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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Canaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Djahy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Djahy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Djahy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Djahy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaeology and history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early Bronze Age (3500–2000 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age_(3500–2000_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze_Age_(2000–1550_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze_Age_(2000–1550_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Middle Bronze Age (2000–1550 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze_Age_(2000–1550_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age_(1550–1200_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze_Age_(1550–1200_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age_(1550–1200_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amarna_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amarna_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Amarna letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amarna_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Late_Bronze_Age_mentions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Late_Bronze_Age_mentions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Other Late Bronze Age mentions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Late_Bronze_Age_mentions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ashur_tablets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashur_tablets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2.1</span> <span>Ashur tablets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashur_tablets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hattusa_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hattusa_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2.2</span> <span>Hattusa letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hattusa_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Bronze Age collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_hieroglyphic_and_hieratic_(1500–1000_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_hieroglyphic_and_hieratic_(1500–1000_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Egyptian hieroglyphic and hieratic (1500–1000 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_hieroglyphic_and_hieratic_(1500–1000_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greco-Roman_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Roman_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Greco-Roman historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Roman_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Later sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canaanites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canaanites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Canaanites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canaanites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canaanites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canaanites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Significant figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Genetic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Jewish_and_Christian_scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Jewish_and_Christian_scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Jewish and Christian scriptures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Jewish_and_Christian_scriptures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Jewish and Christian scriptures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Jewish_and_Christian_scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Canaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Canaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Conquest of Canaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Canaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Israel_and_Judah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Israel_and_Judah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Kingdom of Israel and Judah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Israel_and_Judah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_figures_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_figures_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Significant figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_figures_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_the_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_the_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Uses of the name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_the_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Canaan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n" title="Kanaän – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kanaän" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A8%E1%8A%90%E1%8B%93%E1%8A%95_(%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD)" title="ከነዓን (ጥንታዊ አገር) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ከነዓን (ጥንታዊ አገር)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="كنعانيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنعانيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%A2%DC%A5%DC%A2" title="ܟܢܥܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܢܥܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A1n" title="Canán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Canán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99nan" title="Kənan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kənan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কেনান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেনান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ханаан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ханаан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ханаан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ханаан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ханаан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ханаан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenaan" title="Kenaan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kenaan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canaan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ханаан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ханаан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C3%A1n" title="Kanaán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kanaán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canaan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaanan" title="Kaanan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaanan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Χαναάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαναάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cana%C3%A1n" title="Canaán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canaán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaano" title="Kanaano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanaano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کنعان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنعان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Canaan (région) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canaan (région)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n" title="Kanaän – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kanaän" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cana%C3%A1n" title="Canaán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canaán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%82%98%EC%95%88" title="가나안 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가나안" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Քանան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քանան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanansland" title="Kanansland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kanansland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canaan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="כנען – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כנען" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ქანაანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქანაანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaani" title="Kanaani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanaani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan" title="Kenan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kenan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanaan" title="Chanaan – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chanaan" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C4%81na" title="Kanaāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kanaāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaanas" title="Kanaanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanaanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1na%C3%A1n" title="Kánaán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kánaán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ханан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ханан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaana_(faritra)" title="Kanaana (faritra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kanaana (faritra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كنعان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنعان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Канаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Канаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n_(gebied)" title="Kanaän (gebied) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kanaän (gebied)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3" title="カナン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="КанӀан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="КанӀан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs_de_Canaan" title="País de Canaan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="País de Canaan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%27aan" title="Kana'aan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kana'aan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%CA%BCon" title="Kanʼon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanʼon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਨਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਨਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کنعان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنعان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cana%C3%A3" title="Canaã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canaã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canaan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Канаан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Канаан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ханаан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ханаан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ханаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ханаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanani" title="Kanani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Canaan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canaan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڪنعان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪنعان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C3%A1n_(biblick%C3%A9_%C3%BAzemie)" title="Kanaán (biblické územie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kanaán (biblické územie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کەنعان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەنعان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ханан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ханан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaaninmaa" title="Kanaaninmaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanaaninmaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanaan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan_(ng_Bibliya)" title="Canaan (ng Bibliya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Canaan (ng Bibliya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கானான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கானான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="คานาอัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คานาอัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Канъон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Канъон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan" title="Kenan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kenan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ханаан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ханаан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کنعان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنعان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Canaan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Canaan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%8D%97" title="迦南 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="迦南" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%8D%97" title="迦南 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="迦南" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canaan&params=32_N_35_E_source:wikidata_region:IS_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°N</span> <span class="longitude">35°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32°N 35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32; 35</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until May 18, 2025 at 18:44 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in the ancient Near East</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Canaan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Canaan (disambiguation)">Canaan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Canaan</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>)</span><br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כְּנַעַן</span>‎</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>)</span><br /><span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Χαναάν</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Greek language">Biblical Greek</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كَنْعَانُ</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">Historical region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaan_Aram._John_Melish._The_Places_Recorded_in_the_Five_Books_of_Moses._1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Canaan by John Melish (1815)"><img alt="Map of Canaan by John Melish (1815)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Canaan_Aram._John_Melish._The_Places_Recorded_in_the_Five_Books_of_Moses._1815.jpg/250px-Canaan_Aram._John_Melish._The_Places_Recorded_in_the_Five_Books_of_Moses._1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Canaan_Aram._John_Melish._The_Places_Recorded_in_the_Five_Books_of_Moses._1815.jpg/500px-Canaan_Aram._John_Melish._The_Places_Recorded_in_the_Five_Books_of_Moses._1815.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="1372" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of Canaan by <a href="/wiki/John_Melish" title="John Melish">John Melish</a> (1815)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canaan&params=32_N_35_E_source:wikidata_region:IS_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°N</span> <span class="longitude">35°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32°N 35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32; 35</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polities</a> and</span> peoples</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap" style="line-height:1.3em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician city states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tjeker" title="Tjeker">Tjeker</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.3em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moabite_language" title="Moabite language">Moabite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edomite_language" title="Edomite language">Edomite</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Canaan</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MedalsHill1910_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedalsHill1910-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreekName_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreekName-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>-speaking civilization and region of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>. Canaan had significant geopolitical importance in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a> (14th century BC) as the area where the <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of interest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Empire">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrian Empires</a> converged or overlapped. Much of present-day knowledge about Canaan stems from <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">archaeological excavation</a> in this area at sites such as <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Tel Hazor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a>, <a href="/wiki/En_Esur" class="mw-redirect" title="En Esur">En Esur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a>. </p><p>The name "Canaan" appears throughout the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> as a geography associated with the "<a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> "Canaanites" serves as an ethnic catch-all term covering various indigenous populations—both settled and <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">nomadic-pastoral</a> groups—throughout the regions of the southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is by far the most frequently used ethnic term in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Dever_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dever-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Mark Smith</a>, citing archaeological findings, suggests "that the <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a> culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture ... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature."<sup id="cite_ref-JonTubb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonTubb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–14">: 13–14 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarkSmith_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkSmith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Canaanites" is attested, many centuries later, as the <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">endonym</a> of the people later known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> BC as <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Drews4849_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews4849-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_settlement_of_North_Africa" title="Phoenician settlement of North Africa">emigration of Phoenicians</a> and Canaanite-speakers to <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> (founded in the 9th century BC), was also used as a self-designation by the <a href="/wiki/Punics" class="mw-redirect" title="Punics">Punics</a> (as <span title="Penrhyn-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="pnh-Latn">"Chanani"</span></span>) of North Africa during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canaan">Canaan</h3></div> <p>The English term "Canaan" (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> since <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a>) comes from the Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כנען</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Kənaʿan</i></span>), via the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χανααν</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Khanaan</i></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Canaan</i></span>. It appears as <i>Kinâḫna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk">𒆳𒆠𒈾𒄴𒈾</span>, <i><sup>KUR</sup>ki-na-aḫ-na</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> (14th century BC) and several other ancient Egyptian texts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Greek, it first occurs in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus</a> (c. 550–476 BC) as "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Khna</i></span>" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χνᾶ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is attested in Phoenician on coins from <a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a> dated to the 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The etymology is uncertain. An early explanation derives the term from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic root</a> <span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">knʿ</i></span>, "to be low, humble, subjugated".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have suggested that this implies an original meaning of "lowlands", in contrast with <a href="/wiki/Aram_(biblical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram (biblical region)">Aram</a>, which would then mean "highlands",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas others have suggested it meant "the subjugated" as the name of Egypt's province in the Levant, and evolved into the proper name in a similar fashion to <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Provincia Nostra</a> (the first Roman colony north of the Alps, which became <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199847–49_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199847–49-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative suggestion, put forward by <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Avigdor_Speiser" title="Ephraim Avigdor Speiser">Ephraim Avigdor Speiser</a> in 1936, derives the term from <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> <span title="Hurrian-language text"><i lang="xhu">Kinaḫḫu</i></span>, purportedly referring to the colour purple, so that "Canaan" and "<a href="/wiki/Phoenicia#Etymology" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>" would be synonyms ("Land of Purple"). Tablets found in the Hurrian city of <a href="/wiki/Nuzi" title="Nuzi">Nuzi</a> in the early 20th century appear to use the term <span title="Hurrian-language text"><i lang="xhu">"Kinaḫnu"</i></span> as a synonym for red or <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">purple dye</a>, laboriously produced by the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Murex" title="Murex">murex</a> molluscs as early as 1600 BC, and on the Mediterranean coast by the Phoenicians from a byproduct of glassmaking. Purple cloth became a renowned Canaanite export commodity which is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>. The dyes may have been named after their place of origin. The name 'Phoenicia' is connected with the Greek word for "purple", apparently referring to the same product, but it is difficult to state with certainty whether the Greek word came from the name, or vice versa. The purple cloth of <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a> in Phoenicia was well known far and wide and was associated by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> with nobility and royalty. However, according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Robert Drews</a>, Speiser's proposal has generally been abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199848_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199848-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Djahy">Djahy</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a> (Anglicised 'Retenu') was the usual ancient Egyptian name for Canaan and Syria, covering the region from <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> in the south, to <a href="/wiki/Tartous" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartous">Tartous</a> in the north. Its borders shifted with time, but it generally consisted of three regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The region between <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">the Lebanon</a>, stretching inland to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, was named <b>Djahy</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-When_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-When-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was approximately synonymous with Canaan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology_and_history">Archaeology and history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Levantine_archaeology" title="Levantine archaeology">Levantine archaeology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistory of the Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a></div> <p>There are several periodization systems for Canaan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of them is the following.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Prior to 4500 BC (prehistory – <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>): hunter-gatherer societies slowly giving way to farming and herding societies</li> <li>4500–3500 BC (<a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>): early metal-working and farming</li> <li>3500–2000 BC (Early Bronze): prior to written records in the area<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Canaan#More_recent_dates,_now_preferred:_c._3,200–2,200._Left_out:_it's_the_first_urban_period._Essential_development!" title="Talk:Canaan">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li>2000–1550 BC (Middle Bronze): <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1550–1200 BC (Late Bronze): Egyptian hegemony</li> <li>1200–various dates by region (<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>)</li></ul> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> the periods are named after the various empires that ruled the region: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> (related to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canaanite culture developed <a href="/wiki/In_situ_conservation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="In situ conservation (archaeology)"><i>in situ</i></a> from multiple waves of migration merging with the earlier <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism#Origin_and_history" title="Nomadic pastoralism">Circum-Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex</a>, which in turn developed from a fusion of their ancestral <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harifian_culture" title="Harifian culture">Harifian cultures</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (PPNB) farming cultures, practicing <a href="/wiki/Animal_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal domestication">animal domestication</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/8.2-kiloyear_event" title="8.2-kiloyear event">6200 BC climatic crisis</a> which led to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution/First Agricultural Revolution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Canaan is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer%E2%80%93sclerophyllous%E2%80%93broadleaf_forests" title="Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests">Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests</a> ecoregion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcolithic_(4500–3500_BC)"><span id="Chalcolithic_.284500.E2.80.933500_BC.29"></span>Chalcolithic (4500–3500 BC)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ghassulian_star.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Ghassulian_star.jpg/220px-The_Ghassulian_star.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Ghassulian_star.jpg/330px-The_Ghassulian_star.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Ghassulian_star.jpg/440px-The_Ghassulian_star.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>The Ghassulian star</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg/220px-Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg/330px-Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg/440px-Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Ghassulian dolmen, Kueijiyeh hill near <a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a>, Jordan</figcaption></figure> <p>The first wave of migration, called <a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a> culture, entered Canaan circa 4500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the start of the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> in Canaan. From their unknown homeland, they brought an already complete craft tradition of metalwork. They were expert coppersmiths; in fact, their work was the most advanced <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metal technology</a> in the ancient world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their work is similar to artifacts from the later <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a>, leading some scholars to believe they represent two branches of an original metalworking tradition. Their main copper mine was at <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Feynan" title="Wadi Feynan">Wadi Feynan</a>. The copper was mined from the Cambrian Burj Dolomite Shale Unit in the form of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>. All of the copper was smelted at sites in <a href="/wiki/Beersheba_culture" title="Beersheba culture">Beersheba culture</a>. </p><p>Genetic analysis has shown that the Ghassulians belonged to the <a href="/wiki/West_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asian">West Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184" title="Haplogroup T-M184">haplogroup T-M184</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the Chalcolithic period saw the rise of the urban settlement of <a href="/wiki/%27En_Esur" title="'En Esur">'En Esur</a> on the southern Mediterranean coast.