politique-mais-de-grandes-lacunes-techniques-20230403_4YVV2LWPFFFWLKUTTSQZPCM3PI/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">dans nos pages</a> Natacha Pernac et Aurore Chaigneau, toutes deux coordinatrices de la première formation diplômante lancée en France à l’université de Nanterre.<i> «Sur l’enjeu de la preuve, les juristes sont impitoyables, </i>rappelaient-elles.<i> Tout aléa sur l’appartenance passée revient à mettre en cause la propriété. Le doute sur l’origine de l’œuvre est mis en avant pour bloquer les restitutions.» </i>D’où le besoin de professionnalisation exigeante, à l’heure où, expliquaient-elles,<i> «toutes sortes d’officines revendiquent la capacité à effectuer ces recherches».</i>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"L’institution a publié un rapport sur la réparation mise en place pour les familles juives pillées par la France sous le nazisme. Malgré l’assouplissement législatif, de nombreux obstacles freinent l’efficacité du processus."},"description":{"basic":"L’institution a publié, ce mardi 24 septembre, un rapport sur la réparation mise en place pour les familles juives pillées par la France sous le nazisme. 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Jaurès demeure une <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/face-au-lepenisme-la-gauche-fidele-a-son-histoire-20240628_PKBLDNDVQBC5ZI7X2334AAFANY/\" target=\"_blank\">référence dans l’imaginaire politique à gauche</a>. Mort en <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2014/07/30/ils-ont-tue-jaures_1073092/\" target=\"_blank\">martyr au début de la guerre de 1914 </a>et panthéonisé dix ans après, il «<i>est l’inventeur d’une certaine idée du socialisme et de la gauche, et ses prises de position ont suscité des débats qui sont encore, en partie, les nôtres», </i>soutient Jean-Numa Ducange, professeur d’histoire contemporaine à l’université de Rouen et membre de l’Institut universitaire de France (IUF), dans une biographie, <i>Jean Jaurès</i> (Perrin), parue ce 19 septembre. Ce spécialiste d’histoire sociale et politique retrace le parcours complexe de ce philosophe en politique : le député du Tarn, orateur charismatique, défenseur du parlementarisme et des alliances à gauche, fut d’abord un personnage clivant, voire haï, avant de devenir un mythe consensuel convoité ces dernières années par la droite."},{"_id":"3QDP2JA4URA3NCWPG6KWYLTHOQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725963695168},"type":"text","content":"<b>L’une des préoccupations de Jean Jaurès a été l’unification de la gauche, ce qui est également l’un des enjeux politiques du moment avec l’émergence du Nouveau Front populaire. Quel est votre regard sur la séquence actuelle à gauche ?</b>"},{"_id":"GNUISEYW6VBKRGFF757JVBPW4E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1726655646323},"type":"text","content":"Avant la dissolution, se dessinait déjà une recomposition de la gauche autour de deux pôles, avec d’un côté la renaissance – toute relative – des sociaux-démocrates, un camp pro-européen, modéré mais solidement ancré sur la question sociale, et dans lequel on retrouve un certain nombre d’élus locaux. Et de l’autre, la gauche de rupture autour de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/tags/jean-luc-melenchon/\" target=\"_blank\">Jean-Luc Mélenchon,</a> qui a fait disparaître électoralement ce qu’étaient l’extrême gauche et le PCF, en parvenant à agréger une partie des populations des banlieues autrefois encadrées par le Parti communiste."},{"_id":"JYX6JDVMAVEKROOIYNU6AGE7AQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1726665512691},"type":"text","content":"Mais les ambiguïtés de son leader avec l’antisémitisme ou la Russie, son style populiste, rebutent nombre d’électeurs. Et puis, il y a un pôle plus incertain autour de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/tags/francois-ruffin/\" target=\"_blank\">François Ruffin</a> qui ne fait pas l’impasse sur la social-démocratie tout en prenant en compte une partie des aspirations des électeurs du Rassemblement national pour les ramener vers la gauche. Assurément, c’est du côté de ce pôle que vit probablement le plus l’esprit de Jaurès. Mais la qualité d’un grand homme de gauche a été à chaque période de l’histoire de fédérer différentes composantes, tout en neutralisant une partie de la droite. On en est loin…"},{"_id":"7Q2MJP4IMJELZECCCXZWMYBJPE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1726661917882},"type":"text","content":"<b>Comment Jean Jaurès a-t-il œuvré à cette union des gauches, en son temps ?</b>"},{"_id":"VL3QXR4G5JEM3DKLBECVKW2U7I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725963695171},"type":"text","content":"Jean Jaurès est très hostile à Georges Clemenceau, notamment sur la question sociale et la répression des grèves, mais il s’abstient au moment de voter contre son investiture à l’Assemblée nationale. Il vient du républicanisme «opportuniste» comme on dit à l’époque, il est proche des idées de Jules Ferry. Il reste libéral au sens politique du terme, défend la liberté de la presse, la liberté d’expression et la pratique parlementaire."},{"_id":"HTGD3YMD3ZEFDNVIBBJAABOSSM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1726665512694},"type":"text","content":"Pour lui, être républicain, cela a un sens, même s’il condamne la répression contre le mouvement ouvrier. Sans vouloir établir des parallèles superficiels entre aujourd’hui et le début du XXe siècle, son rôle idéologique a été de conjuguer une sensibilité à la radicalité sociale avec les institutions républicaines. Aujourd’hui, on dirait qu’il est «réformiste», terme parfois connoté péjorativement. En fait, il est l’un des premiers à entrecroiser la question sociale, la laïcité et la République, trois piliers de ce que deviendra la gauche."},{"_id":"AXNRH76XHNGZTNAYBHNE2CJKLU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725963695172},"type":"text","content":"<b>Face à la droite qui réduit la République à sa composante conservatrice à l’époque, il appelle de ses vœux à une «République sociale». Quel est son logiciel intellectuel ?</b>"},{"_id":"DV45W5E765DFFPLUCUJTEWSYGU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725963695173},"type":"text","content":"Dans les années 1880, il y a un courant monarchiste qui joue le jeu des institutions républicaines pour avancer un agenda conservateur et, à l’opposé, une gauche socialiste qui estime se situer en dehors du champ républicain, car elle considère que c’est une grille de lecture bourgeoise. Jaurès, lui, s’inscrit dans la dynamique d’une gauche socialiste et républicaine. S’il est républicain avant d’être marxiste, il est rompu aux lectures de Marx, car il a fait une thèse de philosophie sur les origines du socialisme allemand. En 1892, il fait donc le choix de se rapprocher des socialistes et du parti ouvrier de Jules Guesde et de Paul Lafargue, les introducteurs du marxisme en France."},{"_id":"DT2QZ4LZPZFMPPXNUU36ZJCR4A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1726665512697},"type":"text","content":"A sa droite, on ne cessera jamais de lui reprocher de parler avec les marxistes, tandis qu’à sa gauche, on lui en voudra de vouloir faire des compromis et des gouvernements d’alliances larges. Que l’on ne s’y méprenne pas cependant : ce n’est pas qu’à son art du consensus qu’il doit son succès, mais aussi et surtout à son charisme et à son talent oratoire. Philosophe, intellectuel en politique, Jaurès, c’est aussi une prestance, une voix et un phrasé. De multiples réalités, dont certaines sont souvent minorées, et que je cherche à restituer dans mon livre pour mieux comprendre le tribun."