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<li id="toc-Early_connection_to_the_metre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_connection_to_the_metre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early connection to the metre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_connection_to_the_metre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadmium_line_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadmium_line_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cadmium line definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadmium_line_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redefinition_in_terms_of_the_metre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redefinition_in_terms_of_the_metre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Redefinition in terms of the metre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redefinition_in_terms_of_the_metre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angstrom_star" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angstrom_star"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Angstrom star</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angstrom_star-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Angstrom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_(eenheid)" title="Ångström (eenheid) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ångström (eenheid)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कर्विमान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कर्विमान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="أنغستروم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنغستروم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngstrom" title="Ángstrom – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ángstrom" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anqstrem" title="Anqstrem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anqstrem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95" title="অ্যাংস্ট্রম একক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাংস্ট্রম একক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Ангстрэм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ангстрэм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Ангстрэм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ангстрэм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ангстрьом – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ангстрьом" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongstrem" title="Ongstrem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ongstrem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstr%C3%B6m" title="Angström – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Angström" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ngstrom" title="Àngstrom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àngstrom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ангстрем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ангстрем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B8m" title="Ångstrøm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ångstrøm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%DD%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="أنݣستروم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أنݣستروم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_(Einheit)" title="Ångström (Einheit) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ångström (Einheit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongstr%C3%B6m" title="Ongström – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ongström" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8F%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BC" title="Ώνγκστρεμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ώνγκστρεμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngstrom" title="Ángstrom – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ángstrom" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstromo" title="Anstromo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anstromo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Angstrom" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="آنگستروم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنگستروم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Angstrom" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngstrom" title="Ángstrom – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ángstrom" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%B9%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%AC" title="옹스트롬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옹스트롬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B4" title="Անգստրեմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգստրեմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कर्विमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कर्विमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrem" title="Angstrem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Angstrem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אנגסטרום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגסטרום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆ‍ಯ್ಂಗ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರಾಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆ‍ಯ್ಂಗ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರಾಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ანგსტრემი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანგსტრემი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ангстрем – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ангстрем" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ангстрем – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ангстрем" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_(unitas)" title="Ångström (unitas) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ångström (unitas)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstr%C4%93ms" title="Angstrēms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Angstrēms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstr%C3%B6m_(Eenheet)" title="Angström (Eenheet) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Angström (Eenheet)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstremas" title="Angstremas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Angstremas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ангстрем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ангстрем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कर्विमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कर्विमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ანგსტრემი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანგსტრემი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Angstrom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Angstrom" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_(eenheid)" title="Ångström (eenheid) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ångström (eenheid)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="オングストローム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オングストローム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B8m" title="Ångstrøm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ångstrøm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ngstrom" title="Àngstrom – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Àngstrom" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrem_(birlik)" title="Angstrem (birlik) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Angstrem (birlik)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="انګستروم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انګستروم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrem" title="Angstrem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Angstrem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Angstrom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ангстрем – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ангстрем" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ангстрем – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ангстрем" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Angstrom" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Angstrom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstr%C3%B6m" title="Angström – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Angström" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrem" title="Angstrem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Angstrem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Ангстрем (јединица) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ангстрем (јединица)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrem_(jedinica)" title="Angstrem (jedinica) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Angstrem (jedinica)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Angstrom" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆங்ஸ்டிராம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆங்ஸ்டிராம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="อังสตรอม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อังสตรอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ангстрем – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ангстрем" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ангстрем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ангстрем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Ångström – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ångström" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Angstrom" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97" title="埃格斯特朗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃格斯特朗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97" title="埃格斯特朗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃格斯特朗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97" title="埃斯特朗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃斯特朗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81454#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Angstrom" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångström">Ångström</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unit of length</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Angstrom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Angstrom (disambiguation)">Angstrom (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">angstrom</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_atom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hydrogen_atom.svg/220px-Hydrogen_atom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hydrogen_atom.svg/330px-Hydrogen_atom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hydrogen_atom.svg/440px-Hydrogen_atom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="246" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The width of a hydrogen atom is about 1.1 angstroms; the width of a proton (in black) is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995170000000000000♠"></span>1.7<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> angstroms.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Non-SI metric unit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">Length</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">Å</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 Å <i>in ...</i></td><td><i>... is equal to ...</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/SI_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="SI Units">SI Units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−10</sup> m</span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990100000000000000♠"></span>0.1 nm</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/CGS_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS Units">CGS Units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−8</sup> cm</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>3.937008<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−9</sup> in</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Planck_units" title="Planck units">Planck units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7024618700000000000♠"></span>6.187<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>24</sup> <i>l</i><sub>P</sub></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>angstrom</b><sup id="cite_ref-oxfo2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfo2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-webs2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webs2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-collins_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-webs1989_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webs1989-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-collins_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-well2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-well2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roac2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roac2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ANG</span>-strəm</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-well2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-well2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_length" title="Unit of length">unit of length</a> equal to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−10</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a>; that is, one ten-<a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billionth</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a>, a hundred-millionth of a <a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">centimetre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-oxfo1986_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfo1986-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometre</a>, or 100 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">picometres</a>. The unit is named after the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish people">Swedish</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a> (1814–1874).<sup id="cite_ref-oxfo1986_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfo1986-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally spelled with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish letters</a>, as <b>Ångström</b><sup id="cite_ref-oxfo1986_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfo1986-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later as <b>ångström</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-bipm8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iupac_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thom2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thom2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter spelling is still listed in some dictionaries,<sup id="cite_ref-oxfo2019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfo2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is now rare in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> texts. Some popular US dictionaries list only the spelling <i>angstrom</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-webs2024_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webs2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-collins_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unit's symbol is <a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a>, which is a letter of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish alphabet</a>, regardless of how the unit is spelled.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfo2019_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfo2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-webs1989_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webs1989-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-collins_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "A"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or "A.U."