CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cydonia (Mars) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"08ec1d25-3337-4ad5-a9ca-e5f54f82529c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cydonia_(Mars)","wgTitle":"Cydonia (Mars)","wgCurRevisionId":1274412881,"wgRevisionId":1274412881,"wgArticleId":4691591,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from July 2022","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Coordinates on Wikidata","Albedo features on Mars","Mare Acidalium quadrangle" ],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cydonia_(Mars)","wgRelevantArticleId":4691591,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":40.74,"lon":350.54},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3699867", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Martian_face_viking.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="885"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Martian_face_viking.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="590"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="472"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cydonia (Mars) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cydonia_Mars rootpage-Cydonia_Mars skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cydonia+%28Mars%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cydonia+%28Mars%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cydonia+%28Mars%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cydonia+%28Mars%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Face_on_Mars"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Face_on_Mars""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>"Face on Mars"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"Face_on_Mars"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle "Face on Mars" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-"Face_on_Mars"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_imagery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_imagery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Later imagery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_imagery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Speculation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cydonia (Mars)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidoniya_(Mars)" title="Kidoniya (Mars) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kidoniya (Mars)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81)" title="Кідонія (Марс) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кідонія (Марс)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81)" title="Кідонія (Марс) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кідонія (Марс)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81)" title="Кидония (Марс) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кидония (Марс)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cydonia Mensae" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cydonia Mensae" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cydonia Mensae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1,_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κυδωνία, Άρης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυδωνία, Άρης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidonia_(Marte)" title="Cidonia (Marte) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cidonia (Marte)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cydonia Mensae" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cydonia Mensae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(Marte)" title="Cydonia (Marte) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cydonia (Marte)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(regija_na_Marsu)" title="Cydonia (regija na Marsu) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cydonia (regija na Marsu)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cydonia (Mars)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Cydonia (Mars)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cydonia Mensae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81)" title="Кидония (Марс) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кидония (Марс)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cydonia (Mars)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cydonia Mensae" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Cydonia Mensae" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensa" title="Cydonia Mensa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cydonia Mensa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cydonia Mensae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cydonia Mensae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81)" title="Кидония (Марс) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кидония (Марс)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cydonia Mensae" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кидонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кидонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cydonia (Mars)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81)" title="Кідонія (Марс) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кідонія (Марс)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidonii_(Mars)" title="Kidonii (Mars) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kidonii (Mars)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(v%C3%B9ng_c%E1%BB%A7a_Sao_H%E1%BB%8Fa)" title="Cydonia (vùng của Sao Hỏa) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cydonia (vùng của Sao Hỏa)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%8D%80" title="塞東尼亞區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞東尼亞區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3699867#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cydonia_(Mars)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cydonia_(Mars)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&oldid=1274412881" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cydonia_%28Mars%29&id=1274412881&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCydonia_%28Mars%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCydonia_%28Mars%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cydonia_%28Mars%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cydonia_Mensae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3699867" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cydonia_(Mars)&params=40.74_N_9.46_W_globe:mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°44′N</span> <span class="longitude">9°28′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.74°N 9.46°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.74; -9.46</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area of Mars</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martian_face_viking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Martian_face_viking.jpg/300px-Martian_face_viking.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Martian_face_viking.jpg/450px-Martian_face_viking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Martian_face_viking.jpg/600px-Martian_face_viking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Small part of the Cydonia region, taken by the <i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i> orbiter and released by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a> on July 25, 1976</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cydonia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a region on the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> that has attracted both scientific<sup id="cite_ref-carlotto88_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlotto88-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and popular interest.