CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><head><meta charset="utf-8" /><script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({"nodedatalayer":"1125057","content_type_dl":"Article","user type":"anonymous","magissuedatedl":"digital","authorsdl":"Mois\u00e9s Na\u00edm and Brian Winter","authorcode":["MD6789","MC6789"],"articletypedl":"snapshot","regiontagdl":["Central America & Caribbean","Cuba","South America","Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Venezuela"],"topictagdl":["Economics","Finance","Trade"],"customtagdl":["Latin America","Global South"],"postdate_dl":"2019-10-29","paywallstdl":"Paywalled"});</script><script type="application/ld+json">[{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Central America & Caribbean","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/central-america-caribbean"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Cuba","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/cuba"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "South America","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/south-america"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Argentina","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/argentina"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Brazil","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/brazil"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Chile","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/chile"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Venezuela","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/regions\/venezuela"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Economics","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/economics"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Finance","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/finance"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Trade","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/topics\/trade"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Latin America","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/tags\/latin-america"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]},{"@context": "https:\/\/schema.org","@type": "BreadcrumbList","itemListElement": [{"@type": "ListItem","position": 1,"name": "Global South","item": "https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/tags\/global-south"},{"@type": "ListItem","position": 2,"name": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode"}]} ]</script><meta name="description" content="In a world aflame with protest, Latin America stands out as a raging ten-alarm fire. From Bolivia to Ecuador, Haiti to Honduras, the closing months of 2019 have seen enormous, sometimes violent demonstrations prompted by a truly dizzying array of grievances, including electoral fraud, corruption, and rising fuel and public transportation prices. Even Chile, the region’s ostensible oasis of calm and prosperity, erupted in protests and riots that left 20 dead and forced President Sebastián Piñera to declare a state of emergency." /><meta name="abstract" content="In a world aflame with protest, Latin America stands out as a raging ten-alarm fire. From Bolivia to Ecuador, Haiti to Honduras, the closing months of 2019 have seen enormous, sometimes violent demonstrations prompted by a truly dizzying array of grievances, including electoral fraud, corruption, and rising fuel and public transportation prices. Even Chile, the region’s ostensible oasis of calm and prosperity, erupted in protests and riots that left 20 dead and forced President Sebastián Piñera to declare a state of emergency." /><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/central-america-caribbean/2019-10-29/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode" /><link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/node/1125057" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Foreign Affairs" /><meta property="og:type" content="Article" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/central-america-caribbean/2019-10-29/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode" /><meta property="og:title" content="Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode" /><meta property="og:description" content="In a world aflame with protest, Latin America stands out as a raging ten-alarm fire. From Bolivia to Ecuador, Haiti to Honduras, the closing months of 2019 have seen enormous, sometimes violent demonstrations prompted by a truly dizzying array of grievances, including electoral fraud, corruption, and rising fuel and public transportation prices. Even Chile, the region’s ostensible oasis of calm and prosperity, erupted in protests and riots that left 20 dead and forced President Sebastián Piñera to declare a state of emergency." /><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg?itok=SWWsFWs2" /><meta property="og:image:url" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg?itok=SWWsFWs2" /><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg?itok=SWWsFWs2" /><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /><meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /><meta property="og:updated_time" content="2023-04-04T16:05:55-04:00" /><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /><meta property="article:author" content="Moisés Naím" /><meta property="article:author" content="Brian Winter" /><meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/ForeignAffairs" /><meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-10-29T00:00:00-04:00" /><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-04-04T16:05:55-04:00" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="In a world aflame with protest, Latin America stands out as a raging ten-alarm fire. From Bolivia to Ecuador, Haiti to Honduras, the closing months of 2019 have seen enormous, sometimes violent demonstrations prompted by a truly dizzying array of grievances, including electoral fraud, corruption, and rising fuel and public transportation prices. Even Chile, the region’s ostensible oasis of calm and prosperity, erupted in protests and riots that left 20 dead and forced President Sebastián Piñera to declare a state of emergency." /><meta name="twitter:creator:id" content="21114659" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@foreignaffairs" /><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/social_share/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg?itok=SWWsFWs2" /><meta name="msvalidate.01" content="846D62D6CE4E94B1C328BE585F36F0DE" /><meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /><meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context": "https://schema.org","@graph": [{"@type": "NewsArticle","headline": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode: Economic Malaise, More Than Foreign Meddling, Explains the Outpouring of Rage","alternativeHeadline": "Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode","about": ["Central America \u0026 Caribbean","Cuba","South America","Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Venezuela","Economics","Finance","Trade","Latin America","Global South"],"description": "In a world aflame with protest, Latin America stands out as a raging ten-alarm fire. From Bolivia to Ecuador, Haiti to Honduras, the closing months of 2019 have seen enormous, sometimes violent demonstrations prompted by a truly dizzying array of grievances, including electoral fraud, corruption, and rising fuel and public transportation prices. Even Chile, the region’s ostensible oasis of calm and prosperity, erupted in protests and riots that left 20 dead and forced President Sebastián Piñera to declare a state of emergency.","image": {"@type": "ImageObject","url": "https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/x_large_1x/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg?itok=QujlHdDE","width": "1200","height": "800"},"datePublished": "2019-10-29T00:00:00-04:00","hasPart": {"@type": "WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree": "False","cssSelector": ".paywall-content"},"dateModified": "2023-04-04T16:05:55-04:00","isAccessibleForFree": "False","keywords": ["Central America \u0026 Caribbean","Cuba","South America","Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Venezuela","Economics","Finance","Trade","Latin America","Global South"],"author": {"@type": "Person","name": "Moisés Naím and Brian Winter","url": "https://www.foreignaffairs.com/authors/mois-s-na-m"},"speakable": {"@type": "SpeakableSpecification","cssSelector": ".article-title"},"publisher": {"@type": "NewsMediaOrganization","name": "Foreign Affairs Magazine","url": "https://www.foreignaffairs.com","sameAs": ["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs","https://twitter.com/ForeignAffairs","https://www.facebook.com/ForeignAffairs","https://www.instagram.com/foreignaffairsmag/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/foreign-affairs-magazine/"],"logo": {"@type": "ImageObject","url": "https://www.foreignaffairs.com/themes/fa/assets/images/FA_square_logo_small.png","width": "200","height": "200"},"masthead": "https://www.foreignaffairs.com/staff"},"mainEntityOfPage": "https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/central-america-caribbean/2019-10-29/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode"}] }</script><style>@import url('/themes/fa/assets/fonts/atlas-grotesk/1308-PNSTPI.css'); @import'//use.typekit.net/gpf5bhn.css';html{-ms-overflow-style:scrollbar;box-sizing:border-box}:root{color-scheme:light dark}*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:inherit}@media(min-width: 576px){.position-sm-static{position:static !important}.position-sm-relative{position:relative !important}.position-sm-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-sm-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-sm-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 768px){.position-md-static{position:static !important}.position-md-relative{position:relative !important}.position-md-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-md-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-md-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 992px){.position-lg-static{position:static !important}.position-lg-relative{position:relative !important}.position-lg-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-lg-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-lg-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.position-xl-static{position:static !important}.position-xl-relative{position:relative !important}.position-xl-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-xl-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-xl-sticky{position:sticky !important}}.list-unstyled{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline-item{display:inline-block}.list-inline-item:not(:last-child){margin-right:.5rem}:root,[data-bs-theme=light]{--bs-blue: #447fb7;--bs-indigo: #6610f2;--bs-purple: #6f42c1;--bs-pink: #d63384;--bs-red: #bd0500;--bs-orange: #ff5c24;--bs-yellow: #fadb59;--bs-green: #198754;--bs-teal: #20c997;--bs-cyan: #0dcaf0;--bs-black: #000;--bs-white: #fff;--bs-gray: #8b939d;--bs-gray-dark: #383c41;--bs-gray-100: #f2f2f2;--bs-gray-200: #e6eaf0;--bs-gray-300: #dadee5;--bs-gray-400: #ced2d9;--bs-gray-500: #a5aeb9;--bs-gray-600: #8b939d;--bs-gray-700: #707881;--bs-gray-800: #383c41;--bs-gray-900: #000;--bs-primary: #447fb7;--bs-secondary: #2d557b;--bs-info: #b3d3f0;--bs-red: #e83836;--bs-red-light: #e83836;--bs-blue: #447fb7;--bs-blue-dark: #2D557B;--bs-light: #f2f2f2;--bs-dark: #1b1b1b;--bs-white: #fff;--bs-primary-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-secondary-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-info-rgb: 179, 211, 240;--bs-red-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-red-light-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-blue-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-blue-dark-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-light-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-dark-rgb: 27, 27, 27;--bs-white-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-primary-text-emphasis: #1b3349;--bs-secondary-text-emphasis: #122231;--bs-success-text-emphasis: #0a3622;--bs-info-text-emphasis: #485460;--bs-warning-text-emphasis: #645824;--bs-danger-text-emphasis: #5d1616;--bs-light-text-emphasis: #707881;--bs-dark-text-emphasis: #707881;--bs-primary-bg-subtle: #dae5f1;--bs-secondary-bg-subtle: #d5dde5;--bs-success-bg-subtle: #d1e7dd;--bs-info-bg-subtle: #f0f6fc;--bs-warning-bg-subtle: #fef8de;--bs-danger-bg-subtle: #fad7d7;--bs-light-bg-subtle: #f9f9f9;--bs-dark-bg-subtle: #ced2d9;--bs-primary-border-subtle: #b4cce2;--bs-secondary-border-subtle: #abbbca;--bs-success-border-subtle: #a3cfbb;--bs-info-border-subtle: #e1edf9;--bs-warning-border-subtle: #fdf1bd;--bs-danger-border-subtle: #f6afaf;--bs-light-border-subtle: #e6eaf0;--bs-dark-border-subtle: #a5aeb9;--bs-white-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-black-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-font-sans-serif: "Atlas Grotesk Web", sans-serif;--bs-font-monospace: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;--bs-gradient: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));--bs-body-font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif);--bs-body-font-size:1rem;--bs-body-font-weight: 400;--bs-body-line-height: 1.5;--bs-body-color: #000;--bs-body-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-body-bg: #fff;--bs-body-bg-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-emphasis-color: #000;--bs-emphasis-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-secondary-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);--bs-secondary-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-secondary-bg: #e6eaf0;--bs-secondary-bg-rgb: 230, 234, 240;--bs-tertiary-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);--bs-tertiary-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-tertiary-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-heading-color: inherit;--bs-link-color: #447fb7;--bs-link-color-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-link-decoration: underline;--bs-link-hover-color: #366692;--bs-link-hover-color-rgb: 54, 102, 146;--bs-code-color: #d63384;--bs-highlight-color: #000;--bs-highlight-bg: #fef8de;--bs-border-width: 1px;--bs-border-style: solid;--bs-border-color: #dadee5;--bs-border-color-translucent: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-border-radius: 0.375rem;--bs-border-radius-sm: 0.25rem;--bs-border-radius-lg: 0.5rem;--bs-border-radius-xl: 1rem;--bs-border-radius-xxl: 2rem;--bs-border-radius-2xl: var(--bs-border-radius-xxl);--bs-border-radius-pill: 50rem;--bs-box-shadow: 0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);--bs-box-shadow-sm: 0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-box-shadow-lg: 0 1rem 3rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-box-shadow-inset: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-focus-ring-width: 0.25rem;--bs-focus-ring-opacity: 0.25;--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-form-valid-color: #198754;--bs-form-valid-border-color: #198754;--bs-form-invalid-color: #e83836;--bs-form-invalid-border-color: #e83836}[data-bs-theme=dark]{color-scheme:dark;--bs-body-color: #dadee5;--bs-body-color-rgb: 218, 222, 229;--bs-body-bg: #000;--bs-body-bg-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-emphasis-color: #fff;--bs-emphasis-color-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-secondary-color: rgba(218, 222, 229, 0.75);--bs-secondary-color-rgb: 218, 222, 229;--bs-secondary-bg: #383c41;--bs-secondary-bg-rgb: 56, 60, 65;--bs-tertiary-color: rgba(218, 222, 229, 0.5);--bs-tertiary-color-rgb: 218, 222, 229;--bs-tertiary-bg: #1c1e21;--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb: 28, 30, 33;--bs-primary-text-emphasis: #8fb2d4;--bs-secondary-text-emphasis: #8199b0;--bs-success-text-emphasis: #75b798;--bs-info-text-emphasis: #d1e5f6;--bs-warning-text-emphasis: #fce99b;--bs-danger-text-emphasis: #f18886;--bs-light-text-emphasis: #f2f2f2;--bs-dark-text-emphasis: #dadee5;--bs-primary-bg-subtle: #0e1925;--bs-secondary-bg-subtle: #091119;--bs-success-bg-subtle: #051b11;--bs-info-bg-subtle: #242a30;--bs-warning-bg-subtle: #322c12;--bs-danger-bg-subtle: #2e0b0b;--bs-light-bg-subtle: #383c41;--bs-dark-bg-subtle: #1c1e21;--bs-primary-border-subtle: #294c6e;--bs-secondary-border-subtle: #1b334a;--bs-success-border-subtle: #0f5132;--bs-info-border-subtle: #6b7f90;--bs-warning-border-subtle: #968335;--bs-danger-border-subtle: #8b2220;--bs-light-border-subtle: #707881;--bs-dark-border-subtle: #383c41;--bs-heading-color: inherit;--bs-link-color: #8fb2d4;--bs-link-hover-color: #a5c1dd;--bs-link-color-rgb: 143, 178, 212;--bs-link-hover-color-rgb: 165, 193, 221;--bs-code-color: #e685b5;--bs-highlight-color: #dadee5;--bs-highlight-bg: #645824;--bs-border-color: #707881;--bs-border-color-translucent: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);--bs-form-valid-color: #75b798;--bs-form-valid-border-color: #75b798;--bs-form-invalid-color: #d76966;--bs-form-invalid-border-color: #d76966}*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{margin:0;font-family:var(--bs-body-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-body-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-body-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-body-line-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);text-align:var(--bs-body-text-align);background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}hr{margin:1rem 0;color:inherit;border:0;border-top:var(--bs-border-width) solid;opacity:.25}h6,h5,h4,h3,h2,h1{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.2;color:var(--bs-heading-color)}h1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h1{font-size:2.5rem}}h2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + 0.9vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h2{font-size:2rem}}h3{font-size:calc(1.3rem + 0.6vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h3{font-size:1.75rem}}h4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw)}@media(min-width: 1200px){h4{font-size:1.5rem}}h5{font-size:1.25rem}h6{font-size:1rem}p{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}abbr[title]{text-decoration:underline dotted;cursor:help;text-decoration-skip-ink:none}address{margin-bottom:1rem;font-style:normal;line-height:inherit}ol,ul{padding-left:2rem}ol,ul,dl{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}ol ol,ul ul,ol ul,ul ol{margin-bottom:0}dt{font-weight:700}dd{margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-left:0}blockquote{margin:0 0 1rem}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}small{font-size:0.875em}mark{padding:.1875em;color:var(--bs-highlight-color);background-color:var(--bs-highlight-bg)}sub,sup{position:relative;font-size:0.75em;line-height:0;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-0.25em}sup{top:-0.5em}a{color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1));text-decoration:underline}a:hover{--bs-link-color-rgb: var(--bs-link-hover-color-rgb)}a:not([href]):not([class]),a:not([href]):not([class]):hover{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:var(--bs-font-monospace);font-size:1em}pre{display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem;overflow:auto;font-size:0.875em}pre code{font-size:inherit;color:inherit;word-break:normal}code{font-size:0.875em;color:var(--bs-code-color);word-wrap:break-word}a>code{color:inherit}kbd{padding:.1875rem .375rem;font-size:0.875em;color:var(--bs-body-bg);background-color:var(--bs-body-color)}kbd kbd{padding:0;font-size:1em}figure{margin:0 0 1rem}img,svg{vertical-align:middle}table{caption-side:bottom;border-collapse:collapse}caption{padding-top:.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem;color:var(--bs-secondary-color);text-align:left}th{text-align:inherit;text-align:-webkit-match-parent}thead,tbody,tfoot,tr,td,th{border-color:inherit;border-style:solid;border-width:0}label{display:inline-block}button{border-radius:0}button:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:0}input,button,select,optgroup,textarea{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}button,select{text-transform:none}[role=button]{cursor:pointer}select{word-wrap:normal}select:disabled{opacity:1}[list]:not([type=date]):not([type=datetime-local]):not([type=month]):not([type=week]):not([type=time])::-webkit-calendar-picker-indicator{display:none !important}button,[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button}button:not(:disabled),[type=button]:not(:disabled),[type=reset]:not(:disabled),[type=submit]:not(:disabled){cursor:pointer}::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}textarea{resize:vertical}fieldset{min-width:0;padding:0;margin:0;border:0}legend{float:left;width:100%;padding:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-size:calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw);line-height:inherit}@media(min-width: 1200px){legend{font-size:1.5rem}}legend+*{clear:left}::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::file-selector-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}output{display:inline-block}iframe{border:0}summary{display:list-item;cursor:pointer}progress{vertical-align:baseline}[hidden]{display:none !important}.container,.container-fluid,.container-xl,.