},{"_id":"3MLESZBLCVCOLENANPGJBYDFOY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725963695174},"type":"text","content":"<b>Avec Léon Blum, Jean Jaurès est l’une des principales références historiques de la gauche, alors qu’il n’a jamais gouverné. Pourquoi est-il si important ?</b>"},{"_id":"M3D6FBFRMJB63K26FPXHVX3RBQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725963695175},"type":"text","content":"Jaurès a proposé une synthèse entre mouvement ouvrier et République, une lecture marxisante de la réalité sociale tout en prônant des alliances politiques larges. Ce n’est pas rien, car les uns et les autres s’opposent plus souvent qu’ils ne s’accordent. Comparé à l’imaginaire politique de la droite, occupé par la figure de De Gaulle qui a tant gouverné, il n’y a, certes, pas photo : Jaurès n’a jamais été ministre ! Reste qu’il y a un certain nombre de grandes lois sociales qui sont le fruit d’alliances parlementaires auxquelles Jaurès a pris une part active."},{"_id":"UBCRLV5C4JGJTPVDFRUIMXVHG4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1726665512700},"type":"text","content":"La première grande loi sur les retraites ouvrières et paysannes en 1910, qui prévoit le versement d’une pension, lui doit beaucoup. Il s’agit d’une veille idée portée par la frange la plus sociale du camp républicain, mais sans cesse bloquée par le Sénat. Une partie des socialistes, qui estime le projet de loi insuffisant, ne veut pas non plus la voter. Sous l’impulsion de Jaurès, et d’autres, un texte parvient finalement à être voté. Pour la première fois dans l’histoire du pays, une loi permet de créer un système de retraite général et obligatoire."},{"_id":"CMNVPSJNOBB3PBDAZO4CPQ6FDE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1726665512701},"type":"text","content":"On pourrait également citer l’impôt sur le revenu pour lequel le normalien a beaucoup bataillé. Aujourd’hui, cette mesure est une évidence, mais elle a été le fruit d’un très long combat politique. Enfin, il s’intéresse beaucoup aux institutions. Pour lui, la démocratie n’est pas réductible au seul principe du suffrage universel. Comme le Clemenceau des origines, il veut réformer le Sénat, Chambre conservatrice qui bride les intérêts du peuple et dont une partie des membres étaient au départ élus à vie. Il planche sur l’idée d’un Sénat sociologique dont les élus représenteraient les différentes catégories sociales, une sorte de société civile. Le projet sera repris, mais déformé par Vichy avec un système corporatiste."},{"_id":"PLKUSSKDGNFSZINAZAD32266SY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725963695176},"type":"text","content":"<b>Et puis, il y a la loi de 1905…</b>"},{"_id":"L5ZQ2O3IIZFZFLRXRWHRGNEWBY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-09-18T12:31:17.179Z","start":47,"end":53,"text":"on écrit bien \"laïque\"","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-09-18T12:32:00.414Z","start":492,"end":499,"text":"Institution cap à \"Ecole\".","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1725963695177},"type":"text","content":"C’est l’un des tournants de sa vie. Jaurès est laïque avant d’être socialiste. En tant que républicain modéré, l’un des grands clivages qui le sépare de la droite conservatrice est le projet de laïcisation de l’Etat. A l’époque, ce projet est loin de faire consensus, même au sein du mouvement ouvrier où certains considèrent que c’est une préoccupation de bourgeois. Jaurès est professeur, passé par l’Ecole normale supérieure, et s’il y a une chose sur laquelle il est intransigeant, c’est l’Ecole laïque. Pour lui, il est indispensable de former la jeunesse aux valeurs de la République pour lutter contre les préjugés des nationalistes et d’une partie des catholiques."},{"_id":"T2XEAK4ITJAB5ML3TGH7AFBCWM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1726665512704},"type":"text","content":"Il défend l’idée que, pour convaincre les ouvriers de la prédominance des intérêts de classe, il faut se défaire de l’emprise de l’Eglise. En même temps, comme d’autres à l’époque, il voit le socialisme comme un christianisme laïcisé. En faire un conciliateur serait malgré tout, sur ce point, erroné. Parlerait-on de «laïcité ouverte» aujourd’hui ? Je ne crois pas. Dans le contexte politique de l’époque, il prône une laïcité de fermeté face à une Eglise puissante et une Action française qui mène des campagnes pour empêcher les inventaires des biens des établissements cultuels."},{"_id":"BJKLUGM2RZEWDAS43FVXBIUU34","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725963695178},"type":"text","content":"<b>Quel était son rapport à la colonisation, thème qui agite aujourd’hui la gauche intellectuelle ?</b>"},{"_id":"VDIV3PQRYVFXLORQ66W6C57KZU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725963695179},"type":"text","content":"Jaurès partage longtemps la mystique républicaine pour l’œuvre coloniale à un moment où celle-ci est déjà contestée dans l’opinion publique. Il est parfois plus enthousiaste pour les conquêtes coloniales que la droite qui considère que la priorité est la reconquête de l’Alsace-Lorraine. En 1885, il soutient Jules Ferry, alors président du Conseil, dans le projet d’expédition militaire à Tonkin (au nord de l’actuel Vietnam). Il défend avec la même ardeur la politique coloniale en Algérie. Il fait partie de ceux qui pensent que «ces peuples sont des enfants»."},{"_id":"JNXNDGT5SNGW3GOCXUSZEMA32Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1726665512707},"type":"text","content":"Il devient par la suite critique de l’ordre colonial. Son ouverture à l’international et son universalisme, qui loin de la rabougrir l’ouvre au monde. Par exemple, alors que beaucoup de ses contemporains écrivent sur la Révolution de 1789 sans jamais évoquer autre chose que la métropole, Jaurès remarque et prend en considération les mouvements de lutte dans les colonies françaises. Il fait partie de ceux qui, partis d’un préjugé très fort de supériorité civilisationnelle, appelleront à réformer en profondeur l’Empire colonial, à l’«humaniser». Une immense avancée par rapport à ce que pense beaucoup de monde à l’époque…"},{"_id":"MRAMJURBDZF7VFQVF6Q4AOAVGI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725963695180},"type":"text","content":"<b>Dans votre ouvrage, vous évoquez longuement la question de l’héritage de Jaurès. Aujourd’hui, il est convoité même à droite. Pourquoi ?</b>"},{"_id":"UF36BUTTF5A3VDMOSHHSG3IZ5U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-09-18T12:57:41.552Z","start":608,"end":617,"text":"pas de \"c\" cap à \"charte\" SVP.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-09-18T12:58:06.548Z","start":750,"end":762,"text":"jamais jamais de cap svp ","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1725963695181},"type":"text","content":"Durant l’entre-deux-guerres, ce sont les socialistes et les communistes qui se déchirent sur son héritage. Sa panthéonisation en 1924, sous l’impulsion du <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1994/05/08/dates-il-y-a-soixante-dix-ans-l-experience-manquee-du-cartel-des-gauches_3831223_1819218.