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Bronze_Age_(3500–2000_BC)"><span id="Early_Bronze_Age_.283500.E2.80.932000_BC.29"></span>Early Bronze Age (3500–2000 BC)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/250px-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg/500px-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sakan" title="Tell es-Sakan">Tell es-Sakan</a> in Gaza was inhabited from approximately 3300 BC to 2400/2350 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a> other sites had developed, such as <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> (where an <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East Semitic language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a>, was spoken), which by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2300</span> BC was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a> (biblical Accad). Sumerian references to the <i>Mar.tu</i> ("tent dwellers", later <i>Amurru</i>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a>) country west of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> River date from even earlier than Sargon, at least to the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Enshakushanna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, and one tablet credits the early Sumerian king <a href="/wiki/Lugal-Anne-Mundu" title="Lugal-Anne-Mundu">Lugal-Anne-Mundu</a> withholding sway in the region, although this tablet is considered less credible because it was produced centuries later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Amorites at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh</a> (Qadesh-on-the-Orontes), and elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> (Syria) bordered Canaan in the north and northeast. (Ugarit may be included among these Amoritic entities.)<sup id="cite_ref-Woodard_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodard-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collapse of the Akkadian Empire in 2154 BC saw the arrival of peoples using <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Kerak" title="Khirbet Kerak">Khirbet Kerak</a> ware (pottery),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coming originally from the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>) east of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> analysis revealed that between 2500 and 1000 BC, populations from the Chalcolithic Zagros and Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> migrated to the Southern Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first cities in the southern Levant arose during this period. The major sites were <a href="/wiki/%27En_Esur" title="'En Esur">'En Esur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Meggido</a>. These "proto-Canaanites" were in regular contact with the other peoples to their south such as <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Egypt</a>, and to the north <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>), a trend that continued through the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. The end of the period is marked by the abandonment of the cities and a return to lifestyles based on farming villages and semi-nomadic herding, although specialised craft production continued and trade routes remained open.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_2009_5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden_2009_5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologically, the Late Bronze Age state of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Ras_Shamra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Shamra">Ras Shamra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>) is considered quintessentially Canaanite,<sup id="cite_ref-JonTubb_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonTubb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though its <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugaritic language">Ugaritic language</a> does not belong to the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite language group</a> proper.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A disputed reference to a "Lord of <i>ga-na-na</i>" in the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Ebla_tablets" title="Ebla tablets">Ebla tablets</a> (dated 2350 BC) from the archive of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Mardikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Mardikh">Tell Mardikh</a> has been interpreted by some scholars to mention the deity <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a> by the title "Lord of Canaan"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If correct, this would suggest that Eblaites were conscious of Canaan as an entity by 2500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jonathan Tubb states that the term <i>ga-na-na</i> "may provide a third-millennium reference to <i>Canaanite</i>", while at the same time stating that the first certain reference is in the 18th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-JonTubb_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonTubb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Ebla-Biblical_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebla-Biblical controversy">Ebla-Biblical controversy</a> for further details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Bronze_Age_(2000–1550_BC)"><span id="Middle_Bronze_Age_.282000.E2.80.931550_BC.29"></span>Middle Bronze Age (2000–1550 BC)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East_by_Robert_de_Vaugondy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Middle_East_by_Robert_de_Vaugondy.jpg/280px-Middle_East_by_Robert_de_Vaugondy.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Middle_East_by_Robert_de_Vaugondy.jpg/420px-Middle_East_by_Robert_de_Vaugondy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Middle_East_by_Robert_de_Vaugondy.jpg/560px-Middle_East_by_Robert_de_Vaugondy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Near East by <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Vaugondy" title="Robert de Vaugondy">Robert de Vaugondy</a> (1762), indicating "Canaan" as limited to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, to the exclusion of Lebanon and Syria</figcaption></figure> <p>Urbanism returned and the region was divided among small city-states, the most important of which seems to have been Hazor.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_2009_5–6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden_2009_5–6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many aspects of Canaanite material culture now reflected a Mesopotamian influence, and the entire region became more tightly integrated into a vast international trading network.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_2009_5–6_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden_2009_5–6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a>'s reign (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2240</span> BC), <i>Amurru</i> was called one of the "four quarters" surrounding <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a>/<a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Amorite dynasties also came to dominate in much of Mesopotamia, including in <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> and founding the state of Babylon in 1894 BC. Later on, <i>Amurru</i> became the Assyrian/Akkadian term for the interior of south as well as for northerly Canaan. At this time the Canaanite area seemed divided between two confederacies, one centred upon <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, the second on the more northerly city of <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh</a> on the Orontes River.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An Amorite chieftain named <a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> founded Babylon as an independent city-state in 1894 BC. One Amorite king of Babylonia, <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (1792–1750 BC), founded the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a>, which lasted only as long as his lifetime. Upon his death the Amorites were driven from Assyria but remained masters of Babylonia until 1595 BC, when they were ejected by the Hittites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The semi-fictional <i><a href="/wiki/Story_of_Sinuhe" title="Story of Sinuhe">Story of Sinuhe</a></i> describes an Egyptian officer, Sinuhe, conducting military activities in the area of "Upper <a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Fenekhu</a>" during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1950</span> BC). The earliest <i>bona fide</i> Egyptian report of a campaign to "Mentu", "Retjenu" and "Sekmem" (<a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Sebek-khu_Stele" title="Sebek-khu Stele">Sebek-khu Stele</a>, dated to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1862</span> BC).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A letter from <a href="/wiki/Mut-bisir" title="Mut-bisir">Mut-bisir</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1809–1776</span> BC) of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a> (2025–1750 BC) has been translated: "It is in Rahisum that the brigands (habbatum) and the Canaanites (Kinahnum) are situated". It was found in 1973 in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> outpost at that time in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JonTubb_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonTubb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional unpublished references to Kinahnum in the Mari letters refer to the same episode.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the term Kinahnum refers to people from a specific region or rather people of "foreign origin" has been disputed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemche199127–28_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemche199127–28-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such that Robert Drews states that the "first certain cuneiform reference" to Canaan is found on the Alalakh statue of King Idrimi (below).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199846_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199846-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A reference to Ammiya being "in the land of Canaan" is found on the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Idrimi" title="Statue of Idrimi">Statue of Idrimi</a> (16th century BC) from <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a> in modern Syria. After a popular uprising against his rule, Idrimi was forced into exile with his mother's relatives to seek refuge in "the land of Canaan", where he prepared for an eventual attack to recover his city. The other references in the Alalakh texts are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style></p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">West Asian visitors to Egypt (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span> BC)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:58px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Procession_of_the_Aamu,_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_(composite).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg/500px-Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg/960px-Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5440" data-file-height="823" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:56px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg/388px-Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg/582px-Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg/776px-Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A group of West Asian foreigners, possibly Canaanites, labelled as <i><a href="/wiki/Aamu" title="Aamu">Aamu</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy">ꜥꜣmw</i></span>), with the leader labelled as a <i>Hyksos</i>, visiting the Egyptian official <a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_II" title="Khnumhotep II">Khnumhotep II</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span> BC. Tomb of <a href="/wiki/12th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="12th dynasty">12th dynasty</a> official Khnumhotep II, at <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hasan" title="Beni Hasan">Beni Hasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <ul><li>AT 154 (unpublished)</li> <li>AT 181: A list of 'Apiru people with their origins. All are towns, except for Canaan</li> <li>AT 188: A list of Muskenu people with their origins. All are towns, except for three lands including Canaan</li> <li>AT 48: A contract with a Canaanite hunter.</li></ul> <p>Around 1650 BC, Canaanites invaded the eastern <a href="/wiki/Nile_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile delta">Nile delta</a>, where, known as the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>, they became the dominant power.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Egyptian inscriptions, <i>Amar</i> and <i>Amurru</i> (<a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorites</a>) are applied strictly to the more northerly mountain region east of Phoenicia, extending to the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaanite_Scarab_of_the_%22Anra%22_Type_MET_30.8.896_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Canaanite_Scarab_of_the_%22Anra%22_Type_MET_30.8.896_bottom.jpg/250px-Canaanite_Scarab_of_the_%22Anra%22_Type_MET_30.8.896_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Canaanite_Scarab_of_the_%22Anra%22_Type_MET_30.8.896_bottom.jpg/330px-Canaanite_Scarab_of_the_%22Anra%22_Type_MET_30.8.896_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Canaanite_Scarab_of_the_%22Anra%22_Type_MET_30.8.896_bottom.jpg/500px-Canaanite_Scarab_of_the_%22Anra%22_Type_MET_30.8.896_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Canaanite <a href="/wiki/Anra_scarab" title="Anra scarab">Anra scarab</a> showing Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Nswt-bjt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nswt-bjt">nswt-bjt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">ankh</a> symbols bordering a <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a> sequence of hieroglyphs, c. 1648–1540 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological excavations of a number of sites, later identified as Canaanite, show that prosperity of the region reached its apogee during this Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> period, under the leadership of the city of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a>, at least nominally <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary</a> to Egypt for much of the period. In the north, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Yamkhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamkhad">Yamkhad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a> were <a href="/wiki/Hegemons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemons">hegemons</a> of important <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacies</a>, and it would appear that biblical Hazor was the chief city of another important <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> in the south.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze_Age_(1550–1200_BC)"><span id="Late_Bronze_Age_.281550.E2.80.931200_BC.29"></span>Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BC)</h3></div> <p>In the early Late Bronze Age, Canaanite confederacies centered on <a href="/wiki/Megiddo_(place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Megiddo (place)">Megiddo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh</a>, before being fully brought into the <a href="/wiki/New_Egyptian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="New Egyptian Kingdom">Egyptian Empire</a> and Hittite Empire. Later still, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> assimilated the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the Bible, the migrant <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">ancient Semitic-speaking peoples</a> who appear to have settled in the region included (among others) the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>, who had earlier controlled Babylonia. The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> mentions the <i>Amorites</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Table_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Nations">Table of Peoples</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> 10:16–18a). Evidently, the Amorites played a significant role in the early history of Canaan. In Book of Genesis 14:7 <i>f</i>., <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> 10:5 <i>f</i>., <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> 1:19 <i>f</i>., 27, 44, we find them located in the southern mountain country, while verses such as <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a> 21:13, Book of Joshua 9:10, 24:8, 12, etc., tell of two great Amorite kings residing at <a href="/wiki/Heshbon" title="Heshbon">Heshbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashteroth_Karnaim" title="Ashteroth Karnaim">Ashteroth</a>, east of the Jordan. Other passages, including Book of Genesis 15:16, 48:22, Book of Joshua 24:15, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> 1:34, regard the name <i>Amorite</i> as synonymous with "Canaanite". The name <i>Amorite</i> is, however, never used for the population on the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Near_East_1400BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ancient_Near_East_1400BC.svg/350px-Ancient_Near_East_1400BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ancient_Near_East_1400BC.svg/525px-Ancient_Near_East_1400BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ancient_Near_East_1400BC.svg/700px-Ancient_Near_East_1400BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> around 1400 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In the centuries preceding the appearance of the biblical Hebrews, parts of Canaan and southwestern Syria became tributary to the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a>, although domination by the Egyptians remained sporadic, and not strong enough to prevent frequent local rebellions and inter-city struggles. Other areas such as northern Canaan and northern Syria came to be ruled by the Assyrians during this period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (1479–1426 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> (1427–1400 BC), the regular presence of the strong hand of the Egyptian ruler and his armies kept the Amorites and Canaanites sufficiently loyal. Nevertheless, Thutmose III reported a new and troubling element in the population. <a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a> or (in Egyptian) 'Apiru, are reported for the first time. These seem to have been mercenaries, brigands, or outlaws, who may have at one time led a settled life, but with bad luck or due to the force of circumstances, contributed a rootless element to the population, prepared to hire themselves to whichever local mayor, king, or princeling would pay for their support.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although Habiru <span title="Cuneiform transliteration"><span>SA-GAZ</span></span> (a <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glossed</a> as "brigand" in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>), and sometimes <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiri</a></i></span> (an Akkadian word) had been reported in Mesopotamia from the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ur_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur III">Ur III</a>, their appearance in Canaan appears to have been due to the arrival of a new state based in Asia Minor to the north of Assyria and based upon a <a href="/wiki/Maryannu" title="Maryannu">Maryannu</a> aristocracy of horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">charioteers</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt_Lion,_Holy_of_Holies,_Orthostat_Temple,_Hazor,_15th-13th_C._BC_(43217868001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Basalt_Lion%2C_Holy_of_Holies%2C_Orthostat_Temple%2C_Hazor%2C_15th-13th_C._BC_%2843217868001%29.jpg/250px-Basalt_Lion%2C_Holy_of_Holies%2C_Orthostat_Temple%2C_Hazor%2C_15th-13th_C._BC_%2843217868001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Basalt_Lion%2C_Holy_of_Holies%2C_Orthostat_Temple%2C_Hazor%2C_15th-13th_C._BC_%2843217868001%29.jpg/330px-Basalt_Lion%2C_Holy_of_Holies%2C_Orthostat_Temple%2C_Hazor%2C_15th-13th_C._BC_%2843217868001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Basalt_Lion%2C_Holy_of_Holies%2C_Orthostat_Temple%2C_Hazor%2C_15th-13th_C._BC_%2843217868001%29.jpg/500px-Basalt_Lion%2C_Holy_of_Holies%2C_Orthostat_Temple%2C_Hazor%2C_15th-13th_C._BC_%2843217868001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Basalt lions from the <a href="/wiki/Orthostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthostat">Orthostat</a> Temple of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a> (c. 1500–1300 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hazor was violently destroyed during the Bronze Age collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Habiru seem to have been more a social class than an ethnic group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One analysis shows that the majority were Hurrian, although there were a number of Semites and even some <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a> adventurers amongst their number.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The reign of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>, as a result, was not quite so tranquil for the Asiatic province, as Habiru/'Apiru contributed to greater political instability. It is believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2012)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that turbulent chiefs began to seek their opportunities, although as a rule they could not find them without the help of a neighbouring king. The boldest of the disaffected nobles was <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziru</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Ashirta" title="Abdi-Ashirta">Abdi-Ashirta</a>, who endeavoured to extend his power into the plain of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Akizzi" title="Akizzi">Akizzi</a>, governor of Katna (<a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a>?) (near <a href="/wiki/Hama#Hama_in_the_Bible" title="Hama">Hamath</a>), reported this to Amenhotep III, who seems to have sought to frustrate Aziru's attempts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the reign of the next pharaoh, <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1352 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1335 BC) both father and son caused infinite trouble to loyal servants of Egypt like <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gubla</a> (Gebal),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by transferring their loyalty from the Egyptian crown to the Hittite Empire under <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma I">Suppiluliuma I</a> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1344–1322 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptian power in Canaan thus suffered a major setback when the Hittites (or Hatti) advanced into Syria in the reign of Amenhotep III, and when they became even more threatening in that of his successor, displacing the Amorites and prompting a resumption of Semitic migration. Abdi-Ashirta and his son Aziru, at first afraid of the Hittites, afterwards made a treaty with their king, and joining with the Hittites, attacked and conquered the districts remaining loyal to Egypt. In vain did Rib-Hadda send touching appeals for aid to the distant Pharaoh, who was far too engaged in his religious innovations to attend to such messages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Amarna letters tell of the Habiri in northern Syria. <a href="/wiki/Etakkama" title="Etakkama">Etakkama</a> wrote thus to the Pharaoh: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Behold, <a href="/wiki/Biryawaza" title="Biryawaza">Namyawaza</a> has surrendered all the cities of the king, my lord to the <span title="Cuneiform transliteration"><span>SA-GAZ</span></span> in the land of <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Ubi</a>. But I will go, and if thy gods and thy sun go before me, I will bring back the cities to the king, my lord, from the Habiri, to show myself subject to him; and I will expel the <span title="Cuneiform transliteration"><span>SA-GAZ</span></span>.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcophagus_of_Canaanites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sarcophagus_of_Canaanites.jpg/250px-Sarcophagus_of_Canaanites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sarcophagus_of_Canaanites.jpg/330px-Sarcophagus_of_Canaanites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sarcophagus_of_Canaanites.jpg/500px-Sarcophagus_of_Canaanites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Canaanite sarcophagi (<a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Zimredda_(Sidon_mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimredda (Sidon mayor)">Zimrida</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> (named 'Siduna'), declared, "All my cities which the king has given into my hand, have come into the hand of the Habiri." The king of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Heba" title="Abdi-Heba">Abdi-Heba</a>, reported to the Pharaoh: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If (Egyptian) troops come this year, lands and princes will remain to the king, my lord; but if troops come not, these lands and princes will not remain to the king, my lord.</p></blockquote> <p>Abdi-heba's principal trouble arose from persons called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iilkili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iilkili (page does not exist)">Iilkili</a> and the sons of <a href="/wiki/Labaya" title="Labaya">Labaya</a>, who are said to have entered into a treasonable league with the Habiri. Apparently this restless warrior found his death at the siege of <a href="/wiki/Gina_(Canaan)" title="Gina (Canaan)">Gina</a>. All these princes, however, maligned each other in their letters to the Pharaoh, and protested their own innocence of traitorous intentions. Namyawaza, for instance, whom Etakkama (see above) accused of disloyalty, wrote thus to the Pharaoh,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Behold, I and my warriors and my chariots, together with my brethren and my <span title="Cuneiform transliteration"><span>SA-GAZ</span></span>, and my <a href="/wiki/Sutean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutean">Suti</a> ?9 are at the disposal of the (royal) troops to go whithersoever the king, my lord, commands."<sup id="cite_ref-EA189_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA189-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merneptah_Steli_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="3473" /></a><figcaption>Merneptah Stele (JE 31408) from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> period, Egypt exerted rule over much of the Levant. Rule remained strong during the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>, but Egypt's rule became precarious during the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteenth Dynasty">Nineteenth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty">Twentieth Dynasties</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ramses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramses II">Ramses II</a> was able to maintain control over it in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">stalemated battle</a> against the Hittites at <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh</a> in 1275 BC, but soon thereafter, the Hittites successfully took over the northern Levant (Syria and Amurru). Ramses II, obsessed with his own building projects while neglecting Asiatic contacts, allowed control over the region to continue dwindling. During the reign of his successor <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> was issued which claimed to have destroyed various sites in the southern Levant, including a people known as "Israel". Egypt's withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">southern Levant</a> was a protracted process lasting some one hundred years beginning in the late 13th century BC and ending close to the end of the 12th century BC. The reason for the Egypt's withdrawal was most likely political turmoil in Egypt proper rather than the invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>, as there is little evidence that the Sea Peoples caused much destruction ca. 1200 BC. Many Egyptian garrisons or sites with an "Egyptian governor's residence" in the southern Levant were abandoned without destruction including <a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Balah" title="Deir al-Balah">Deir al-Balah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a>, Tel Mor, <a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Far%27ah_(South)" title="Tell el-Far'ah (South)">Tell el-Far'ah (South)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Gerisa" title="Tel Gerisa">Tel Gerisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Jemmeh" title="Tell Jemmeh">Tell Jemmeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Masos" title="Tel Masos">Tel Masos</a>, and Qubur el-Walaydah.