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y: 0;width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media(min-width: 576px){.container-sm,.container{max-width:540px}}@media(min-width: 768px){.container-md,.container-sm,.container{max-width:720px}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm,.container{max-width:960px}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.container-xl,.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm,.container{max-width:1200px}}:root{--bs-breakpoint-xs: 0;--bs-breakpoint-sm: 576px;--bs-breakpoint-md: 768px;--bs-breakpoint-lg: 1024px;--bs-breakpoint-xl: 1140px}.row{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y: 0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-gutter-y));margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-gutter-x));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-gutter-x))}.row>*{flex-shrink:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-top:var(--bs-gutter-y)}.col{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-0,.gx-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-0,.gy-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-1,.gx-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-1,.gy-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-2,.gx-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-2,.gy-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-3,.gx-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-3,.gy-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-4,.gx-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-4,.gy-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-5,.gx-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-5,.gy-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}@media(min-width: 576px){.col-sm{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-sm-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-sm-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-sm-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-sm-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-sm-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-sm-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-sm-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-sm-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-sm-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-sm-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-sm-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-sm-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-sm-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-sm-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-sm-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-sm-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-sm-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-sm-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-sm-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-sm-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-sm-0{margin-left:0}.offset-sm-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-sm-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-sm-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-sm-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-sm-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-sm-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-sm-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-sm-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-sm-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-sm-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-sm-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-sm-0,.gx-sm-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-sm-0,.gy-sm-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-sm-1,.gx-sm-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-sm-1,.gy-sm-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-sm-2,.gx-sm-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-sm-2,.gy-sm-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-sm-3,.gx-sm-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-sm-3,.gy-sm-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-sm-4,.gx-sm-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-sm-4,.gy-sm-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-sm-5,.gx-sm-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-sm-5,.gy-sm-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}@media(min-width: 768px){.col-md{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-md-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-md-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-md-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-md-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-md-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-md-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-md-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-md-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-md-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-md-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-md-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-md-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-md-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-md-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-md-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-md-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-md-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-md-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-md-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-md-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-md-0{margin-left:0}.offset-md-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-md-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-md-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-md-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-md-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-md-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-md-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-md-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-md-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-md-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-md-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-md-0,.gx-md-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-md-0,.gy-md-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-md-1,.gx-md-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-md-1,.gy-md-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-md-2,.gx-md-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-md-2,.gy-md-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-md-3,.gx-md-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-md-3,.gy-md-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-md-4,.gx-md-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-md-4,.gy-md-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-md-5,.gx-md-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-md-5,.gy-md-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.col-lg{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-lg-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-lg-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-lg-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-lg-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-lg-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-lg-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-lg-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-lg-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-lg-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-lg-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-lg-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-lg-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-lg-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-lg-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-lg-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-lg-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-lg-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-lg-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-lg-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-lg-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-lg-0{margin-left:0}.offset-lg-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-lg-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-lg-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-lg-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-lg-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-lg-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-lg-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-lg-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-lg-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-lg-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-lg-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-lg-0,.gx-lg-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-lg-0,.gy-lg-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-lg-1,.gx-lg-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-lg-1,.gy-lg-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-lg-2,.gx-lg-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-lg-2,.gy-lg-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-lg-3,.gx-lg-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-lg-3,.gy-lg-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-lg-4,.gx-lg-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-lg-4,.gy-lg-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-lg-5,.gx-lg-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-lg-5,.gy-lg-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.col-xl{flex:1 0 0%}.row-cols-xl-auto>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.row-cols-xl-1>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.row-cols-xl-2>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.row-cols-xl-3>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.row-cols-xl-4>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.row-cols-xl-5>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:20%}.row-cols-xl-6>*{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-xl-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-xl-1{flex:0 0 auto;width:8.33333333%}.col-xl-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-xl-3{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%}.col-xl-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-xl-5{flex:0 0 auto;width:41.66666667%}.col-xl-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-xl-7{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-xl-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-xl-9{flex:0 0 auto;width:75%}.col-xl-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-xl-11{flex:0 0 auto;width:91.66666667%}.col-xl-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.offset-xl-0{margin-left:0}.offset-xl-1{margin-left:8.33333333%}.offset-xl-2{margin-left:16.66666667%}.offset-xl-3{margin-left:25%}.offset-xl-4{margin-left:33.33333333%}.offset-xl-5{margin-left:41.66666667%}.offset-xl-6{margin-left:50%}.offset-xl-7{margin-left:58.33333333%}.offset-xl-8{margin-left:66.66666667%}.offset-xl-9{margin-left:75%}.offset-xl-10{margin-left:83.33333333%}.offset-xl-11{margin-left:91.66666667%}.g-xl-0,.gx-xl-0{--bs-gutter-x: 0}.g-xl-0,.gy-xl-0{--bs-gutter-y: 0}.g-xl-1,.gx-xl-1{--bs-gutter-x: 0.25rem}.g-xl-1,.gy-xl-1{--bs-gutter-y: 0.25rem}.g-xl-2,.gx-xl-2{--bs-gutter-x: 0.5rem}.g-xl-2,.gy-xl-2{--bs-gutter-y: 0.5rem}.g-xl-3,.gx-xl-3{--bs-gutter-x: 1rem}.g-xl-3,.gy-xl-3{--bs-gutter-y: 1rem}.g-xl-4,.gx-xl-4{--bs-gutter-x: 1.5rem}.g-xl-4,.gy-xl-4{--bs-gutter-y: 1.5rem}.g-xl-5,.gx-xl-5{--bs-gutter-x: 3rem}.g-xl-5,.gy-xl-5{--bs-gutter-y: 3rem}}.fade{transition:opacity .15s linear}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.fade{transition:none}}.fade:not(.show){opacity:0}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.collapsing{height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:height .35s ease}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.collapsing{transition:none}}.collapsing.collapse-horizontal{width:0;height:auto;transition:width .35s ease}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.collapsing.collapse-horizontal{transition:none}}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y: 1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x: 1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-title-color: ;--bs-card-subtitle-color: ;--bs-card-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-card-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-card-box-shadow: ;--bs-card-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-card-cap-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg: rgba(var(--bs-body-color-rgb), 0.03);--bs-card-cap-color: ;--bs-card-height: ;--bs-card-color: ;--bs-card-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-card-img-overlay-padding: 1rem;--bs-card-group-margin: 0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card>hr{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.card>.list-group{border-top:inherit;border-bottom:inherit}.card>.list-group:first-child{border-top-width:0}.card>.list-group:last-child{border-bottom-width:0}.card>.card-header+.list-group,.card>.list-group+.card-footer{border-top:0}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.card-title{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y);color:var(--bs-card-title-color)}.card-subtitle{margin-top:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-title-spacer-y));margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-subtitle-color)}.card-text:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.card-link+.card-link{margin-left:var(--bs-card-spacer-x)}.card-header{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);margin-bottom:0;color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-bottom:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-footer{padding:var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y) var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x);color:var(--bs-card-cap-color);background-color:var(--bs-card-cap-bg);border-top:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color)}.card-header-tabs{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-bottom:calc(-1*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-y));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));border-bottom:0}.card-header-tabs .nav-link.active{background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);border-bottom-color:var(--bs-card-bg)}.card-header-pills{margin-right:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x));margin-left:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-card-cap-padding-x))}.card-img-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;padding:var(--bs-card-img-overlay-padding)}.card-img,.card-img-top,.card-img-bottom{width:100%}.card-group>.card{margin-bottom:var(--bs-card-group-margin)}@media(min-width: 576px){.card-group{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap}.card-group>.card{flex:1 0 0%;margin-bottom:0}.card-group>.card+.card{margin-left:0;border-left:0}}.accordion{--bs-accordion-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-accordion-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-accordion-transition: color 0.15s ease-in-out, background-color 0.15s ease-in-out, border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out, border-radius 0.15s ease;--bs-accordion-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-accordion-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-accordion-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-accordion-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-accordion-btn-padding-x: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-btn-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-accordion-btn-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-accordion-btn-bg: var(--bs-accordion-bg);--bs-accordion-btn-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='none' stroke='%23000' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3e%3cpath d='M2 5L8 11L14 5'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform: rotate(-180deg);--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition: transform 0.2s ease-in-out;--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='none' stroke='%231b3349' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3e%3cpath d='M2 5L8 11L14 5'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-accordion-body-padding-x: 1.25rem;--bs-accordion-body-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-accordion-active-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-accordion-active-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle)}.accordion-button{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;width:100%;padding:var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-btn-padding-x);font-size:1rem;color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-color);text-align:left;background-color:var(--bs-accordion-btn-bg);border:0;overflow-anchor:none;transition:var(--bs-accordion-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.accordion-button{transition:none}}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed){color:var(--bs-accordion-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-active-bg);box-shadow:inset 0 calc(-1*var(--bs-accordion-border-width)) 0 var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-button:not(.collapsed)::after{background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon);transform:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transform)}.accordion-button::after{flex-shrink:0;width:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);height:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);margin-left:auto;content:"";background-image:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-width);transition:var(--bs-accordion-btn-icon-transition)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.accordion-button::after{transition:none}}.accordion-button:hover{z-index:2}.accordion-button:focus{z-index:3;outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-accordion-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.accordion-header{margin-bottom:0}.accordion-item{color:var(--bs-accordion-color);background-color:var(--bs-accordion-bg);border:var(--bs-accordion-border-width) solid var(--bs-accordion-border-color)}.accordion-item:not(:first-of-type){border-top:0}.accordion-body{padding:var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-y) var(--bs-accordion-body-padding-x)}.accordion-flush>.accordion-item{border-right:0;border-left:0}.accordion-flush>.accordion-item:first-child{border-top:0}.accordion-flush>.accordion-item:last-child{border-bottom:0}[data-bs-theme=dark] .accordion-button::after{--bs-accordion-btn-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%238fb2d4'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-accordion-btn-active-icon: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%238fb2d4'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}.alert{--bs-alert-bg: transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom: 0;--bs-alert-color: inherit;--bs-alert-border-color: transparent;--bs-alert-border: var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-alert-link-color: inherit;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700;color:var(--bs-alert-link-color)}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.alert-red{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis)}.alert-red-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-white{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-white-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-white-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis)}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color: #000;--bs-btn-close-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity: 0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity: 0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity: 1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity: 0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter: invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em .25em;color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);background:rgba(0,0,0,0) var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.btn-close:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);text-decoration:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity)}.btn-close:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow);opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity)}.btn-close:disabled,.btn-close.disabled{pointer-events:none;user-select:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity)}.btn-close-white{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}[data-bs-theme=dark] .btn-close{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex: 1055;--bs-modal-width: 500px;--bs-modal-padding: 1rem;--bs-modal-margin: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-color: ;--bs-modal-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-modal-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius-lg);--bs-modal-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow-sm);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius-lg) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-modal-header-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding: 1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-title-line-height: 1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap: 0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-bg: ;--bs-modal-footer-border-color: var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin);pointer-events:none}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:transform .3s ease-out;transform:translate(0, -50px)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transition:none}}.modal.show .modal-dialog{transform:none}.modal.modal-static .modal-dialog{transform:scale(1.02)}.modal-dialog-scrollable{height:calc(100% - var(--bs-modal-margin)*2)}.modal-dialog-scrollable .modal-content{max-height:100%;overflow:hidden}.modal-dialog-scrollable .