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name originally referred to the <a href="/wiki/Albedo_feature" title="Albedo feature">albedo feature</a> (distinctively coloured area) that was visible from earthbound <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>. The area borders the plains of <a href="/wiki/Acidalia_Planitia" title="Acidalia Planitia">Acidalia Planitia</a> and the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-neukum_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neukum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region includes the named features Cydonia Mensae, an area of flat-topped <a href="/wiki/Mesa" title="Mesa">mesa</a>-like features; Cydonia Colles, a region of small <a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">hills</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">knobs</a>; and Cydonia Labyrinthus, a complex of intersecting valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other <a href="/wiki/Albedo_features_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Albedo features on Mars">albedo features on Mars</a>, the name Cydonia was <a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars#B-E" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">drawn from classical antiquity</a>, in this case from <i><a href="/wiki/Kydonia" title="Kydonia">Kydonia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κυδωνία</span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Cydonia</i>), a historic <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i> (city state) on the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cydonia contains the "Face on Mars", located about halfway between the craters <a href="/wiki/Arandas_(crater)" title="Arandas (crater)">Arandas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamberg_(crater)" title="Bamberg (crater)">Bamberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-neukum_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neukum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cydonia lies in the planet's northern hemisphere in a transitional zone between the heavily <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">cratered</a> regions to the south and relatively smooth <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> to the north. Some <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetologists</a> believe that the northern plains may once have been <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">ocean beds</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Cydonia may once have been a <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> zone.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in the <a href="/wiki/Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle" title="Mare Acidalium quadrangle">Mare Acidalium quadrangle</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cydonia_region,_colour_image_ESA235868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satellite picture of Cydonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cydonia_region%2C_colour_image_ESA235868.jpg/200px-Cydonia_region%2C_colour_image_ESA235868.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cydonia_region%2C_colour_image_ESA235868.jpg/300px-Cydonia_region%2C_colour_image_ESA235868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cydonia_region%2C_colour_image_ESA235868.jpg/400px-Cydonia_region%2C_colour_image_ESA235868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3531" /></a><figcaption>Picture of the Cydonia region taken in 2006 by The European Space Agency's satellite <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i>. "Face on Mars" is just below the center.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Face_on_Mars""><span id=".22Face_on_Mars.22"></span>"Face on Mars"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "Face on Mars""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Cropped version of the original batch-processed image (#035A72) of the "Face on Mars". The black dots that give the image a speckled appearance are data errors (<a href="/wiki/Salt-and-pepper_noise" title="Salt-and-pepper noise">salt-and-pepper noise</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pia01141_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pia01141-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:070A13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/070A13.jpg/220px-070A13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/070A13.jpg/330px-070A13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/070A13.jpg/440px-070A13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>Second Viking 1 image of the Cydonia region on Mars. Labeled 070A13</figcaption></figure> <p>Cydonia was first imaged in detail by the <i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i> orbiters. Eighteen images of the Cydonia region were taken by the orbiters, of which seven have resolutions better than 250 m/<a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> (820 ft/pixel). The other eleven images have resolutions that are worse than 550 m/pixel (1800 ft/pixel) and are of limited use for studying surface features. Of the seven good images, the lighting and time at which two pairs of images were taken are so close as to reduce the number to five distinct images. The <i>Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars</i> CD-ROM set image numbers for these are: 035A72 (VO-1010), 070A13 (VO-1011), 561A25 (VO-1021), 673B54 & 673B56 (VO-1063), and 753A33 & 753A34 (VO-1028).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of the images taken by <i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i> on July 25, 1976, a two-kilometre-long (1.2 mi) Cydonian mesa, situated at 40.75° north <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and 9.46° west <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had the appearance of a <a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">humanoid</a> face. When the image was originally acquired, Viking chief scientist <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Soffen" title="Gerald Soffen">Gerald Soffen</a> dismissed the "Face on Mars" in image 035A72<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a "trick of light and shadow".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second image, 070A13, also shows the "face", and was acquired 35 Viking orbits later at a different sun-angle from the 035A72 image. This latter discovery was made independently by Vincent DiPietro and Gregory Molenaar, two computer engineers at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>. DiPietro and Molenaar discovered the two misfiled images, Viking frames 035A72 and 070A13, while searching through NASA archives.<sup id="cite_ref-gardner85_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner85-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution of these images was of about 50 m/pixel.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_imagery">Later imagery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 20 years after the <i>Viking 1</i> images were taken, a succession of spacecraft visited Mars and made new observations of the Cydonia region. These spacecraft have included NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i> (1997–2006) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (2006–),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i> probe (2003–).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the relatively low resolution of the Viking images of Cydonia, these new platforms afford much improved resolution. For instance, the <i>Mars Express</i> images are at a resolution of 14 m/pixel (46 ft/pixel) or better. By combining data from the <a href="/wiki/High_Resolution_Stereo_Camera" title="High Resolution Stereo Camera">High Resolution Stereo Camera</a> (HRSC) on the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i> probe and the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on board NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i> it has been possible to create a three-dimensional representation of the "Face on Mars".<sup id="cite_ref-mgs_3d_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgs_3d-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:733px;max-width:733px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:427px;max-width:427px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Face_on_Mars_with_Inset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Face_on_Mars_with_Inset.jpg/425px-Face_on_Mars_with_Inset.jpg" decoding="async" width="425" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Face_on_Mars_with_Inset.jpg/638px-Face_on_Mars_with_Inset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Face_on_Mars_with_Inset.jpg/850px-Face_on_Mars_with_Inset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> image by its <a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> camera of the "Face on Mars" (2007). Viking Orbiter image inset in bottom right corner (1976).