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cartel des gauches </a>et alors que la droite s’y oppose, contribue à en faire une grande figure nationale, d’autant que son assassinat en 1914 en fait un martyr. Progressivement, son nom, autrefois très clivant, devient consensuel. Même une partie de Vichy s’en réclame après que des socialistes ont rallié le régime. Sa défense du rôle des coopératives dans le mouvement ouvrier devient pour les besoins de l’heure une justification du corporatisme et de la charte du travail du 4 octobre 1941. Sa recherche de conciliation entre la nation et l’internationalisme est également instrumentalisée par le maréchal Pétain pour justifier sa poignée de main avec Hitler."},{"_id":"QEB5C3GEPBARXDOTJL2LWRAU6A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-09-18T12:59:38.483Z","start":257,"end":278,"text":"slogan en ital avec guillemets.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-09-18T14:40:14.302Z","start":320,"end":337,"text":"selon le Monde : c'était le 12 avril et non pas le 11 avril.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1726665512710},"type":"text","content":"Plus tard à droite, c’est Henri Guaino, plume de Nicolas Sarkozy, qui brouille les repères en multipliant les références au député de Carmaux (Tarn). En faisant appel à Jaurès, il cherche à démontrer que la gauche de 1968 a abandonné le travail au nom d’un <i>«Jouir sans entraves»</i> mortifère. 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Ducange : «Jean Jaurès est l’un des premiers à entrecroiser la question sociale, la laïcité et la République, trois piliers de la gauche»"},"websites":{"liberation":{"website_url":"/idees-et-debats/jean-numa-ducange-jean-jaures-est-lun-des-premiers-a-entrecroiser-la-question-sociale-la-laicite-et-la-republique-trois-piliers-de-la-gauche-20240919_U4GPDL6TTZEKXKBEVKXCGBYBJM/","website_section":{"path":"/idees-et-debats","parent":{"default":"/"},"_website":"liberation","parent_id":"/","name":"Idées et Débats","description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","_id":"/idees-et-debats","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","site_title":"Idées & Débats : nos tribunes et chroniques - Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Idées et Débats"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/idees-et-debats","18"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","_website":"liberation","name":"Idées et Débats","_id":"/idees-et-debats","ancestors":{"footer2":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":1002,"default":1001,"burgermenu":1009,"amp-menu":1005,"headernav":1004}}},"_website_section_id":"liberation./idees-et-debats","type":"section","version":"0.6.0"}}},"created_date":"2024-09-10T10:11:39.478Z","publish_date":"2024-09-19T14:32:00.203Z","_id":"U4GPDL6TTZEKXKBEVKXCGBYBJM","website":"liberation","website_url":"/idees-et-debats/jean-numa-ducange-jean-jaures-est-lun-des-premiers-a-entrecroiser-la-question-sociale-la-laicite-et-la-republique-trois-piliers-de-la-gauche-20240919_U4GPDL6TTZEKXKBEVKXCGBYBJM/"},{"content_elements":[{"_id":"OHCUIKGQNZHWTEKDBZA2XY3QZI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725454038110},"type":"text","content":"Rendre accessible au plus grand nombre l’histoire de l’immigration algérienne en France. Combattre les stéréotypes autour des Algériens, longtemps considérés comme des <i>«hommes sans nom» </i>dans l’Hexagone. Eduquer la jeunesse, trop longtemps privée de mémoire. C’est le pari que se sont lancé l’historien Benjamin Stora et le dessinateur Nicolas Le Scanff avec leur bande dessinée<i> les Algériens en France. Une histoire de générations</i> (La Découverte) en kiosques à partir du 12 septembre."},{"_id":"SMIR3D6WZ5C6VKHO6FDWPAZ3OU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725541900897},"type":"text","content":"A travers les destins croisés de trois participants à une marche antiraciste organisée dans les années 80, l’ouvrage retrace la vie de ces Algériens et Algériennes, privés de droits lors de la période coloniale, qui ont quitté leur terre natale pour la France au cours du XXe siècle. Une manière, pour les enfants d’immigrés, de comprendre cette histoire singulière et de <i>«soigner les blessures du passé»,</i> selon Benjamin Stora."},{"_id":"HW3LDBG6DJFZVAE6MBG3CH3ZQ4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725541900898},"type":"text","content":"<b>Votre bande dessinée est la première du genre à offrir un récit sur le temps long de l’immigration algérienne en France. Pourquoi cette histoire est-elle si peu documentée ?</b>"},{"_id":"74GKW2NFPVGZDPURWFWHU7ZC4A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725457610912},"type":"text","content":"L’histoire de cette immigration est très singulière et complexe. Déjà parce qu’il est difficile de savoir comment appeler les Algériens en France. Si on revient au point de départ, les Algériens ne sont pas des immigrés dans la mesure où l’Algérie était considérée comme rattachée à la France, composée de trois départements. Ceux qui arrivaient en métropole au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale n’étaient de fait pas considérés comme des étrangers au même titre que les Espagnols, les Polonais ou les Italiens. Là où ça se complique, c’est qu’ils n’étaient pas non plus considérés comme des sujets coloniaux comme les Marocains ou les Indochinois. Résultat : les Algériens, ni étrangers ni français, étaient des hommes sans nom et invisibles jusque dans les années 50. Pour vous donner une image : quand j’ai quitté l’Algérie pour la France en 1962, je connaissais moins bien la société française que des Algériens arrivés quinze ans plus tôt et qui n’avaient pas la nationalité française. C’est surréaliste."},{"_id":"ALSMMI63UFEE5KFIGZVIQ4KTDY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725457610913},"type":"text","content":"Alors, qui étaient-ils en vérité ? On les appelait les «Nord-Africains», ce qui ne veut rien dire. Avec Nicolas Le Scanff, nous avons donc dû surmonter une première difficulté de méthode dans le titre et l’écriture du scénario de notre bande dessinée : <i>les Algériens en France,</i> et non pas <i>les Immigrés algériens en France. </i>Parce que les Algériens sont devenus des Algériens à partir de l’indépendance. Pour raconter cette histoire, nous avons fait le choix de partir d’un événement du présent, à savoir <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/des-bidonvilles-a-la-marche-des-beurs-libe-contre-le-racisme-20231102_FCQ7PDS7ABBIJENOF55QSL7SAA/\" target=\"_blank\">la Marche des beurs</a> <i>[marche antiraciste organisée en 1983, ndlr],</i> un événement historique qui était aussi le mien, étant à cette époque un militant politique très engagé."},{"_id":"5DA6YKWWNFF3PH5CQT3PTBKHO4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725457610914},"type":"text","content":"<b>Vous balayez donc le stéréotype selon lequel la présence algérienne dans l’Hexagone a débuté avec la guerre d’Algérie…</b>"},{"_id":"4JQZMP4RPZDQBJCKUCSZJD2DKM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725457610915},"type":"text","content":"Plusieurs clichés sont combattus dans cette histoire. Le premier concerne effectivement l’arrivée en France des «Nord-Africains» durant la guerre d’Algérie, alors qu’ils étaient déjà présents massivement sur le territoire : environ 100 000 durant l’entre-deux-guerres, dont près de 90 % de Kabyles. En arrivant dans l’Hexagone, les soldats algériens recrutés durant la Première Guerre mondiale ont découvert une société française beaucoup moins raciste que la société coloniale qu’ils connaissaient. Beaucoup d’entre eux sont ainsi retournés dans le pays dans lequel ils ont connu le droit ouvrier, le socialisme ou encore la République – qui n’existaient pas dans la société coloniale. Les relations amoureuses avec les Françaises ont également joué un rôle important, notamment pour des raisons économiques, puisque les Algériens n’avaient pas le droit d’investir eux-mêmes dans des commerces. Les femmes de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2012/11/16/je-suis-toujours-rattrape-par-l-algerie_861002/\" target=\"_blank\">Messali Hadj </a>et de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2015/05/05/algerie-la-chasse-est-ouverte_1291997/\" target=\"_blank\">Ferhat Abbas</a>, les deux principaux grands leaders du nationalisme algérien, étaient d’ailleurs françaises."