<sup id="cite_ref-brag1921_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brag1921-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxfo1986_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfo1986-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be used in less formal contexts or <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographically</a> limited media. </p><p>The angstrom is often used in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> to express sizes of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopic biological</a> structures, and lengths of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">arrangement of atoms in crystals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vail2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vail2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>, and dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> parts. The <a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">atomic (covalent) radii</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> are about 1 angstrom, while that of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> is about 0.5 angstroms. <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">Visible light</a> has <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> in the range of 4000–7000 Å. </p><p>In the late 19th century, spectroscopists adopted <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−10</sup></span> of a metre as a convenient unit to express the wavelengths of characteristic <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral lines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_radiation" title="Monochromatic radiation">monochromatic</a> components of the <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">emission spectrum</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a>. However, they soon realized that the definition of the metre at the time, based on a material artifact, was not accurate enough for their work. So, around 1907 they defined their own unit of length, which they called "Ångström", based on the wavelength of a specific spectral line.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfo1986_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfo1986-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only in 1960, when the metre was redefined in the same way, that the angstrom became again equal to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−10</sup></span> metre. Yet the angstrom was never part of the <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> system of units,<sup id="cite_ref-bipm9_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nist2019_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been increasingly replaced by the nanometre (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6991100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−9</sup></span> m) or picometre (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6988100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−12</sup></span> m). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angstrom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anders_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Anders_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_painting.jpg/220px-Anders_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Anders_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_painting.jpg/330px-Anders_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Anders_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Anders Ångström<sup id="cite_ref-bear1965_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bear1965-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1868, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish people">Swedish</a> physicist <a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a> created a chart of the spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, in which he expressed the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation in the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> in multiples of one ten-millionth of a millimetre (or <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−7</sup> mm</span>.)<sup id="cite_ref-angs1868_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-angs1868-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chemteam_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemteam-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ångström's chart and table of wavelengths in the solar spectrum became widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_physics" title="Solar physics">solar physics</a> community, which adopted the unit and named it after him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It subsequently spread to the fields of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">astronomical spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectroscopy" title="Atomic spectroscopy">atomic spectroscopy</a>, and then to other sciences that deal with atomic-scale structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_connection_to_the_metre">Early connection to the metre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angstrom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early connection to the metre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although intended to correspond to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−10</sup></span> metres, that definition was not accurate enough for spectroscopy work. Until 1960 the metre was defined as the distance between two scratches on a bar of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> alloy, kept at the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">BIPM</a> in Paris in a carefully controlled environment. Reliance on that material standard had led to an early error of about one part in 6000 in the tabulated wavelengths. Ångström took the precaution of having the standard bar he used checked against a standard in Paris, but the <a href="/wiki/Metrologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrologist">metrologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Tresca" title="Henri Tresca">Henri Tresca</a> reported it to be so incorrect that Ångström's corrected results were more in error than the uncorrected ones.<sup id="cite_ref-bran1995_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bran1995-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadmium_line_definition">Cadmium line definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angstrom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cadmium line definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1892–1895, <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Ren%C3%A9_Beno%C3%AEt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-René Benoît">Jean-René Benoît</a>, working at the BIPM with specially developed equipment, determined that the length of the international metre standard was equal to <span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">553</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">163.5</span></span> times the wavelength of the red line of the <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">emission spectrum</a> of electrically excited <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> vapor.<sup id="cite_ref-beno1895_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beno1895-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, the International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research (which later became the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>) defined the international angstrom as precisely 1/6438.4696 of the wavelength of that line (in dry air at 15 °C (hydrogen scale) and 760 <a href="/wiki/Millimetres_of_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimetres of mercury">mmHg</a> under a gravity of 9.8067 m/s<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-beno1907_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beno1907-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This definition was endorsed at the 7th <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> (CGPM) in 1927,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but the material definition of the metre was retained until 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-bipm1927_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm1927-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1927 to 1960, the angstrom remained a secondary unit of length for use in spectroscopy, defined separately from the metre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redefinition_in_terms_of_the_metre">Redefinition in terms of the metre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angstrom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Redefinition in terms of the metre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1960, the metre itself was redefined in spectroscopic terms, which allowed the angstrom to be redefined as being exactly 0.1 nanometres.