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_face.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mars_face.png/300px-Mars_face.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mars_face.png/450px-Mars_face.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mars_face.png/600px-Mars_face.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i> image (MOC camera) of the same feature (2001).</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheep2_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sheep2_small.jpg/200px-Sheep2_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sheep2_small.jpg/300px-Sheep2_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Sheep2_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>One of many formations in Cydonia, this one is sometimes called the "D & M pyramid".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since it was originally first imaged, the face has been accepted by scientists as an <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">optical illusion</a>, an example of the psychological phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">pareidolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnnface_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnface-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After analysis of the higher resolution <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i> data <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> stated that "a detailed analysis of multiple images of this feature reveals a natural looking Martian hill whose illusory face-like appearance depends on the viewing angle and angle of <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">illumination</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar optical illusions can be found in the geology of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> examples include the <a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_the_Mountain,_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Man of the Mountain, New Hampshire">Old Man of the Mountain</a>, the Romanian <a href="/wiki/Sphinx_(Romania)" title="Sphinx (Romania)">Sphinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giewont" title="Giewont">Giewont</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pedra_da_G%C3%A1vea" title="Pedra da Gávea">Pedra da Gávea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_Hoy" title="Old Man of Hoy">Old Man of Hoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stac_Levenish" title="Stac Levenish">Stac Levenish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Ute" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeping Ute">Sleeping Ute</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Badlands_Guardian" title="Badlands Guardian">Badlands Guardian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speculation">Speculation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Speculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cydonia facial pareidolia inspired individuals and organizations interested in <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">extraterrestrial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">visitations to Earth</a>, and the images were published in this context in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-smukler_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smukler-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some commentators, most notably <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Hoagland" title="Richard C. Hoagland">Richard C. Hoagland</a>, believe the "Face on Mars" to be evidence of a long-lost <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Mars (planet)">Martian civilization</a> along with other features they believe are present, such as apparent <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramids</a>, which they argue are part of a <a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">ruined city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While accepting the "face" as a subject for scientific study, astronomer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> criticized much of the speculation concerning it in the chapter "The Man in the Moon and the Face on Mars" in his 1995 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sagan96_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sagan96-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Photometric_stereo" title="Photometric stereo">shape-from-shading</a> work by Mark J. Carlotto was used by Sagan in a chapter of his famous <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmos:_A_Personal_Voyage" title="Cosmos: A Personal Voyage">Cosmos</a></i> series.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998 a news article about the "Space Face" quoted a scientist talking about deciphering "intelligent design" in nature. A cutting of this was used by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thaxton" title="Charles Thaxton">Charles Thaxton</a> as an overhead visual for a lecture at Princeton, in his first public use of the term "<a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>" as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">creation science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "face" is also a common topic among <a href="/wiki/Skeptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic">skeptics</a> groups, who use it as an example of <a href="/wiki/Credulity" title="Credulity">credulity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They point out that there are other faces on Mars but these do not elicit the same level of study. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Galle_(Martian_crater)" title="Galle (Martian crater)">Galle Crater</a>, which takes the form of a <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">smiley</a>, while others resemble <a href="/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog" title="Kermit the Frog">Kermit the Frog</a> or other celebrities.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this latter similarity, <a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)"><i>Discover</i></a> magazine's "Skeptical Eye" column ridiculed Hoagland's claims, asking if he believed the aliens were fans of <i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gardner85_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner85-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophenia" title="Apophenia">Apophenia</a> – Tendency to perceive connections between unrelated things</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_on_Moon_South_Pole" title="Face on Moon South Pole">Face on Moon South Pole</a> – Region on the Moon which resembles a face</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mars">Geography of Mars</a> – Delineation and characterization of Martian regions<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Montes" title="Libya Montes">Libya Montes</a> – Highland terrain on Mars up-lifted by a giant impact, home to another "face"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a> – Pattern observed on the Moon's surface</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mars" title="Mission to Mars">Mission to Mars</a></i>, 2000 film in which the feature plays a role in the plot</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_(The_X-Files)" title="Space (The X-Files)">Space</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">X-Files</a> episode inspired by the "face"</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-carlotto88-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carlotto88_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarlotto1988" class="citation journal cs1">Carlotto, Mark J. (May 15, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516021009/http://carlotto.us/martianenigmas/Papers/AO1888.pdf">"Digital Imagery Analysis of Unusual Martian Surface Features"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Applied_Optics" title="Applied Optics">Applied Optics</a></i>. <b>27</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1926–</span>1933. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ApOpt..27.1926C">1988ApOpt..27.1926C</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.331.2704">10.1.1.331.2704</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.27.001926">10.1364/AO.27.001926</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6935">0003-6935</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20531684">20531684</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carlotto.us/martianenigmas/Papers/AO1888.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Digital+Imagery+Analysis+of+Unusual+Martian+Surface+Features&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1926-%3C%2Fspan%3E1933&rft.date=1988-05-15&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988ApOpt..27.1926C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.331.2704%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20531684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FAO.27.001926&rft.issn=0003-6935&rft.aulast=Carlotto&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarlotto.us%2Fmartianenigmas%2FPapers%2FAO1888.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehouse2001" class="citation news cs1">Whitehouse, David (May 25, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1351319.stm">"Nasa: No face – honest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nasa%3A+No+face+%E2%80%93+honest&rft.date=2001-05-25&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F1351319.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritt2006" class="citation news cs1">Britt, Robert Roy (September 22, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/space/09/22/mars.face/index.html">"Face on Mars gets makeover"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">SPACE.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=Face+on+Mars+gets+makeover&rft.date=2006-09-22&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=Robert+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FTECH%2Fspace%2F09%2F22%2Fmars.face%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neukum-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neukum_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-neukum_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Cydonia_-_the_face_on_Mars">"Cydonia – the face on Mars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>. September 21, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cydonia+%E2%80%93+the+face+on+Mars&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FCydonia_-_the_face_on_Mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MARS/target">"Planetary Names: Mars"</a>. <i>Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Astrogeology_Research_Program" title="Astrogeology Research Program">USGS Astrogeology Research Program</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Planetary+Names%3A+Mars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FPage%2FMARS%2Ftarget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms">"Planetary Names: Feature Types"</a>. <i>Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</i>. USGS Astrogeology Research Program<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Planetary+Names%3A+Feature+Types&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FDescriptorTerms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1971" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, T. L. (October 1971). "The origins of Martian nomenclature". <i><a href="/wiki/Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a></i>. <b>15</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Icar...15..233M">1971Icar...15..233M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2871%2990077-7">10.1016/0019-1035(71)90077-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+Martian+nomenclature&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=1971-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2871%2990077-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971Icar...15..233M&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead_IIIKreslavskyHiesingerIvanov1998" class="citation journal cs1">Head III, J.W.; Kreslavsky, M.; Hiesinger, H.; Ivanov, M.; Pratt, Stephen; Seibert, N.; Smith, D.E.; Zuber, M.T. (December 15, 1998). "Oceans in the past history of Mars: Tests for their presence using Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data". <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>. <b>25</b> (24): <span class="nowrap">4401–</span>4404. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998GeoRL..25.4401H">1998GeoRL..25.4401H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1998GL900116">10.1029/1998GL900116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9137761">9137761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Oceans+in+the+past+history+of+Mars%3A+Tests+for+their+presence+using+Mars+Orbiter+Laser+Altimeter+%28MOLA%29+data&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4401-%3C%2Fspan%3E4404&rft.date=1998-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9137761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1998GL900116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998GeoRL..25.4401H&rft.aulast=Head+III&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft.au=Kreslavsky%2C+M.&rft.au=Hiesinger%2C+H.&rft.au=Ivanov%2C+M.&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Seibert%2C+N.&rft.au=Smith%2C+D.E.&rft.au=Zuber%2C+M.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinEdgett1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Malin" title="Michael C. Malin">Malin, Michael C.</a>; Edgett, Kenneth S. (October 1, 1999). "Oceans or seas in the Martian northern lowlands: High resolution imaging tests of proposed coastlines". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>26</b> (19): <span class="nowrap">3049–</span>3052. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GeoRL..26.3049M">1999GeoRL..26.3049M</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.601.7485">10.1.1.601.7485</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1999GL002342">10.1029/1999GL002342</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53411196">53411196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Oceans+or+seas+in+the+Martian+northern+lowlands%3A+High+resolution+imaging+tests+of+proposed+coastlines&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3049-%3C%2Fspan%3E3052&rft.date=1999-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.601.7485%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53411196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1999GL002342&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999GeoRL..26.3049M&rft.aulast=Malin&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft.au=Edgett%2C+Kenneth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pia01141-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pia01141_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia01141">"PIA01141: Geologic 'Face on Mars' Formation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. April 2, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PIA01141%3A+Geologic+%27Face+on+Mars%27+Formation&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1998-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2Fpia01141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/volumes/viking.html#vkoEDR">"Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars (Experiment Data Records)"</a>. <i>PDS Imaging Node</i>. NASA/<a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a>/USGS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PDS+Imaging+Node&rft.atitle=Mission+to+Mars%3A+Viking+Orbiter+Images+of+Mars+%28Experiment+Data+Records%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fvolumes%2Fviking.html%23vkoEDR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span> Raw data in the IMQ (ImageQ) format can be downloaded from these links: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1010/f035axx/f035a72.imq">035A72</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801122138/http://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1010/f035axx/f035a72.imq">Archived</a> August 1, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1011/f070axx/f070a13.imq">070A13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801120554/http://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1011/f070axx/f070a13.imq">Archived</a> August 1, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1021/f561axx/f561a25.imq">561A25</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801122026/http://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1021/f561axx/f561a25.imq">Archived</a> August 1, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1063/f673bxx/f673b54.imq">673B54</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801121141/http://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1063/f673bxx/f673b54.imq">Archived</a> August 1, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1063/f673bxx/f673b56.imq">673B56</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801121432/http://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1063/f673bxx/f673b56.imq">Archived</a> August 1, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1028/f753axx/f753a33.imq">753A33</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1028/f753axx/f753a34.imq">753A34</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801124757/http://pdsimage.wr.usgs.gov/archive/vo1_vo2-m-vis-2-edr-v2.0/vo_1028/f753axx/f753a34.imq">Archived</a> August 1, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">JPL; NASA; Viking Mars Program (U.S.) (1990). <i>Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars</i> (CD-ROM). Pasadena, CA: JPL. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/232381148">232381148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+to+Mars%3A+Viking+Orbiter+Images+of+Mars&rft.place=Pasadena%2C+CA&rft.pub=JPL&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F232381148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayl2007" class="citation web cs1">Rayl, A.J.S. (March 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304214615/http://www.planetary.org/news/2007/0317_The_Empire_Strikes_Back_Europes_First.html">"The Empire Strikes Back: Europe's First Trip to Mars Brings Home 'The Gold'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/news/2007/0317_The_Empire_Strikes_Back_Europes_First.html">the original</a> on March 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Empire+Strikes+Back%3A+Europe%27s+First+Trip+to+Mars+Brings+Home+%27The+Gold%27&rft.pub=The+Planetary+Society&rft.date=2007-03-16&rft.aulast=Rayl&rft.aufirst=A.J.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fnews%2F2007%2F0317_The_Empire_Strikes_Back_Europes_First.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/cydonia2.html">"Viking 1–61 (35A72)"</a>. <i>Viking News Center</i> (Press release). Pasadena, CA: NASA/JPL. July 31, 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking+1%E2%80%9361+%2835A72%29&rft.place=Pasadena%2C+CA&rft.pub=NASA%2FJPL&rft.date=1976-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmgs%2Fcydonia2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span> Caption of JPL Viking Press Release P-17384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoagland1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Hoagland" title="Richard C. Hoagland">Hoagland, Richard C.</a> (1996). <i>The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever</i> (4th ed.). Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Books" title="North Atlantic Books">Frog, Ltd</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883319-30-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883319-30-4"><bdi>978-1-883319-30-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monuments+of+Mars%3A+A+City+on+the+Edge+of+Forever&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Frog%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-883319-30-4&rft.aulast=Hoagland&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParanormal_News_Staff1999" class="citation web cs1">Paranormal News Staff (August 25, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612131844/http://www.paranormalnews.com/article.asp?articleID=21">"Pixel Inversion – NASA's Misinformation on the Mars Face"</a>. <i>Paranormal News</i>. Jeff Behnke. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paranormalnews.com/article.asp?articleID=21">the original</a> on June 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paranormal+News&rft.atitle=Pixel+Inversion+%E2%80%93+NASA%27s+Misinformation+on+the+Mars+Face&rft.date=1999-08-25&rft.au=Paranormal+News+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paranormalnews.com%2Farticle.asp%3FarticleID%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gardner85-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gardner85_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gardner85_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1985–1986" class="citation journal cs1">Gardner, Martin (Winter 1985–1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2015/03/p24.pdf">"The Great Stone Face and Other Nonmysteries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Great+Stone+Face+and+Other+Nonmysteries&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1985%2F1986&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F29%2F2015%2F03%2Fp24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viewer.mars.asu.edu/planetview/inst/viking/035A72#P=035A72&T=2">"Viking: 035A72"</a>. <i>Mars Image Explorer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Line Resolution 0.048049 km</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mars+Image+Explorer&rft.atitle=Viking%3A+035A72&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fviewer.mars.asu.edu%2Fplanetview%2Finst%2Fviking%2F035A72%23P%3D035A72%26T%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_003234_2210">"Popular Landform in Cydonia Region"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popular+Landform+in+Cydonia+Region&rft.pub=HiRISE+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uahirise.org%2FPSP_003234_2210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Cydonia_-_the_face_on_Mars">"Cydonia – the face on Mars"</a>. ESA. September 21, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cydonia+%E2%80%93+the+face+on+Mars&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FCydonia_-_the_face_on_Mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mgs_3d-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mgs_3d_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Cydonia_s_Face_on_Mars_in_3D_animation">"Cydonia's 'Face on Mars' in 3D animation"</a>. ESA. October 23, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cydonia%27s+%27Face+on+Mars%27+in+3D+animation&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2006-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FMars_Express%2FCydonia_s_Face_on_Mars_in_3D_animation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/msss/camera/images/4_5_00_cydonia/">"Cydonia: Two Years Later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malin_Space_Science_Systems" title="Malin Space Science Systems">Malin Space Science Systems</a>. April 5, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cydonia%3A+Two+Years+Later&rft.pub=Malin+Space+Science+Systems&rft.date=2000-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmgs%2Fmsss%2Fcamera%2Fimages%2F4_5_00_cydonia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick-Matthews2007" class="citation web cs1">Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith (August 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badarchaeology.com/extraterrestrials/alien-archaeology-on-mars/">"Alien archaeology on Mars?: The 'D&M Pyramid"</a>. <i>Bad Archaeology</i>. Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews and James Doeser<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bad+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Alien+archaeology+on+Mars%3F%3A+The+%27D%26M+Pyramid&rft.date=2007-08-17&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick-Matthews&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.badarchaeology.com%2Fextraterrestrials%2Falien-archaeology-on-mars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnface-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnnface_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritt2004" class="citation news cs1">Britt, Robert Roy (March 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/03/17/alien.debunk/index.html">"Scientist attacks alien claims on Mars"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. SPACE.