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all Egyptian sites in the southern Levant were abandoned without destruction. The Egyptian garrison at <a href="/wiki/Aphek_(biblical)" title="Aphek (biblical)">Aphek</a> was destroyed, likely in an act of warfare at the end of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptian gate complex uncovered at <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> was destroyed at the end of the 12th century between 1134–1115 based on C14 dates,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beth-Shean</a> was partially though not completely destroyed, possibly by an earthquake, in the mid-12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amarna_letters">Amarna letters</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BM_29785_EA_9_Reverse_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BM_29785_EA_9_Reverse_v2.jpg/250px-BM_29785_EA_9_Reverse_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BM_29785_EA_9_Reverse_v2.jpg/330px-BM_29785_EA_9_Reverse_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BM_29785_EA_9_Reverse_v2.jpg/500px-BM_29785_EA_9_Reverse_v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Amarna tablet EA 9</figcaption></figure> <p>References to Canaanites are also found throughout the Amarna letters of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350</span> BC. In these letters, some of which were sent by governors and princes of Canaan to their Egyptian overlord <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (Amenhotep IV) in the 14th century BC, are found, beside <i>Amar</i> and <i>Amurru</i> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>), the two forms <i>Kinahhi</i> and <i>Kinahni</i>, corresponding to <i>Kena</i> and <i>Kena'an</i> respectively, and including <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria in its widest extent</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Meyer" title="Eduard Meyer">Eduard Meyer</a> has shown. The letters are written in the official and diplomatic <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, though "Canaanitish" words and idioms are also in evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1911140_fn._3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne1911140_fn._3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The known references are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>EA 8: Letter from <a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a> to <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>, explaining that his merchants "were detained in Canaan for business matters", robbed and killed "in Hinnatuna of the land of Canaan" by the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> and Shamhuna, and asks for compensation because "Canaan is your country"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_9" title="Amarna letter EA 9">EA 9</a>: Letter from <a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, "all the Canaanites wrote to <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu</a> saying 'come to the border of the country so we can revolt and be allied with you'"</li> <li>EA 30: Letter from <a href="/wiki/Tushratta" title="Tushratta">Tushratta</a>: "To the kings of Canaan... Provide [my messenger] with safe entry into Egypt"</li> <li>EA 109: Letter of <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a>: "Previously, on seeing a man from Egypt, the kings of Canaan fled before him, but now the sons of <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Ashirta" title="Abdi-Ashirta">Abdi-Ashirta</a> make men from Egypt prowl about like dogs"</li> <li>EA 110: Letter of <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a>: "No ship of the army is to leave Canaan"</li> <li>EA 131: Letter of <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a>: "If he does not send archers, they will take [Byblos] and all the other cities and the lands of Canaan will not belong to the king. May the king ask <a href="/wiki/Yanhamu" title="Yanhamu">Yanhamu</a> about these matters."</li> <li>EA 137: Letter of <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a>: "If the king neglects <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, of all the cities of Canaan, not one will be his"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_367" title="Amarna letter EA 367">EA 367</a>: "Hani son (of) Mairēya, "chief of the stable" of the king in Canaan"</li> <li>EA 162: Letter to <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziru</a>: "You yourself know that the king does not want to go against all of Canaan when he rages"</li> <li>EA 148: Letter from <a href="/wiki/Abimilku" class="mw-redirect" title="Abimilku">Abimilku</a> to the Pharaoh: "[The king] has taken over the land of the king for the 'Apiru. May the king ask his commissioner, who is familiar with Canaan"</li> <li>EA 151: Letter from <a href="/wiki/Abimilku" class="mw-redirect" title="Abimilku">Abimilku</a> to the Pharaoh: "The king, my lord wrote to me: 'write to me what you have heard from Canaan'." Abimilku describes in response what has happened in eastern <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Danuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danuna (page does not exist)">Danuna</a>), the northern coast of Syria (<a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>), in Syria (<a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>) as well as in <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Late_Bronze_Age_mentions">Other Late Bronze Age mentions</h4></div> <p>Text RS 20.182 from <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> is a copy of a letter of the king of Ugarit to <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> concerning money paid by "the sons of the land of Ugarit" to the "foreman of the sons of the land of Canaan (<i>*kn'ny</i>)" According to Jonathan Tubb, this suggests that the people of Ugarit, contrary to much modern opinion, considered themselves to be non-Canaanite.<sup id="cite_ref-JonTubb_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonTubb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> The other Ugarit reference, KTU 4.96, shows a list of traders assigned to royal estates, one of the estates having three Ugaritans, an Ashdadite, an Egyptian and a Canaanite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ashur_tablets">Ashur tablets</h5></div> <p>A Middle <a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Assyrian</a> letter during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> includes a reference to the "travel to Canaan" of an Assyrian official.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hattusa_letters">Hattusa letters</h5></div> <p>Four references are known from Hattusa:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An evocation to the Cedar Gods: Includes reference to Canaan alongside Sidon, Tyre and possibly Amurru</li> <li>KBo XXVIII 1: <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> letter to <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a>, in which Ramesses suggested he would meet "his brother" in Canaan and bring him to Egypt</li> <li>KUB III 57 (also KUB III 37 + KBo I 17): Broken text which may refer to Canaan as an Egyptian sub-district</li> <li>KBo I 15+19: <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> letter to <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a>, describing Ramesses' visit to the "land of Canaan on his way to Kinza and Harita</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age_collapse">Bronze Age collapse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarteCanaanAuBronzeR%C3%A9cent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CarteCanaanAuBronzeR%C3%A9cent.jpg/250px-CarteCanaanAuBronzeR%C3%A9cent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CarteCanaanAuBronzeR%C3%A9cent.jpg/330px-CarteCanaanAuBronzeR%C3%A9cent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CarteCanaanAuBronzeR%C3%A9cent.jpg/500px-CarteCanaanAuBronzeR%C3%A9cent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2901" data-file-height="3930" /></a><figcaption>Map of Canaan during the Late Bronze Age</figcaption></figure> <p>Ann Killebrew has shown that cities such as <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> were large and important walled settlements in the pre-Israelite <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Middle Bronze</a> IIB and the Israelite Iron Age IIC period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800–1550</span> and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 720–586</span> BC), but that during the intervening <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze</a> (LB) and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> I and IIA/B Ages sites like <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> were small and relatively insignificant and unfortified towns.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just after the Amarna period, a new problem arose which was to trouble the Egyptian control of southern Canaan (the rest of the region then being under Assyrian control). Pharaoh Horemhab campaigned against <a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a> (Egyptian = "wanderers"),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic pastoralist">nomadic pastoralist</a> tribes who had moved across the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> to threaten Egyptian trade through <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezreel (city)">Jezreel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1290</span> BC) is said to have conquered these Shasu, Semitic-speaking nomads living just south and east of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, from the fortress of Taru (Shtir?) to "<i>Ka-n-'-na</i>". After the near collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rameses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rameses II">Rameses II</a> had to campaign vigorously in Canaan to maintain Egyptian power. Egyptian forces penetrated into <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, where a permanent fortress garrison (called simply "Rameses") was established. </p><p>Some believe the "<a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a>" signified generally all the nomadic tribes known as "Hebrews", and particularly the early <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> of the period of the "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">judges</a>", who sought to appropriate the fertile region for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term was rarely used to describe the Shasu. Whether the term may also include other related ancient Semitic-speaking peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moabites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomites</a> is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is little evidence that any major city or settlement in the southern Levant was destroyed around 1200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a>, The Fosse Temple III was ritually terminated while a house in Area S appears to have burned in a house fire as the most severe evidence of burning was next to two ovens while no other part of the city had evidence of burning. After this though the city was rebuilt in a grander fashion than before.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Megiddo,_Israel" title="Megiddo, Israel">Megiddo</a>, most parts of the city did not have any signs of damage and it is only possible that the palace in Area AA might have been destroyed though this is not certain.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the monumental structures at Hazor were indeed destroyed, this destruction was in the mid-13th century BC long before the end of the Late Bronze Age began.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many sites were not burned to the ground around 1200 BC including: <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Asqaluna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod (ancient city)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Safi" title="Tell es-Safi">Tell es-Safi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timnah" title="Timnah">Tel Batash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Burna" title="Tel Burna">Tel Burna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Tel Dor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Gerisa" title="Tel Gerisa">Tel Gerisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Jemmeh" title="Tell Jemmeh">Tell Jemmeh</a>, Khirbet Rabud, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Zeror" title="Tel Zeror">Tel Zeror</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hawam" title="Tell Abu Hawam">Tell Abu Hawam</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite many theories which claim that trade relations broke down after 1200 BC in the southern Levant, there is ample evidence that trade with other regions continued after the end of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologist Jesse Millek has shown that while the common assumption is that trade in Cypriot and Mycenaean pottery ended around 1200 BC, trade in <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot pottery">Cypriot pottery</a> actually largely came to an end at 1300, while for <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery" title="Mycenaean pottery">Mycenaean pottery</a>, this trade ended at 1250 BC, and destruction around 1200 BC could not have affected either pattern of international trade since it ended before the end of the Late Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also demonstrated that trade with <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> continued after 1200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeometallurgical studies performed by various teams have also shown that trade in <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, a non-local metal necessary to make <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, did not stop or decrease after 1200 BC, even though the closest sources of the metal were modern Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, or perhaps even Cornwall, England.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> was still being imported to the southern Levant after 1200 BC during the early Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png/250px-Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png/330px-Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png/500px-Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption>Levant (c. 830 BC)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></div> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a>, the southern Levant came to be dominated by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">kingdoms of Israel and Judah</a>, besides the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a> city-states on the Mediterranean coast, and the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a> east of the Jordan River, and <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> to the south. The northern Levant was divided into various petty kingdoms, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> and the Phoenician city-states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The entire region (including all Phoenician/Canaanite and <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean</a> states, together with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>) was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> during the 10th and 9th centuries BC, and would remain so for three hundred years until the end of the 7th century BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Emperor-kings such as <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> came to dominate Canaanite affairs. During the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> the Egyptians made a failed attempt to regain a foothold in the region but were vanquished by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, leading to an <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a>. </p><p>Between 616 and 605 BC the Neo-Assyrian Empire collapsed due to a series of bitter civil wars, followed by an attack by an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, and Persians and the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> inherited the western part of the empire, including all the lands in Canaan and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They successfully defeated the Egyptians and remained in the region in an attempt to regain a foothold in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>. </p><p>The Neo-Babylonian Empire itself collapsed in 539 BC, and the region became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. It remained so until in 332 BC it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, later to fall to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the late 2nd century BC, and then <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> conquest in the 7th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-roux_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roux-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_hieroglyphic_and_hieratic_(1500–1000_BC)"><span id="Egyptian_hieroglyphic_and_hieratic_.281500.E2.80.931000_BC.29"></span>Egyptian hieroglyphic and hieratic (1500–1000 BC)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine" title="Timeline of the name Palestine">Timeline of the name Palestine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KAnana.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KAnana.gif/250px-KAnana.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KAnana.gif/330px-KAnana.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The name "Canaan" occurs in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> as <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">k3nˁnˁ</i></span> on the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> in the 13th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 2nd millennium BC, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> texts use the term "Canaan" to refer to an Egyptian-ruled colony, whose boundaries generally corroborate the definition of Canaan found in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, bounded to the west by the Mediterranean Sea, to the north in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Hama#Hama_in_the_Bible" title="Hama">Hamath</a> in Syria, to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a>, and to the south by a line extended from the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> to around <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>. Nevertheless, the Egyptian and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> uses of the term are not identical: the Egyptian texts also identify the coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a> in northwest Syria near Turkey as part of the "Land of Canaan", so that the Egyptian usage seems to refer to the entire <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> coast of the Mediterranean Sea, making it a synonym of another Egyptian term for this coastland, <a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lebanon, in northern Canaan, bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani river</a> to the watershed of the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a>, was known by the Egyptians as upper <a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Egyptian campaign accounts, the term <a href="/wiki/Djahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Djahi">Djahi</a> was used to refer to the watershed of the Jordan river. Many earlier Egyptian sources also mention numerous military campaigns conducted in <i>Ka-na-na</i>, just inside Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Redford_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redford-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection;_By_Niv_Lugassi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png/250px-Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png/330px-Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png/500px-Canaanites_and_Shasu_Leader_captives_from_Ramses_III%27s_tile_collection%3B_By_Niv_Lugassi.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III_prisoner_tiles" title="Ramesses III prisoner tiles">Ramesses III prisoner tiles</a> depicting <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Canaanites and Shasu Leader captives</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological attestation of the name "Canaan" in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a> sources relates almost exclusively to the period in which the region operated as a colony of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> (16th–11th centuries BC), with usage of the name almost disappearing following the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1206–1150</span> BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199861_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199861-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The references suggest that during this period the term was familiar to the region's neighbors on all sides, although scholars have disputed to what extent such references provide a coherent description of its location and boundaries, and regarding whether the inhabitants used the term to describe themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>16 references are known in Egyptian sources, from the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> inscriptions: Canaanites are included in a list of prisoners of war</li> <li>Three topographical lists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Anastasi_I" title="Papyrus Anastasi I">Papyrus Anastasi I</a> 27,1" refers to the route from Sile to Gaza "the [foreign countries] of the end of the land of Canaan"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papyrus_Anastasi_IIIA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papyrus Anastasi IIIA (page does not exist)">Papyrus Anastasi IIIA</a> 5–6 and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papyrus_Anastasi_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papyrus Anastasi IV (page does not exist)">Papyrus Anastasi IV</a> 16,4 refer to "Canaanite slaves from Hurru"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus Harris">Papyrus Harris</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the collapse of the Levant under the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Sea">Peoples of the Sea</a>" <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1194</span> BC) is said to have built a temple to the god <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amen</a> to receive tribute from the southern Levant. This was described as being built in <i>Pa-Canaan</i>, a geographical reference whose meaning is disputed, with suggestions that it may refer to the city of Gaza or to the entire Egyptian-occupied territory in the southwest corner of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Roman_historiography">Greco-Roman historiography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Syria_Phoenicia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Syria Phoenicia (disambiguation)">Syria Phoenicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></div> <p>The Greek term <i>Phoenicia</i> is first attested in the first two works of <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>. It does not occur in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, but occurs three times in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 6th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus of Miletus</a> affirms that Phoenicia was formerly called <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χνα</span></span>, a name that <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byblos" title="Philo of Byblos">Philo of Byblos</a> subsequently adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoinix</a>". Quoting fragments attributed to <a href="/wiki/Sanchuniathon" title="Sanchuniathon">Sanchuniathon</a>, he relates that <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a> were among the first cities ever built, under the rule of the mythical <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>, and credits the inhabitants with developing fishing, hunting, agriculture, shipbuilding and writing. </p><p>Coins of the city of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> / Laodicea bear the legend, "Of Laodicea, a metropolis in Canaan"; these coins are dated to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus IV of Syria">Antiochus IV</a> (175–164 BC) and his successors until 123 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-GetzelCohen_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GetzelCohen-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laodikeia_Canaan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Laodikeia_Canaan.png/250px-Laodikeia_Canaan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Laodikeia_Canaan.png/330px-Laodikeia_Canaan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Laodikeia_Canaan.png/500px-Laodikeia_Canaan.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> with the inscription "Laodikeia, metropole of Canaan"<sup id="cite_ref-GetzelCohen_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GetzelCohen-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> also mentions that one of the terms the seafaring Phoenicians called their homeland was "Canaan". Augustine also records that the rustic people of <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo</a> in North Africa retained the <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> self-designation <i>Chanani</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 'punic' in Latin also meant 'non-Roman', some scholars, however, argue that the language referred to as Punic in Augustine may have been <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Libyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greeks also popularized the term <i>Palestine</i>, named after the Philistines or the Aegean <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a>, for roughly the region of Canaan, excluding Phoenicia, with <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' first recorded use of <i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine" title="Timeline of the name Palestine">Palaistinê</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480</span> BC. From 110 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Hasmoneans</a> extended their authority over much of the region, creating a <a href="/wiki/Judean" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean">Judean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Idumaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumaean">Idumaean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ituraean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ituraean">Ituraean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Galilean" title="Galilean">Galilean</a> alliance. The Judean (Jewish, see <a href="/wiki/Ioudaioi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioudaioi">Ioudaioi</a>) control over the wider area resulted in it also becoming known as <a href="/wiki/Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea">Judaea</a>, a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the <a href="/wiki/Judean_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean Mountains">Judean Mountains</a>, the allotment of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a> and heartland of the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 73 and 63 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> extended its influence into the region in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, conquering Judea in 63 BC, and splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. Around 130–135 AD, as a result of the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kochba" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kochba">Bar Kochba</a> revolt, the province of Iudaea was joined with <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> to form a new province of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>. There is <a href="/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence" title="Circumstantial evidence">circumstantial evidence</a> linking <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> with the name change,<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the precise date is not certain,<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the interpretation of some scholars that the name change may have been intended "to complete the dissociation with Judaea"<sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharonp4n_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharonp4n-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobson_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_sources">Later sources</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Padiiset%27s_Statue" title="Padiiset's Statue">Padiiset's Statue</a> is the last known Egyptian reference to Canaan, a small statuette labelled "Envoy of the Canaan and of <a href="/wiki/Peleset" title="Peleset">Peleset</a>, Pa-di-Eset, the son of Apy". The inscription is dated to 900–850 BC, more than 300 years after the preceding known inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199849a_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199849a-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900–330</span> BC, the dominant <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> make no mention of Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199849b_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199849b-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canaanites">Canaanites</h2></div> <p>The Canaanites were the inhabitants of ancient Canaan, a region that roughly corresponds to present-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, southern and coastal <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and continued up to the southern border of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. They are believed to have been one of the oldest civilizations in <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> was inhabited by people who referred to the land as <i>ka-na-na-um</i> as early as the mid-third millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> word "<i>kinahhu</i>" referred to the purple-coloured wool, dyed from the <a href="/wiki/Murex" title="Murex">Murex</a> molluscs of the coast—which was a key export of the region. When the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> later traded with the Canaanites, this meaning of the word seems to have predominated, as they referred to the Canaanites as <i>Phoenikes</i> (Φοίνικες; <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>), which may derive from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek-language</a> word "<i>phoenix</i>" (φοίνιξ; <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "crimson" or "purple"</span>), and also described the cloth for which the Greeks traded. The word "<i>phoenix</i>" was <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">transcribed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> to "<i>poenus</i>"; the descendants of the Canaanite settlers in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> were likewise referred to as <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people"><i>Punic</i></a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thus, while "Phoenician" and "Canaanite" refer to the same culture, archaeologists and historians commonly refer to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> pre-1200 BC Levantine peoples as Canaanites, while their <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> descendants, particularly those living on the coast, are referred to as Phoenicians. More recently, the term "Canaanite" has been used for the secondary Iron Age states of the Levantine interior that were not ruled by <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramean peoples</a>, that is, that were ruled by a separate and closely related ethnic group which included the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enthroned_deity_MET_DP137934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Enthroned_deity_MET_DP137934.jpg/250px-Enthroned_deity_MET_DP137934.