},{"_id":"6IKLSUDUP5GDJEBRMGPUSMAHSA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725457610916},"type":"text","content":"Le second stéréotype que j’ai voulu combattre est celui de cet immigré écrasé de sommeil qui travaille et qui dort, ce qui ne correspond pas tout à fait à la vérité historique. Il s’agissait plutôt d’hommes qui travaillent et s’engagent. L’activité militante et culturelle à l’époque était très importante."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"75741b640f209f655700fe1e23eeb6538451ffb5c734a12ec518ea01edf81193"},"caption":"Planche issue de la BD «les Algériens en France. Une histoire de générations».","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"Ed. La Découverte","type":"author"}]},"subtitle":"","width":1054,"creditIPTC":"Ed. La Découverte","_id":"BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ","additional_properties":{"fullSizeResizeUrl":"/resizer/qlO5MfeVU-4rQIDCUjjQwy8NmZw=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","owner":"n.marchetti@liberation.fr","comments":[],"proxyUrl":"/resizer/qlO5MfeVU-4rQIDCUjjQwy8NmZw=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","originalUrl":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","published":true,"resizeUrl":"/resizer/qlO5MfeVU-4rQIDCUjjQwy8NmZw=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","ingestionMethod":"manual","thumbnailResizeUrl":"/resizer/QDD67nm_xOgpbdUXJ-YyvYHg-RE=/300x0/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","version":1,"usage_instructions":"PARUTION GRATUITE","originalName":"JPG_3 Les cafés hotels.jpg","mime_type":"image/jpeg","restricted":false,"template_id":183,"galleries":[],"_id":"JNF7GPUBDJCQJHQN5RTDTESY4A"},"created_date":"2024-09-10T14:32:17Z","last_updated_date":"2024-09-11T13:28:26Z","height":739,"image_type":"photograph","resized_params":[{"url":"resizer/1AXbelYpkhH_-xpzSn2VvUzKKzI=/84x56/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":84,"height":56},{"url":"resizer/o7izXftYqpbO_qohqh6RvMrOC7E=/105x70/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":105,"height":70},{"url":"resizer/I2EuIXu07wXQVJdP9u7Nz2EO-q0=/158x105/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":158,"height":105},{"url":"resizer/SfWYKl2RjK5HNIwZFSs3i9AO2K0=/274x183/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":274,"height":183},{"url":"resizer/CYkKC-s33B78pL5dh2ybPYAaoDI=/377x251/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":377,"height":251},{"url":"resizer/tr3VXq67WIqPDl87iWsNl7sneGg=/400x267/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":400,"height":267},{"url":"resizer/RnOhqi7d7v7APT09eLAzQEyr2_A=/600x400/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":600,"height":400},{"url":"resizer/YGoTupb0NYCv_HMs4wRaHwpmdZE=/768x512/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":768,"height":512},{"url":"resizer/P2S26ZEcky_CgazMGFPOf-rU6SM=/800x533/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":800,"height":533},{"url":"resizer/aFyynKuf-KiwRBaikkBQeEUcEVg=/1024x683/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":1024,"height":683},{"url":"resizer/nYJjcj4s513GMyDqgKdRUEC_rBA=/1200x800/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":1200,"height":800},{"url":"resizer/QBxTPxfUwpi1XxQSFsvMqXs0hys=/1440x960/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":1440,"height":960},{"url":"resizer/OhabsfHHVeeJ_TkhxGL96myJzv8=/1600x1067/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/BSBISGB7EJBNPIG6TWTUAR22QQ.jpg","width":1600,"height":1067}]},{"_id":"SBTJVHSD4ZG6VMNR35MKKKF36A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725457610917},"type":"text","content":"<b>Quelle était la force de l’engagement politique des Algériens en France à cette époque ?</b>"},{"_id":"7YAWE2VFPNB35H4265XD5XQCRY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725457610918},"type":"text","content":"La quasi-totalité des Algériens en France étaient en faveur <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/commemoration-de-lindependance-algerienne-lheure-nest-pas-vraiment-a-la-fete-ou-a-la-rejouissance-20220705_I4Y4Z35JFJDHPLN7U3XBFDEALY/\" target=\"_blank\">de l’indépendance de l’Algérie</a>. D’où leur engagement massif dans les premières organisations nationalistes telles que l’Etoile nord-africaine, le Parti du peuple algérien à travers la personnalité de Messali Hadj, la Fédération de France du Front de libération nationale (FLN) ou le Mouvement national algérien (MNA). Les cafés, où l’on se réunissait pour discuter de politique, trouver du travail ou prendre des nouvelles du pays, ont joué un rôle primordial à cette époque. L’engagement politique, la lutte anticolonialiste et le nationalisme leur ont justement permis de récupérer leur identité, d’appartenir à une nation."},{"_id":"DASDTQEAY5COVPCVIFLTP32KIY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[{"pos":0,"comment":"Comme je l’explique à deux reprises dans ma bande dessinée "}],"comments":[],"_id":1725464090019},"type":"text","content":"De nombreuses personnalités françaises ont également soutenu le peuple algérien, que ce soit dans les années 30 (les trotskistes, les anarchistes, les syndicalistes, les surréalistes…) ou pendant la guerre d’Algérie (Gisèle Halimi, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir…). Il fallait donc raconter cette histoire à travers cette force de l’engagement, qui s’est beaucoup perdue."},{"_id":"X64MGTCG3NA75DSLLGN4LWLPNI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725457610919},"type":"text","content":"<b>Pourquoi vous êtes-vous tourné vers la bande dessinée ?</b>"},{"_id":"RDNVXETZTJFFVDC7BIQ2P3Z5VM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725457610920},"type":"text","content":"Je souhaitais adapter et vulgariser mon travail académique d’historien dans la culture populaire, et ainsi toucher le plus grand nombre, en particulier la nouvelle génération. Cet ouvrage est avant tout destiné à la jeunesse, souvent privée de mémoire. Comment raconter l’histoire d’hommes sans nom, qui sont des militants anticolonialistes et qui ensuite restent en France ? Il s’agit d’une histoire très compliquée. Les Algériens qui ont combattu pour l’indépendance ont eu du mal à transmettre cette histoire, de ce silence est né un trou de mémoire. Avec cette bande dessinée, mon objectif est de retrouver cette mémoire perdue."},{"_id":"XOY2YSZF4VBQHAZHABSE4FREVU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725457610921},"type":"text","content":"<b>Pourquoi raconter cette histoire à travers un récit intergénérationnel ?</b>"},{"_id":"LCSDFPKZIRFR5PO2MXLMZJJF3A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725457610922},"type":"text","content":"Ces trois ou quatre générations sont interpénétrées, elles ne peuvent pas se comprendre l’une sans l’autre. La complexité des origines de la nouvelle génération ne se comprend que par cette passerelle. Comment rester fidèle à la mémoire de son père ou de son grand-père, qui a combattu pour l’indépendance de l’Algérie, tout en vivant comme un Français à part entière ? Faire le tri entre la France coloniale et la société française est une tâche très difficile. Seules des mémoires qui s’entrecroisent peuvent permettre de comprendre cette contradiction."