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Scientist+attacks+alien+claims+on+Mars&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=Robert+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2004%2FTECH%2Fspace%2F03%2F17%2Falien.debunk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Normand Baillargeon, <i>A Short Course in Intellectual Self Defense: Find Your Inner Chomsky</i>, p. 177 (Seven Stories Press, 2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-765-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-765-7">978-1-58322-765-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles M. Wynn, Arthur W. Wiggins, <i>Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends... and Pseudoscience begins</i> (Joseph Henry Press, 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-17135-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-309-17135-0">0-309-17135-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719235001/http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_60.html">"The Face on Mars"</a>. <i>Image of the Day Gallery</i>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_60.html">the original</a> on July 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Image+of+the+Day+Gallery&rft.atitle=The+Face+on+Mars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmultimedia%2Fimagegallery%2Fimage_feature_60.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (April 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4097">"Skeptoid #97: The Face on Mars Revealed – New high resolution imagery has proven that this hill on Mars doesn't look quite so much like a carved face after all"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%2397%3A+The+Face+on+Mars+Revealed+%E2%80%93+New+high+resolution+imagery+has+proven+that+this+hill+on+Mars+doesn%27t+look+quite+so+much+like+a+carved+face+after+all.&rft.date=2008-04-22&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?z=16&ll=50.010083,-110.113006&spn=0.009363,0.020084&t=k&iwloc=addr">"Badlands Guardian Geological Feature"</a>. Google Maps<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Badlands+Guardian+Geological+Feature&rft.pub=Google+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.com%2Fmaps%3Fz%3D16%26ll%3D50.010083%2C-110.113006%26spn%3D0.009363%2C0.020084%26t%3Dk%26iwloc%3Daddr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smukler-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smukler_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmukler1977" class="citation journal cs1">Smukler, H. (1977). "Dramatic Photos of Mars: the Home of the Gods". <i>Ancient Astronauts</i> (January): 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Astronauts&rft.atitle=Dramatic+Photos+of+Mars%3A+the+Home+of+the+Gods&rft.issue=January&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Smukler&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossinger1986" class="citation book cs1">Grossinger, Richard, ed. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_hR3b8VXE0wC"><i>Planetary Mysteries: Megaliths, Glaciers, the Face on Mars and Aboriginal Dreamtime</i></a>. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938190-90-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938190-90-5"><bdi>978-0-938190-90-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planetary+Mysteries%3A+Megaliths%2C+Glaciers%2C+the+Face+on+Mars+and+Aboriginal+Dreamtime&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-938190-90-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_hR3b8VXE0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoagland2002" class="citation book cs1">Hoagland, Richard (2002). <i>The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever</i> (5 ed.). North Atlantic Books, U.S. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58394-054-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58394-054-9"><bdi>978-1-58394-054-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monuments+of+Mars%3A+A+City+on+the+Edge+of+Forever&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books%2C+U.S.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58394-054-9&rft.aulast=Hoagland&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sagan96-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sagan96_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan, Carl</a> (1995). <a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World"><i>The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-53512-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-53512-8"><bdi>978-0-394-53512-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Demon-Haunted+World%3A+Science+As+a+Candle+in+the+Dark&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-394-53512-8&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDanielPaxson1998" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, Stanley; Paxson, Monica Rix, eds. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780932813596"><i>The Case for the Face: Scientists Examine The Evidence for Alien Artifacts on Mars</i></a></span> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/David_Hatcher_Childress" title="David Hatcher Childress">Adventure Unlimited Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932813-59-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932813-59-6"><bdi>978-0-932813-59-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+the+Face%3A+Scientists+Examine+The+Evidence+for+Alien+Artifacts+on+Mars&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Adventure+Unlimited+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-932813-59-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780932813596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khj0fVHwmaI">"Carl Sagan and The Face on Mars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/khj0fVHwmaI">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Carl+Sagan+and+The+Face+on+Mars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dkhj0fVHwmaI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitham2005" class="citation book cs1">Witham, Larry (2005). <i>Where Darwin Meets the Bible: Creationists and Evolutionists in America</i>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llzwy_Ft1DQC&pg=PA221">221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518281-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518281-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518281-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Darwin+Meets+the+Bible%3A+Creationists+and+Evolutionists+in+America&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518281-1&rft.aulast=Witham&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner2000" class="citation journal cs1">Posner, Gary P. (November–December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpposner.com/Hoagland.html">"The Face Behind the 'Face' on Mars: A Skeptical Look at Richard C. Hoagland"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>24</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106053508/https://www.gpposner.com/Hoagland.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Face+Behind+the+%27Face%27+on+Mars%3A+A+Skeptical+Look+at+Richard+C.+Hoagland&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2000-11%2F2000-12&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Gary+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpposner.com%2FHoagland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampabayskeptics.org/Mars_morefaces.html">"More 'Faces' on Mars"</a>. Tampa Bay Skeptics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+%27Faces%27+on+Mars&rft.pub=Tampa+Bay+Skeptics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabayskeptics.org%2FMars_morefaces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1985" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, Fred (April 1985). "Skeptical Eye". <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=Skeptical+Eye&rft.date=1985-04&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cydonia_Mensae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cydonia Mensae">Cydonia Mensae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>NASA or ESA</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Cydonia_-_the_face_on_Mars">Cydonia – the face on Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>'s overview of features in Cydonia region</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/viking.html">Viking Project Information</a>, NASA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking/index.html">Past Missions: Viking</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228082633/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/viking/index.html">Archived</a> February 28, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express">Mars Express</a>, ESA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/express/">Mars Express: Home</a>, NASA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/">Mars Global Surveyor</a>, NASA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060925.html">Astronomy Picture of the Day: 2006 September 25</a>, "Mars Express Close-Up of the Face on Mars"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060926.html">Astronomy Picture of the Day: 2006 September 26</a>, "Mars Express: Return to Cydonia"</li></ul> <dl><dt>Non-Space Agency</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/eng/projects/mars/hrsc300-Cydonia.php">High-resolution images of Cydonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Freie Universität Berlin</a> – Mars Express orbiter data (orbit 3253)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msss.com/education/facepage/face_discussion.html">Discussion of MOC and "Face on Mars"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malin_Space_Science_Systems" title="Malin Space Science Systems">Malin Space Science Systems</a> (also, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msss.com/education/facepage/face.html">The "Face on Mars"</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/mars/#lat=40.757660&lon=-9.492187&zoom=9&map=visible&q=The%20Face%20on%20Mars">"The Face on Mars"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Mars">Google Mars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marsquestonline.org/coolstuff/faceonmars/faceonmars.html">Interactive 3D "Face on Mars"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shockwave_Player" class="mw-redirect" title="Shockwave Player">Shockwave Player</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marsquestonline.org">MarsQuest Online</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geody.com/geolook.php?world=mars&lat=41.347994&lon=-9.238214">The exact position of the Face on Mars on Geody</a>, provides link to <a href="/wiki/NASA_World_Wind" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA World Wind">NASA World Wind</a>, among others</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepdic.com/faceonmars.html">Face on Mars</a>, entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic's Dictionary">Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/hoagland/">Hoagland debunking at Bad Astronomy</a>, a discussion of the science and pseudoscience of Cydonia</li> <li>Posner, Gary P. (November 2000). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gpposner.com/Hoagland.html">The Face Behind the "Face" on Mars: A Skeptical Look at Richard C. Hoagland</a>". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/volume/no-6-vol-24/">Skeptical Inquirer</a>.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241212091323/https://www.gpposner.com/Hoagland.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2024.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2014" class="citation web cs1">Robbins, Stuart (May 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_C4bFfATGY">"Exposing PseudoAstronomy Vodcast: Episode 1 – The Cydonia Region of Mars Explored"</a>. Exposing PseudoAstronomy Vodcast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/v_C4bFfATGY">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exposing+PseudoAstronomy+Vodcast%3A+Episode+1+%E2%80%93+The+Cydonia+Region+of+Mars+Explored&rft.pub=Exposing+PseudoAstronomy+Vodcast&rft.date=2014-05-31&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dv_C4bFfATGY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2014" class="citation web cs1">Robbins, Stuart (May 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://podcast.sjrdesign.net/shownotes_111.php">"Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast: Episode 111 – The Cydonia Region of Mars"</a>. Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exposing+PseudoAstronomy+Podcast%3A+Episode+111+%E2%80%93+The+Cydonia+Region+of+Mars&rft.pub=Exposing+PseudoAstronomy+Podcast&rft.date=2014-05-31&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpodcast.sjrdesign.net%2Fshownotes_111.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACydonia+%28Mars%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mars381" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars" title="Template:Mars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars" title="Template talk:Mars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mars381" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mars" title="Outline of Mars">Outline of Mars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areography" title="Areography">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_general_circulation_model" title="Mars general circulation model">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dust_devils" title="Martian dust devils">Dust devil tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_methane_on_Mars" title="Natural methane on Mars">Methane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Mars" title="List of terrae on Mars">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Mars)" title="Cerberus (Mars)">Cerberus (Mars)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cydonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_Lake" title="Eridania Lake">Eridania Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iani_Chaos" title="Iani Chaos">Iani Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Undae" title="Olympia Undae">Olympia Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani" title="Sinus Meridiani">Sinus Meridiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Terra" title="Tempe Terra">Tempe Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Cimmeria" title="Terra Cimmeria">Terra Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sabaea" title="Terra Sabaea">Terra Sabaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander#Landing_zone" title="Mars Polar Lander">Ultimi Scopuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_surface_features_of_Mars" title="Common surface features of Mars">Physical<br />features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">"Canals"</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_canals" title="List of Martian canals">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasma#Mars" title="Chasma">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_chain" title="Crater chain">Catenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_terrain" title="Chaos terrain">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars" title="List of craters on Mars">Craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(planetary_nomenclature)" title="Fossa (planetary nomenclature)">Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensa_(geology)" title="Mensa (geology)">Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature#Descriptor_terms_(feature_types)" title="Planetary nomenclature">Labyrinthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">by height</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">Observed rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outflow_channels" title="Outflow channels">Outflow channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars" title="List of plains on Mars">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_network_(Mars)" title="Valley network (Mars)">Valley network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">Gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_terrain" title="Brain terrain">Brain terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars" title="Carbonates on Mars">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_of_chaos_terrain_on_Mars" title="List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_surface_color" title="Mars surface color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Mars" title="Composition of Mars">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_crater_fill" title="Concentric crater fill">Concentric crater fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_slope_streak" title="Dark slope streak">Dark slope streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dichotomy" title="Martian dichotomy">Dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretted_terrain" title="Fretted terrain">Fretted terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geysers_on_Mars" title="Geysers on