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Enthroned_deity_MET_DP137934.jpg/330px-Enthroned_deity_MET_DP137934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Enthroned_deity_MET_DP137934.jpg/500px-Enthroned_deity_MET_DP137934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="3808" /></a><figcaption>Enthroned deity; 14–13th century BC; bronze and gold foil; height: 12.7 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to archaeologist Jonathan N. Tubb, "<a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moabites" class="mw-redirect" title="Moabites">Moabites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, and Phoenicians undoubtedly achieved their own cultural identities, and yet ethnically they were all Canaanites", "the same people who settled in farming villages in the region in the 8th millennium BC."<sup id="cite_ref-JonTubb_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonTubb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–14">: 13–14 </span></sup> </p><p>There is uncertainty about whether the name "Canaan" refers to a specific <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">Semitic-speaking ethnic group</a> wherever they live, the homeland of this ethnic group, a region under the control of this ethnic group, or perhaps any combination of the three. </p><p>Canaanite civilization was a response to long periods of stable climate interrupted by short periods of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a>. During these periods, Canaanites profited from their intermediary position between the ancient civilizations of the Middle East—<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>), the Hittites, and <a href="/wiki/Minoan_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Crete">Minoan Crete</a>—to become city-states of merchant princes along the coast, with small kingdoms specializing in agricultural products in the interior. This polarity, between coastal towns and agrarian hinterland, was illustrated in <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite mythology">Canaanite mythology</a> by the struggle between the storm god, variously called <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Ba'al Hadad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aramean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramean">Aramean</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Ya'a, Yaw, or Yam</a>, god of the sea and rivers. Early Canaanite civilization was characterized by small walled market towns, surrounded by peasant farmers growing a range of local <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticultural products</a>, along with commercial growing of <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> for wine, and <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a>, surrounded by extensive <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> cropping, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. Harvest in early summer was a season when <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadism">nomadism</a> was practised—shepherds staying with their flocks during the wet season and returning to graze them on the harvested stubble, closer to water supplies in the summer. Evidence of this cycle of agriculture is found in the <a href="/wiki/Gezer_calendar" title="Gezer calendar">Gezer calendar</a> and in the biblical cycle of the year. </p><p>Periods of rapid climate change generally saw a collapse of this mixed Mediterranean farming system; commercial production was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence agricultural">subsistence agricultural</a> foodstuffs; and transhumance <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> became a year-round nomadic pastoral activity, whilst tribal groups wandered in a circular pattern north to the Euphrates, or south to the Egyptian delta with their flocks. Occasionally, tribal chieftains would emerge, raiding enemy settlements and rewarding loyal followers from the spoils or by tariffs levied on merchants. Should the cities band together and retaliate, a neighbouring state intervenes or should the chieftain suffer a reversal of fortune, allies would fall away or intertribal feuding would return. It has been suggested that the Patriarchal tales of the Bible reflect such social forms.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 3100 BC, most Canaanites, particularly those that lived on the land that is now Israel/Palestine, lived in walled settlements in the plains and coastal regions. These settlements were surrounded by mud-brick fortifications and agricultural hamlets, which the inhabitants relied on for food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahin20054_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahin20054-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2nd millennium BC, urban Canaanite elites ruled over rural and pastoral areas. The material culture of the city-states was relatively uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New burial customs were implicitly influenced by a belief in the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahin20054_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahin20054-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmberPeregrine2002103_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberPeregrine2002103-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the periods of the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period of Egypt</a>, the Hyksos invasions and the end of the Middle Bronze Age in Assyria and Babylonia, and the Late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a>, trade through the Canaanite area would dwindle, as Egypt, Babylonia, and to a lesser degree <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, withdrew into their isolation. When the climates stabilized, trade would resume firstly along the coast in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a> and Phoenician cities. As markets redeveloped, new trade routes that would avoid the heavy tariffs of the coast would develop from <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_Barnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadesh Barnea">Kadesh Barnea</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">Samaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a> through <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezreel (city)">Jezreel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a>. Secondary Canaanite cities would develop in this region. Further economic development would see the creation of a third trade route from <a href="/wiki/Eilath" class="mw-redirect" title="Eilath">Eilath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timna" title="Timna">Timna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Seir" title="Mount Seir">Seir</a>), <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, and thence to the Aramean states of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>. Earlier states (for example the Philistines and <a href="/wiki/Tyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrians">Tyrians</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Samaria</a>, for the second route, and Judah and Israel for the third route) tried generally unsuccessfully to control the interior trade.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the prosperity of this trade would attract more powerful regional neighbours, such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, the Babylonians, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, who would control the Canaanites politically, levying tribute, taxes, and tariffs. Often in such periods, thorough overgrazing would result in a climatic collapse and a repeat of the cycle (e.g., <a href="/wiki/PPNB" class="mw-redirect" title="PPNB">PPNB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> cycles already mentioned). The fall of later Canaanite civilization occurred with the incorporation of the area into the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> world (as <a href="/wiki/Iudaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea">Iudaea</a> province), and after <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> times, into the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Aramaic">Western Aramaic</a>, one of the two <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua francas</a> of Canaanite civilization, is still spoken in a number of small Syrian villages, whilst <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite language">Canaanite</a> disappeared as a spoken language in about 100 CE. A separate <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>-infused <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Aramaic">Eastern Aramaic</a> is still spoken by the existing <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, northeast Syria, and southeast <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tel_Kabri" title="Tel Kabri">Tel Kabri</a> contains the remains of a Canaanite city from the Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (2000–1550 BC). The city, the most important of the cities in the Western <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> during that period, had a palace at its center. Tel Kabri is the only Canaanite city that can be excavated in its entirety because after the city was abandoned, no other city was built over its remains. It is notable because the predominant extra-Canaanite cultural influence is <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a>; Minoan-style frescoes decorate the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significant_figures">Significant figures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Ugarit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Ugarit">Kings of Ugarit</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Tyre" title="King of Tyre">King of Tyre</a></div> <p>Figures mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> or known through archaeology </p> <dl><dt>Rulers of Ugarit</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammittamru_I" title="Ammittamru I">Ammittamru I</a> of Ugarit (Amarna letters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niqmaddu_II" title="Niqmaddu II">Niqmaddu II</a> of Ugarit (Amarna letters) (1349–1315 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhalba" title="Arhalba">Arhalba</a> of Ugarit (1315–1313 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niqmepa" title="Niqmepa">Niqmepa</a> of Ugarit (1313–1260 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammittamru_II" title="Ammittamru II">Ammittamru II</a> of Ugarit (1260–1235 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibiranu" title="Ibiranu">Ibiranu</a> of Ugarit (1235–1220 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammurapi" title="Ammurapi">Ammurapi</a> of Ugarit (1215–1185 BC)</li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Rulers of Tyre</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abibaal" title="Abibaal">Abibaal</a> 990–978 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_I" title="Hiram I">Hiram I</a> 978–944 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-Eser_I" title="Baal-Eser I">Baal-Eser I</a> (Balbazer I) 944–927 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdastartus" title="Abdastartus">Abdastartus</a> 927–918 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarymus" title="Astarymus">Astarymus</a> 906–897 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelles" title="Phelles">Phelles</a> 897–896 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithobaal_I" title="Ithobaal I">Ithobaal I</a> 896–863 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-Eser_II" title="Baal-Eser II">Baal-Eser II</a> (Balbazer II) 863–829 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattan_I" title="Mattan I">Mattan I</a> 829–820 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_of_Tyre" title="Pygmalion of Tyre">Pygmalion</a> 820–774 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithobaal_II" title="Ithobaal II">Ithobaal II</a> 750–739 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_II" title="Hiram II">Hiram II</a> 739–730 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luli" title="Luli">Luli</a> 729 694 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_I" title="Baal I">Baal I</a> 680–660 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbar" title="Abbar">Abbar</a> 563–562 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdemon" title="Abdemon">Abdemon</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420–411</span> BC</li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Others</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziru</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> (Amarna letters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labaya" title="Labaya">Labaya</a>, lord of <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> (Amarna letters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdi-Heba" title="Abdi-Heba">Abdi-Heba</a>, local chieftain of pre-Israelite Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Jebusites" title="Jebusites">Jebus</a>) (Amarna letters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uwardata" title="Šuwardata">Šuwardata</a>, king of the Canaanite city of Gath or 'mayor' of Qiltu (Amarna letters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronos</a> (Ilus), founder of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Sanchuniathon" title="Sanchuniathon">Sanchuniathon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia#Genetic_studies" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia § Genetic studies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israelites#Genetics" title="Israelites">Israelites § Genetics</a></div> <p>A 2017 study of five Canaanite skeletons found that approximately half of the skeletons' genes originated from agricultural settlers in the Levant around 10,000 years ago. The other half was from a population tied to Iran, which researchers estimate arrived in the Levant approximately 5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hajjej (2018) revealed that when using <a href="/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">HLA genes</a>, Levantine Arabs, such as <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanians">Jordanians</a>, were closely related populations with common Canaanite ancestry. They shared a common geographic territory, which was later disrupted by 19th-century British and French colonization. Their Canaanite ancestors came from North Africa or the Arabian peninsula via Egypt in 3300 BC and settled in the Levant lowlands after the <a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a> collapse in 3800-3350 BC. The Levantine Arabs were also related to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">East Mediterranean</a> populations, such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Iranians</a>, which can be explained by the high migratory flow between Levantine sub-regions. However, Levantine Arabs were genetically distant from Arabian Peninsula populations such as <a href="/wiki/Saudis" title="Saudis">Saudis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwaitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaitis">Kuwaitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemenis" title="Yemenis">Yeminis</a> before the 7th century <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquests">Islamic conquests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agranat-Tamir et al. (2020) stated that Canaanites from the Intermediate Bronze Age (c. 2500–2000 BC) to late Iron Age I (c. 1000 BC) were genetically similar to each other. They lived in modern Israel, Jordan and Lebanon and could be modeled as "a mixture of local earlier <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> populations and populations from the northeastern part of the Near East (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains#History" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Armenians</a> and possibly, <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>)". Exceptions include the 2nd millennium BC inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abel-beth-maachah" title="Abel-beth-maachah">Abel Beth Maacah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>, who were relatively heterogenous due to inflow from the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean basin</a>. The inhabitants of Ba'qah in Jordan also have probable admixture from "eastern desert groups". Following the Bronze Age, there was an addition of <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">European</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a>-related components, which were represented by <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe#Genetics" title="Neolithic Europe">Late Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a>, from a north-south and south-north gradient respectively. The majority of modern Jewish and Levantine Arabic-speaking groups have 50% or more ancestry from peoples who were related to Bronze Age Levantines and Chalcolithic Zagros groups. This does not mean that any of these present-day groups bear direct ancestry from people who lived in the Middle to Late Bronze Age Levant or in Chalcolithic Zagros; rather, it indicates that they have ancestries from populations whose ancient proxy can be related to the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almarri et al. (2021) stated that Levantines and Arabians diverged from each other before the Neolithic period, with Levantines adopting a sedentary agricultural lifestyle. In the Bronze Age, immigrants with ancient Iranian-related ancestry replaced about 50% of the local Levantine ancestry. They were believed to introduce haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J1</a>, which was not found in earlier Levantines. After the Bronze Age, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern Hunter Gatherer (EHG)</a> ancestry was introduced, coinciding with the arrival of peoples with southeast European and Anatolian ancestry. Modern Levantines have significantly higher EHG ancestry than Arabians.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lazaridis et al. (2022) clarified that ancient Levantines and their descendants exhibit a decrease of ~8% local Neolithic ancestry, which is mostly <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a>, every millennium, starting from the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> period. It was largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hunter-gatherers" title="Anatolian hunter-gatherers">Anatolian</a>-related ancestries, from the north and west respectively. However, despite the decline in the Natufian component, this key ancestry source made an important contribution to peoples of later periods, continuing until the present.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_Canaan_(8343807206).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_Canaan_%288343807206%29.jpg/250px-A_map_of_Canaan_%288343807206%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_Canaan_%288343807206%29.jpg/330px-A_map_of_Canaan_%288343807206%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_Canaan_%288343807206%29.jpg/500px-A_map_of_Canaan_%288343807206%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7062" data-file-height="5759" /></a><figcaption>A 1692 map of Canaan, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Lea" title="Philip Lea">Philip Lea</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Jewish_and_Christian_scriptures">In Jewish and Christian scriptures</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3></div> <p>Canaan and the Canaanites are mentioned some 160 times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Killebrew_2005_96_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killebrew_2005_96-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They descended from <a href="/wiki/Canaan_(son_of_Ham)" title="Canaan (son of Ham)">Canaan</a>, who was the son of <a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a> and the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>. Canaan was <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">cursed with perpetual slavery</a> because his father Ham had "looked upon" the drunk and naked Noah. The expression "look upon" at times has sexual overtones in the Bible, as in Leviticus 20:11, "The man who lies with his father's wife has uncovered his father's nakedness..." As a result, interpreters have proposed a variety of possibilities as to what kind of transgression has been committed by Ham, including the possibility of castrating or raping his father or maternal incest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldenberg2005258_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldenberg2005258-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stiebert2016_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stiebert2016-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some believe that <i>Canaan</i> was the perpetrator of the crime, based on the surrounding verses.<sup id="cite_ref-Kugel_1998_223_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugel_1998_223-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Nations">Table of Nations</a>, Canaan was also the ancestor of other nations, which were collectively considered to be Canaanite: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Canaan is the father of <a href="/wiki/Sidon#Biblical_Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, his firstborn; and of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Hittites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jebusite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebusite">Jebusites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorites</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_tribes#Girgashites" title="List of minor biblical tribes">Girgashites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hivite">Hivites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arkites</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_tribes#Sinites" title="List of minor biblical tribes">Sinites</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_tribes#Arvadites" title="List of minor biblical tribes">Arvadites</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_tribes#Zemarites" title="List of minor biblical tribes">Zemarites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_tribes#Hamathites" title="List of minor biblical tribes">Hamathites</a>. Later the Canaanite clans scattered, and the borders of Canaan reached [across the Mediterranean coast] from <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Gerar" title="Gerar">Gerar</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, and then [inland around the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a> ] toward <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom, Gomorrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admah" title="Admah">Admah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeboim_(Hebrew_Bible)" title="Zeboim (Hebrew Bible)">Zeboiim</a>, as far as <a href="/wiki/Lasha" title="Lasha">Lasha</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2010:15–19">Genesis 10:15–19</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Other passages in the Bible offer different lists of the exact names of the Canaanite tribes. For example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2015:19–21&version=nrsv">Genesis 15:19–21</a> lists the <a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenizzites" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenizzites">Kenizzites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadmonites" title="Kadmonites">Kadmonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Hittites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizzites" title="Perizzites">Perizzites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rephaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rephaim">Rephaim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girgashites" title="Girgashites">Girgashites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jebusites" title="Jebusites">Jebusites</a>. In contrast, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%203:8&version=nrsv">Exodus 3:8</a> only lists the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite. How those other Biblical lists of Canaanite tribes agree with the genealogical listing of <a href="/wiki/Canaan_(son_of_Ham)" title="Canaan (son of Ham)">Canaan</a>'s sons has been subject to much discussion. It has further been argued that the Biblical term Canaanite is actually <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a>, referring to both the broader Canaanite nation and to a specific Canaanite tribe within that nation.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_E._Killebrew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ann E. Killebrew (page does not exist)">Ann E. Killebrew</a> states that the biblical ethnogenesis of Canaan is problematic, because there is archaeological and linguistic evidence that suggests that the ancient Israelites were largely Canaanites themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Killebrew_2005_96_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killebrew_2005_96-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, they were a subset of Canaanite culture.<sup id="cite_ref-JonTubb_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonTubb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarkSmith_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkSmith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, other scholars have suggested that the Israelites originated from the <a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a> and other seminomadic peoples from the desert regions south of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, only later settling in the highlands of Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been also suggested that the Hamitic origin myth could be a reference to Canaan's colonization by the Egyptians in the Late Bronze Age, who were Hamites according to the Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Redford_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redford-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> </p><p>Volkmar Fritz argues that there are also dissimilarities in the material culture of the early Israelites and Canaanites, suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/Israelite_highland_settlement" title="Israelite highland settlement">new settlers</a> were unrelated to the former inhabitants of the Canaanite cities. While Fritz agrees that there are some similarities between the two cultures, he argues that this resulted from close contact between them over a long period. In his view, cultural similarities developed when nomadic Israelites entered the land and gradually formed close economic relationships with Canaanites. The Israelites eventually became self-sufficient in the highlands but retained aspects of the shared Canaanite material culture.