},{"_id":"KHHJZSTSRBFRZAF6AWGDF7YFYQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725464090024},"type":"text","content":"<b>Vous évoquez également les violences et la répression policière dont ont été victimes les Algériens en France…</b>"},{"_id":"PFZKNTLGYVAH5HJUUCFX35CLM4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725464090025},"type":"text","content":"Je reviens bien sûr sur <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/les-deputes-ecolos-se-divisent-sur-le-massacre-du-17-octobre-1961-20230405_K4RD6FOIVBE35OW7IKFHH4OZ2A/\" target=\"_blank\">le massacre du 17 octobre 1961</a> ou l’attentat du 14 décembre 1973 contre le consulat d’Algérie à Marseille, qui ont longtemps été occultés par la France, mais aussi quelquefois par l’Algérie. Mais je mentionne également d’autres dates beaucoup moins connues, comme le 14 juillet 1953, lors duquel la police française a ouvert le feu sur une grande manifestation d’ouvriers algériens, coûtant la vie à de nombreuses personnes. Une autre date, le 9 mars 1956, n’est pas mentionnée dans l’ouvrage mais mérite également d’être reconnue. Il s’agit d’une répression très violente d’une manifestation d’Algériens devant le Palais-Bourbon lors du vote d’une loi sur les pouvoirs spéciaux en Algérie, qui autorisait l’envoi de contingents dans les zones dites «interdites». Hors de ces zones, deux millions de paysans algériens ont ainsi été déplacés de force dans des villages artificiels contrôlés par l’armée, et interdits de revenir dans ces territoires, sous peine d’être abattus. Ces mesures ont conduit à une explosion du nombre de départs d’Algériens vers la France, multiplié par deux durant la guerre."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"auth":{"1":"a5a5af8792daf355308e0fcd5fc54028457e545019f013f3cbda44de84fc40ba"},"caption":"Ici, lorsque la police française a ouvert le feu sur une grande manifestation d’ouvriers algériens, coûtant la vie à de nombreuses personnes, le 14 juillet 1953, à Paris.","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"Ed. La Découverte","type":"author"}]},"subtitle":"","width":1476,"_id":"KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE","additional_properties":{"fullSizeResizeUrl":"/resizer/ikZyWqUOfpFYgpxipLy8lux6ouY=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","owner":"n.marchetti@liberation.fr","comments":[],"proxyUrl":"/resizer/ikZyWqUOfpFYgpxipLy8lux6ouY=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","originalUrl":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","published":true,"resizeUrl":"/resizer/ikZyWqUOfpFYgpxipLy8lux6ouY=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","ingestionMethod":"manual","thumbnailResizeUrl":"/resizer/YIcpGnEaAIqoHwQzfBjvEOqeq78=/300x0/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","version":1,"originalName":"7 14 uillet 53-1.jpg","mime_type":"image/jpeg","restricted":false,"template_id":183,"galleries":[],"_id":"BRH2P2DDVVBI5MOHEMXKGUTHNE"},"created_date":"2024-09-10T14:26:08Z","last_updated_date":"2024-09-11T13:28:26Z","height":982,"image_type":"photograph","resized_params":[{"url":"resizer/B_FCp3h0KeOZZf6ys4xuUJxuAN0=/84x56/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":84,"height":56},{"url":"resizer/BMA7LY9IH6RX9DeUUcOxsRuZy_8=/105x70/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":105,"height":70},{"url":"resizer/5cCAE7-JohPk5P_rzR1n4_08Mm0=/158x105/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":158,"height":105},{"url":"resizer/JTfBs78KX70UMrwROinHUIrxW3Q=/274x183/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":274,"height":183},{"url":"resizer/kx_AezNRBfsyaCssnMe3ow1mr8I=/377x251/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":377,"height":251},{"url":"resizer/iNy2PIkKC6d6fs8xnYZEbZq4kqk=/400x267/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":400,"height":267},{"url":"resizer/VPg4liMdyrHI2vR80JztjcZh3oI=/600x400/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":600,"height":400},{"url":"resizer/DmMTTxGtOH5TMQwh9WtFpg4poEM=/768x512/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":768,"height":512},{"url":"resizer/o7okL5vFNpa1PXja-AnSnffliWU=/800x533/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":800,"height":533},{"url":"resizer/yyLqdJKdWt06vnqzQRzZl0TBVAs=/1024x683/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":1024,"height":683},{"url":"resizer/kGTl2SoQDhMcGc2UfSKJ3VZcqJo=/1200x800/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":1200,"height":800},{"url":"resizer/5KqtujT52Q2fbeb6ICwqWYCuEtY=/1440x960/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":1440,"height":960},{"url":"resizer/hbFTk45oV5ao8v5f91L57Nokly8=/1600x1067/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/KLGRHQ3EYNARFN33Y7VDVO5BAE.jpg","width":1600,"height":1067}]},{"_id":"FGJDUE3YVBAC7LFKJ4MOZBKCZQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725464090026},"type":"text","content":"<b>Pour rapprocher les deux pays, vous aviez recommandé une vingtaine de mesures à Emmanuel Macron lors de la remise de votre rapport, en janvier 2021, sur la réconciliation des mémoires…</b>"},{"_id":"RJVD4TTOXFFGVMIJ5DPL6OSJTI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725464090027},"type":"text","content":"Lorsque j’ai rencontré Emmanuel Macron pour la première fois, avant la campagne présidentielle de 2017, je lui avais dit que la seule chose à faire pour atténuer les blessures était de mettre en place des mesures symboliques. On ne peut pas réparer cent trente-deux années de présence coloniale d’un seul coup, par un seul discours. Le traumatisme est gigantesque, et concerne des millions de personnes, car il faut évoquer aussi le départ des pieds-noirs ou les massacres de harkis."},{"_id":"N3KIAODO2BESHJD7NGW5HLNM74","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[{"pos":272,"comment":"[avocat et militant nationaliste assassiné le 23 mars 1957 par l’armée française, ndlr]."}],"comments":[],"_id":1725464090028},"type":"text","content":"Je lui ai notamment suggéré d’ouvrir les archives et de reconnaître la responsabilité de la France dans le meurtre de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2018/09/13/mort-de-maurice-audin-macron-reconnait-la-torture_1678582/\" target=\"_blank\">Maurice Audin</a> <i>[mathématicien torturé et assassiné à l’âge de 25 ans par l’armée française pendant la bataille d’Alger, en 1957, ndlr]</i> ou <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/la-france-reconnait-que-lavocat-algerien-ali-boumendjel-a-ete-torture-et-assassine-par-larmee-francaise-20210303_BMZYUKY335GJRG6WOJC5EC7M2Y/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">d’Ali Boumendjel</a> C’est ce qu’il a fait. Il faut avancer pas à pas, mais c’est déjà considérable."},{"_id":"PZX2MZM2EFDFJJKGSII46WT7HA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725535893308},"type":"text","content":"<b>Où en sont les travaux de la commission mixte chargée d’étudier les archives des deux pays portant sur la période coloniale, lancés par Emmanuel Macron et le président algérien </b><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/algerie-le-president-sortant-abdelmadjid-tebboune-reelu-avec-94-des-voix-20240908_3NWND2JWKNEP5EGBYR245MXL7U/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Abdelmadjid Tebboune</b></a><b> ?