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angstrom_star">Angstrom star</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angstrom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Angstrom star"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the redefinition of the metre in spectroscopic terms, the Angstrom was formally redefined to be 0.1 nanometres. However, there was briefly thought to be a need for a separate unit of comparable size defined directly in terms of spectroscopy. In 1965, J.A. Bearden defined the <i>Angstrom Star</i> (symbol: Å*) as 0.202901 times the wavelength of the tungsten <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \kappa _{\alpha 1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>κ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \kappa _{\alpha 1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f0c8cd9f28981c10071b56dd1088e46c4fed93b3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.445ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\textstyle \kappa _{\alpha 1}}"></span> line.<sup id="cite_ref-bear1965_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bear1965-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coda2024_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coda2024-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This auxiliary unit was intended to be accurate to within 5 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">parts per million</a> of the version derived from the new metre. Within ten years, the unit had been deemed both insufficiently accurate (with accuracies closer to 15 parts per million) and obsolete due to higher precision measuring equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-curt1971_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curt1971-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status">Current status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angstrom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although still widely used in physics and chemistry, the angstrom is not officially a part of the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI). Up to 2019, it was listed as a compatible unit by both the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (BIPM) and the US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST).<sup id="cite_ref-bipm8_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thom2009_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thom2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is not mentioned in the 9th edition of the official SI standard, the "BIPM Brochure" (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-bipm9_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bipm9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in the NIST version of the same,<sup id="cite_ref-nist2019_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and BIPM officially discourages its use. The angstrom is also not included in the <a href="/wiki/European_units_of_measurement_directives" title="European units of measurement directives">European Union's catalogue of units of measure</a> that may be used within its internal market.<sup id="cite_ref-EEC1979_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEC1979-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbol">Symbol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angstrom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angstrom_unicode_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Angstrom_unicode_sample.svg/220px-Angstrom_unicode_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Angstrom_unicode_sample.svg/330px-Angstrom_unicode_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Angstrom_unicode_sample.svg/440px-Angstrom_unicode_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> codification. The third option shall not be used anymore.</figcaption></figure> <p>For compatibility reasons, <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> assigns a code point <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+212B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Å</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ANGSTROM SIGN</span> for the angstrom symbol, which is accessible in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> as the <a href="/wiki/HTML_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML entity">entity</a> <code>&angst;</code>, <code>&#x0212B;</code>, or <code>&#8491;</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-unicode14_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicode14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, version 5 of the standard already deprecates that code point and has it <a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">normalized</a> into the code for the Swedish letter <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00C5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Å</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE</span> (HTML entity <code>&Aring;</code>, <code>&#xC5;</code>, or <code>&#197;</code>), which should be used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-unicode5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicode5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unicode14_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicode14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In older publications, where the Å <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> was unavailable, the unit was sometimes written as "A.U.". An example is <a href="/wiki/William_H._Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Bragg">Bragg</a>'s 1921 classical paper on the structure of ice,<sup id="cite_ref-brag1921_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brag1921-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gives the c- and a-axis <a href="/wiki/Lattice_parameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattice parameter">lattice constants</a> as 4.52 A.U. and 7.34 A.U., respectively. Ambiguously, the abbreviation "<a href="/wiki/Au_(disambiguation)#Physics_and_chemistry" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Au (disambiguation)">a.u.</a>" may also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_units" title="Atomic units">atomic unit</a> of length, the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_radius" title="Bohr radius">bohr</a>—about 0.53 Å—or the much larger <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a> (about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011150000000000000♠"></span>1.5<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>11</sup> m</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-IAU2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MNRAS2012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNRAS2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAS2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAS2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angstrom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length)#100_picometres" title="Orders of magnitude (length)">Orders of magnitude (length) § 100 picometres</a> (for objects on this scale)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_unit" title="X unit">X unit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angstrom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxfo2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxfo2019_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfo2019_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfo2019_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford University Press (2019) Entry "angstrom" by <i>Oxford Living Dictionaries</i> online; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044036/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/angstrom">Archived on 2019-03-06</a>. Spellings "angstrom" [aŋstrəm] and "ångström"; symbol "Å"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webs2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webs2024_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webs2024_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster (2024): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/angstrom">Entry "angstrom"</a> in the [www.merriam-webster.com <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</i>]. Accessed 2024-01-30. Spelling "angstrom" [ˈaŋ-strəm], ['ȯŋ-strəm]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collins_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">HarperCollins (2024): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/angstrom">Entry "angstrom"</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/"><i>Collins English Dictionary</i> online</a>. Accessed on 2024-07-26. Spelling "angstrom" [ˈæŋstrʌm], [æŋstrəm]; symbols "Å", "A".