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biblical scholar David Frankel argues that a narrative in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Books of Chronicles</a> tenuously indicates the historical reality of Israel's ethnogenesis. In his view, the text makes reference to an established Israelite presence in Canaan before Joshua's conquest, which primarily consisted of <a href="/wiki/Ephraimites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraimites">Ephraimites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frankel_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankel-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Hebrew Bible, Canaan was located to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. The Canaanites were described as living "by the sea, and along by the side of the Jordan" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a> 13:29)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "around Jordan" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> 22:9).<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, they inhabited the Mediterranean coastlands (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Joshua%205:1">Joshua 5:1</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> corresponding to Phoenicia (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%2023:11">Isaiah 23:11</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Zephaniah%202:5">Zephaniah 2:5</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Joshua%2011:3">Joshua 11:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Numbers%2013:29">Numbers 13:29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%2013:12">Genesis 13:12</a>). Numbers 34:3–12 provide even more <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">specific boundaries</a>, which covered territory that was considered to be "small" by ancient standards.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_N._Oswalt" title="John N. Oswalt">John N. Oswalt</a> observes that "Canaan consists of the land west of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan</a> and is distinguished from the area east of the Jordan." Oswalt then goes on to say that in Scripture, Canaan "takes on a theological character" as "the land which is God's gift" and "the place of abundance".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst the inhabitants of Canaan are called Canaanites, they are also called <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>, similar to the citizens of the multi-ethnic Soviet Union being called Russian, and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Hethites/Hittites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, the ancestor of the Israelites, was most likely an Amorite-Aramean, according to some early theories.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conquest_of_Canaan">Conquest of Canaan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist#Deuteronomistic_history" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist § Deuteronomistic history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Nations_(Bible)" title="Seven Nations (Bible)">Seven Nations (Bible)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> promises the land of Canaan to <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> and eventually delivers it to <a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_family_tree" title="Abraham's family tree">descendants of Abraham</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. The Hebrew Bible describes the Israelite <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua#Entry_into_the_land_and_conquest_.28chapters_2.E2.80.9312.29" title="Book of Joshua">conquest of Canaan</a> in the "<a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former Prophets</a>" (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Nevi'im Rishonim</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נביאים ראשונים</span>‎), viz. the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a>. These books give the narrative of the Israelites after the death of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and their entry into Canaan under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The renaming of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Land of Canaan">Land of Canaan</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> marks the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua#Entry_into_the_land_and_conquest_.28chapters_2.E2.80.9312.29" title="Book of Joshua">conquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Canaanites (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כנענים</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Kna'anim</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Kənaʻănîm</i></span></i>) are said to have been one of seven "nations" driven out by the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> following <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>. The other nations were the Hittites, the Girgashites, the Amorites, the <a href="/wiki/Perizzites" title="Perizzites">Perizzites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hivites" title="Hivites">Hivites</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jebusites" title="Jebusites">Jebusites</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Deuteronomy%207:1">Deuteronomy 7:1</a>). One of the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a> prescribes that no inhabitants of the cities of six Canaanite nations, the same as mentioned in 7:1, minus the <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_tribes#G" title="List of minor biblical tribes">Girgashites</a>, were to be left alive. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Deuteronomy%2020:16">Deuteronomy 20:16</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Israel_and_Judah">Kingdom of Israel and Judah</h4></div> <p>After the Israelite conquest of Canaan, Canaan existed as a <a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">kritarchy</a> and later, a monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Israelite monarchy, the Israelite tribes were united as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">one kingdom</a>. However, it split into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 738 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian empire">Neo-Assyrian empire</a> conquered the Kingdom of Israel. In 586 BC, the Kingdom of Judah was annexed into the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> fell after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">a siege</a> which lasted either eighteen or thirty months.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 586 BC, much of Judah was devastated, and the former kingdom suffered a steep decline of both economy and population.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe2004_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe2004-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Significant_figures_2">Significant figures</h4></div> <dl><dt>Characters in the Hebrew Bible</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaan,_son_of_Ham" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaan, son of Ham">Canaan, son of Ham</a> (Gen. 10:6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, firstborn son of Canaan (Gen. 10:15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Heth</a>, son of Canaan (Gen. 10:15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihon" title="Sihon">Sihon</a>, king of Amorites (Deut 1:4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Og" title="Og">Og</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a> (Deut 1:4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonizedek" title="Adonizedek">Adonizedek</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (Josh. 10:1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debir" title="Debir">Debir</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Eglon,_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglon, Canaan">Eglon</a> (Josh. 10:3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabin" title="Jabin">Jabin</a>, name of two kings of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a> (Josh. 11:1; Judges 5:6)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3></div> <p>"Canaan" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Χανάαν</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Khanáan</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-GreekName_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreekName-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used only twice in the New Testament: both times in <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> when paraphrasing <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> stories.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the derivative <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">"Khananaia"</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χαναναία</span></span>, "Canaanite woman") is used in <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew's</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> uses the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">"Syrophoenician"</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Συροφοινίκισσα</span></span>). It is implied that the New Testament authors considered all non-Jewish inhabitants in the northern coastlines of Canaan to be Canaanite.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the King James Version of the Bible one of the disciples is known as Simon the Canaanite.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_of_the_name">Uses of the name</h3></div> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> (530 BC – 70 AD), "Canaanite" in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> had come to be not an ethnic designation, so much as a general synonym for "<a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a>", as it is interpreted in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a> 40:30, or <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a> 31:24.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Canaanites" is attested as the <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">endonym</a> of the people later known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> BC as Phoenicians,<sup id="cite_ref-Drews4849_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews4849-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and following the emigration of Canaanite-speakers to <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> (founded in the 9th century BC), was also used as a self-designation by the <a href="/wiki/Punics" class="mw-redirect" title="Punics">Punics</a> (<i>chanani</i>) of North Africa during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (3rd and 2nd century BC) mostly renders Canaan as Χαναάν (Khanaan), but on two occasions as "Phoenicia" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exod</a> 16:35 and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Josh</a> 5:12).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>"Canaan" is used as a synonym of the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>; for instance, it is used in this sense in the hymn "Canaan's Happy Shore", with the <a href="/wiki/Line_(poetry)" title="Line (poetry)">lines</a>: "Oh, brothers, will you meet me, (3x)/On Canaan's happy shore," a hymn set to the tune later used in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle Hymn of the Republic">The Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s and 1940s, some <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist Zionist</a> intellectuals in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> founded the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Canaanism" title="Canaanism">Canaanism</a>, which sought to create a unique Hebrew identity, rooted in ancient Canaanite culture, rather than a Jewish one.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuzar_12_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzar_12-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> observed the contradictions between the secular and biblical records of Jewish indigeneity to Canaan, which was nonetheless affirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>. Whilst he used secular arguments to justify Jewish indigeneity, he argued that the biblical narrative of Abraham migrating to Canaan was a "reunion with indigenous Hebrews who shared his theological belief". He also argued that not all Hebrews joined <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>'s family when they migrated to Egypt and later, birthed the generation of the Hebrews that endured the <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Exodus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wazana_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wazana-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some professors find this view tenable, based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%207:20–24&version=nrsv">1 Chronicles 7:20–24</a>, which preserved heterodox traditions of Jewish indigeneity.<sup id="cite_ref-Frankel_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankel-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wazana_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wazana-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters%E2%80%93localities_and_their_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna letters–localities and their rulers">Amarna letters–localities and their rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_gate_of_ancient_Tell" title="Canaanite gate of ancient Tell">Canaanite gate of ancient Tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shift" title="Canaanite shift">Canaanite shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham#Curse_of_Canaan" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Levant" title="Names of the Levant">Names of the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Canaanite_alphabet" title="Proto-Canaanite alphabet">Proto-Canaanite alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knanaya" title="Knanaya">Knanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 – <span title="Phoenician-language romanization"><i lang="phn-Latn">KNʿN</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">כְּנַעַן</span> – <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Kənáʿan</i></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Pausa" title="Pausa">pausa</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כְּנָעַן</span>‎</span></span> – <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Kənāʿan</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Greek language">Biblical Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Χαναάν</span> – <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Khanaán</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كَنْعَانُ</span> – <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kan'ān</i></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The independent Canaanite city-states of the early Bronze Age (3000–2200 BC) were situated mostly in plains or coastal regions, surrounded by defensive walls built of mud brick and guarded by watchtowers. Most of the cities were surrounded by agricultural hamlets, which supplied their food needs (<a href="#CITEREFShahin2005">Shahin 2005</a>, p. 4).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MedalsHill1910-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MedalsHill1910_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Museum._Department_of_Coins_and_MedalsSir_George_Francis_Hill1910" class="citation book cs1">British Museum. Department of Coins and Medals; Sir George Francis Hill (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R0fTGZhvYRUC&pg=PA52"><i>Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Phoenicia</i></a>. order of the Trustees. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7024106">7024106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Greek+Coins+of+Phoenicia&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=order+of+the+Trustees&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7024106&rft.au=British+Museum.+Department+of+Coins+and+Medals&rft.au=Sir+George+Francis+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR0fTGZhvYRUC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreekName-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreekName_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreekName_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The current scholarly edition of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Greek Old Testament</a> spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta : id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interprets. 2. ed. / recogn. et emendavit Robert Hanhart. Stuttgart : Dt. Bibelges., 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-438-05119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-438-05119-6">978-3-438-05119-6</a>. However, in modern Greek, the accentuation is <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Xαναάν</span></span>, while the <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">current (28th) scholarly edition of the New Testament</a> has <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Xανάαν</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrodyKing2013" class="citation web cs1">Brody, Aaron J.; King, Roy J. (1 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1043&context=humbiol_preprints">"Genetics and the Archaeology of Ancient Israel"</a>. <i>Wayne State University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114916/https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1043&context=humbiol_preprints">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wayne+State+University&rft.atitle=Genetics+and+the+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Aaron+J.&rft.au=King%2C+Roy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wayne.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1043%26context%3Dhumbiol_preprints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dever-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dever_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDever2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Dever" title="William G. Dever">Dever, William G.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_ByXkpofAgC&pg=PA219"><i>Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802844163" title="Special:BookSources/9780802844163"><bdi>9780802844163</bdi></a>. <q>Canaanite is by far the most common ethnic term in the Hebrew Bible. The pattern of polemics suggests that most Israelites knew that they had a shared common remote ancestry and once common culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Were+the+Early+Israelites+and+Where+Did+They+Come+From%3F&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780802844163&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA_ByXkpofAgC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonTubb-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonTubb_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonTubb_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonTubb_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonTubb_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonTubb_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonTubb_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonTubb_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTubb1998" class="citation book cs1">Tubb, Johnathan N. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canaanites00tubb"><i>Canaanites</i></a></span>. British Museum People of the Past, vol. 2. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806131085" title="Special:BookSources/9780806131085"><bdi>9780806131085</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanites&rft.series=British+Museum+People+of+the+Past%2C+vol.+2&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780806131085&rft.aulast=Tubb&rft.aufirst=Johnathan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanaanites00tubb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarkSmith-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarkSmith_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarkSmith_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC"><i>The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802839725" title="Special:BookSources/9780802839725"><bdi>9780802839725</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061954/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200–1000</span> BC). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+Other+Deities+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780802839725&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yM3AuBh4AsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drews4849-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drews4849_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drews4849_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFDrews1998">Drews 1998</a>, pp. 48–49: "The name 'Canaan' did not entirely drop out of usage in the Iron Age. Throughout the area that we—with the Greek speakers—prefer to call 'Phoenicia', the inhabitants in the first millennium BC called themselves 'Canaanites'. For the area south of Mt. Carmel, however, after the Bronze Age ended references to 'Canaan' as a present phenomenon dwindle almost to nothing (the Hebrew Bible of course makes frequent mention of 'Canaan' and 'Canaanites', but regularly as a land that had become something else, and as a people who had been annihilated)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShmuel_Ahituv1984" class="citation book cs1">Shmuel Ahituv (1984). <i>Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient Egyptian Documents</i>. The Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanite+Toponyms+in+Ancient+Egyptian+Documents&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=The+Magnes+Press%2C+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Shmuel+Ahituv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsheriLloydCorcella2007" class="citation book cs1">Asheri, David; Lloyd, Alan; Corcella, Aldo (2007). <i>A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198149569" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198149569"><bdi>978-0198149569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+Herodotus%2C+Books+1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0198149569&rft.aulast=Asheri&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Alan&rft.au=Corcella%2C+Aldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatell_Berthelot2014" class="citation book cs1">Katell Berthelot (2014). "Where May Canaanites Be Found? Canaanites, Phoenicians and Others in Jewish Texts from the Hellenistic and Roman Period". In K. Berthelot, J. David and M. Hirshman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6791773"><i>The Gift of the Land and the Fate of the Canaanites</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Where+May+Canaanites+Be+Found%3F+Canaanites%2C+Phoenicians+and+Others+in+Jewish+Texts+from+the+Hellenistic+and+Roman+Period&rft.btitle=The+Gift+of+the+Land+and+the+Fate+of+the+Canaanites&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Katell+Berthelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6791773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a>, <i>Hebrew Lexicon</i>, 1833</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTristram1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baker_Tristram" title="Henry Baker Tristram">Tristram, Henry Baker</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYQaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA336"><i>Bible Places: Or, The Topography of the Holy Land</i></a>. p. 336. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061902/https://books.google.com/books?id=vYQaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA336#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+Places%3A+Or%2C+The+Topography+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=336&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Tristram&rft.aufirst=Henry+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYQaAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199847–49-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199847–49_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1998">Drews 1998</a>, pp. 47–49:"From the Egyptian texts it appears that the whole of Egypt's province in the Levant was called 'Canaan', and it would perhaps not be incorrect to understand the term as the name of that province...It may be that the term began as a Northwest Semitic common noun, 'the subdued, the subjugated', and that it then evolved into the proper name of the Asiaticland that had fallen under Egypt's dominion (just as the first Roman province in Gaul eventually became Provence)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199848-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199848_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1998">Drews 1998</a>, p. 48: "Until E.A. Speiser proposed that the name 'Canaan' was derived from the (unattested) word kinahhu, which Speiser supposed must have been an Akkadian term for reddish-blue or purple, Semiticists regularly explained 'Canaan' (Hebrew këna'an; elsewhere in Northwest Semitic kn'n) as related to the Aramaic verb kn': 'to bend down, be low'. That etymology is perhaps correct after all. Speiser's alternative explanation has been generally abandoned, as has the proposal that 'Canaan' meant 'the land of merchants'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemche1991">Lemche 1991</a>, pp. 24–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-When-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-When_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Steindorff" title="Georg Steindorff">Steindorff, George</a> and Seele, Keith C. (2014 revised edition; first edition 1942). <i>When Egypt Ruled the East</i>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65DeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">47</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217122111/https://books.google.com/books?id=65DeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Archived</a> 2024-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/022622855X" title="Special:BookSources/022622855X">022622855X</a>. Accessed 17 Feb 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195393361/obo-9780195393361-0216.xml">"Canaanites"</a>. <i>obo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403082451/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195393361/obo-9780195393361-0216.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=obo&rft.atitle=Canaanites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195393361%2Fobo-9780195393361-0216.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlassman2017" class="citation cs2">Glassman, Ronald M. (2017), Glassman, Ronald M. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0_49">"The Political Structure of the Canaanite City-States: Monarchy and Merchant Oligarchy"</a>, <i>The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">473–</span>477, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-51695-0_49">10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0_49</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51695-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51695-0"><bdi>978-3-319-51695-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061941/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0_49">archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Origins+of+Democracy+in+Tribes%2C+City-States+and+Nation-States&rft.atitle=The+Political+Structure+of+the+Canaanite+City-States%3A+Monarchy+and+Merchant+Oligarchy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E477&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51695-0_49&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51695-0&rft.aulast=Glassman&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51695-0_49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoll2001">Noll 2001</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZarins1992" class="citation book cs1">Zarins, Juris (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjoR7vCdQh4C">"Pastoral nomadism in Arabia: ethnoarchaeology and the archaeological record—a case study"</a>. In Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Khazanov, Anatoly (eds.). <i>Pastoralism in the Levant</i>. Prehistory Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780962911088" title="Special:BookSources/9780962911088"><bdi>9780962911088</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061902/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjoR7vCdQh4C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pastoral+nomadism+in+Arabia%3A+ethnoarchaeology+and+the+archaeological+record%E2%80%94a+case+study&rft.btitle=Pastoralism+in+the+Levant&rft.pub=Prehistory+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780962911088&rft.aulast=Zarins&rft.aufirst=Juris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjoR7vCdQh4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteiglitz1992" class="citation journal cs1">Steiglitz, Robert (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase1993/101/3/101_3_263/_pdf">"Migrations in the Ancient Near East"</a>. <i>Anthropological Science</i>. <b>3</b> (101): 263. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034549/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase1993/101/3/101_3_263/_pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'En Esur (Asawir): Preliminary Report". <i>Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel</i>. <b>130</b>: 2. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26691671">26691671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hadashot+Arkheologiyot%3A+Excavations+and+Surveys+in+Israel&rft.atitle=%27En+Esur+%28Asawir%29%3A+Preliminary+Report&rft.volume=130&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26691671%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Itai+Elad+and+Yitzhak+Paz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arscan.fr/vepmo/chypre-au-neolithique/le-levant-sud/tell-es-sakan/">"Territoires autonomes palestiniens : Tell es-Sakan | Du village à l'Etat au Proche et Moyen-Orient |"</a>. <i>www.arscan.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arscan.fr&rft.atitle=Territoires+autonomes+palestiniens+%3A+Tell+es-Sakan+%7C+Du+village+%C3%A0+l%27Etat+au+Proche+et+Moyen-Orient+%7C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arscan.fr%2Fvepmo%2Fchypre-au-neolithique%2Fle-levant-sud%2Ftell-es-sakan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodard-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodard_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPardee2008" class="citation book cs1">Pardee, Dennis (10 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTrT-bZyuPcC&pg=PA5">"Ugaritic"</a>. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <i>The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46934-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46934-0"><bdi>978-1-139-46934-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061903/https://books.google.com/books?id=vTrT-bZyuPcC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: The Early Bronze Age: The Rise and Collapse of Urbanism". <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i>. <b>50</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210081">10.2307/3210081</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210081">3210081</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135293163">135293163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Sources+for+the+History+of+Palestine%3A+The+Early+Bronze+Age%3A+The+Rise+and+Collapse+of+Urbanism&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135293163%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210081%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210081&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLily_Agranat-Tamir2020" class="citation news cs1">Lily Agranat-Tamir; et al. 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Cell. pp. <span class="nowrap">1146–</span>1157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.04.024">10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Genomic+History+of+the+Bronze+Age+Southern+Levant&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1146-%3C%2Fspan%3E1157&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.04.024&rft.au=Lily+Agranat-Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden_2009_5-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golden_2009_5_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2009">Golden 2009</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D., ed. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511486890">10.1017/CBO9780511486890</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511486890" title="Special:BookSources/9780511486890"><bdi>9780511486890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Syria-Palestine+and+Arabia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511486890&rft.isbn=9780511486890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaveh1987" class="citation book cs1">Naveh, Joseph (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4lvbAAAAMAAJ">"Proto-Canaanite, Archaic Greek, and the Script of the Aramaic Text on the Tell Fakhariyah Statue"</a>. In Miller, Patrick D.; Hanson, Paul D.; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientisraelite00unse/page/101"><i>Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientisraelite00unse/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800608316" title="Special:BookSources/9780800608316"><bdi>9780800608316</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto-Canaanite%2C+Archaic+Greek%2C+and+the+Script+of+the+Aramaic+Text+on+the+Tell+Fakhariyah+Statue&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israelite+Religion%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Frank+Moore+Cross&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780800608316&rft.aulast=Naveh&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4lvbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas1996" class="citation book cs1">Coulmas, Florian (1996). <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Palestine&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780800627706&rft.aulast=Ahlstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6sta+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5cSAlLBZKaAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahood1978" class="citation book cs1">Dahood, Mitchell J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=daVAAQAAIAAJ">"Ebla, Ugarit and the Old Testament"</a>. <i>Congress Volume, International Organization for Study of the Old Testament</i>. Brill. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004058354" title="Special:BookSources/9789004058354"><bdi>9789004058354</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061955/https://books.google.com/books?id=daVAAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ebla%2C+Ugarit+and+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=Congress+Volume%2C+International+Organization+for+Study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9789004058354&rft.aulast=Dahood&rft.aufirst=Mitchell+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdaVAAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden_2009_5–6-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golden_2009_5–6_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golden_2009_5–6_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2009">Golden 2009</a>, pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDossin1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dossin, Georges (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/275963/4/b2a54ba1-ff44-4c8e-9001-3d4f49524ace.txt">"Une mention de Cananéens dans une lettre de Mari"</a>. <i>Syria</i> (in French). <b>50</b> (3/4). Institut Francais du Proche-Orient: <span class="nowrap">277–</span>282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fsyria.1973.6403">10.3406/syria.1973.6403</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4197896">4197896</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428103025/https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/275963/4/b2a54ba1-ff44-4c8e-9001-3d4f49524ace.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syria&rft.atitle=Une+mention+de+Canan%C3%A9ens+dans+une+lettre+de+Mari&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E282&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fsyria.1973.6403&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4197896%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dossin&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdipot.ulb.ac.be%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2013%2F275963%2F4%2Fb2a54ba1-ff44-4c8e-9001-3d4f49524ace.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENa'aman2005110–120_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNa'aman2005">Na'aman 2005</a>, pp. 110–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemche199127–28-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemche199127–28_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemche1991">Lemche 1991</a>, pp. 27–28: "However, all but one of the references belong to the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, the one exception being the mention of some Canaanites in a document from Marl from the 18th century BC. In this document, we find a reference to LUhabbatum u LUKi-na-ah-num. The wording of this passage creates some problems as to the identity of these 'Canaanites', because of the parallelism between LUKh-na-ah-num and LUhabbatum, which is unexpected. The Akkadian word habbatum, the meaning of which is actually 'brigands', is sometimes used to translate the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> expression SA.GAZ, which is normally thought to be a logogram for habiru, 'Hebrews'. Thus there is some reason to question the identity of the 'Canaanites' who appear in this text from Marl We may ask whether these people were called 'Canaanites' because they were ethnically of another stock than the ordinary population of Mari, or whether it was because they came from a specific geographical area, the land of Canaan. However, because of the parallelism in this text between LUhabbatum and LUKi-na-ah-num, we cannot exclude the possibility that the expression 'Canaanites' was used here with a sociological meaning. It could be that the word 'Canaanites' was in this case understood as a sociological designation of some sort which shared at least some connotations with the sociological term habiru. Should this be the case, the Canaanites of Marl may well have been refugees or outlaws rather than ordinary foreigners from a certain country (from Canaan). Worth considering is also Manfred Weippert's interpretation of the passage LUhabbatum u LUKi-na-ah-num—literally 'Canaanites and brigands'—as 'Canaanite brigands', which may welt mean 'highwaymen of foreign origin', whether or not they were actually Canaanites coming from Phoenicia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeippert1928" class="citation book cs1">Weippert, Manfred (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEB1Z_c50qgC">"Kanaan"</a>. <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie</i>. Vol. 5. W. de Gruyter. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110071924" title="Special:BookSources/9783110071924"><bdi>9783110071924</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429062000/https://books.google.com/books?id=cEB1Z_c50qgC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kanaan&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=W.+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=9783110071924&rft.aulast=Weippert&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEB1Z_c50qgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199846-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199846_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1998">Drews 1998</a>, p. 46: "An eighteenth-century letter from Mari may refer to Canaan, but the first certain cuneiform reference appears on a statue base of <a href="/wiki/Idrimi" title="Idrimi">Idrimi</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span> BC."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMieroop2010" class="citation book cs1">Mieroop, Marc Van De (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JADDYAZ9GIIC&pg=PA131"><i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6070-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6070-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6070-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817063835/https://books.google.com/books?id=JADDYAZ9GIIC&pg=PA131">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4&rft.aulast=Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc+Van+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJADDYAZ9GIIC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBard2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_A._Bard" title="Kathryn A. Bard">Bard, Kathryn A.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFscBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188"><i>An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89611-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89611-2"><bdi>978-1-118-89611-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061957/https://books.google.com/books?id=lFscBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-89611-2&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFscBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamrin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kamrin, Janice (2009). "The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan". <i>Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections</i>. <b>1</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199601200">199601200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Interconnections&rft.atitle=The+Aamu+of+Shu+in+the+Tomb+of+Khnumhotep+II+at+Beni+Hassan&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199601200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kamrin&rft.aufirst=Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurry2018" class="citation journal cs1">Curry, Andrew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309-1809/features/6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty">"The Rulers of Foreign Lands – Archaeology Magazine"</a>. <i>www.archaeology.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201044702/https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309-1809/features/6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.archaeology.org&rft.atitle=The+Rulers+of+Foreign+Lands+%E2%80%93+Archaeology+Magazine&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fissues%2F309-1809%2Ffeatures%2F6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2009">Golden 2009</a>, pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1911141_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheyne1911">Cheyne 1911</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/394173">"Lion reliefs"</a>. <i>www.imj.org.il</i>. 7 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103155548/https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/394173">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imj.org.il&rft.atitle=Lion+reliefs&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imj.org.il%2Fen%2Fcollections%2F394173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507092552/http://unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il/~hatsor/hazor.html">"The Hazor Excavations Project"</a>. <i>unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il/~hatsor/hazor.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il&rft.atitle=The+Hazor+Excavations+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funixware.mscc.huji.ac.il%2F~hatsor%2Fhazor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOppenheim2013" class="citation book cs1">Oppenheim, A. Leo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2yxOCgAAQBAJ"><i>Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226177670" title="Special:BookSources/9780226177670"><bdi>9780226177670</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061904/https://books.google.com/books?id=2yxOCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+Portrait+of+a+Dead+Civilization&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780226177670&rft.aulast=Oppenheim&rft.aufirst=A.+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2yxOCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA189-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EA189_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El Amarna letter, EA 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillek2018" class="citation journal cs1">Millek, Jesse Michael (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.librarypublishing.arizona.edu/jaei/article/id/1347/">"Destruction and the Fall of Egyptian Hegemony Over the Southern Levant"</a>. <i>Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections</i>. <b>19</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-2815">1944-2815</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221103165106/https://journals.librarypublishing.arizona.edu/jaei/article/id/1347/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Interconnections&rft.atitle=Destruction+and+the+Fall+of+Egyptian+Hegemony+Over+the+Southern+Levant&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1944-2815&rft.aulast=Millek&rft.aufirst=Jesse+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.librarypublishing.arizona.edu%2Fjaei%2Farticle%2Fid%2F1347%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillek2017" class="citation book cs1">Millek, Jesse (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn"><i>Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples'. In Fischer, P. And T.Burge (eds.), "Sea Peoples" Up-to-Date: New Research on Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean in 13th–11th Centuries BC. 113–140</i></a> (1st ed.). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-7963-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-7963-4"><bdi>978-3-7001-7963-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn">j.ctt1v2xvsn</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105036/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Peoples%2C+Philistines%2C+and+the+Destruction+of+Cities%3A+A+Critical+Examination+of+Destruction+Layers+%27Caused%27+by+the+%27Sea+Peoples%27.+In+Fischer%2C+P.+And+T.Burge+%28eds.%29%2C+%22Sea+Peoples%22+Up-to-Date%3A+New+Research+on+Transformation+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+in+13th%E2%80%9311th+Centuries+BC.+113%E2%80%93140.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1v2xvsn%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-7963-4&rft.aulast=Millek&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1v2xvsn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurke2017" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Aaron (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/3356">"Burke et al. Excavations of the New Kingdom Fortress in Jaffa, 2011–2014: Traces of Resistance to Egyptian Rule in Canaan"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>133. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221103125132/https://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/3356">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Burke+et+al.+Excavations+of+the+New+Kingdom+Fortress+in+Jaffa%2C+2011%E2%80%932014%3A+Traces+of+Resistance+to+Egyptian+Rule+in+Canaan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajaonline.org%2Ffield-report%2F3356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne1911140_fn._3-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1911140_fn._3_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheyne1911">Cheyne 1911</a>, p. 140 fn. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2003" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C">"Biblical Jerusalem: An Archaeological Assessment"</a>. In Killebrew, Ann E.; Vaughn, Andrew G. (eds.). <i>Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period</i>. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589830660" title="Special:BookSources/9781589830660"><bdi>9781589830660</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140948/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biblical+Jerusalem%3A+An+Archaeological+Assessment&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+Bible+and+Archaeology%3A+The+First+Temple+Period&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781589830660&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYS4VEu08h4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfe" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522082405/https://www.newenglishreview.org/Robert_Wolfe/From_Habiru_to_Hebrews:_The_Roots_of_the_Jewish_Tradition/">"From Habiru to Hebrews: The Roots of the Jewish Tradition"</a>. <i>New English Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newenglishreview.org/Robert_Wolfe/From_Habiru_to_Hebrews%3A_The_Roots_of_the_Jewish_Tradition/">the original</a> on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+English+Review&rft.atitle=From+Habiru+to+Hebrews%3A+The+Roots+of+the+Jewish+Tradition&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newenglishreview.org%2FRobert_Wolfe%2FFrom_Habiru_to_Hebrews%253A_The_Roots_of_the_Jewish_Tradition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, P. J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9dkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14"><i>The Book of Joshua</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">xiv–</span>xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65095-4"><bdi>978-1-107-65095-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061904/https://books.google.com/books?id=V9dkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Joshua&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exv&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-65095-4&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9dkAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillek2018" class="citation journal cs1">Millek, Jesse (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42097042">"Millek, J.M. 2018. Just how much was destroyed? The end of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Levant. Ugarit-Forschungen 49: 239–274"</a>. <i>Ugarit-Forschungen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/42097042">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ugarit-Forschungen&rft.atitle=Millek%2C+J.M.+2018.+Just+how+much+was+destroyed%3F+The+end+of+the+Late+Bronze+Age+in+the+Southern+Levant.+Ugarit-Forschungen+49%3A+239%E2%80%93274.&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Millek&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42097042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillek2017" class="citation book cs1">Millek, Jesse (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn"><i>Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples'. in Fischer, P. and T. Burge (eds.), "Sea Peoples" Up-to-Date: New Research on Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean in 13th–11th Centuries BC</i></a> (1 ed.). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-7963-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-7963-4"><bdi>978-3-7001-7963-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn">j.ctt1v2xvsn</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213105036/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1v2xvsn">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Peoples%2C+Philistines%2C+and+the+Destruction+of+Cities%3A+A+Critical+Examination+of+Destruction+Layers+%27Caused%27+by+the+%27Sea+Peoples%27.+in+Fischer%2C+P.+and+T.+Burge+%28eds.%29%2C+%22Sea+Peoples%22+Up-to-Date%3A+New+Research+on+Transformation+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+in+13th%E2%80%9311th+Centuries+BC.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1v2xvsn%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-7963-4&rft.aulast=Millek&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1v2xvsn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBen-TorZuckerman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ben-Tor, Amnon; Zuckerman, Sharon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609263">"Hazor at the End of the Late Bronze Age: Back to Basics"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>350</b> (350): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FBASOR25609263">10.1086/BASOR25609263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X">0003-097X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609263">25609263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163208536">163208536</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221104132835/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609263">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Hazor+at+the+End+of+the+Late+Bronze+Age%3A+Back+to+Basics&rft.volume=350&rft.issue=350&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0003-097X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163208536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25609263%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FBASOR25609263&rft.aulast=Ben-Tor&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rft.au=Zuckerman%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25609263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillek2019" class="citation book cs1">Millek, Jesse (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41867831"><i>Exchange, Destruction, and a Transitioning Society. Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron I. RessourcenKulturen 9. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/41867831">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exchange%2C+Destruction%2C+and+a+Transitioning+Society.+Interregional+Exchange+in+the+Southern+Levant+from+the+Late+Bronze+Age+to+the+Iron+I.+RessourcenKulturen+9.+T%C3%BCbingen%3A+T%C3%BCbingen+University+Press.&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Millek&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41867831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillek2022" class="citation journal cs1">Millek, Jesse (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/74756865">"The Impact of Destruction on Trade at the End of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Levant. In: F. Hagemeyer (ed.), Jerusalem and the Coastal Plain in the Iron Age and Persian Periods. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 39–60"</a>. <i>Jerusalem and the Coastal Plain in the Iron Age and Persian Periods New Studies on Jerusalem's Relations with the Southern Coastal Plain of Israel/Palestine (C. 1200–300 BC) Research on Israel and Aram in Biblical Times IV</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160557/https://www.academia.edu/74756865">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+and+the+Coastal+Plain+in+the+Iron+Age+and+Persian+Periods+New+Studies+on+Jerusalem%27s+Relations+with+the+Southern+Coastal+Plain+of+Israel%2FPalestine+%28C.+1200%E2%80%93300+BC%29+Research+on+Israel+and+Aram+in+Biblical+Times+IV&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Destruction+on+Trade+at+the+End+of+the+Late+Bronze+Age+in+the+Southern+Levant.+In%3A+F.+Hagemeyer+%28ed.%29%2C+Jerusalem+and+the+Coastal+Plain+in+the+Iron+Age+and+Persian+Periods.+T%C3%BCbingen%3A+Mohr+Siebeck%2C+39%E2%80%9360.&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Millek&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F74756865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillek2019" class="citation book cs1">Millek, Jesse (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41867831"><i>Exchange, Destruction, and a Transitioning Society. Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron I. RessourcenKulturen 9. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">180–</span>212. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/41867831">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exchange%2C+Destruction%2C+and+a+Transitioning+Society.+Interregional+Exchange+in+the+Southern+Levant+from+the+Late+Bronze+Age+to+the+Iron+I.+RessourcenKulturen+9.+T%C3%BCbingen%3A+T%C3%BCbingen+University+Press.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Millek&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41867831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillek2019" class="citation book cs1">Millek, Jesse (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41867831"><i>Exchange, Destruction, and a Transitioning Society. Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron I. RessourcenKulturen 9. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">217–</span>238. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154855/https://www.academia.edu/41867831">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exchange%2C+Destruction%2C+and+a+Transitioning+Society.+Interregional+Exchange+in+the+Southern+Levant+from+the+Late+Bronze+Age+to+the+Iron+I.+RessourcenKulturen+9.+T%C3%BCbingen%3A+T%C3%BCbingen+University+Press.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Millek&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41867831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYahalom-Mack2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yahalom-Mack, N. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30800615">"N. Yahalom-Mack, E. Galili, E., I. Segal, A. Eliyahu-Behar, E. Boaretto, S. Shilstein and I. Finkelstein, New Insights to Levantine Copper Trade: Analysis of Ingots from the Bronze and Iron Ages in Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 45 (2014), pp. 159–177"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160554/https://www.academia.edu/30800615">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=N.+Yahalom-Mack%2C+E.+Galili%2C+E.%2C+I.+Segal%2C+A.+Eliyahu-Behar%2C+E.+Boaretto%2C+S.+Shilstein+and+I.+Finkelstein%2C+New+Insights+to+Levantine+Copper+Trade%3A+Analysis+of+Ingots+from+the+Bronze+and+Iron+Ages+in+Israel.+Journal+of+Archaeological+Science+45+%282014%29%2C+pp.+159%E2%80%93177.&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Yahalom-Mack&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30800615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshkenazi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ashkenazi, D. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28132010">"Ashkenazi, D., Bunimovitz, S. and Stern, A. 2016. Archaeometallurgical Investigation of Thirteenth-Twelfth Centuries BC Bronze Objects from Tel Beth-Shemesh, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6: 170–181"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160552/https://www.academia.edu/28132010">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Ashkenazi%2C+D.%2C+Bunimovitz%2C+S.+and+Stern%2C+A.+2016.