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}.modal-dialog-centered{display:flex;align-items:center;min-height:calc(100% - var(--bs-modal-margin)*2)}.modal-content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;color:var(--bs-modal-color);pointer-events:auto;background-color:var(--bs-modal-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);outline:0}.modal-backdrop{--bs-backdrop-zindex: 1050;--bs-backdrop-bg: #000;--bs-backdrop-opacity: 0.5;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-backdrop-zindex);width:100vw;height:100vh;background-color:var(--bs-backdrop-bg)}.modal-backdrop.fade{opacity:0}.modal-backdrop.show{opacity:var(--bs-backdrop-opacity)}.modal-header{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color)}.modal-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x)*.5);margin:calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-x)) calc(-0.5*var(--bs-modal-header-padding-y)) auto}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding)}.modal-footer{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-end;padding:calc(var(--bs-modal-padding) - var(--bs-modal-footer-gap)*.5);background-color:var(--bs-modal-footer-bg);border-top:var(--bs-modal-footer-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-footer-border-color)}.modal-footer>*{margin:calc(var(--bs-modal-footer-gap)*.5)}@media(min-width: 576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin: 1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width: 300px}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.modal-lg,.modal-xl{--bs-modal-width: 800px}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.modal-xl{--bs-modal-width: 1140px}}.modal-fullscreen{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.modal-fullscreen-sm-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-sm-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.modal-fullscreen-md-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-md-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 1023.98px){.modal-fullscreen-lg-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-lg-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}@media(max-width: 1139.98px){.modal-fullscreen-xl-down{width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100%;margin:0}.modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-content{height:100%;border:0}.modal-fullscreen-xl-down .modal-body{overflow-y:auto}}.clearfix::after{display:block;clear:both;content:""}.text-bg-primary{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-secondary{color:#fff !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-info{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-red{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-red-light{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-blue{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-blue-dark{color:#fff !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-light{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-dark{color:#fff !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.text-bg-white{color:#000 !important;background-color:RGBA(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-primary{color:RGBA(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-primary:hover,.link-primary:focus{color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-secondary{color:RGBA(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-secondary:hover,.link-secondary:focus{color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-info{color:RGBA(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-info:hover,.link-info:focus{color:RGBA(194, 220, 243, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(194, 220, 243, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red{color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red:hover,.link-red:focus{color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red-light{color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-red-light:hover,.link-red-light:focus{color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(237, 96, 94, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue{color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue:hover,.link-blue:focus{color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(105, 153, 197, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue-dark{color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-blue-dark:hover,.link-blue-dark:focus{color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(36, 68, 98, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-light{color:RGBA(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-light:hover,.link-light:focus{color:RGBA(245, 245, 245, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(245, 245, 245, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-dark{color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-dark:hover,.link-dark:focus{color:RGBA(22, 22, 22, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(22, 22, 22, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-white{color:RGBA(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-white:hover,.link-white:focus{color:RGBA(255, 255, 255, var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(255, 255, 255, var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-body-emphasis{color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 1)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-body-emphasis:hover,.link-body-emphasis:focus{color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 0.75)) !important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 0.75)) !important}.focus-ring:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-focus-ring-x, 0) var(--bs-focus-ring-y, 0) var(--bs-focus-ring-blur, 0) var(--bs-focus-ring-width) var(--bs-focus-ring-color)}.icon-link{display:inline-flex;gap:.375rem;align-items:center;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-opacity, 0.5));text-underline-offset:.25em;backface-visibility:hidden}.icon-link>.bi{flex-shrink:0;width:1em;height:1em;fill:currentcolor;transition:.2s ease-in-out transform}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.icon-link>.bi{transition:none}}.icon-link-hover:hover>.bi,.icon-link-hover:focus-visible>.bi{transform:var(--bs-icon-link-transform, translate3d(0.25em, 0, 0))}.ratio{position:relative;width:100%}.ratio::before{display:block;padding-top:var(--bs-aspect-ratio);content:""}.ratio>*{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}.ratio-1x1{--bs-aspect-ratio: 100%}.ratio-4x3{--bs-aspect-ratio: 75%}.ratio-16x9{--bs-aspect-ratio: 56.25%}.ratio-21x9{--bs-aspect-ratio: 42.8571428571%}.fixed-top{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;left:0;z-index:1030}.fixed-bottom{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1030}.sticky-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}@media(min-width: 576px){.sticky-sm-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-sm-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}@media(min-width: 768px){.sticky-md-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-md-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.sticky-lg-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-lg-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.sticky-xl-top{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1020}.sticky-xl-bottom{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1020}}.hstack{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;align-self:stretch}.vstack{display:flex;flex:1 1 auto;flex-direction:column;align-self:stretch}.visually-hidden,.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within){width:1px !important;height:1px !important;padding:0 !important;margin:-1px !important;overflow:hidden !important;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0) !important;white-space:nowrap !important;border:0 !important}.visually-hidden:not(caption),.visually-hidden-focusable:not(:focus):not(:focus-within):not(caption){position:absolute !important}.stretched-link::after{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1;content:""}.text-truncate{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.vr{display:inline-block;align-self:stretch;width:var(--bs-border-width);min-height:1em;background-color:currentcolor;opacity:.25}.align-baseline{vertical-align:baseline !important}.align-top{vertical-align:top !important}.align-middle{vertical-align:middle !important}.align-bottom{vertical-align:bottom !important}.align-text-bottom{vertical-align:text-bottom !important}.align-text-top{vertical-align:text-top !important}.float-start{float:left !important}.float-end{float:right !important}.float-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-none{object-fit:none !important}.opacity-0{opacity:0 !important}.opacity-25{opacity:.25 !important}.opacity-50{opacity:.5 !important}.opacity-75{opacity:.75 !important}.opacity-100{opacity:1 !important}.overflow-auto{overflow:auto !important}.overflow-hidden{overflow:hidden !important}.overflow-visible{overflow:visible !important}.overflow-scroll{overflow:scroll !important}.overflow-x-auto{overflow-x:auto !important}.overflow-x-hidden{overflow-x:hidden !important}.overflow-x-visible{overflow-x:visible !important}.overflow-x-scroll{overflow-x:scroll !important}.overflow-y-auto{overflow-y:auto !important}.overflow-y-hidden{overflow-y:hidden !important}.overflow-y-visible{overflow-y:visible !important}.overflow-y-scroll{overflow-y:scroll !important}.d-inline{display:inline !important}.d-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-block{display:block !important}.d-grid{display:grid !important}.d-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-table{display:table !important}.d-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-flex{display:flex !important}.d-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-none{display:none !important}.shadow{box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow) !important}.shadow-sm{box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow-sm) !important}.shadow-lg{box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow-lg) !important}.shadow-none{box-shadow:none !important}.focus-ring-primary{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-secondary{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-info{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-red{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-red-light{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-blue{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-blue-dark{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-light{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-dark{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.focus-ring-white{--bs-focus-ring-color: rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-focus-ring-opacity))}.position-static{position:static !important}.position-relative{position:relative !important}.position-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-sticky{position:sticky !important}.top-0{top:0 !important}.top-50{top:50% !important}.top-100{top:100% !important}.bottom-0{bottom:0 !important}.bottom-50{bottom:50% !important}.bottom-100{bottom:100% !important}.start-0{left:0 !important}.start-50{left:50% !important}.start-100{left:100% !important}.end-0{right:0 !important}.end-50{right:50% !important}.end-100{right:100% !important}.translate-middle{transform:translate(-50%, -50%) !important}.translate-middle-x{transform:translateX(-50%) !important}.translate-middle-y{transform:translateY(-50%) !important}.border{border:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-0{border:0 !important}.border-top{border-top:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-top-0{border-top:0 !important}.border-end{border-right:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-end-0{border-right:0 !important}.border-bottom{border-bottom:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-bottom-0{border-bottom:0 !important}.border-start{border-left:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color) !important}.border-start-0{border-left:0 !important}.border-primary{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-secondary{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-info{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-red{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-red-light{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-blue{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-blue-dark{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-light{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-dark{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-white{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-black{--bs-border-opacity: 1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb), var(--bs-border-opacity)) !important}.border-primary-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-primary-border-subtle) !important}.border-secondary-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle) !important}.border-success-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-success-border-subtle) !important}.border-info-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-info-border-subtle) !important}.border-warning-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-warning-border-subtle) !important}.border-danger-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-danger-border-subtle) !important}.border-light-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-light-border-subtle) !important}.border-dark-subtle{border-color:var(--bs-dark-border-subtle) !important}.border-1{border-width:1px !important}.border-2{border-width:2px !important}.border-3{border-width:3px !important}.border-4{border-width:4px !important}.border-5{border-width:5px !important}.border-opacity-10{--bs-border-opacity: 0.1}.border-opacity-25{--bs-border-opacity: 0.25}.border-opacity-50{--bs-border-opacity: 0.5}.border-opacity-75{--bs-border-opacity: 0.75}.border-opacity-100{--bs-border-opacity: 1}.w-25{width:25% !important}.w-50{width:50% !important}.w-75{width:75% !important}.w-100{width:100% !important}.w-auto{width:auto !important}.mw-100{max-width:100% !important}.vw-100{width:100vw !important}.min-vw-100{min-width:100vw !important}.h-25{height:25% !important}.h-50{height:50% !important}.h-75{height:75% !important}.h-100{height:100% !important}.h-auto{height:auto !important}.mh-100{max-height:100% !important}.vh-100{height:100vh !important}.min-vh-100{min-height:100vh !important}.flex-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-first{order:-1 !important}.order-0{order:0 !important}.order-1{order:1 !important}.order-2{order:2 !important}.order-3{order:3 !important}.order-4{order:4 !important}.order-5{order:5 !important}.order-last{order:6 !important}.m-0{margin:0 !important}.m-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-0{padding:0 !important}.p-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.font-monospace{font-family:var(--bs-font-monospace) !important}.fs-1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw) !important}.fs-2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + 0.9vw) !important}.fs-3{font-size:calc(1.3rem + 0.6vw) !important}.fs-4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + 0.3vw) !important}.fs-5{font-size:1.25rem !important}.fs-6{font-size:1rem !important}.fst-italic{font-style:italic !important}.fst-normal{font-style:normal !important}.fw-lighter{font-weight:lighter !important}.fw-light{font-weight:300 !important}.fw-normal{font-weight:400 !important}.fw-medium{font-weight:500 !important}.fw-semibold{font-weight:600 !important}.fw-bold{font-weight:700 !important}.fw-bolder{font-weight:bolder !important}.lh-1{line-height:1 !important}.lh-sm{line-height:1.25 !important}.lh-base{line-height:1.5 !important}.lh-lg{line-height:2 !important}.text-start{text-align:left !important}.text-end{text-align:right !important}.text-center{text-align:center !important}.text-decoration-none{text-decoration:none !important}.text-decoration-underline{text-decoration:underline !important}.text-decoration-line-through{text-decoration:line-through !important}.text-lowercase{text-transform:lowercase !important}.text-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase !important}.text-capitalize{text-transform:capitalize !important}.text-wrap{white-space:normal !important}.text-nowrap{white-space:nowrap !important}.text-break{word-wrap:break-word !important;word-break:break-word !important}.text-primary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-secondary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-info{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-red{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-red-light{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-blue{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-blue-dark{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-light{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-dark{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-white{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-black{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-body{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(var(--bs-body-color-rgb), var(--bs-text-opacity)) !important}.text-muted{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-secondary-color) !important}.text-black-50{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(0,0,0,.5) !important}.text-white-50{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:rgba(255,255,255,.5) !important}.text-body-secondary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-secondary-color) !important}.text-body-tertiary{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-tertiary-color) !important}.text-body-emphasis{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:var(--bs-emphasis-color) !important}.text-reset{--bs-text-opacity: 1;color:inherit !important}.text-opacity-25{--bs-text-opacity: 0.25}.text-opacity-50{--bs-text-opacity: 0.5}.text-opacity-75{--bs-text-opacity: 0.75}.text-opacity-100{--bs-text-opacity: 1}.text-primary-emphasis{color:var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis) !important}.text-secondary-emphasis{color:var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis) !important}.text-success-emphasis{color:var(--bs-success-text-emphasis) !important}.text-info-emphasis{color:var(--bs-info-text-emphasis) !important}.text-warning-emphasis{color:var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis) !important}.text-danger-emphasis{color:var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis) !important}.text-light-emphasis{color:var(--bs-light-text-emphasis) !important}.text-dark-emphasis{color:var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis) !important}.link-opacity-10{--bs-link-opacity: 0.1}.link-opacity-10-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.1}.link-opacity-25{--bs-link-opacity: 0.25}.link-opacity-25-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.25}.link-opacity-50{--bs-link-opacity: 0.5}.link-opacity-50-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.5}.link-opacity-75{--bs-link-opacity: 0.75}.link-opacity-75-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 0.75}.link-opacity-100{--bs-link-opacity: 1}.link-opacity-100-hover:hover{--bs-link-opacity: 1}.link-offset-1{text-underline-offset:.125em !important}.link-offset-1-hover:hover{text-underline-offset:.125em !important}.link-offset-2{text-underline-offset:.25em !important}.link-offset-2-hover:hover{text-underline-offset:.25em !important}.link-offset-3{text-underline-offset:.375em !important}.link-offset-3-hover:hover{text-underline-offset:.375em !important}.link-underline-primary{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-secondary{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-info{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-red{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-red-light{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-blue{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-blue-dark{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-light{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-dark{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline-white{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity)) !important}.link-underline{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1;text-decoration-color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb), var(--bs-link-underline-opacity, 1)) !important}.link-underline-opacity-0{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0}.link-underline-opacity-0-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0}.link-underline-opacity-10{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.1}.link-underline-opacity-10-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.1}.link-underline-opacity-25{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.25}.link-underline-opacity-25-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.25}.link-underline-opacity-50{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.5}.link-underline-opacity-50-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.5}.link-underline-opacity-75{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.75}.link-underline-opacity-75-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 