</b>"},{"_id":"FTWYIAFLTVDTRMY23KHKYLFMVY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725535893309},"type":"text","content":"Cinq rencontres ont déjà eu lieu avec nos homologues algériens. Nous avons commencé à établir des chronologies en partant du XIXe siècle, lors de la pénétration coloniale, qui a conduit au viol d’une histoire, d’une nation, mais aussi à une dépossession foncière et identitaire. Il s’agit d’un travail de longue haleine qui, je l’espère, ne pâtira pas de la crise diplomatique actuelle entre les deux Etats. Il faut néanmoins continuer à investir matériellement et financièrement dans les travaux de cette commission pour pouvoir soigner les blessures du passé."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"L’historien publie ce 12 septembre une BD sur l’histoire complexe de la présence algérienne en France au cours du XXe siècle, illustrée par les dessins de Nicolas Le Scanff. Avec l’objectif de panser les plaies du passé."},"description":{"basic":"L’historien publie ce 12 septembre une BD sur l’histoire complexe de la présence algérienne en France au cours du XXe siècle, illustrée par les dessins de Nicolas Le Scanff. Avec l’objectif de panser les plaies du passé."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/idees-et-debats","parent_id":"/","name":"Idées et Débats","description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","_id":"/idees-et-debats","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","site_title":"Idées & Débats : nos tribunes et chroniques - Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Idées et Débats"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/idees-et-debats","18"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"name":"Idées et Débats","_id":"/idees-et-debats","ancestors":{"footer2":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":1002,"default":1001,"burgermenu":1009,"amp-menu":1005,"headernav":1004}}},"type":"site","version":"0.5.8"},"sites":[{"path":"/idees-et-debats","parent_id":"/","name":"Idées et Débats","description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","_id":"/idees-et-debats","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","site_title":"Idées & Débats : nos tribunes et chroniques - 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Interdites de s’inscrire à l’Ecole des beaux-arts jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle, celles-ci sont privées du seul apprentissage censé former de futurs «grands peintres», ce qu’aucune ne serait donc devenue. De fait, si cette exclusion genrée a freiné leur épanouissement et si l’androcentrisme persiste au niveau de l’enseignement artistique, deux données essentielles ne doivent pas être oubliées. D’une part, la majorité des hommes peintres n’a pas été formée dans cet établissement ; d’autre part, nombre de ces créatrices en herbe entrèrent, comme eux, dans des ateliers de renom, dirigés par des hommes qui ouvrirent des cours réservés à leur sexe – bienséance oblige –, ainsi celui de Félix-Joseph Barrias ou celui des Dames, avec à sa tête, tour à tour, Carolus-Duran et Jean-Jacques Henner, lequel fascine son élève Dorothy Tennant."},{"_id":"GVICVIVAFBAALJ4AY6ANI4OD54","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1713807109340},"type":"text","content":"L’obstination à approfondir leurs savoirs caractérise ces jeunes femmes, convaincues de leur vocation, si contraire à celle, prétendue naturelle, de mère, tout comme leur volonté à imposer leur originalité créative, ce que parvient à faire Juliette Roche, inscrite en 1911 à l’Académie Ranson. Ce fut parfois en dépit de maîtres peu enclins à accepter que le talent n’ait pas de sexe. Exemple étonnant, celui de Gabriel Ferrier, professeur de la réputée Académie Julian, immortalisée par les pinceaux de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/livres/1999/12/16/le-moi-de-marie-publication-du-premier-tome-1877-1879-du-monumental-journal-d-un-esprit-incandescent_290857/\" target=\"_blank\">Marie Bashkirtseff</a> (<i>Dans l’atelier</i>, 1881), qui dénigre ses propres élèves, estimant que <i>«c’est ridicule de laisser concourir les femmes, elles n’entendent rien à la peinture, elles n’arrivent jamais à rien, même les plus douées». </i>Les autrices déplorent que ce parcours, certes de combattantes, ait invité l’histoire de l’art à les héroïser, à <i>«n’interpréter leurs choix, leurs goûts, leurs comportements que comme des conséquences de leur volonté de résistance à la minorisation subie en tant que femmes».</i> In fine, insister sur la nature des difficultés rencontrées par ces artistes contribue non seulement à faire perdurer l’oubli dans lequel nombre d’entre elles sont tombées après leur mort, mais aussi à nier qu’elles furent, en leur temps, intégrées dans le monde professionnel, comme productrices d’œuvres reconnues pour leurs qualités ou enseignantes respectées pour leur valeur pédagogique, voire admirées pour leur double statut, telle <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/rosa-bonheur-de-la-suite-dans-les-cervides-20221206_R6TAXXCAIBC7RBHM264IS7M2UI/\" target=\"_blank\">Rosa Bonheur</a>. Future première peintre décorée de la Légion d’honneur par la volonté féministe de l’impératrice Eugénie, elle succède à son père à la tête de l’Ecole nationale gratuite de dessin pour les jeunes filles en 1849 – date à laquelle s’ouvre cette belle étude. Elle se distingue par «la masculinité» de ses méthodes qui séduisent ses élèves. Le parcours dans ce passé artistique se clôt après le décès, en 1924, d’Amélie Beaury-Saurel, directrice de l’Académie Julian, fondée par son mari."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"EB55ZSL5TVE2DNJMEXYZAIIEN4","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"MHC2ZETE6BA6PBH35MVT3EGQIA"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"O2VT2LR6KJDD3NQQZJBB35U2YQ","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"HK5OYLOR3ZBANMH7P62NBO3SCA","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Rosa Bonheur et Anna Klumpke, plutôt deux voix qu’une","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/rosa-bonheur-et-anna-klumpke-plutot-deux-voix-quune-20220406_HTKKG2SGMRFNHJ7KXZOGS76MSA/"}]},{"_id":"GLOMG7GO5RFJXFDRSJQ5BYJMFE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725363731936},"type":"text","content":"Si l’appui familial a mis le pied à l’étrier de ces deux exemples, ce ne fut pas toujours le cas. Ce lien n’empêche nullement, bien au contraire, de se demander si le genre intervient dans la transmission et la réception des savoirs, comme dans la relation – «Autorité, respect, fascination» – entre élèves et maîtresses, louées pour leur dévouement, que certains relient, avec ironie, à leur fréquente condition de «vieilles filles». Toutes, loin s’en faut, n’eurent pas la notoriété de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/2010/04/30/lemaire-l-autre-madeleine-de-proust_623482/\" target=\"_blank\">Madeleine Lemaire</a>, passée à la postérité pour avoir créé plus de roses en peinture que Dieu en nature, selon Alexandre Dumas fils, et pour son salon qui attirait le Tout-Paris. Le livre rappelle, enfin, l’importance de son enseignement au Muséum d’histoire naturelle pour le cours de dessin appliqué à l’étude des fleurs – suivi, notamment, par Marie Laurencin – et dans son Université des arts. Sa réputation rassure les familles de la haute société, opposées à la présence de leurs filles dans les écoles de dessin de la capitale, où celles des classes modestes se forment aux métiers liés aux arts décoratifs."