+Archaeometallurgical+Investigation+of+Thirteenth-Twelfth+Centuries+BC+Bronze+Objects+from+Tel+Beth-Shemesh%2C+Israel.+Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports+6%3A+170%E2%80%93181&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ashkenazi&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28132010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYagelBen-Yosef2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yagel, Omri; Ben-Yosef, Erez (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/88829580">"Lead in the Levant during the Late Bronze and early Iron Ages"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>46</b>: 103649. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JArSR..46j3649Y">2022JArSR..46j3649Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2022.103649">10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103649</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-409X">2352-409X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209160554/https://www.academia.edu/88829580">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Lead+in+the+Levant+during+the+Late+Bronze+and+early+Iron+Ages&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=103649&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=2352-409X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2022.103649&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JArSR..46j3649Y&rft.aulast=Yagel&rft.aufirst=Omri&rft.au=Ben-Yosef%2C+Erez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F88829580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roux-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roux_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1">Roux, Georges (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC"><i>Ancient Iraq</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141938257" title="Special:BookSources/9780141938257"><bdi>9780141938257</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780141938257&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreasted1906" class="citation book cs1">Breasted, J.H. (1906). <i>Ancient records of Egypt</i>. University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+records+of+Egypt&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Breasted&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redford-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Redford_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redford_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRedford1993" class="citation book cs1">Redford, Donald B. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkN9QgAACAAJ"><i>Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691000862" title="Special:BookSources/9780691000862"><bdi>9780691000862</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Canaan%2C+and+Israel+in+Ancient+Times&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780691000862&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgkN9QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199861-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199861_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1998">Drews 1998</a>, p. 61: "The name 'Canaan', never very popular, went out of vogue with the collapse of the Egyptian empire."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For details of the disputes, see the works of Lemche and Na'aman, the main protagonists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham2000" class="citation book cs1">Higginbotham, Carolyn (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiTbEFrLSc8C&pg=PA57"><i>Egyptianization and Elite Emulation in Ramesside Palestine: Governance and Accommodation on the Imperial Periphery</i></a>. Brill Academic Pub. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11768-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11768-6"><bdi>978-90-04-11768-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptianization+and+Elite+Emulation+in+Ramesside+Palestine%3A+Governance+and+Accommodation+on+the+Imperial+Periphery&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11768-6&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiiTbEFrLSc8C%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hasel, Michael G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/5">"Pa-Canaan in the Egyptian New Kingdom: Canaan or Gaza?"</a>. <i>Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">8–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_jaei_v01i1_hasel">10.2458/azu_jaei_v01i1_hasel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402103017/https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/5">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Interconnections&rft.atitle=Pa-Canaan+in+the+Egyptian+New+Kingdom%3A+Canaan+or+Gaza%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2458%2Fazu_jaei_v01i1_hasel&rft.aulast=Hasel&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fjaei%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/popularandcriti01willgoog/popularandcriti01willgoog_djvu.txt">The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopaedia</a>, The three occasions are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2011:19&version=nrsv">Acts 11:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:3&version=nrsv">Acts 15:3</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:2&version=nrsv">Acts 21:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GetzelCohen-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GetzelCohen_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GetzelCohen_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2006" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Getzel M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqdPcxuNthcC&pg=PA205"><i>The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93102-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93102-2"><bdi>978-0-520-93102-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429062427/https://books.google.com/books?id=RqdPcxuNthcC&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>Berytos, being part of Phoenicia, was under Ptolemaic control until 200 BC. After the battle of Panion Phoenicia and southern Syria passed to the Seleucids. In the second century BC, Laodikeia issued both autonomous as well as quasi-autonomous coins. The autonomous bronze coins had a Tyche on the obverse. The reverse often had Poseidon or Astarte standing on the prow of a ship, the letters BH or [lambda alpha] and the monogram [phi], that is, the initials of Berytos/Laodikeia and Phoenicia, and, on a few coins, the Phoenician legend LL'DK' 'S BKN 'N or LL'DK' 'M BKN 'N, which has been read as "Of Laodikcia which is in Canaan" or "Of Laodikcia Mother in Canaan." The quasi-municipal coins—issued under Antiochos IV Epiphanes (175–164 BC) and continuing with Alexander I Balas (150–145 BC), Demetrios II Nikator (146–138 BC), and Alexander II Zabinas (128–123 n.c.)—contained the king's head on the obverse, and on the reverse the name of the king in Greek, the city name in Phoenician (LL'DK' 'S BKN 'N or LL'DK' 'M BKN 'N), the Greek letters [lambda alpha], and the monogram [phi]. After <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 123</span> BC, the Phoenician "Of Laodikcia which is in Canaan" / "Of Laodikcia Mother in Canaan" is no longer attested</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+Settlements+in+Syria%2C+the+Red+Sea+Basin%2C+and+North+Africa&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93102-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Getzel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqdPcxuNthcC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epistulae ad Romanos expositio inchoate expositio,</i> 13 (Migne, <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patrologia Latina</a>, vol.35 p.2096):'Interrogati rustici nostri quid sint, punice respondents chanani.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw2011" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Brent D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8ZRPTgcjrcC"><i>Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521196055" title="Special:BookSources/9780521196055"><bdi>9780521196055</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429062428/https://books.google.com/books?id=F8ZRPTgcjrcC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Violence%3A+African+Christians+and+Sectarian+Hatred+in+the+Age+of+Augustine&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521196055&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Brent+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF8ZRPTgcjrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllingsen2005" class="citation book cs1">Ellingsen, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeU4uCL8DfUC&pg=PA9"><i>The Richness of Augustine: His Contextual and Pastoral Theology</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664226183" title="Special:BookSources/9780664226183"><bdi>9780664226183</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Richness+of+Augustine%3A+His+Contextual+and+Pastoral+Theology&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780664226183&rft.aulast=Ellingsen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeU4uCL8DfUC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorburyDaviesSturdy2008" class="citation book cs1">Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/6024720B2B5CB2A950F205C5C04EBBEB"><i>The Cambridge History of Judaism</i></a>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243773">10.1017/CHOL9780521243773</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139053662" title="Special:BookSources/9781139053662"><bdi>9781139053662</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010121333/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/6024720B2B5CB2A950F205C5C04EBBEB">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243773&rft.isbn=9781139053662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-judaism%2F6024720B2B5CB2A950F205C5C04EBBEB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span> "In both the Idumaean and the Ituraean alliances, and in the annexation of Samaria, the Judaeans had taken the leading role. They retained it. The whole political–military–religious league that now united the hill country of Palestine from Dan to Beersheba, whatever it called itself, was directed by, and soon came to be called by others, 'the Ioudaioi'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBen-Sasson1976" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel, ed. (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv"><i>A History of the Jewish People</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/226">226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674397316" title="Special:BookSources/9780674397316"><bdi>9780674397316</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>The name Judea no longer referred only to....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780674397316&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjewishp00harv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feldman_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldman_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1990" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Louis (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pACJYw0bg3QC&pg=PA553">"Some Observations on the Name of Palestine"</a>. <i>Hebrew Union College Annual</i>. <b>61</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004104181" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004104181"><bdi>978-9004104181</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Union+College+Annual&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+on+the+Name+of+Palestine&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-9004104181&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpACJYw0bg3QC%26pg%3DPA553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehmann-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLehmann1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090811054625/http://www.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm">"Palestine: History"</a>. <i>The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces</i>. University of South Dakota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm#135-337">the original</a> on 11 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palestine%3A+History&rft.btitle=The+On-line+Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Provinces&rft.pub=University+of+South+Dakota&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Clayton+Miles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usd.edu%2F~clehmann%2Ferp%2FPalestine%2Fhistory.htm%23135-337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharonp4n-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharonp4n_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Sharon</a>, 1998, p. 4. According to <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Moshe Sharon</a>, "Eager to obliterate the name of the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Judaea</a>", the Roman authorities (General Hadrian) renamed it <i>Palaestina</i> or <i>Syria Palaestina</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobson-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobson_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, David M. (1999). "Palestine and Israel". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>313</b> (313): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357617">10.2307/1357617</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357617">1357617</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163303829">163303829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Palestine+and+Israel&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=313&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163303829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357617%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357617&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199849a-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199849a_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1998">Drews 1998</a>, p. 49a:"In the Papyrus Harris, from the middle of the twelfth century, the late Ramesses III claims to have built for Amon a temple in 'the Canaan' of Djahi. More than three centuries later comes the next—and very last—Egyptian reference to 'Canaan' or 'the Canaan': a basalt statuette, usually assigned to the Twenty-Second Dynasty, is labeled, 'Envoy of the Canaan and of Palestine, Pa-di-Eset, the son of Apy'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrews199849b-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrews199849b_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1998">Drews 1998</a>, p. 49b:"Although New Assyrian inscriptions frequently refer to the Levant, they make no mention of 'Canaan'. Nor do Persian and Greek sources refer to it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Lewis, <i>The Arabs in History</i>, 6th ed., London 2002, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria E. Aubet, <i>The Phoenicians and the West</i>, Cambridge 1987, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Tubb, <i>The Canaanites</i>, London 1998, pp. 13–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters1987" class="citation book cs1">Van Seters, John (1987). <i>Abraham in Myth and Tradition</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626549104" title="Special:BookSources/9781626549104"><bdi>9781626549104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+in+Myth+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9781626549104&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahin20054-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahin20054_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahin20054_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahin2005">Shahin 2005</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgranat-TamirWaldmanMartinGokham2020" class="citation journal cs1">Agranat-Tamir, Lily; Waldman, Shamam; Martin, Mario A.S.; Gokham, David; Mishol, Nadav; Eshel, Tzilla; Cheronet, Olivia; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Adamski, Nicole; Lawson, Anne Marie; Mah, Matthew; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10212583">"The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>181</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1146–</span>1157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.04.024">10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10212583">10212583</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32470400">32470400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+Genomic+History+of+the+Bronze+Age+Southern+Levant&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1146-%3C%2Fspan%3E1157&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10212583%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32470400&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.04.024&rft.aulast=Agranat-Tamir&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft.au=Waldman%2C+Shamam&rft.au=Martin%2C+Mario+A.S.&rft.au=Gokham%2C+David&rft.au=Mishol%2C+Nadav&rft.au=Eshel%2C+Tzilla&rft.au=Cheronet%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Adamski%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Anne+Marie&rft.au=Mah%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Michel%2C+Megan&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10212583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberPeregrine2002103-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmberPeregrine2002103_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmberPeregrine2002">Ember & Peregrine 2002</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2000" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Thomas L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwrrUuHFb6UC"><i>Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources</i></a>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004119437" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004119437"><bdi>978-9004119437</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+the+Israelite+People%3A+From+the+Written+%26+Archaeological+Sources&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9004119437&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwrrUuHFb6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091109121119.htm">"Remains Of Minoan-Style Painting Discovered During Excavations Of Canaanite Palace"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>. 7 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204090444/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/134292">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Remains+Of+Minoan-Style+Painting+Discovered+During+Excavations+Of+Canaanite+Palace&rft.date=2009-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2009%2F11%2F091109121119.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWade2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wade, Lizzie (27 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/ancient-dna-counters-biblical-account-mysterious-canaanites">"Ancient DNA reveals fate of the mysterious Canaanites"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aan7168">10.1126/science.aan7168</a> (inactive 6 March 2025). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+reveals+fate+of+the+mysterious+Canaanites&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aan7168&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F07%2Fancient-dna-counters-biblical-account-mysterious-canaanites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_March_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2025">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Syrians#CITEREFHajjejAlmawiArnaiz-VillenaHattab2018" title="Syrians">Hajjej et al. 2018</a>. Quote:"Using genetic distances, correspondence analysis and NJ trees, we showed earlier [61, 62] and in this study that Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Jordanians are closely related to each other."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgranat-TamirWaldmanMartinGokhman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Agranat-Tamir, Lily; Waldman, Shamam; Martin, Mario A. 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9983685">"Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>377</b> (6609): <span class="nowrap">982–</span>987. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...377..982L">2022Sci...377..982L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abq0762">10.1126/science.abq0762</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9983685">9983685</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36007054">36007054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+from+Mesopotamia+suggests+distinct+Pre-Pottery+and+Pottery+Neolithic+migrations+into+Anatolia&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6609&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E982-%3C%2Fspan%3E987&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9983685%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36007054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abq0762&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...377..982L&rft.aulast=Lazaridis&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rft.au=Alpaslan-Roodenberg%2C+Song%C3%BCl&rft.au=Acar%2C+Ay%C5%9Fe&rft.au=A%C3%A7%C4%B1kkol%2C+Ay%C5%9Fen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9983685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Killebrew_2005_96-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Killebrew_2005_96_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Killebrew_2005_96_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKillebrew2005">Killebrew 2005</a>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldenberg2005258-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldenberg2005258_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldenberg2005">Goldenberg 2005</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stiebert2016-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stiebert2016_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohanna_Stiebert2016" class="citation book cs1">Johanna Stiebert (20 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUDqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106"><i>First-Degree Incest and the Hebrew Bible: Sex in the Family</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-26631-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-26631-6"><bdi>978-0-567-26631-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429062510/https://books.google.com/books?id=cUDqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First-Degree+Incest+and+the+Hebrew+Bible%3A+Sex+in+the+Family&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft.isbn=978-0-567-26631-6&rft.au=Johanna+Stiebert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcUDqDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kugel_1998_223-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kugel_1998_223_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKugel1998" class="citation book cs1">Kugel, James L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUkaVq_GlJUC&pg=PA222"><i>Traditions of the Bible</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674791510" title="Special:BookSources/9780674791510"><bdi>9780674791510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780674791510&rft.aulast=Kugel&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQUkaVq_GlJUC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlein" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Reuven Chaim (Rudolph). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tobias-lib.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/148214/jbq_462_kleincanaan.pdf">"Nations and Super-Nations of Canaan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jewish Bible Quarterly</i>. <b>46</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-3910">0792-3910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Bible+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Nations+and+Super-Nations+of+Canaan&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.issn=0792-3910&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Reuven+Chaim+%28Rudolph%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftobias-lib.ub.uni-tuebingen.de%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10900%2F148214%2Fjbq_462_kleincanaan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRendsburg2008" class="citation book cs1">Rendsburg, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=inRKaf_To5sC&pg=PA11">"Israel without the Bible"</a>. In Greenspahn, Frederick E. (ed.). <i>The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship</i>. NYU Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3187-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-3187-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel+without+the+Bible&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible%3A+New+Insights+and+Scholarship&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3187-1&rft.aulast=Rendsburg&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinRKaf_To5sC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRendsburg2020" class="citation book cs1">Rendsburg, Gary A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishstudies.rutgers.edu/docman/rendsburg/845-israelite-origins-hoffmeier-fs-1">"Israelite Origins"</a>. In Averbeck, Richard E.; Younger (Jr.), K. Lawson (eds.). <i>"An Excellent Fortress for His Armies, a Refuge for the People": Egyptological, Archaeological, and Biblical Studies in Honor of James K. Hoffmeier</i>. Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">327–</span>339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-994-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-994-4"><bdi>978-1-57506-994-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israelite+Origins&rft.btitle=%22An+Excellent+Fortress+for+His+Armies%2C+a+Refuge+for+the+People%22%3A+Egyptological%2C+Archaeological%2C+and+Biblical+Studies+in+Honor+of+James+K.+Hoffmeier&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-994-4&rft.aulast=Rendsburg&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishstudies.rutgers.edu%2Fdocman%2Frendsburg%2F845-israelite-origins-hoffmeier-fs-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaust2023" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Avraham (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxi2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">"The Birth of Israel"</a>. In Hoyland, Robert G.; Williamson, H. G. M. (eds.). <i>The Oxford History of the Holy Land</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288686-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288686-6"><bdi>978-0-19-288686-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-19-288686-6&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxi2EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFritz2011" class="citation book cs1">Fritz, Volkmar (2011). <i>The Emergence of Israel in the Twelfth and Eleventh Centuries B.C.E</i>. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589832626" title="Special:BookSources/9781589832626"><bdi>9781589832626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Israel+in+the+Twelfth+and+Eleventh+Centuries+B.C.E.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781589832626&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=Volkmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankel-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frankel_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankel_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2015" class="citation web cs1">Frankel, David (8 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207090032/https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-book-of-chronicles-and-the-ephraimites-that-never-went-to-egypt">"The Book of Chronicles and the Ephraimites that Never Went to Egypt"</a>. <i>TheTorah.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-book-of-chronicles-and-the-ephraimites-that-never-went-to-egypt">the original</a> on 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheTorah.com&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Chronicles+and+the+Ephraimites+that+Never+Went+to+Egypt&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-book-of-chronicles-and-the-ephraimites-that-never-went-to-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0413.htm#29">Numbers 13:29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0622.htm#9">Joshua 22:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunk1845" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Munk" title="Salomon Munk">Munk, Salomon</a> (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02EOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Palestine: Description géographique, historique et archéologique</i></a> (in French). F. Didot. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <q>Sous le nom de <i>Palestine</i>, nous comprenons le petit pays habité autrefois par les Israélites, et qui aujourd'hui fait partie des pachalics d'Acre et de Damas. Il s'étendait entre le 31 et 33° degré latitude N. et entre le 32 et 35° degré longitude E., sur une superficie d'environ 1300 lieues carrées. Quelques écrivains jaloux de donner au pays des Hébreux une certaine importance politique, ont exagéré l'étendue de la Palestine; mais nous avons pour nous une autorité que l'on ne saurait récuser. Saint Jérôme, qui avait longtemps voyagé dans cette contrée, dit dans sa lettre à Dardanus (ep. 129) que de la limite du nord jusqu'à celle du midi il n'y avait qu'une distance de 160 milles romains, ce qui fait environ 55 lieues. Il rend cet hommage à la vérité bien qu'il craigne, comme il le dit lui-même de livrer par la <i>terre promise</i> aux sarcasmes païens. (Pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis, ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+Description+g%C3%A9ographique%2C+historique+et+arch%C3%A9ologique&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=F.