0.75}.link-underline-opacity-100{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1}.link-underline-opacity-100-hover:hover{--bs-link-underline-opacity: 1}.bg-primary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-secondary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-info{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-info-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-red{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-red-light{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-red-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-blue{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-blue-dark{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-blue-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-light{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-light-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-dark{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-dark-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-white{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-black{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-black-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-body{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-body-bg-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-transparent{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important}.bg-body-secondary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-bg-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-body-tertiary{--bs-bg-opacity: 1;background-color:rgba(var(--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important}.bg-opacity-10{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.1}.bg-opacity-25{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.25}.bg-opacity-50{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.5}.bg-opacity-75{--bs-bg-opacity: 0.75}.bg-opacity-100{--bs-bg-opacity: 1}.bg-primary-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-secondary-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-success-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-success-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-info-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-info-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-warning-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-danger-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-light-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-light-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-dark-subtle{background-color:var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle) !important}.bg-gradient{background-image:var(--bs-gradient) !important}.user-select-all{user-select:all !important}.user-select-auto{user-select:auto !important}.user-select-none{user-select:none !important}.pe-none{pointer-events:none !important}.pe-auto{pointer-events:auto !important}.rounded{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-0{border-radius:0 !important}.rounded-1{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-2{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-3{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-4{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-5{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-circle{border-radius:50% !important}.rounded-pill{border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-top{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-top-0{border-top-left-radius:0 !important;border-top-right-radius:0 !important}.rounded-top-1{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-top-2{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-top-3{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-top-4{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-top-5{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-top-circle{border-top-left-radius:50% !important;border-top-right-radius:50% !important}.rounded-top-pill{border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-end{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-end-0{border-top-right-radius:0 !important;border-bottom-right-radius:0 !important}.rounded-end-1{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-end-2{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-end-3{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-end-4{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-end-5{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-end-circle{border-top-right-radius:50% !important;border-bottom-right-radius:50% !important}.rounded-end-pill{border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-bottom{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-bottom-0{border-bottom-right-radius:0 !important;border-bottom-left-radius:0 !important}.rounded-bottom-1{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-bottom-2{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-bottom-3{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-bottom-4{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-bottom-5{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-bottom-circle{border-bottom-right-radius:50% !important;border-bottom-left-radius:50% !important}.rounded-bottom-pill{border-bottom-right-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.rounded-start{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-start-0{border-bottom-left-radius:0 !important;border-top-left-radius:0 !important}.rounded-start-1{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm) !important}.rounded-start-2{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius) !important}.rounded-start-3{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg) !important}.rounded-start-4{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xl) !important}.rounded-start-5{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl) !important}.rounded-start-circle{border-bottom-left-radius:50% !important;border-top-left-radius:50% !important}.rounded-start-pill{border-bottom-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-pill) !important}.visible{visibility:visible !important}.invisible{visibility:hidden !important}.z-n1{z-index:-1 !important}.z-0{z-index:0 !important}.z-1{z-index:1 !important}.z-2{z-index:2 !important}.z-3{z-index:3 !important}@media(min-width: 576px){.float-sm-start{float:left !important}.float-sm-end{float:right !important}.float-sm-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-sm-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-sm-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-sm-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-sm-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-sm-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-sm-inline{display:inline !important}.d-sm-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-sm-block{display:block !important}.d-sm-grid{display:grid !important}.d-sm-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-sm-table{display:table !important}.d-sm-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-sm-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-sm-flex{display:flex !important}.d-sm-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-sm-none{display:none !important}.flex-sm-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-sm-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-sm-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-sm-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-sm-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-sm-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-sm-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-sm-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-sm-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-sm-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-sm-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-sm-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-sm-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-sm-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-sm-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-sm-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-sm-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-sm-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-sm-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-sm-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-sm-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-sm-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-sm-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-sm-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-sm-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-sm-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-sm-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-sm-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-sm-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-sm-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-sm-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-sm-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-sm-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-sm-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-sm-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-sm-first{order:-1 !important}.order-sm-0{order:0 !important}.order-sm-1{order:1 !important}.order-sm-2{order:2 !important}.order-sm-3{order:3 !important}.order-sm-4{order:4 !important}.order-sm-5{order:5 !important}.order-sm-last{order:6 !important}.m-sm-0{margin:0 !important}.m-sm-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-sm-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-sm-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-sm-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-sm-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-sm-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-sm-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-sm-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-sm-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-sm-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-sm-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-sm-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-sm-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-sm-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-sm-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-sm-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-sm-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-sm-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-sm-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-sm-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-sm-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-sm-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-sm-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-sm-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-sm-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-sm-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-sm-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-sm-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-sm-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-sm-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-sm-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-sm-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-sm-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-sm-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-sm-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-sm-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-sm-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-sm-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-sm-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-sm-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-sm-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-sm-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-sm-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-sm-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-sm-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-sm-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-sm-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-sm-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-sm-0{padding:0 !important}.p-sm-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-sm-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-sm-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-sm-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-sm-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-sm-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-sm-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-sm-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-sm-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-sm-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-sm-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-sm-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-sm-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-sm-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-sm-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-sm-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-sm-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-sm-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-sm-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-sm-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-sm-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-sm-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-sm-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-sm-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-sm-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-sm-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-sm-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-sm-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-sm-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-sm-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-sm-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-sm-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-sm-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-sm-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-sm-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-sm-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-sm-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-sm-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-sm-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-sm-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-sm-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-sm-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-sm-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-sm-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-sm-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-sm-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-sm-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-sm-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-sm-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-sm-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-sm-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-sm-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-sm-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-sm-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-sm-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-sm-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-sm-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-sm-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-sm-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-sm-start{text-align:left !important}.text-sm-end{text-align:right !important}.text-sm-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 768px){.float-md-start{float:left !important}.float-md-end{float:right !important}.float-md-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-md-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-md-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-md-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-md-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-md-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-md-inline{display:inline !important}.d-md-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-md-block{display:block !important}.d-md-grid{display:grid !important}.d-md-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-md-table{display:table !important}.d-md-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-md-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-md-flex{display:flex !important}.d-md-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-md-none{display:none !important}.flex-md-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-md-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-md-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-md-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-md-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-md-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-md-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-md-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-md-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-md-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-md-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-md-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-md-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-md-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-md-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-md-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-md-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-md-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-md-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-md-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-md-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-md-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-md-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-md-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-md-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-md-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-md-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-md-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-md-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-md-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-md-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-md-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-md-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-md-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-md-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-md-first{order:-1 !important}.order-md-0{order:0 !important}.order-md-1{order:1 !important}.order-md-2{order:2 !important}.order-md-3{order:3 !important}.order-md-4{order:4 !important}.order-md-5{order:5 !important}.order-md-last{order:6 !important}.m-md-0{margin:0 !important}.m-md-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-md-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-md-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-md-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-md-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-md-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-md-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-md-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-md-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-md-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-md-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-md-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-md-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-md-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-md-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-md-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-md-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-md-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-md-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-md-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-md-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-md-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-md-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-md-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-md-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-md-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-md-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-md-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-md-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-md-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-md-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-md-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-md-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-md-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-md-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-md-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-md-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-md-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-md-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-md-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-md-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-md-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-md-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-md-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-md-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-md-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-md-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-md-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-md-0{padding:0 !important}.p-md-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-md-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-md-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-md-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-md-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-md-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-md-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-md-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-md-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-md-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-md-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-md-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-md-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-md-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-md-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-md-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-md-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-md-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-md-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-md-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-md-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-md-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-md-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-md-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-md-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-md-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-md-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-md-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-md-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-md-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-md-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-md-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-md-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-md-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-md-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-md-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-md-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-md-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-md-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-md-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-md-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-md-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-md-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-md-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-md-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-md-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-md-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-md-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-md-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-md-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-md-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-md-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-md-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-md-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-md-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-md-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-md-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-md-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-md-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-md-start{text-align:left !important}.text-md-end{text-align:right !important}.text-md-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.float-lg-start{float:left !important}.float-lg-end{float:right !important}.float-lg-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-lg-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-lg-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-lg-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-lg-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-lg-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-lg-inline{display:inline !important}.d-lg-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-lg-block{display:block !important}.d-lg-grid{display:grid !important}.d-lg-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-lg-table{display:table !important}.d-lg-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-lg-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-lg-flex{display:flex !important}.d-lg-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-lg-none{display:none !important}.flex-lg-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-lg-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-lg-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-lg-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-lg-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-lg-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-lg-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-lg-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-lg-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-lg-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-lg-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-lg-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-lg-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-lg-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-lg-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-lg-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-lg-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-lg-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-lg-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-lg-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-lg-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-lg-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-lg-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-lg-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-lg-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-lg-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-lg-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-lg-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-lg-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-lg-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-lg-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-lg-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-lg-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-lg-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-lg-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-lg-first{order:-1 !important}.order-lg-0{order:0 !important}.order-lg-1{order:1 !important}.order-lg-2{order:2 !important}.order-lg-3{order:3 !important}.order-lg-4{order:4 !important}.order-lg-5{order:5 !important}.order-lg-last{order:6 !important}.m-lg-0{margin:0 !important}.m-lg-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-lg-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-lg-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-lg-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-lg-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-lg-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-lg-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-lg-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-lg-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-lg-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-lg-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-lg-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-lg-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-lg-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-lg-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-lg-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-lg-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-lg-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-lg-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-lg-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-lg-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-lg-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-lg-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-lg-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-lg-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-lg-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-lg-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-lg-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-lg-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-lg-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-lg-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-lg-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-lg-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-lg-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-lg-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-lg-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-lg-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-lg-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-lg-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-lg-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-lg-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-lg-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-lg-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-lg-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-lg-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-lg-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-lg-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-lg-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-lg-0{padding:0 !important}.p-lg-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-lg-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-lg-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-lg-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-lg-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-lg-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-lg-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-lg-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-lg-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-lg-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-lg-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-lg-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-lg-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-lg-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-lg-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-lg-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-lg-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-lg-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-lg-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-lg-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-lg-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-lg-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-lg-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-lg-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-lg-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-lg-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-lg-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-lg-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-lg-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-lg-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-lg-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-lg-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-lg-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-lg-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-lg-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-lg-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-lg-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-lg-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-lg-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-lg-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-lg-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-lg-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-lg-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-lg-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-lg-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-lg-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-lg-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-lg-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-lg-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-lg-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-lg-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-lg-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-lg-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-lg-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-lg-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-lg-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-lg-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-lg-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-lg-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-lg-start{text-align:left !important}.text-lg-end{text-align:right !important}.text-lg-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.float-xl-start{float:left !important}.float-xl-end{float:right !important}.float-xl-none{float:none !important}.object-fit-xl-contain{object-fit:contain !important}.object-fit-xl-cover{object-fit:cover !important}.object-fit-xl-fill{object-fit:fill !important}.object-fit-xl-scale{object-fit:scale-down !important}.object-fit-xl-none{object-fit:none !important}.d-xl-inline{display:inline !important}.d-xl-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-xl-block{display:block !important}.d-xl-grid{display:grid !important}.d-xl-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-xl-table{display:table !important}.d-xl-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-xl-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-xl-flex{display:flex !important}.d-xl-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-xl-none{display:none !important}.flex-xl-fill{flex:1 1 auto !important}.flex-xl-row{flex-direction:row !important}.flex-xl-column{flex-direction:column !important}.flex-xl-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse !important}.flex-xl-column-reverse{flex-direction:column-reverse !important}.flex-xl-grow-0{flex-grow:0 !important}.flex-xl-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.flex-xl-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0 !important}.flex-xl-shrink-1{flex-shrink:1 !important}.flex-xl-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap !important}.flex-xl-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap !important}.flex-xl-wrap-reverse{flex-wrap:wrap-reverse !important}.justify-content-xl-start{justify-content:flex-start !important}.justify-content-xl-end{justify-content:flex-end !important}.justify-content-xl-center{justify-content:center !important}.justify-content-xl-between{justify-content:space-between !important}.justify-content-xl-around{justify-content:space-around !important}.justify-content-xl-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly !important}.align-items-xl-start{align-items:flex-start !important}.align-items-xl-end{align-items:flex-end !important}.align-items-xl-center{align-items:center !important}.align-items-xl-baseline{align-items:baseline !important}.align-items-xl-stretch{align-items:stretch !important}.align-content-xl-start{align-content:flex-start !important}.align-content-xl-end{align-content:flex-end !important}.align-content-xl-center{align-content:center !important}.align-content-xl-between{align-content:space-between !important}.align-content-xl-around{align-content:space-around !important}.align-content-xl-stretch{align-content:stretch !important}.align-self-xl-auto{align-self:auto !important}.align-self-xl-start{align-self:flex-start !important}.align-self-xl-end{align-self:flex-end !important}.align-self-xl-center{align-self:center !important}.align-self-xl-baseline{align-self:baseline !important}.align-self-xl-stretch{align-self:stretch !important}.order-xl-first{order:-1 !important}.order-xl-0{order:0 !important}.order-xl-1{order:1 !important}.order-xl-2{order:2 !important}.order-xl-3{order:3 !important}.order-xl-4{order:4 !important}.order-xl-5{order:5 !important}.order-xl-last{order:6 !important}.m-xl-0{margin:0 !important}.m-xl-1{margin:.25rem !important}.m-xl-2{margin:.5rem !important}.m-xl-3{margin:1rem !important}.m-xl-4{margin:1.5rem !important}.m-xl-5{margin:3rem !important}.m-xl-auto{margin:auto !important}.mx-xl-0{margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important}.mx-xl-1{margin-right:.25rem !important;margin-left:.25rem !important}.mx-xl-2{margin-right:.5rem !important;margin-left:.5rem !important}.mx-xl-3{margin-right:1rem !important;margin-left:1rem !important}.mx-xl-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important;margin-left:1.5rem !important}.mx-xl-5{margin-right:3rem !important;margin-left:3rem !important}.mx-xl-auto{margin-right:auto !important;margin-left:auto !important}.my-xl-0{margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important}.my-xl-1{margin-top:.25rem !important;margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.my-xl-2{margin-top:.5rem !important;margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.my-xl-3{margin-top:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1rem !important}.my-xl-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important;margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.my-xl-5{margin-top:3rem !important;margin-bottom:3rem !important}.my-xl-auto{margin-top:auto !important;margin-bottom:auto !important}.mt-xl-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mt-xl-1{margin-top:.25rem !important}.mt-xl-2{margin-top:.5rem !important}.mt-xl-3{margin-top:1rem !important}.mt-xl-4{margin-top:1.5rem !important}.mt-xl-5{margin-top:3rem !important}.mt-xl-auto{margin-top:auto !important}.me-xl-0{margin-right:0 !important}.me-xl-1{margin-right:.25rem !important}.me-xl-2{margin-right:.5rem !important}.me-xl-3{margin-right:1rem !important}.me-xl-4{margin-right:1.5rem !important}.me-xl-5{margin-right:3rem !important}.me-xl-auto{margin-right:auto !important}.mb-xl-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-xl-1{margin-bottom:.25rem !important}.mb-xl-2{margin-bottom:.5rem !important}.mb-xl-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-xl-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.mb-xl-5{margin-bottom:3rem !important}.mb-xl-auto{margin-bottom:auto !important}.ms-xl-0{margin-left:0 !important}.ms-xl-1{margin-left:.25rem !important}.ms-xl-2{margin-left:.5rem !important}.ms-xl-3{margin-left:1rem !important}.ms-xl-4{margin-left:1.5rem !important}.ms-xl-5{margin-left:3rem !important}.ms-xl-auto{margin-left:auto !important}.p-xl-0{padding:0 !important}.p-xl-1{padding:.25rem !important}.p-xl-2{padding:.5rem !important}.p-xl-3{padding:1rem !important}.p-xl-4{padding:1.5rem !important}.p-xl-5{padding:3rem !important}.px-xl-0{padding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important}.px-xl-1{padding-right:.25rem !important;padding-left:.25rem !important}.px-xl-2{padding-right:.5rem !important;padding-left:.5rem !important}.px-xl-3{padding-right:1rem !important;padding-left:1rem !important}.px-xl-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important;padding-left:1.5rem !important}.px-xl-5{padding-right:3rem !important;padding-left:3rem !important}.py-xl-0{padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important}.py-xl-1{padding-top:.25rem !important;padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.py-xl-2{padding-top:.5rem !important;padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.py-xl-3{padding-top:1rem !important;padding-bottom:1rem !important}.py-xl-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important;padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.py-xl-5{padding-top:3rem !important;padding-bottom:3rem !important}.pt-xl-0{padding-top:0 !important}.pt-xl-1{padding-top:.25rem !important}.pt-xl-2{padding-top:.5rem !important}.pt-xl-3{padding-top:1rem !important}.pt-xl-4{padding-top:1.5rem !important}.pt-xl-5{padding-top:3rem !important}.pe-xl-0{padding-right:0 !important}.pe-xl-1{padding-right:.25rem !important}.pe-xl-2{padding-right:.5rem !important}.pe-xl-3{padding-right:1rem !important}.pe-xl-4{padding-right:1.5rem !important}.pe-xl-5{padding-right:3rem !important}.pb-xl-0{padding-bottom:0 !important}.pb-xl-1{padding-bottom:.25rem !important}.pb-xl-2{padding-bottom:.5rem !important}.pb-xl-3{padding-bottom:1rem !important}.pb-xl-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem !important}.pb-xl-5{padding-bottom:3rem !important}.ps-xl-0{padding-left:0 !important}.ps-xl-1{padding-left:.25rem !important}.ps-xl-2{padding-left:.5rem !important}.ps-xl-3{padding-left:1rem !important}.ps-xl-4{padding-left:1.5rem !important}.ps-xl-5{padding-left:3rem !important}.gap-xl-0{gap:0 !important}.gap-xl-1{gap:.25rem !important}.gap-xl-2{gap:.5rem !important}.gap-xl-3{gap:1rem !important}.gap-xl-4{gap:1.5rem !important}.gap-xl-5{gap:3rem !important}.row-gap-xl-0{row-gap:0 !important}.row-gap-xl-1{row-gap:.25rem !important}.row-gap-xl-2{row-gap:.5rem !important}.row-gap-xl-3{row-gap:1rem !important}.row-gap-xl-4{row-gap:1.5rem !important}.row-gap-xl-5{row-gap:3rem !important}.column-gap-xl-0{column-gap:0 !important}.column-gap-xl-1{column-gap:.25rem !important}.column-gap-xl-2{column-gap:.5rem !important}.column-gap-xl-3{column-gap:1rem !important}.column-gap-xl-4{column-gap:1.5rem !important}.column-gap-xl-5{column-gap:3rem !important}.text-xl-start{text-align:left !important}.text-xl-end{text-align:right !important}.text-xl-center{text-align:center !important}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.fs-1{font-size:2.5rem !important}.fs-2{font-size:2rem !important}.fs-3{font-size:1.75rem !important}.fs-4{font-size:1.5rem !important}}@media print{.d-print-inline{display:inline !important}.d-print-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-print-block{display:block !important}.d-print-grid{display:grid !important}.d-print-inline-grid{display:inline-grid !important}.d-print-table{display:table !important}.d-print-table-row{display:table-row !important}.d-print-table-cell{display:table-cell !important}.d-print-flex{display:flex !important}.d-print-inline-flex{display:inline-flex !important}.d-print-none{display:none !important}}a{color:initial;text-decoration:none}a:hover{text-decoration:none}ul,ol{margin:0;padding:0}html,body{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}img{height:auto;max-width:100%;overflow:hidden}iframe{max-width:100%}@media(max-width: 1023.98px){.container{max-width:none;width:100%}}.alert{--bs-alert-bg: transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y: 1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom: 0;--bs-alert-color: inherit;--bs-alert-border-color: transparent;--bs-alert-border: var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-alert-link-color: inherit;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700;color:var(--bs-alert-link-color)}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.alert-red{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-text-emphasis)}.alert-red-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-red-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-red-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-red-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-text-emphasis)}.alert-blue-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-blue-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-blue-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-white{--bs-alert-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg: var(--bs-white-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--bs-white-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--bs-white-text-emphasis)}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color: #000;--bs-btn-close-bg: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity: 0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity: 0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(68, 127, 183, 0.