},{"_id":"UB7LF3HHYFF7LLUZXL56M2KKAY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1725386979400},"type":"text","content":"En faisant leur la question, si souvent posée par les historien·nes des femmes, «Qui se souvient de… ?», les autrices font (re) découvrir, à travers une iconographie soignée (qu’on aurait souhaitée souvent en pleine page), la production d’artistes et l’influence de leurs enseignantes, celle de la <i>«grande maîtresse en miniature» </i>Gabrielle Debillemont-Chardon (1860-1957) sur une Bessie Gibson ou Marguerite Martinet."},{"level":6,"_id":"S6CBTYIA3ZBMXFRSQQ6V5WDPW4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1713807109341},"type":"header","content":"Marion Lagrange et Adriana Sotropa (sous la direction de), <i>Elèves et maîtresses. Apprendre et transmettre l’art (1849-1928).</i> Presses universitaires de Bordeaux, 128 pp., 29€."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Accompagné d’une iconographie soignée, l’ouvrage collectif dresse un panorama de l’enseignement artistique au féminin de 1849 à 1928, au sein d’ateliers de renom d’où émergèrent des figures reconnues pour leurs qualités."},"description":{"basic":"Accompagné d’une iconographie soignée, l’ouvrage collectif dresse un panorama de l’enseignement artistique au féminin de 1849 à 1928, au sein d’ateliers de renom d’où émergèrent des figures reconnues pour leurs qualités."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/culture/livres","parent_id":"/culture","name":"Livres","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité littéraire : critiques et nouveautés livres, le cahier livres, nos rencontres et interviews 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plus de mille ans avant J.-C., c’est d’abord se sentir tout petit. Mais Eric H. Cline, archéologue, professeur à l’université George-Washington, nous guide avec une telle clarté qu’on se surprend à lire son dernier ouvrage comme un roman. Pourtant, avec ses 111 pages de notes et de références sur 361, il est plutôt du genre très érudit. L’historien américain publie la suite de son best-seller, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2015/04/29/le-krach-de-1177-avant-j-c_1276958/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>1177 avant J.-C. : le jour où la civilisation s’est effondrée</i></a> (la Découverte, 2016), dans lequel il s’attardait sur une catastrophe mêlant famines, guerres civiles et sécheresses, et qui atteignit toutes les sociétés vivant autour de la Méditerranée. C’est l’«Effondrement», le passage de l’Age de bronze aux Siècles obscurs, qu’Eric H. Cline préfère appeler «Age de fer». Cette époque lointaine est bien antérieure à l’Empire romain (autour de l’an zéro) et à l’époque classique de la Grèce antique (autour de 400 avant J.-C.), qui nous sont plus familiers grâce à leurs personnages célèbres et aux nombreux textes qui nous sont parvenus. Quelles sociétés ont su s’adapter et pourquoi ? Leurs heurts et malheurs peuvent-ils nous aider à appréhender les menaces qui pèsent sur nos sociétés ? C’est le pari de <i>la Survie des civilisations. Après 1177 avant J.-C. </i>(la Découverte, 2024)."},{"_id":"7CZ4PZWP4RAEJNEUIP5XMMZWNE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048087},"type":"text","content":"<b>Combien de civilisations vivaient autour de la Méditerranée dans l’époque que vous étudiez, et quels liens entretenaient-elles ?</b>"},{"_id":"HQCF242WAVHRJA2EOFVYAGMEO4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048088},"type":"text","content":"On pourrait dire que c’était «le G8» de l’époque. Les Mycéniens, les Minoens, les Hittites, les Cananéens, les Chypriotes, les Assyriens, les Egyptiens et les Babyloniens étaient liées économiquement, diplomatiquement et commercialement dans un réseau mondialisé englobant la Méditerranée, de l’ouest à l’est. Pour le dire en termes moderne, c’est une zone qui va de l’Italie, la Sicile, la Sardaigne jusqu’à l’Irak, l’Iran et l’Afghanistan. Les estimations démographiques sont notoirement difficiles et peuvent varier considérablement. Une série d’estimations a récemment été fournie pour la Grèce continentale, qui suggère qu’environ 600 000 personnes y vivaient au XIIIe siècle avant J.-C., mais que ce nombre est tombé à environ 330 000 deux siècles plus tard. Cela signifie que l’Effondrement a provoqué un déclin de la population grecque d’environ 40%, grosso modo, en deux cents ans. Je suppose que la majeure partie du déclin a eu lieu après 1200 avant J.-C., et qu’il était probablement dû à des morts ou à des migrations. On trouvait probablement un nombre similaire de personnes dans les autres zones, c’est-à-dire les personnes vivant en Anatolie, en Egypte, en <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/2014/01/03/mesopotamie-retour-aux-sources_970424/\" target=\"_blank\">Mésopotamie</a>, en Canaan, etc. Ils partageaient des liens aux plus hauts niveaux des sociétés, des rois aux marchands, pendant les siècles de l’Age du bronze tardif (d’environ 1700 av. J.-C. à 1200 av. J.-C.)."},{"_id":"3WFXXKMFWFAZRNJE4OLUVPW7QA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048089},"type":"text","content":"<b>Comment justifiez-vous la date de 1177 av. J.-C. pour l’Effondrement, qui a fait l’objet d’un précédent ouvrage ?</b>"},{"_id":"MQHQM4TF3ZDUTCUONU2QMRM57Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048090},"type":"text","content":"Il s’agit de la date de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/archeologie/egypte-pres-des-pyramides-de-gizeh-un-ancien-bras-du-nil-et-des-souterrains-ressurgissent-20240524_NPWQW3QKA5DR5E6H5T74MJZKEM/\" target=\"_blank\">la deuxième attaque contre l’Egypte</a> par les soi-disant «Peuples de la mer», la première attaque ayant eu lieu en 1207 avant J.-C. Il s’agit donc d’un consensus académique pour la ou les dates globales de l’Effondrement, un point de référence en quelque sorte, tout comme les gens disent souvent que 476 après J.-C. est la date de la chute de l’Empire romain, bien qu’il s’agisse également d’un consensus académique et qu’elle ne soit pas tout à fait exacte.1177 av. J.-C. est une date facile à retenir et symptomatique de l’ensemble de l’Effondrement."},{"_id":"ZMSXJNBXNJBODPVWZIAJBGORZI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048091},"type":"text","content":"<b>Quels ont été les phénomènes les plus marquants de cet événement ?</b>"},{"_id":"7XSEX7WSL5CCZMFQWLJLAL2MKI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048092},"type":"text","content":"Le plus frappant, c’est la rapidité avec laquelle il s’est produit. Ces civilisations ou sociétés interagissaient joyeusement depuis environ cinq siècles (entre 1700 et 1200 av. J.-C.), mais le réseau mondialisé s’est effondré, et les différentes sociétés ont été plus ou moins affectées en l’espace de quelques décennies seulement. Ce qui est frappant aussi, si j’ai raison, c’est qu’il a fallu plusieurs catastrophes se produisant presque simultanément pour provoquer l’Effondrement – c’est ce que l’on pourrait appeler une «polycrise»."},{"_id":"MRA7NJXKKBCCPLSCLCJLS4QAFA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048093},"type":"text","content":"<b>Une «méga sécheresse» d’environ deux cents ans en aurait été l’une des causes principales. S’agit-il d’une forme de réchauffement climatique comme celui que nous connaissons ?