+Didot&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Munk&rft.aufirst=Salomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02EOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunkLevy1871" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Munk" title="Salomon Munk">Munk, Salomon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Abraham_Levy" title="Moritz Abraham Levy">Levy, Moritz A.</a> (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbRUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Palästina: geographische, historische und archäologische Beschreibung dieses Landes und kurze Geschichte seiner hebräischen und jüdischen Bewohner</i></a> (in German). Leiner. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pal%C3%A4stina%3A+geographische%2C+historische+und+arch%C3%A4ologische+Beschreibung+dieses+Landes+und+kurze+Geschichte+seiner+hebr%C3%A4ischen+und+j%C3%BCdischen+Bewohner&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Leiner&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Munk&rft.aufirst=Salomon&rft.au=Levy%2C+Moritz+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbRUAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOswalt1980" class="citation book cs1">Oswalt, John N. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologicalwordb01harr">"<big>כנען</big>"</a></span>. In Harris, R. Laird; Archer, Gleason L.; Waltke, Bruce K. (eds.). <i>Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament</i>. Chicago: Moody. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologicalwordb01harr/page/445">445–446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802486318" title="Special:BookSources/9780802486318"><bdi>9780802486318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cbig%3E%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9F%3C%2Fbig%3E&rft.btitle=Theological+Wordbook+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=445-446&rft.pub=Moody&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780802486318&rft.aulast=Oswalt&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheologicalwordb01harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevin2013" class="citation web cs1">Levin, Yigal (8 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128041317/https://www.thetorah.com/article/who-was-living-in-the-land-when-abraham-arrived">"Who Was Living in the Land When Abraham Arrived?"</a>. <i>TheTorah.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/who-was-living-in-the-land-when-abraham-arrived">the original</a> on 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheTorah.com&rft.atitle=Who+Was+Living+in+the+Land+When+Abraham+Arrived%3F&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Yigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fwho-was-living-in-the-land-when-abraham-arrived&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaton1915" class="citation journal cs1">Paton, Lewis Bayles (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3142695">"Archaeology and the Book of Genesis"</a>. <i>The Biblical World</i>. <b>45</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">353–</span>361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F475296">10.1086/475296</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3142695">3142695</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240420110951/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3142695">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+World&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Book+of+Genesis&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F475296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3142695%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Bayles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3142695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Making of the Old Testament Canon. by Lou H. Silberman, The Interpreter's One-Volume Commentary on the Bible. Abingdon Press – Nashville 1971–1991, p1209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchweid1985" class="citation book cs1">Schweid, Eliezer (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landofisraelnati00schw/page/16"><i>The Land of Israel: National Home Or Land of Destiny</i></a>. Translated by Greniman, Deborah. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landofisraelnati00schw/page/16">16–17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3234-5"><bdi>978-0-8386-3234-5</bdi></a>. <q>... let us begin by examining the kinds of assertions about the land of Israel that we encounter in persuing [sic] the books of the Bible. ... A third kind of assertion deals with the history of the Land of Israel. Before its settlement by the Israelite tribes, it is called The Land of Canaan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Israel%3A+National+Home+Or+Land+of+Destiny&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3234-5&rft.aulast=Schweid&rft.aufirst=Eliezer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandofisraelnati00schw%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZettler1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zettler, Howard G. (1978). "kritarchy". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ologiesismsthema0000unse"><i>-Ologies and -isms: a thematic dictionary</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Gale_Research_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Research Company">Gale Research Company</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810310148" title="Special:BookSources/9780810310148"><bdi>9780810310148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=kritarchy&rft.btitle=-Ologies+and+-isms%3A+a+thematic+dictionary&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Gale+Research+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780810310148&rft.aulast=Zettler&rft.aufirst=Howard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fologiesismsthema0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHellweg1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hellweg, Paul (1993). "kritarchy". <i>The Wordsworth Book of Intriguing Words</i>. Wordsworth reference. Wordsworth. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853263125" title="Special:BookSources/9781853263125"><bdi>9781853263125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=kritarchy&rft.btitle=The+Wordsworth+Book+of+Intriguing+Words&rft.series=Wordsworth+reference&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Wordsworth&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781853263125&rft.aulast=Hellweg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Kings%2012&version=NIV">"1 Kings 12 NIV"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208091814/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Kings%2012&version=NIV">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span> – via Bible Gateway.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+Kings+12+NIV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3D1%2520Kings%252012%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalamat1968" class="citation journal cs1">Malamat, Abraham (1968). "The Last Kings of Judah and the Fall of Jerusalem: An Historical—Chronological Study". <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925138">27925138</a>. <q>The discrepancy between the length of the siege according to the regnal years of Zedekiah (years 9-11), on the one hand, and its length according to Jehoiachin's exile (years 9–12), on the other, can be cancelled out only by supposing the former to have been reckoned on a Tishri basis, and the latter on a Nisan basis. The difference of one year between the two is accounted for by the fact that the termination of the siege fell in the summer, between Nisan and Tishri, already in the 12th year according to the reckoning in Ezekiel, but still in Zedekiah's 11th year which was to end only in Tishri.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Last+Kings+of+Judah+and+the+Fall+of+Jerusalem%3A+An+Historical%E2%80%94Chronological+Study&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27925138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Malamat&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe2004-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe2004_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C"><i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period</i></a>. Vol. 1. T&T Clark International. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4"><bdi>978-0-567-08998-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701141234/https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08998-4&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVK2fEzruIn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%207:11&version=nrsv">Acts 7:11</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:19&version=nrsv">Acts 13:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoak2020" class="citation book cs1">Doak, Brian R. (2020). <i>Ancient Israel's Neighbors</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190690632" title="Special:BookSources/9780190690632"><bdi>9780190690632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel%27s+Neighbors&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780190690632&rft.aulast=Doak&rft.aufirst=Brian+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2010:4&version=nrsv">Matthew 10:4</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:18&version=nrsv">Mark 3:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a>, <i>Hebrew Dictionary</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H3669&t=KJV">"Strong's H3669 – kᵊnaʿănî"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101028202638/http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/Lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H3669&t=KJV">Archived</a> 2010-10-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/C/canaan-canaanites.html">"Canaan; Canaanites in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915231138/https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/C/canaan-canaanites.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.atitle=Canaan%3B+Canaanites+in+the+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalstandardbible.com%2FC%2Fcanaan-canaanites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaufferSoskis2013" class="citation book cs1">Stauffer, John; Soskis, Benjamin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIRQpD3HNSAC&pg=PA23"><i>The Battle Hymn of the Republic: A Biography of the Song That Marches On</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199339587" title="Special:BookSources/9780199339587"><bdi>9780199339587</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429062445/https://books.google.com/books?id=bIRQpD3HNSAC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+Hymn+of+the+Republic%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Song+That+Marches+On&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199339587&rft.aulast=Stauffer&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Soskis%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbIRQpD3HNSAC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuzar_12-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuzar_12_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuzar 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wazana-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wazana_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wazana_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWazana2018" class="citation web cs1">Wazana, Nili (15 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207091222/https://www.thetorah.com/article/israels-declaration-of-independence-and-the-biblical-right-to-the-land">"Israel's Declaration of Independence and the Biblical Right to the Land"</a>. <i>TheTorah.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/israels-declaration-of-independence-and-the-biblical-right-to-the-land">the original</a> on 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheTorah.com&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Declaration+of+Independence+and+the+Biblical+Right+to+the+Land&rft.date=2018-04-15&rft.aulast=Wazana&rft.aufirst=Nili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fisraels-declaration-of-independence-and-the-biblical-right-to-the-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheyne1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne" title="Thomas Kelly Cheyne">Cheyne, Thomas Kelly</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Canaan,_Canaanites" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Canaan, Canaanites">Canaan, Canaanites</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">140–</span>142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canaan%2C+Canaanites&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cheyne&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrews1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews, Robert</a> (1998). "Canaanites and Philistines". <i>Journal for the Study of the Old Testament</i>. <b>23</b> (81): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030908929802308104">10.1177/030908929802308104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144074940">144074940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.atitle=Canaanites+and+Philistines&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=81&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030908929802308104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144074940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmberPeregrine2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Ember" title="Melvin Ember">Ember, Melvin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_N._Peregrine" title="Peter N. Peregrine">Peregrine, Peter Neal</a>, eds. (2002). "Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia". <i>Encyclopedia of Prehistory</i>. Vol. 8: South and Southwest Asia. New York; London: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-46262-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-46262-1"><bdi>0-306-46262-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Prehistory%3A+Volume+8%3A+South+and+Southwest+Asia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Prehistory&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=New+York%3B+London%3A+Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-306-46262-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGolden2009" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Jonathan M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o1-PHIGNcyQC&q=Ancient+Canaan+and+Israel"><i>Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537985-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537985-3"><bdi>978-0-19-537985-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Canaan+and+Israel%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537985-3&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do1-PHIGNcyQC%26q%3DAncient%2BCanaan%2Band%2BIsrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldenberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Goldenberg, David M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4cr-mix9kMgC">"What did Ham do to Noah?"</a>. In Stemberger, Günter; Perani, Mauro (eds.). <i>The Words of a Wise Man's Mouth Are Gracious</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110188493" title="Special:BookSources/9783110188493"><bdi>9783110188493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+did+Ham+do+to+Noah%3F&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+a+Wise+Man%27s+Mouth+Are+Gracious&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783110188493&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4cr-mix9kMgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2005" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&q=Biblical+peoples+and+ethnicity:+an+archaeological"><i>Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity</i></a>. SBL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4"><bdi>978-1-58983-097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Peoples+and+Ethnicity&rft.pub=SBL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-097-4&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtAmmwapfVAC%26q%3DBiblical%2Bpeoples%2Band%2Bethnicity%3A%2Ban%2Barchaeological&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLemche1991" class="citation book cs1">Lemche, Niels-Peter (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cVuNKseq23oC&q=The+Canaanites+and+Their+Land"><i>The Canaanites and their Land: The Tradition of the Canaanites</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-45111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-45111-8"><bdi>978-0-567-45111-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canaanites+and+their+Land%3A+The+Tradition+of+the+Canaanites&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-567-45111-8&rft.aulast=Lemche&rft.aufirst=Niels-Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcVuNKseq23oC%26q%3DThe%2BCanaanites%2Band%2BTheir%2BLand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNa'aman2005" class="citation book cs1">Na'aman, Nadav (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmTOoQmf23AC&q=Canaan+in+the+2nd+millennium+B.C.E."><i>Canaan in the 2nd Millennium BC</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-113-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-113-9"><bdi>978-1-57506-113-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaan+in+the+2nd+Millennium+BC&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-113-9&rft.aulast=Na%27aman&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmTOoQmf23AC%26q%3DCanaan%2Bin%2Bthe%2B2nd%2Bmillennium%2BB.C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoll2001" class="citation book cs1">Noll, K.L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rnyjxLHy-QC&q=The+Canaanites+and+Their+Land&pg=PA21"><i>Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-318-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-318-1"><bdi>978-1-84127-318-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaan+and+Israel+in+Antiquity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-318-1&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=K.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rnyjxLHy-QC%26q%3DThe%2BCanaanites%2Band%2BTheir%2BLand%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahin2005" class="citation book cs1">Shahin, Mariam (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestine00mari"><i>Palestine: A Guide</i></a>. Interlink Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56656-557-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56656-557-X"><bdi>1-56656-557-X</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+A+Guide&rft.pub=Interlink+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-56656-557-X&rft.aulast=Shahin&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestine00mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBishop_MooreKelle2011" class="citation book cs1">Bishop Moore, Megan; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&q=Biblical+history+and+Israel%27s+past"><i>Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-6260-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+History+and+Israel%27s+Past%3A+The+Changing+Study+of+the+Bible+and+History&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0&rft.aulast=Bishop+Moore&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft.au=Kelle%2C+Brad+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjkz_8EMoaUC%26q%3DBiblical%2Bhistory%2Band%2BIsrael%2527s%2Bpast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuck2019" class="citation book cs1">Buck, Mary Ellen (2019). <i>The Canaanites: Their History and Culture from Texts and Artifacts</i>. Cascade Books. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781532618048" title="Special:BookSources/9781532618048"><bdi>9781532618048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canaanites%3A+Their+History+and+Culture+from+Texts+and+Artifacts&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Cascade+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781532618048&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoogan1978" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1q2TzqnFWqQC&q=Stories+from+Ancient+Canaan"><i>Stories from Ancient Canaan</i></a>. Westminster Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3108-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3108-5"><bdi>978-0-8061-3108-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+from+Ancient+Canaan&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3108-5&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1q2TzqnFWqQC%26q%3DStories%2Bfrom%2BAncient%2BCanaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay2002" class="citation book cs1">Day, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-gfwlltlRwC&q=Canaan"><i>Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6830-7"><bdi>978-0-8264-6830-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh+and+the+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Canaan&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6830-7&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-gfwlltlRwC%26q%3DCanaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Israel</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3hc1Yp0VcjoC&q=Towards+a+new+periodization+and+nomenclature+of+the+archaeology+of+the+southern+levant&pg=PA103">"Towards a New Periodization and Nomenclature of the Archaeology of the Southern Levant"</a>. In Cooper, Jerrold S.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (eds.). <i>The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-First Century</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-96-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-96-6"><bdi>978-0-931464-96-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+New+Periodization+and+Nomenclature+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Southern+Levant&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+the+Ancient+Near+East+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-96-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3hc1Yp0VcjoC%26q%3DTowards%2Ba%2Bnew%2Bperiodization%2Band%2Bnomenclature%2Bof%2Bthe%2Barchaeology%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsouthern%2Blevant%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwrrUuHFb6UC&q=Early+History+of+the+Israelite+People"><i>The Early History of God</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004119437" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004119437"><bdi>978-9004119437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9004119437&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwrrUuHFb6UC%26q%3DEarly%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BIsraelite%2BPeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTubb1998" class="citation book cs1">Tubb, Jonathan N. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canaanites00tubb"><i>Canaanites</i></a></span>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canaanites00tubb/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3108-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3108-5"><bdi>978-0-8061-3108-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Canaanites and Their Land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanites&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3108-5&rft.aulast=Tubb&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanaanites00tubb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanaan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Canaan</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Canaan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Canaan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canaan" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Canaan">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Canaan" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Canaan">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Canaan" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Canaan">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Canaan" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Canaan">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Canaan" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Canaan">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Canaan" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Canaan">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penn.museum/sites/Canaan/index.html">Canaan & Ancient Israel</a>, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Explores their identities (land-time, daily life, economy & religion) in pre-historical times through the material remains that they have left behind.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03569b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2848/2848-h/2848-h.htm">Antiquities of the Jews</a> by Flavius Josephus.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519195012/http://www.bib-arch.org/e-features/canaanites-and-philistines.asp">When Canaanites and Philistines Ruled Ashkelon</a> – Biblical Archaeology Society (archived 19 May 2011)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Template talk:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla">Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Ḫana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans10" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host#Quran" title="Heavenly host">Jundallah</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-J%C4%81nn" title="Al-Jānn">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_in_Islam" title="Pharaoh in Islam">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163329#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata864" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>87 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-s4zj2","wgBackendResponseTime":323,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.979","walltime":"2.416","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22248,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":686245,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":41693,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":472690,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1992.064 1 -total"," 29.71% 591.882 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.56% 309.889 64 Template:Cite_book"," 15.35% 305.714 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 13.59% 270.659 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.45% 168.257 25 Template:Navbox"," 7.99% 159.240 24 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.32% 145.904 23 Template:Sfn"," 6.98% 139.004 26 Template:Fix"," 6.47% 128.892 26 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[\"CITEREFKillebrew2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKugel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-RoodenbergAcarAçıkkol2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemche1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLily_Agranat-Tamir2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalamat1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMieroop2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillek2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMillek2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMillek2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMillek2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunk1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunkLevy1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNa\u0026#039;aman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaveh1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoll2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOswalt1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPardee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaton1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedford1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendsburg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendsburg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoux1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweid1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShmuel_Ahituv1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStaufferSoskis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiglitz1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTristram1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTubb1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Seters1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWazana2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeippert1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYagelBen-Yosef2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYahalom-Mack2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarins1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZettler1978\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Ancient states and regions of the Levant\"] = 1,\n [\"As written\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref2\"] = 4,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 17,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Characters and names in the Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 25,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 24,\n [\"Citation needed span\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite 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