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity: 1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity: 0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter: invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em .25em;color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);background:rgba(0,0,0,0) var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.btn-close:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);text-decoration:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity)}.btn-close:focus{outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow);opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity)}.btn-close:disabled,.btn-close.disabled{pointer-events:none;user-select:none;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity)}.btn-close-white{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}[data-bs-theme=dark] .btn-close{filter:var(--bs-btn-close-white-filter)}body{transition:top .5s}.hedwig-super-banner{border-top:solid 1px #a5aeb9}.hedwig-super-banner--caret{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);border:none;right:0;transition:transform .3s;z-index:10000000}.hedwig-super-banner--caret[aria-expanded=true]{transform:rotate(180deg)}.hedwig-super-banner--caret:focus{outline:none}.hedwig-super-banner--caret svg{width:12px}.hedwig-super-banner .hedwig-super-banner--img{height:160px;width:240px}.hedwig-super-banner--close.btn{color:#000;line-height:1.5rem;padding:0 .2rem}.hedwig-super-banner--close.btn:focus,.hedwig-super-banner--close.btn:hover{text-decoration:none}.hedwig-super-banner--content>p{display:inline;margin-right:.5rem}.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content{text-align:center}@media(min-width: 768px){.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content{text-align:left}}.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content>p{display:block;margin-right:.5rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.alert--hedwig-banner .alert-content>p{display:inline}}.messages--container--bottom{bottom:0;left:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:auto;z-index:51}.alert{border:0;color:#000;font-size:.9rem;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1.25rem;padding:.95rem 1.25rem}.alert-primary{background-color:#447fb7;border-bottom:1px solid #2f587f;color:#fff}.alert-primary .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-primary .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-secondary{background-color:#2d557b;border-bottom:1px solid #192e43;color:#fff}.alert-secondary .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-secondary .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-success{background-color:#f2d86c;border-bottom:1px solid #ecc625;color:#282103}.alert-success .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-success .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-danger{background-color:#e83836;border-bottom:1px solid #bc1716;color:#fff}.alert-danger .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-danger .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-breaking{background-color:#e83836;border-bottom:1px solid #bc1716;color:#fff}.alert-breaking .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-breaking .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-warning{background-color:#fadb59;border-bottom:1px solid #f8cb0f;color:#201a01}.alert-warning .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-warning .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-info{background-color:#b3d3f0;border-bottom:1px solid #73aee3;color:#133a5e}.alert-info .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-info .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-light{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;color:#595959}.alert-light .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-light .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-dark{background-color:#707881;border-bottom:1px solid #4c5258;color:#fff}.alert-dark .alert-content a:not(.btn){color:#383c41}.alert-dark .alert-content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.alert-danger a:not(.btn){box-shadow:none !important;color:#000 !important;text-decoration:underline !important}.gdpr{bottom:calc(100% + 20px);left:20px;max-width:350px;right:20px;z-index:52}.gdpr--manage-link{height:40px;line-height:40px}.dropup,.dropend,.dropdown,.dropstart,.dropup-center,.dropdown-center{position:relative}.dropdown-toggle{white-space:nowrap}.dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid;border-right:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-bottom:0;border-left:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropdown-menu{--bs-dropdown-zindex: 1000;--bs-dropdown-min-width: 10rem;--bs-dropdown-padding-x: 0;--bs-dropdown-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-dropdown-spacer: 0.125rem;--bs-dropdown-font-size:1rem;--bs-dropdown-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-bg: var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-dropdown-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-dropdown-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-dropdown-inner-border-radius: calc(var(--bs-border-radius) - var(--bs-border-width));--bs-dropdown-divider-bg: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-divider-margin-y: 0.5rem;--bs-dropdown-box-shadow: var(--bs-box-shadow);--bs-dropdown-link-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg: var(--bs-tertiary-bg);--bs-dropdown-link-active-color: #fff;--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color: var(--bs-tertiary-color);--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-dropdown-header-color: #8b939d;--bs-dropdown-header-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-dropdown-header-padding-y: 0.5rem;position:absolute;z-index:var(--bs-dropdown-zindex);display:none;min-width:var(--bs-dropdown-min-width);padding:var(--bs-dropdown-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-padding-x);margin:0;font-size:var(--bs-dropdown-font-size);color:var(--bs-dropdown-color);text-align:left;list-style:none;background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-dropdown-border-width) solid var(--bs-dropdown-border-color)}.dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:100%;left:0;margin-top:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropdown-menu-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}@media(min-width: 576px){.dropdown-menu-sm-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-sm-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-sm-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-sm-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}@media(min-width: 768px){.dropdown-menu-md-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-md-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-md-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-md-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.dropdown-menu-lg-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-lg-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-lg-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-lg-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}@media(min-width: 1140px){.dropdown-menu-xl-start{--bs-position: start}.dropdown-menu-xl-start[data-bs-popper]{right:auto;left:0}.dropdown-menu-xl-end{--bs-position: end}.dropdown-menu-xl-end[data-bs-popper]{right:0;left:auto}}.dropup .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:auto;bottom:100%;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropup .dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:0;border-right:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-bottom:.3em solid;border-left:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropup .dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropend .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:0;right:auto;left:100%;margin-top:0;margin-left:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropend .dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-right:0;border-bottom:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-left:.3em solid}.dropend .dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropend .dropdown-toggle::after{vertical-align:0}.dropstart .dropdown-menu[data-bs-popper]{top:0;right:100%;left:auto;margin-top:0;margin-right:var(--bs-dropdown-spacer)}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:""}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::after{display:none}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::before{display:inline-block;margin-right:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-right:.3em solid;border-bottom:.3em solid rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle:empty::after{margin-left:0}.dropstart .dropdown-toggle::before{vertical-align:0}.dropdown-divider{height:0;margin:var(--bs-dropdown-divider-margin-y) 0;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--bs-dropdown-divider-bg);opacity:1}.dropdown-item{display:block;width:100%;padding:var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x);clear:both;font-weight:400;color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-color);text-align:inherit;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);border:0}.dropdown-item:hover,.dropdown-item:focus{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg)}.dropdown-item.active,.dropdown-item:active{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-active-color);text-decoration:none;background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg)}.dropdown-item.disabled,.dropdown-item:disabled{color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}.dropdown-menu.show{display:block}.dropdown-header{display:block;padding:var(--bs-dropdown-header-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-header-padding-x);margin-bottom:0;font-size:0.875rem;color:var(--bs-dropdown-header-color);white-space:nowrap}.dropdown-item-text{display:block;padding:var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-color)}.dropdown-menu-dark{--bs-dropdown-color: #dadee5;--bs-dropdown-bg: #383c41;--bs-dropdown-border-color: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-box-shadow: ;--bs-dropdown-link-color: #dadee5;--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color: #fff;--bs-dropdown-divider-bg: var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);--bs-dropdown-link-active-color: #fff;--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color: #a5aeb9;--bs-dropdown-header-color: #a5aeb9}.dropdown-item{font-size:.7rem;font-weight:500;padding-bottom:.75rem;padding-top:.75rem;text-transform:uppercase}.dropdown-item:focus,.dropdown-item:hover{background-color:#447fb7;color:#fff}.btn{--bs-btn-padding-x: 1.1rem;--bs-btn-padding-y: 0;--bs-btn-font-family: Atlas Grotesk Web, sans-serif;--bs-btn-font-size:0.75rem;--bs-btn-font-weight: 400;--bs-btn-line-height: 1.9;--bs-btn-color: var(--bs-body-color);--bs-btn-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-border-width: var(--bs-border-width);--bs-btn-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-border-radius: 0;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-btn-disabled-opacity: 0.65;--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(var(--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb), .5);display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-btn-padding-x);font-family:var(--bs-btn-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-btn-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-btn-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-btn-line-height);color:var(--bs-btn-color);text-align:center;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer;user-select:none;border:var(--bs-btn-border-width) solid var(--bs-btn-border-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}@media(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){.btn{transition:none}}.btn:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color)}.btn-check+.btn:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-border-color)}.btn:focus-visible{color:var(--bs-btn-hover-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn-check:focus-visible+.btn{border-color:var(--bs-btn-hover-border-color);outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn-check:checked+.btn,:not(.btn-check)+.btn:active,.btn:first-child:active,.btn.active,.btn.show{color:var(--bs-btn-active-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-active-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-active-border-color)}.btn-check:checked+.btn:focus-visible,:not(.btn-check)+.btn:active:focus-visible,.btn:first-child:active:focus-visible,.btn.active:focus-visible,.btn.show:focus-visible{box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn-check:checked:focus-visible+.btn{box-shadow:var(--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow)}.btn:disabled,.btn.disabled,fieldset:disabled .btn{color:var(--bs-btn-disabled-color);pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--bs-btn-disabled-bg);border-color:var(--bs-btn-disabled-border-color);opacity:var(--bs-btn-disabled-opacity)}.btn-primary{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7}.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b}.btn-info{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #bedaf2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 152, 179, 204;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #c2dcf3;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0}.btn-red{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836}.btn-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836}.btn-blue{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7}.btn-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B}.btn-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #cecece;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #c2c2c2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 206, 206, 206;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #c2c2c2;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #b6b6b6;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2}.btn-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #3d3d3d;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #323232;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 61, 61, 61;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #494949;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #323232;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b}.btn-white{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: white;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: white;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 217, 217, 217;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: white;--bs-btn-active-border-color: white;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff}.btn-outline-primary{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-info{--bs-btn-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 179, 211, 240;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-red{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-blue{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-light{--bs-btn-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-dark{--bs-btn-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 27, 27, 27;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-outline-white{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff;--bs-gradient: none}.btn-link{--bs-btn-font-weight: 400;--bs-btn-color: var(--bs-link-color);--bs-btn-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-hover-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-hover-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-active-color: var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-active-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-color: #8b939d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow: 0 0 0 #000;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;text-decoration:underline}.btn-link:focus-visible{color:var(--bs-btn-color)}.btn-link:hover{color:var(--bs-btn-hover-color)}.btn-lg{--bs-btn-padding-y: 0.5rem;--bs-btn-padding-x: 1rem;--bs-btn-font-size:1.012rem;--bs-btn-border-radius: 0}.btn-sm{--bs-btn-padding-y: 0.25rem;--bs-btn-padding-x: 0.5rem;--bs-btn-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-btn-border-radius: 0}.btn,.btn-lg,.btn-sm{font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600}.btn{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;line-height:40px !important}.btn.fa-disabled-spinner{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.btn.dropdown-toggle:hover,.btn.dropdown-toggle:focus{color:#447fb7;background:none}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul{border:1px solid #447fb7;background:#fff}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li+li a{border-top:1px solid rgba(68,127,183,.35)}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li a{color:#447fb7}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul li a:hover{color:#707881;background:none}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul::before{content:"";height:10px;width:10px;background:#fff;transform:rotate(45deg);position:absolute;top:-6px;left:28px;border-left:1px solid #447fb7;border-top:1px solid #447fb7}@media(min-width: 1024px){.btn{line-height:40px}}.form-control.btn{background-clip:border-box;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600;height:47px;line-height:calc(1.9em + .75rem - 2px);max-height:none}.form-control.btn-:not(.btn-red):not(.btn-primary):not(.btn-red-light):not(.blue):not(.blue-dark):not(.btn-light):not(.btn-dark):not(.btn-white){--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;background-color:#447fb7;color:#fff}.form-control.btn-:not(.btn-red):not(.btn-primary):not(.btn-red-light):not(.blue):not(.blue-dark):not(.btn-light):not(.btn-dark):not(.btn-white):hover{background-color:#366592}.form-control.btn-primary{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-primary.disabled,.form-control.btn-primary[disabled]{background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b;background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-secondary.disabled,.form-control.btn-secondary[disabled]{background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-info{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #bedaf2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 152, 179, 204;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #c2dcf3;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #bbd7f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0;background-color:#b3d3f0;border-color:#b3d3f0}.form-control.btn-info.disabled,.form-control.btn-info[disabled]{background-color:#b3d3f0;border-color:#b3d3f0}.form-control.btn-red{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-red.disabled,.form-control.btn-red[disabled]{background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #eb5654;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 