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webs1989-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webs1989_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webs1989_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster (1989): <i>Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language</i>. Portland House, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-well2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-well2008_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-well2008_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Wells (2008): <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i>, 3rd edition. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405881180" title="Special:BookSources/9781405881180">9781405881180</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roac2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roac2011_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Roach (2011): <i>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</i>, 18th edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521152532" title="Special:BookSources/9780521152532">9780521152532</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfo1986-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxfo1986_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfo1986_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfo1986_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfo1986_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxfo1986_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford University Press (1986) Entry "Ångström (unit)" in the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 2nd edition (1986); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122223411/https://www.oed.com/oed2/00008552">Archived on 2021-11-22</a>. Spellings "Ångström" [ɔːŋstrœm] (capitalized) and "angstrom" (lowercase); symbols "Å", "Å.U.", "A.U." Quote: "The International Ångström (I.Å.) was defined in 1907 in terms of the wavelength of cadmium which in standard conditions is 6438·4696 I.Å. When the metre was defined in terms of the wavelength of krypton in 1960 the Ångström became exactly equal to 10<sup>−8</sup> cm."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bipm8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bipm8_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bipm8_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf"><i>The International System of Units (SI)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (8th ed.), p. 127, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6"><bdi>92-822-2213-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604163219/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.pages=127&rft.edition=8th&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=92-822-2213-6&rft.au=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41483022%2Fsi_brochure_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngstrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iupac-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iupac_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/N00350.html">Ångström</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.N00350">10.1351/goldbook.N00350</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thom2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thom2009_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thom2009_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor (2009): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/physical-measurement-laboratory/nist-guide-si-appendix-b8">B.8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically</a>". <i>NIST Guide to the SI</i>, National Institutes of Standards and Technology. Accessed on 2019-03-02</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brag1921-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brag1921_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brag1921_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Bragg (1921): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1478-7814/34/1/322">"The Crystal Structure of Ice"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Physical Society of London</i>, volume 34, issue 1, page 98 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1478-7814%2F34%2F1%2F322">10.1088/1478-7814/34/1/322</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vail2015-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vail2015_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arturas Vailionis (2015): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/group/glam/xlab/MatSci162_172/LectureNotes/02_Geometry,%20RecLattice.pdf">Geometry of Crystals</a>" Lecture slides for MatSci162_172, Geometry; Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319042436/https://web.stanford.edu/group/glam/xlab/MatSci162_172/LectureNotes/02_Geometry,%20RecLattice.pdf">Archived on 2015-03-19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bipm9-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bipm9_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bipm9_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau international des poids et measures (2019): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9.pdf/fcf090b2-04e6-88cc-1149-c3e029ad8232">Le système international d'unités</a>, complete brochure, 9th edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nist2019-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nist2019_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist2019_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NIST (2019): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330">Special Publication 330: The International System of Units (SI) 2019 Edition</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bear1965-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bear1965_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bear1965_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. A. Bearden (1965): "Selection of the W Kα₁ as the X-Ray Wavelength Standard". <i>Physical Review 2nd series</i>, volume 137, issue 2B, pages 455B–B461. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.137.B455">10.1103/PhysRev.137.B455</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-angs1868-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-angs1868_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅngström1868" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ångström, A.J. (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recherchessurle00nggoog/page/n3"><i>Recherches sur le spectre solaire</i></a> [<i>Investigations of the solar spectrum</i>] (in French). Uppsala, Sweden: W. Schultz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherches+sur+le+spectre+solaire&rft.place=Uppsala%2C+Sweden&rft.pub=W.+Schultz&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecherchessurle00nggoog%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngstrom" class="Z3988"></span> The 1869 edition (printed by Ferdinand Dümmler in Berlin) contains <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JDtTWs0zJDEC&pg=PT3">sketches of the solar spectrum.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chemteam-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chemteam_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ChemTeam (2024)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemteam.info/Electrons/Spectrum-History2.html"><i>A Brief (Incomplete) History of Light and Spectra</i></a>, from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemteam.info/ChemTeamIndex.html">ChemTeam</a> website. Accessed on 2024-07-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bran1995-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bran1995_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand1995" class="citation book cs1">Brand, John C. D. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sKx0IBC22p4C&q=meter+bar+angstrom&pg=PA47"><i>Lines of Light: Sources of Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800-1930</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782884491631" title="Special:BookSources/9782884491631"><bdi>9782884491631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lines+of+Light%3A+Sources+of+Dispersive+Spectroscopy%2C+1800-1930&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9782884491631&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=John+C.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsKx0IBC22p4C%26q%3Dmeter%2Bbar%2Bangstrom%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngstrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beno1895-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beno1895_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert A. Michelson (1895): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxh7er">Détermination expérimentale de la valeur du mètre en longueurs d'ondes lumineuses</a>" (= "Experimental determination of the value of the meter in terms of the lengths of light waves"); translated to French by Jean-René Benoît. <i>Travaux et Mémoires du Bureau International des Poids et Mesures</i>, volume 11, pages 1–85. Quote from p. 85, back-translated: "... the final conclusion of this work is that the fundamental unit of the metric system is represented by the following numbers of wavelengths of three emissions of cadmium, in air at 15 °C and at a pressure of 760 mm: Red emission … 1 m = <span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">553</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">163,5</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em"><i>λ</i><sub>R</sub></span></span> ... It follows that the wavelengths of these emissions, always at 15 °C and at 760 mm, are (averages of three determinations): <i>λ</i><sub>R</sub> = <span style="white-space:nowrap">0,643<span style="margin-left:0.25em">847</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">22</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">μ</span></span>" (where [1 μ = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> m</span>]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beno1907-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beno1907_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-René Benoît, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fabry" title="Charles Fabry">Charles Fabry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P%C3%A9rot" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Pérot">Alfred Pérot</a> (1907): "Nouvelle Détermination du mètre en longueurs d'ondes lumineuses" (= "A new determination of the metre in terms of the wavelength of light"). <i>Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences</i>, volume 144, pages 1082-1086.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bipm1927-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bipm1927_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau international des poids et measures (1927): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CGPM/CGPM7.pdf#page=87">"Comptes rendus de la 7<sup>e</sup> réunion de la Conférence générale des poids et mesures"</a> (= "Proceedings of the 7<sup>th</sup> meeting of the General Conference of Weights and Measures"), pages 85–88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118214334/https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CGPM/CGPM7.pdf#page=87">Archived on 2018-11-18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coda2024-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coda2024_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NIST CODATA - Committee on Data for Science and Technology (2024): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?angstar">"Angstrom star"</a>. Symbol: "Å*". Accessed on 2024-07-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curt1971-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curt1971_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisMorganHartMilne1971" class="citation report cs1">Curtis, I.; Morgan, I.; Hart, M.; Milne, A.D. (August 1971). "A New Determination of Avogadro's Number". In Langenberg, D. N.; Taylor, B.N. (eds.). Proceedings of the International Congress on Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants (Report). Vol. 343. National Bureau of Standards. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Congress+on+Precision+Measurement+and+Fundamental+Constants&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1971-08&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+I.&rft.au=Hart%2C+M.&rft.au=Milne%2C+A.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngstrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EEC1979-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EEC1979_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Council of the European Communities (1979): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1980L0181:20090527:EN:PDF">"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC"</a>. Accessed on 2011-09-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unicode14-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unicode14_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicode14_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Unicode Consortium (2021): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/UnicodeStandard-14.0.pdf"><i>The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0</i></a>; Chapter 22.2 "Letterlike Symbols", page 839. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-29-0">978-1-936213-29-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unicode5-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unicode5_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Unicode Consortium (2008): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/">The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0</a></i>; Chapter 15, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch15.pdf">Symbols</a>", page 493. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-48091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-48091-0">978-0-321-48091-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAU2012-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAU2012_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Astronomical Union (2012): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2012_English.pdf">Resolution B2: On the re-definition of the astronomical unit of length</a>". <i>Proceedings of the XXVIII General Assembly of International Astronomical Union</i>, Beijing, China. Quote: "... recommends ... 5. that the unique symbol 'au' be used for the astronomical unit."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MNRAS2012-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MNRAS2012_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford Journals (2012): "Instructions for Authors". <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022064348/http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/mnras/for_authors/#6.4%20Miscellaneous%20journal%20style">Archived on 22 October 2012</a> Quote: "The units of length/distance are Å, nm, μm, mm, cm, m, km, au, light-year, pc."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAS2016-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAS2016_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Astronomical Society (2016): "Manuscript Preparation: AJ & ApJ Author Instructions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221121728/http://aas.org/authors/manuscript-preparation-aj-apj-author-instructions#_Toc2.2">Archived on 2016-02-21</a>. Quote: "Use standard abbreviations for ... natural units (e.g., au, pc, cm)."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angstrom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/angstrom" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/angstrom">angstrom</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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