</b>"},{"_id":"36PFOROCZ5BDLHFOXBXS56BFDI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048094},"type":"text","content":"C’est peut-être un peu différent, mais l’impact est similaire. Il semble que le climat soit devenu plus aride et que les précipitations aient diminué, ce qui a entraîné une méga sécheresse."},{"_id":"BSV5A2PG7ZBVPORNV5GE4Q7ZKQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048095},"type":"text","content":"<b>Quels liens peut-on établir entre le moment que nous traversons et votre période de recherche ?</b>"},{"_id":"D4D33IJJGNFVBKCGLNEVE2WQMY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048096},"type":"text","content":"Je constate que tous les facteurs qui ont pu contribuer à l’effondrement de leur réseau mondialisé et qui ont eu un impact sur toutes les sociétés concernées à l’époque sont également présents aujourd’hui, notamment le changement climatique, la sécheresse, la famine, la maladie, des invasions, les réfugiés, les tremblements de terre, etc. Si Mark Twain a raison de dire que l’histoire rime mais ne se répète pas, alors nous devrions être conscients, et inquiets, que quelque chose de similaire pourrait nous attendre, peut-être dans un avenir très proche. Il serait prétentieux de penser que nous sommes trop grands pour faire faillite aujourd’hui."},{"_id":"JXJ52B2QMNBURMZPYAXU3PWV34","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048097},"type":"text","content":"<b>Quels peuples se sont mieux adaptés que les autres, et pourquoi ?</b>"},{"_id":"JEDHGWNTVJB5VCIBSJDTDYDAPY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048098},"type":"text","content":"Difficile de répondre au pourquoi. Pour résumer, on sait que certains peuples se sont adaptés, certains mieux que d’autres comme les Phéniciens et les Chypriotes, probablement parce qu’ils ont réussi, malgré le chaos, à innover et à faire progresser la diffusion de l’alphabet et l’usage du fer. Ils ont également réussi à créer et gérer des routes commerciales à travers la Méditerranée. Les Assyriens et les Babyloniens, eux, ont pu maintenir l’essentiel de leur structure sociétale, peut-être en partie parce qu’ils étaient éloignés de la Méditerranée et situés sur de grands systèmes fluviaux, le Tigre et l’Euphrate, mais aussi peut-être parce qu’ils avaient des dirigeants qui ont pris les bonnes décisions pour leur permettre de survivre."},{"_id":"QX5FWAXITNDG5MKOM7TXRHFP2A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048099},"type":"text","content":"<b>A l’inverse, quels peuples ont été décimés et pour quelles raisons ?</b>"},{"_id":"6IKOCYLXJNEGPF4JFTI4E2RSZI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048100},"type":"text","content":"Il est également difficile de répondre de manière précise à cette question. Cependant, les Hittites sont parmi ceux qui ont le plus souffert. Ils ont pratiquement disparu de l’Anatolie centrale, peut-être parce qu’ils se trouvaient déjà dans une situation précaire en raison de conflits au sein de la famille régnante. Les choses n’ont pas bien tourné pour les Mycéniens non plus ; il a été suggéré qu’ils étaient plus vulnérables et plus fragiles qu’il n’y paraissait en tant que société, peut-être en raison de la surexploitation de la classe inférieure pour des projets à grande échelle, entre autres choses."},{"_id":"BVI2LTVQHBFMPF56IGGD2ZHGZU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048101},"type":"text","content":"<b>Pourquoi l’Egypte, dont nous connaissons mieux le passé que les autres peuples que vous étudiez, n’a-t-elle pas réussi à s’appuyer sur ses solides fondations ?</b>"},{"_id":"2CVZ4U3GCNE5DGI6SJZEYHZJ54","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048102},"type":"text","content":"Les raisons ne sont pas claires. Elles sont certainement liées au fait que les pharaons qui ont immédiatement succédé à Ramsès III après son assassinat dans le cadre de ce que l’on appelle la «conspiration du harem» (1155 avant J.-C.), vingt ans après sa victoire sur les Peuples de la mer, n’ont pas été à la hauteur de leurs illustres prédécesseurs, notamment Ramsès II, Mérenptah, et Ramsès III. Cette période est marquée par des pénuries alimentaires, des conflits liés aux conditions de travail et des pillages de tombes, et <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/culture/arts/au-caire-des-momies-transferees-en-grande-pompe-mais-sans-grand-monde-dun-musee-a-un-autre-20210404_4EP3ZPVB6VETBNAGT6EXMMJ7PI/\" target=\"_blank\">l’Egypte se retire de la scène internationale</a> pendant un certain temps. Très vite, d’autres personnages puissants, issus de l’administration ou de la prêtrise, s’élèvent pour défier les pharaons et établir leur propre pouvoir sur certaines parties de l’Egypte, si bien qu’à un moment donné, après l’Effondrement, ce ne sont pas moins de trois, voire quatre personnes qui prétendent chacune régner sur une partie du territoire en même temps."},{"_id":"QVEE3WV7PJDLHAAVMOXZKCURIU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048103},"type":"text","content":"<b>Pourquoi préconisez-vous l’utilisation du terme «Age de fer» plutôt que «Age sombre» ou «Siècles obscurs» ?</b>"},{"_id":"244L6WN3GNGEZD3PKT4HYD5FZU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048104},"type":"text","content":"Je soutiens ce que d’autres chercheurs ont déjà dit : une époque qui voit la normalisation et la diffusion de l’alphabet et de la technologie du fer ne devrait probablement pas être considérée comme un «âge sombre», mais plutôt comme un âge d’innovation et d’invention. Les chercheurs qui étudient le Moyen Age n’aiment pas non plus qu’on le qualifie d’«âge sombre»…"},{"_id":"YLO2NMUTNVGORJQPIPDZKYKKU4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048105},"type":"text","content":"<b>Quelle découverte majeure viendrait, selon vous, compléter l’histoire à trous que vous racontez ?</b>"},{"_id":"SDIA53UOVFHW3CXZVCEPO4FID4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1724427048106},"type":"text","content":"Il serait bon de trouver d’autres archives, en particulier une qui contienne un compte rendu contemporain de ce qui s’est passé pendant l’Effondrement et immédiatement après, peut-être dans l’une des villes qui était impliquée ou qui a pu observer le phénomène à distance. Karkemish (située sur la frontière actuelle de la Turquie et de la Syrie) pourrait être un bon endroit. Nous nous rapprochons déjà d’une telle découverte, comme le montre la tablette d’Ougarit (Syrie actuelle) récemment publiée, qui mentionne que des forces ennemies ont envahi la ville portuaire et avancent maintenant sur Ougarit elle-même. Sans toutefois nous dire exactement qui étaient les <i>«ennemis».</i>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"L’archéologue américain, auteur d’un best seller sur la chute de plusieurs peuples méditerranéens entre l’Age de bronze et l’Age de fer, publie une suite qui raconte comment d’autres ont, au même moment, innové et survécu."},"description":{"basic":"L’archéologue américain, auteur d’un best seller sur la chute de plusieurs peuples méditerranéens entre l’Age de bronze et l’Age de fer, publie une suite qui raconte comment d’autres ont, au même moment, innové et survécu."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/idees-et-debats","parent_id":"/","name":"Idées et Débats","description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","_id":"/idees-et-debats","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les tribunes, idées et débats, éditoriaux de Libération.","site_title":"Idées & Débats : nos tribunes et chroniques - 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