Mars">Geysers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars" title="Groundwater on Mars">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars" title="Lakes on Mars">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_lava_tube" title="Martian lava tube">Lava tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobate_debris_apron" title="Lobate debris apron">Lobate debris apron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">Marsquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">Meteorites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_meteorites" title="List of Martian meteorites">on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_cracks_on_Mars" title="Mud cracks on Mars">Mud cracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Polar_Basin_(Mars)" title="North Polar Basin (Mars)">North Polar Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_theory" title="Mars ocean theory">Ocean theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_resources_on_Mars" title="Ore resources on Mars">Ore resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">Polar caps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_polar_wander_on_Mars" title="True polar wander on Mars">polar wander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Recurring slope lineae (RSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_mold_crater" title="Ring mold crater">Ring mold craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Seasonal flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith" title="Martian regolith">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_spherules" title="Martian spherules">Spherules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_surface" title="Martian surface">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_features" title="Swiss cheese features">"Swiss cheese" feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_softening" title="Terrain softening">Terrain softening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis#Location_and_Size" title="Tharsis">Tharsis bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardangs_on_Mars" title="Yardangs on Mars">Yardangs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Mars" title="Geological history of Mars">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)" title="Amazonian (Mars)">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperian" title="Hesperian">Hesperian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachian" title="Noachian">Noachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation" title="History of Mars observation">Observation history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">Classical albedo features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_on_Mars" title="Astronomy on Mars">Astronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stickney_(crater)" title="Stickney (crater)">Stickney crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limtoc" title="Limtoc">Limtoc crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_monolith" title="Phobos monolith">Monolith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(Deimian_crater)" title="Swift (Deimian crater)">Swift crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire_(crater)" title="Voltaire (crater)">Voltaire crater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Mars" title="Solar eclipses on Mars">Solar eclipses on Mars</a></li> <li>Satellite transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Phobos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Phobos from Mars">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Deimos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Deimos from Mars">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planetary transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars" title="Transit of Earth from Mars">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury_from_Mars" title="Transit of Mercury from Mars">Mercury</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Mars" title="Impact events on Mars">Impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars-crossers</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_WD5" title="2007 WD5">2007 WD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5261_Eureka" title="5261 Eureka">5261 Eureka</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(101429)_1998_VF31" title="(101429) 1998 VF31">1998 VF<sub>31</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(121514)_1999_UJ7" title="(121514) 1999 UJ7">1999 UJ<sub>7</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(311999)_2007_NS2" title="(311999) 2007 NS2">2007 NS<sub>2</sub></a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Mars" title="Orbit of Mars">Orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft">Missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Artificial objects on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#Mars" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_in_fiction" title="Mars in fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_on_Mars" title="List of films set on Mars">List of films set on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_scientist" title="Martian scientist">Martian scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mars" title="Flag of Mars">Flag of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">Timekeeping on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sol" title="Mars sol">Sol (day on Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian calendar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mars" title="Category:Mars">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3699867#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87002282">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007532078105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cydonia_(Mars)&params=40.74_N_9.46_W_globe:mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°44′N</span> <span class="longitude">9°28′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.74°N 9.46°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.74; -9.46</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&oldid=1274412881">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&oldid=1274412881</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Category:Albedo features on Mars">Albedo features on Mars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle" title="Category:Mare Acidalium quadrangle">Mare Acidalium quadrangle</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2022">Use mdy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 February 2025, at 05:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cydonia_(Mars)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cydonia (Mars)</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>31 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fd9f956dc-jpbdq","wgBackendResponseTime":128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.762","walltime":"0.959","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4248,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":134831,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1999,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":160954,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 849.400 1 -total"," 33.38% 283.496 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.68% 107.698 4 Template:Navbox"," 11.18% 94.992 8 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.15% 94.699 1 Template:Mars"," 10.80% 91.699 2 Template:Langx"," 9.41% 79.910 20 Template:Cite_web"," 8.02% 68.152 6 Template:Annotated_link"," 7.49% 63.595 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.99% 50.913 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.510","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16627124,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-6z2g8","timestamp":"20250226031538","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cydonia (Mars)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cydonia_(Mars)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3699867","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3699867","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-04-10T09:55:38Z","dateModified":"2025-02-07T05:42:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/38\/Martian_face_viking.jpg","headline":"mensa on Mars"}</script> </body> </html>