197, 48, 46;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #ed605e;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #ea4c4a;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-red-light.disabled,.form-control.btn-red-light[disabled]{background-color:#e83836;border-color:#e83836}.form-control.btn-blue{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #6092c2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 58, 108, 156;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #6999c5;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #578cbe;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-blue.disabled,.form-control.btn-blue[disabled]{background-color:#447fb7;border-color:#447fb7}.form-control.btn-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #264869;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #244462;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 77, 111, 143;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #244462;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #22405c;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B;background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-blue-dark.disabled,.form-control.btn-blue-dark[disabled]{background-color:#2d557b;border-color:#2d557b}.form-control.btn-light{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #f4f4f4;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #f3f3f3;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 206, 206, 206;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: whitesmoke;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #f3f3f3;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2;background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#f2f2f2}.form-control.btn-light.disabled,.form-control.btn-light[disabled]{background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#f2f2f2}.form-control.btn-dark{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #171717;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #161616;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 61, 61, 61;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #161616;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #141414;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b;background-color:#1b1b1b;border-color:#1b1b1b}.form-control.btn-dark.disabled,.form-control.btn-dark[disabled]{background-color:#1b1b1b;border-color:#1b1b1b}.form-control.btn-white{--bs-btn-color: #000;--bs-btn-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: white;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: white;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 217, 217, 217;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: white;--bs-btn-active-border-color: white;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff;background-color:#fff;border-color:#fff}.form-control.btn-white.disabled,.form-control.btn-white[disabled]{background-color:#fff;border-color:#fff}.form-control.btn-outline-primary{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-primary:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-secondary{--bs-btn-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2d557b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2d557b;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-secondary:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-info{--bs-btn-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 179, 211, 240;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #b3d3f0;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-info:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-red{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-red:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-red-light{--bs-btn-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 232, 56, 54;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #e83836;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #e83836;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-red-light:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-blue{--bs-btn-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 68, 127, 183;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #447fb7;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #447fb7;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-blue:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-blue-dark{--bs-btn-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 45, 85, 123;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #2D557B;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #2D557B;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-blue-dark:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-light{--bs-btn-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 242, 242, 242;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #f2f2f2;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-light:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-dark{--bs-btn-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 27, 27, 27;--bs-btn-active-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-bg: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #1b1b1b;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-dark:hover{color:#fff !important}.form-control.btn-outline-white{--bs-btn-color: #fff;--bs-btn-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-color: #000;--bs-btn-hover-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-hover-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--bs-btn-active-color: #000;--bs-btn-active-bg: #fff;--bs-btn-active-border-color: #fff;--bs-btn-active-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color: #fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg: transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: #fff;--bs-gradient: none}.form-control.btn-outline-white:hover{color:#fff !important}.btn-primary{color:#fff !important}.btn-primary svg{fill:#fff}.btn-primary:hover{background-color:#2f587f}.btn-outline-primary svg{fill:#447fb7}.btn-outline-primary:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-secondary{color:#fff !important}.btn-secondary svg{fill:#fff}.btn-secondary:hover{background-color:#192e43}.btn-outline-secondary:hover{color:#fff}.btn-info{color:#fff !important}.btn-info svg{fill:#fff}.btn-info:hover{background-color:#73aee3}.btn-outline-info svg{fill:#b3d3f0}.btn-outline-info:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-red{color:#fff !important}.btn-red svg{fill:#fff}.btn-red:hover{background-color:#bc1716}.btn-outline-red:hover{color:#fff}.btn-red-light{color:#fff !important}.btn-red-light svg{fill:#fff}.btn-red-light:hover{background-color:#bc1716}.btn-outline-red-light svg{fill:#e83836}.btn-outline-red-light:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-blue{color:#fff !important}.btn-blue svg{fill:#fff}.btn-blue:hover{background-color:#2f587f}.btn-outline-blue svg{fill:#447fb7}.btn-outline-blue:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-blue-dark{color:#fff !important}.btn-blue-dark svg{fill:#fff}.btn-blue-dark:hover{background-color:#192e43}.btn-outline-blue-dark svg{fill:#2d557b}.btn-outline-blue-dark:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-light{color:#fff !important}.btn-light svg{fill:#fff}.btn-light:hover{background-color:#ccc}.btn-outline-light svg{fill:#f2f2f2}.btn-outline-light:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-dark{color:#fff !important}.btn-dark svg{fill:#fff}.btn-dark:hover{background-color:#414141}.btn-outline-dark svg{fill:#1b1b1b}.btn-outline-dark:hover svg{fill:#fff !important}.btn-white{color:#fff !important;color:#447fb7 !important}.btn-white svg{fill:#fff}.btn-white:hover{background-color:white !important;border-color:white;color:#284b6d !important}.btn-outline-white:hover{color:#447fb7}.btn-outline-white:hover svg{fill:#447fb7}.btn-outline-white svg{fill:#fff}.btn-white,.btn-light{color:#447fb7 !important}.btn-white:disabled,.btn-white.fa-disabled-spinner{background-color:#a5aeb9;pointer-events:none;opacity:.65}.site-header__top-bar{background-color:#e6eaf0;border-bottom:solid 2px #ced2d9;min-height:124px}#dfp-ad-x90_nav{margin:1em auto;text-align:center}body.stuck{margin-top:50px}.fa-header-bar{min-height:50px;padding:.625rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.desktop-header-wrapper{position:relative}.desktop-header-wrapper.to-back{z-index:0;opacity:0}}.latest-issue-link{z-index:1}.flyout__counter{padding:.5rem .3rem;position:absolute;background-color:#e83836;color:#fff;border-radius:100%;width:16px;height:16px;font-size:12px;top:1px;right:-10px}.desktop-header{font-size:.84rem;height:80px;line-height:1.15}.subscribe-callout-image{margin-top:-10px;max-width:80px}.subscribe-block{padding-top:26px}.header-account-link .flyout__counter{top:6px;right:8px}.header-ctas-link{font-size:.6875rem}.header-ctas-link:not(.btn):link,.header-ctas-link:not(.btn):visited,.header-action-link:not(.btn):link,.header-action-link:not(.btn):visited{color:#000;font-size:.6875rem;letter-spacing:1px;margin-left:.625rem}.header-ctas-link:not(.btn):hover,.header-action-link:not(.btn):hover{color:#447fb7;text-decoration:none}.sticky-action-links .header-ctas-link:hover,.sticky-action-links .header-action-link:hover{color:#bd0500;text-decoration:none}.header-action-link{font-size:.6875rem}.header-action-link:not(.btn){padding:.9rem .4rem}.header-action-link+.header-action-link{margin-left:.9375rem}.header-action-link+.header-action-link:hover::before{color:initial}button.header-navbar-link{border-top:0;border-bottom:0}.header-navbar-link{background:#fff;border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;color:#000;margin:1px 5px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-top:12px;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}@media(max-width: 1023.98px){.header-navbar-link.active .search-icon{display:none}.header-navbar-link.active .close-icon{display:block}}.header-navbar-link svg{fill:#000;float:left;height:22px;overflow:visible;width:22px}.header-navbar-link .navbar-link-text{font-size:.6875rem;letter-spacing:1px;margin-left:.625rem}.header-navbar-link .search-icon{display:block}.header-navbar-link .close-icon{display:none;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:.6}.header-navbar-link:hover{background:#f7f9fc;text-decoration:none}.header-navbar-link:hover svg,.header-navbar-link:hover .navbar-link-text{color:#447fb7}.navbar{background:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 4px 0 #ced2d9;left:0;letter-spacing:0;right:0;top:0;z-index:50;transition:all .5s ease}@media(min-width: 1024px){.navbar.fixed-top{top:0;z-index:51}.navbar.fixed-top .logo-link-navbar{left:55px;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0}.navbar.fixed-top .search-text{display:inline-block;margin-left:0;width:0}.navbar.fixed-top .header-search-link{padding-right:0}.navbar.fixed-top .overlay-menu-toggle--navbar{left:0}.navbar.fixed-top .overlay-menu-toggle__text,.navbar.fixed-top .navbar-nav{display:none !important}.navbar.fixed-top .responsive-navbar{justify-content:space-between;width:calc(100% - 115px)}.navbar.fixed-top .hidden-sticky{display:none !important}.navbar.fixed-top .header-navbar-link{right:115px;width:55px}}.navbar .navbar-content{height:50px;position:relative}.navbar .search-text{overflow:hidden;transition:width .5s;width:54px}.navbar-icon svg{fill:#000}.navbar-icon.navbar-menu{border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;height:100%;max-height:50px}.navbar-icon.navbar-menu svg{color:#000;height:22px}.navbar-icon.navbar-search svg{height:20px}.navbar-sticky-icon{display:flex;align-items:center;border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;max-height:50px}.navbar-sticky-icon svg{color:#000;height:22px;overflow:visible}.logo-link-navbar,.sticky-action-links{top:0;transition:opacity .5s,top .5s}@media(min-width: 1024px){.logo-link-navbar,.sticky-action-links{opacity:0;top:-50px}}.sticky .logo-link-navbar,.sticky .sticky-action-links{opacity:1;top:0}.sticky{position:fixed;animation:smoothScroll 1s forwards}.sticky .header-navbar-link{display:none !important}.sticky .d-lg-none{display:block !important}.sticky .navbar-nav{display:none !important}.sticky .sticky-header-title{display:block;left:321px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;width:calc(100% - 520px)}.sticky-action-links{font-size:.91rem;right:0}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link{color:#fff;font-size:.8rem}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link:hover{color:#e83836}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link:hover::before{color:#fff}.sticky-action-links .header-action-link--full{height:50px;max-height:50px;padding:.2rem 1.5rem;position:absolute;right:7rem}.sticky-header-title{display:none}.logo-link-navbar{left:calc(50% - 87.5px);padding:.8rem 0;transition:0s}@media(min-width: 1024px){.logo-link-navbar{left:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}}.logo-link-navbar svg{fill:#000;width:150px}@media(min-width: 576px){.logo-link-navbar svg{width:220px}}.logo-link-desktop svg{width:335px}.navbar-menu-collapse{background-color:#447fb7}.menu-btn-wrapper{width:100%}.menu-btn-wrapper .btn-featured{background-color:#e83836}.menu-btn-wrapper .btn{border-top:1px solid #fff;border-bottom:1px solid #fff;color:#fff;font-size:.88rem;letter-spacing:-0.02rem;width:50%}.menu-btn-wrapper .btn+.btn{border-left:1px solid #fff}.navbar-nav{list-style:none}.navbar-nav .nav-item:not(.dropdown) .nav-link:hover{color:#bd0500}.navbar-nav .nav-item+.nav-item .nav-link{border-top:solid 1px #fff}@media(min-width: 1024px){.navbar-nav .nav-item+.nav-item .nav-link{border-top:0}}.responsive-navbar{background-color:#447fb7;border:0;height:calc(100vh - 50px);left:0;margin:0;overflow:scroll;padding-bottom:100px;position:absolute !important;top:50px;width:100%}@media(min-width: 1024px){.responsive-navbar{background:rgba(0,0,0,0);height:auto;margin-left:-190px;overflow:visible;padding-bottom:0;position:static !important}}.responsive-navbar.collapsing{display:none;transition:none}.nav-link{align-items:center;color:#1b1b1b;display:flex;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600;padding:.97rem .91rem}.nav-link:link{flex-grow:1}.nav-link:hover{background:#f7f9fc;text-decoration:none}.nav-link:hover svg,.nav-link:hover .navbar-link-text{color:#447fb7}.nav-link[aria-expanded=true]:after{border-bottom-width:0;border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:0;border-top-width:1px;transform:translateY(1px) translateX(6px) rotateZ(45deg)}.nav-link>span{flex-grow:1}.fa-logo-link svg{width:335px}.site-header-section-menu{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.5)}.site-header-section-menu__title{align-items:center;color:#fff;display:flex;font-size:1.4rem;justify-content:space-between;margin:1rem 0}.site-header-section-menu__title svg{fill:#fff;height:12px}.site-header-section-menu__item{color:#fff;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-left:1rem}.search-form-wrapper{border:1px solid #fff}.search-form-input{border-right:0}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-form-input{border-left:0;border-top:0}}.menu-trending--title{font-size:.9rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.menu-trending--title{font-size:.7rem}}.menu-trending--item{color:#447fb7;font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:1rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.menu-trending--item{font-size:.7rem}}.progress-indicator--horizontal{background-color:#b3d3f0;height:5px;left:0;position:absolute;top:0}.search-autocomplete{display:none;background:#fff;left:15px;position:absolute;top:95px;width:calc(100% - 30px);z-index:10}.archive-banner__form .search-autocomplete{top:65px !important}.search-autocomplete.active{display:block}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete{left:0;width:100%}}.search-autocomplete--author{left:0 !important;top:63px !important;width:100% !important}.search-autocomplete-shadow{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 6px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.32)}.search-autocomplete-container{height:calc(100vh - 200px);overflow-x:auto}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete-container{height:auto;overflow-x:visible}}.search-autocomplete-arrow{height:20px;left:30px;position:absolute;top:-10px;transform:rotateZ(45deg);width:20px}.search-autocomplete-arrow-back{box-shadow:0 0 6px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.32);z-index:0}.search-autocomplete-arrow-front{background-color:#fff;z-index:2}.search-autocomplete-results{font-size:.94rem;padding-left:.4rem;padding-right:.4rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete-results{padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem}}.search-autocomplete-results+.search-autocomplete-results{border-top:1px solid #ced2d9}@media(min-width: 1024px){.search-autocomplete-results+.search-autocomplete-results{border-left:1px solid #ced2d9;border-top:0}}.search-autocomplete-results-title{font-size:.73rem;font-weight:500}.search-autocomplete-results-more{font-size:.7rem}.search-autocomplete-result{letter-spacing:-0.02em}.toolbar-fixed .tabs{position:sticky;z-index:10}.user-dropdown{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,.5);display:block;font-weight:300;padding:0 .75rem;position:absolute;width:315px;z-index:55}.user-dropdown .subscriber-info{font-size:.8rem}.user-dropdown .subscriber-info p{margin:0}.user-dropdown .acct-type{color:#b3d3f0;font-size:.77rem}.user-dropdown .subscriber-links{font-size:.7rem;padding:10px 0}.user-dropdown .subscriber-links>.col-6:nth-child(2){border-left:solid 1px #a5aeb9}.user-dropdown .subscriber-link{color:#000}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list{background-color:#f6f7fa;border-bottom:solid 2px #e6eaf0;border-top:solid 2px #e6eaf0;padding-top:15px}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__label,.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__seeall{color:#000;font-size:.8rem;white-space:nowrap;width:50%}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__title{border-top:solid 1px #e6eaf0;font-size:.85rem;list-style:none;padding:10px 0}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-list__title a{color:#000}.user-dropdown .user-dropdown-logout-l{color:#447fb7;font-size:.85rem}.device-ie .user-dropdown{margin-top:140px}.device-ie .user-dropdown.myfa-fixed-top{margin-top:0}@keyframes smoothScroll{0%{transform:translateY(-40px)}100%{transform:translateY(0px)}}@keyframes slideDown{0%{opacity:0;transform:scaleX(0.9) scaleY(0.8)}50%{opacity:.5;transform:scaleX(0.9) scaleY(0.8)}100%{opacity:1;transform:scaleX(1) scaleY(1)}}@keyframes opacityOut{from{opacity:1}to{opacity:0}}.toolbar-horizontal.toolbar-tray-open .header-overlay-menu{top:79px}.toolbar-horizontal .header-overlay-menu{top:39px}.header-overlay-menu{background:#16304b;height:0;left:0;opacity:0;overflow-x:hidden;top:0;transition:opacity 500ms ease-out;visibility:hidden;width:0;z-index:100}.header-overlay-menu.active,.header-overlay-menu.closing{opacity:1;visibility:visible;width:100%;height:100%}.header-overlay-menu.active>.container{animation-name:slideDown;animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-duration:300ms}.header-overlay-menu.closing{animation-name:opacityOut;animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-duration:300ms}.header-overlay-menu__header{background:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #e6eaf0;margin:0 -16px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header{background:#16304b;border-bottom:none;margin:0}}.header-overlay-menu__header .header-action-link{height:100%}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header .header-action-link{height:auto}}.header-overlay-menu__header .btn{border-left:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-right:1px solid #e6eaf0;height:50px;max-height:50px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header .btn{border-left:none;border-right:none;height:40px;max-height:40px}}.header-overlay-menu__header .btn svg{fill:#000;height:20px;width:20px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__header svg{fill:#fff !important}}.header-overlay-menu__logo{width:220px}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu__logo{width:335px}}.header-overlay-menu__mobile-nav-link.active{border-bottom:4px solid #fff}.header-overlay-menu__mobile-nav-link:hover{background:none;color:#fff !important}.header-overlay-menu__btn{font-size:1rem !important;text-transform:none !important}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head{border-bottom:1px solid #e6eaf0}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head svg{fill:#e6eaf0;height:18px;transition:transform 200ms ease-in-out;width:18px}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head-toggle{background:rgba(0,0,0,0);color:#e6eaf0;outline:none}.header-overlay-menu .menu-head-toggle.collapsed svg{transform:rotate(180deg)}.header-overlay-menu .menu-social{border-top:1px solid #e6eaf0}.header-overlay-menu .menu-social-item{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;padding:10px}.header-overlay-menu .menu-social-item svg{width:20px;height:20px;fill:#fff;display:block}@media(min-width: 768px){.header-overlay-menu .menu-collapse{display:block !important;height:auto !important;visibility:visible}}.overlay-menu-toggle--navbar{left:86px;height:100%;top:-1px;width:110px}.overlay-menu-toggle__text{display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:600}.navbar-buttons{background:#f7f9fc;border-bottom:1px solid #e6eaf0;border-top:1px solid #e6eaf0}.browse-hero{z-index:0}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-hero{margin-top:0}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.browse-hero>.container{padding-top:34px}}.browse-hero__kicker{color:#000;font-size:.875rem}.browse-hero__description{color:#000;font-size:1.125rem}.browse-hero-actions svg{fill:#000;height:15px;width:2.5rem}.browse-breadcrumbs{font-size:.7rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-breadcrumbs{border-bottom:0}}.browse-breadcrumbs svg{fill:#000;height:.6rem;width:.6rem}.browse-breadcrumbs-item{letter-spacing:2px}.browse-hero__topic{color:#000;font-size:2.2rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-hero__topic{font-size:3.75rem;padding-top:1.5rem}}.browse-hero__topic-image{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);bottom:0;color:#fff;display:block;font-family:"Atlas Grotesk Web",sans-serif;font-size:.56rem;line-height:.33rem;margin-bottom:0;padding:10px 10px 8px;position:absolute;right:0;z-index:10}.browse-featured-articles-topic:link,.browse-featured-articles-topic:visited,.browse-featured-articles-topic:hover,.browse-featured-articles-sub-topic:link,.browse-featured-articles-sub-topic:visited,.browse-featured-articles-sub-topic:hover{color:#bd0500;font-size:.56rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:2px;line-height:.56rem;text-transform:uppercase}.browse-featured-articles-title:visited,.browse-featured-articles-title:hover,.browse-featured-articles-title:link{color:#000}.browse-featured-articles-title:visited h2,.browse-featured-articles-title:hover h2,.browse-featured-articles-title:link h2{font-size:1.8rem;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:1.8rem}.browse-featured-articles-author,.browse-featured-articles-desc{font-size:1.25rem;letter-spacing:0}.browse-featured-artciles-subhead{border-top:solid 5px #000;color:#000;font-size:.85rem;padding-bottom:30px;padding-top:10px}.browse-featured-articles-sub-list{display:flex;flex-direction:column;list-style:none;margin:0 0 20px}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-featured-articles-sub-list{flex-direction:row}}.browse-featured-articles-sub-list-item{border-top:solid 2px #e6eaf0;padding:15px}@media(min-width: 768px){.browse-featured-articles-sub-list-item{border-top:0;width:33%}.browse-featured-articles-sub-list-item:not(:first-child){border-left:solid 2px #e6eaf0}}.browse-featured-articles-sub-title:link{color:#000}.browse-featured-articles-sub-title:link h4{font-size:1.3rem;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.3rem;margin:0;padding:0;text-transform:none}.browse-featured-articles-sub-author{font-size:.85rem;font-style:italic}@media(max-width: 767.98px){.page-vocabulary-topics .block-system-main-block>.home-section .primary-article .magazine-list-item--image-link,.page-vocabulary-regions .block-system-main-block>.home-section .primary-article .magazine-list-item--image-link{display:none}}.article-body-text{margin-top:1.25rem}@media(min-width: 1024px){.article-body-text{margin-top:3rem}}.mobile-hero{order:-1;position:static}@media(min-width: 768px){.mobile-hero{order:inherit}}.article-header--metadata-topic-l{font-size:.85rem;font-weight:600}.article-header--metadata-date{text-align:left}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-header--metadata-date{text-align:right}}.article-header--metadata-tags{color:#a5aeb9;white-space:nowrap}.article-header--metadata-tag-icon--more svg{fill:#ced2d9;height:10px;margin-left:-3px;width:10px}.article-header--metadata-tag-icon--more.mobile svg{height:30px;width:30px}.tag-dropdown{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.35) 0 12px 20px -4px;display:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:40px;width:300px;z-index:1}.tag-dropdown-header{background:linear-gradient(to top, #e6eaf0, #fff);border-bottom:solid 6px #447fb7;color:#447fb7;font-size:1.1rem;padding:.8rem}.tag-dropdown-header svg{height:30px;fill:#447fb7;width:30px}.article-header__metadata-tag-icon--hide{display:inline-block}.article-title{font-size:2.5625rem;font-weight:700;line-height:2.8125rem}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-title{font-size:2.9rem;line-height:1.08;margin-bottom:.4rem}}.article-subtitle{font-size:1.6875rem;line-height:1.9375rem;margin:0}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-subtitle{font-size:1.9rem;line-height:2.18rem}}.article-byline{padding-top:.63rem}.article-byline,.article-byline h3{font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.31}@media(min-width: 1024px){.article-byline.single{margin:80px 70px 10px}}@media(min-width: 1024px){.article-byline.multiple{margin:13px 0}}.article-byline-author{padding-bottom:1rem}.article-byline-author:hover+.author-info{display:block}.bg-dk-grn{background-color:#477433 !important}.bg-dk-grn::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-pink{background-color:#F6AAAA !important}.bg-pink::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-lt-blue{background-color:#B3D3F0 !important}.bg-lt-blue::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-yellow{background-color:#FFE26B !important}.bg-yellow::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-tan{background-color:#D3D1C0 !important}.bg-tan::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-lt-grn{background-color:#B5C347 !important}.bg-lt-grn::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-dk-blue{background-color:#4A52DF !important}.bg-dk-blue::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.bg-orange{background-color:#E78245 !important}.bg-orange::before{height:20px;width:160px;right:40px;top:72px;background:#000;border-radius:20px;box-shadow:0px 36px #000}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple::before{content:" ";height:400px;position:absolute;width:100%}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.dk-grn::before{background-color:#477433 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.pink::before{background-color:#F6AAAA !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.lt-blue::before{background-color:#B3D3F0 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.yellow::before{background-color:#FFE26B !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.tan::before{background-color:#D3D1C0 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.lt-grn::before{background-color:#B5C347 !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.dk-blue::before{background-color:#4A52DF !important}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple.orange::before{background-color:#E78245 !important}.article-container .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner{width:calc(100vw - 10px);overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-container .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner{overflow:visible;width:auto;flex-wrap:wrap}}@media(max-width: 575.98px){.article-container .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column .btn.dropdown-toggle+ul::before{top:auto;bottom:-6px;transform:rotate(225deg)}}@media(min-width: 768px){.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column{margin-right:auto}}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column{max-width:172px}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .review-list-item-title{font-size:initial}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .review-list-item-author{font-size:initial;flex-grow:unset !important}.article-body .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner{padding:2rem 0 0 0}.article-body .article-header--metadata--book-covers-multiple--inner .flex-column{margin-right:2rem}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-single--inner,.article-header--metadata-single-img{padding-left:0;padding-right:42px}.article-header--metadata--book-covers-single--inner .cover-wrapper,.article-header--metadata-single-img .cover-wrapper{padding:60px;width:100%;text-align:center}.book-cover{box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.37) -13px 0 18px -7px,rgba(0,0,0,.37) 0px 0px 10px -2px;margin-bottom:0;max-width:170px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.review-list-item .book-cover,.article-body .book-cover{margin-bottom:0}@media(min-width: 1024px)and (max-width: 1139.98px){.book-cover{max-width:145px}}.authors-bio{background:#f7f9fc;border-top:1px solid #dadee5}.authors-bio__head{font-size:.6875rem}.authors-bio__body{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.authors-bio__body a{color:#447fb7}.authors-bio__body a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.authors-bio__link{font-size:.625rem;margin-right:.9375rem}.authors-bio__link>svg{display:inline-block;fill:#447fb7;height:1rem;width:1rem;margin-right:5px;margin-top:-5px}.authors-bio__link+.authors-bio__link::before{content:"|";color:#a5aeb9;margin-right:.9375rem}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body p{margin-bottom:0}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]){box-shadow:none !important;color:#447fb7 !important}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]):hover{color:#2d557b !important;text-decoration:underline !important}.cke_editable,.cke_wysiwyg_frame{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important}.cke_editable a:not([class]),.cke_wysiwyg_frame a:not([class]){color:#447fb7;font-weight:bold}@media(prefers-color-scheme: dark){.cke_editable,.cke_wysiwyg_frame{background-color:#fff !important;color:#3f464e !important}} @media(min-width: 576px){.position-sm-static{position:static !important}.position-sm-relative{position:relative !important}.position-sm-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-sm-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-sm-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 768px){.position-md-static{position:static !important}.position-md-relative{position:relative !important}.position-md-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-md-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-md-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 992px){.position-lg-static{position:static !important}.position-lg-relative{position:relative !important}.position-lg-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-lg-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-lg-sticky{position:sticky !important}}@media(min-width: 1200px){.position-xl-static{position:static !important}.position-xl-relative{position:relative !important}.position-xl-absolute{position:absolute !important}.position-xl-fixed{position:fixed !important}.position-xl-sticky{position:sticky !important}}.list-unstyled{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.list-inline-item{display:inline-block}.list-inline-item:not(:last-child){margin-right:.5rem}@media(prefers-color-scheme: dark){body{color:#f7f9fc !important;background:#222 !important}body a{color:#ced2d9}img{filter:brightness(0.8) contrast(1.2)}.styleguide-header-icon svg{fill:#e6eaf0}.border-dark{border-color:#707881 !important}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul{background:#222 !important}.btn.dropdown-toggle+ul::before{background:#222 !important}.site-header__top-bar{background-color:#3f464e;border-color:#000}.navbar,.header-navbar-link,.navbar-buttons{background-color:#3f464e;border-color:#222;color:#a5aeb9}.navbar{box-shadow:0 1px 4px 0 #000}.flyout__link{background:none;border:0}.nav-link,.article-media--button--label{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.nav-link:hover{background-color:#707881}.navbar-icon.navbar-menu{border-bottom:none;border-color:#000;border-top:none}.logo-link-desktop svg,.logo-link-navbar svg,.navbar-sticky-icon svg,.navbar-icon.navbar-menu svg{color:#e6eaf0;fill:#e6eaf0}.article-tools-item+.article-tools-item{border-color:#3f464e !important}.authors-bio,.lead-story-most-read{background:#3f464e !important;border-color:#707881 !important}.subscription-form-card{background:#3f464e !important}.article-dropcap>p:first-child:first-letter,.article-dropcap--inner>p:first-child:first-letter{border-color:#707881 !important}.article-dropcap:not(.sponsored) a:not([class]),.article-dropcap .article-dropcap:not(.sponsored)>p>a:not([class]){box-shadow:inset 0 -0.394em #222,inset 0 -0.42em #447fb7 !important;color:#b3d3f0 !important}.article-dropcap:not(.sponsored) a:not([class]):hover,.article-dropcap .article-dropcap:not(.sponsored)>p>a:not([class]):hover{color:#2d557b !important}.article-dropcap ::selection{background:#447fb7 !important}.editor-notes a{box-shadow:inset 0 -0.394em #222,inset 0 -0.42em #447fb7 !important;color:#b3d3f0 !important}.editor-notes a:hover{color:#2d557b !important}.article-newsletter-signup--container .title,.internal-blockquote{color:#ced2d9 !important}.article-newsletter-signup--container .title:before,.internal-blockquote:before{border-color:#a5aeb9 !important}.article-dropcap h3:not([class])::before,.content-subtitle::before{border-color:#a5aeb9 !important}.paywall::before,.loading-indicator{background:linear-gradient(to top, #222, rgba(246, 246, 246, 0)) !important}.article-footer,.navbar-sticky-icon{border-color:#707881 !important}.head-divider-5-black,.review--rail-title{border-color:#a5aeb9 !important;color:#a5aeb9 !important}.article-dropcap:not(.no-colophon)>p:last-of-type::after,.article-dropcap--inner:not(.no-colophon)>p:last-of-type::after{content:url(data:image/png;base64,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) !important;opacity:.3}.article-dropcap.sponsored>.article-dropcap--inner>p:last-of-type::after{content:none !important}.dropcap-inline:first-letter{border-bottom-color:#f7f9fc !important}.magazine-list-article--suggested::after{content:"";background:#fff !important}.country-link:visited,.country-link:link{color:#f7f9fc !important}.static-page--sidebar{background:linear-gradient(to left, rgba(230, 234, 240, 0.2), #222) !important}.static-page--nav--item.active,.static-page--nav--item.static-page--nav--item--has-submenu,.static-page--nav--item:active,.static-page--nav--item:hover,.static-page--nav--item:focus{background-color:#3f464e !important}.lead-story-most-read{background-color:#3f464e !important}.magazine-deck,.article-card-deck{color:#ced2d9 !important}.magazine-date{color:#a5aeb9 !important}.sponsored-landing-hero--gsf{background:linear-gradient(to bottom, #222 20%, rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.7) 100%),url("../images/gsf-hero.jpg") !important}.detail__sponsored,.sponsored-grad-school__at-a-glance{background-color:#222 !important}.l-sponsored-detail-column{background-color:#3f464e !important}.newsletter-modal{background-color:#222 !important}.minimal-header--logo svg{fill:#e6eaf0 !important}.minimal-header,.p404-articles-title{border-color:#ced2d9 !important}.minimal-header .navbar{background-color:#000}.minimal-header--inner .menu--color{stroke:#fff}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]):not(.bogus){box-shadow:none !important;color:#b3d3f0 !important}.authors-bio.authors-bio__body a:not([class]):not(.bogus):hover{color:#447fb7 !important}.author-bio-wrapper{background-color:#a5aeb9 !important}.author-list--item-link{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.education--hero{background-color:#222 !important}.education--bar{background-color:#3f464e !important}.education--menu-item{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.event-detail-hero{background-color:#3f464e !important}.site-filters__col [class$=control],.site-filters__col [class$=menu]{background-color:#707881 !important}.site-filters__col [class$=placeholder]{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.magazine-archive-title{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.light-grey-bg{background-color:#3f464e !important}.subhead,.homepage--rev-head,.article-card:not(:nth-child(3n+1)),.homepage--rev-divider,.magazine-list-article.list-display:not(:last-child){border-color:#707881 !important}.magazine-audio-duration,.magazine-title,.magazine-author,.article-card-title,.article-card-author,.book-review-homepage--featured-title{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.home-stripe{background-color:#282d32 !important}.gray2-bg,.gray1-bg{background-color:#707881 !important}.white-bg,.form-control[type=text],.form-control[type=password],.form-control[type=email],textarea{background:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;color:#fff !important}.form-control:focus{color:#fff !important}.ob-l{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:text-light,.dark-text-light{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:text-light:not(.clist-item-body):hover,.dark-text-light:not(.clist-item-body):hover{color:#ced2d9 !important}.dark\:text-light:link,.dark-text-light:link{color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:text-dark,.dark-text-dark{color:#3f464e !important}.dark\:text-dark:focus,.dark-text-dark:focus{color:#3f464e !important}.dark\:bg-dark,.dark\:bg-dark[type=text]{background-color:#3f464e !important}.dark\:gray-bg{background-color:#222 !important}.dark\:fill-light svg{fill:#f7f9fc !important}.dark\:head-divider-light-top{border-color:#e6eaf0 !important}.dark\:hover\:text-white:hover,a.dark\:hover\:text-white:hover{color:#fff !important}.podcast-hero-wrapper{background-color:#000 !important}.podcast-text-picker .btn-check:checked+.btn-outline-primary,.podcast-text-picker .btn-check:active+.btn-outline-primary,.podcast-text-picker .btn-outline-primary:active,.podcast-text-picker .btn-outline-primary.active{background-color:#fff !important}.carousel-dark .carousel-control-prev-icon,.carousel-dark .carousel-control-next-icon{filter:none !important}.tablesort--asc{background-image:url("https://www.foreignaffairs.com/core/misc/icons/ffffff/twistie-down.svg") !important}.tablesort--desc{background-image:url("https://www.foreignaffairs.com/core/misc/icons/ffffff/twistie-up.svg") !important}}</style><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge" /><script async type="text/javascript" src="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; // Add a place to store the slot name variable. googletag.slots = googletag.slots || {}; </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .addSize([1024, 1], []) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--2"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/articles/speedbump_mobile", [300, 250], "js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--2") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Central America &amp; Caribbean','Cuba','South America','Argentina','Brazil','Chile','Venezuela']) .setTargeting('tags', ['Latin America','Global South']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Economics','Finance','Trade']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1125057']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .addSize([1024, 1], []) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--3"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/articles/speedbump_mobile", [300, 250], "js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--3") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Central America &amp; Caribbean','Cuba','South America','Argentina','Brazil','Chile','Venezuela']) .setTargeting('tags', ['Latin America','Global South']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Economics','Finance','Trade']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1125057']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2"] = googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot("/101014362/FA/articles/outofpage", "js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Central America &amp; Caribbean','Cuba','South America','Argentina','Brazil','Chile','Venezuela']) .setTargeting('tags', ['Latin America','Global South']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Economics','Finance','Trade']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1125057']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) .addSize([1024, 1], [[728, 90], [970, 90]]) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-top--2"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/articles/top", [[728, 90], [970, 90], [320, 50]], "js-dfp-tag-top--2") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Central America &amp; Caribbean','Cuba','South America','Argentina','Brazil','Chile','Venezuela']) .setTargeting('tags', ['Latin America','Global South']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Economics','Finance','Trade']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1125057']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], []) .addSize([1024, 1], [[300, 250], [300, 600]]) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-sidebar"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/articles/sidebar", [[300, 250], [300, 600]], "js-dfp-tag-sidebar") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Central America &amp; Caribbean','Cuba','South America','Argentina','Brazil','Chile','Venezuela']) .setTargeting('tags', ['Latin America','Global South']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Economics','Finance','Trade']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1125057']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { // Start by defining breakpoints for this ad. var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([0, 0], []) .addSize([1024, 1], [[300, 250], [300, 600]]) .build(); googletag.slots["js-dfp-tag-sidebar--2"] = googletag.defineSlot("/101014362/FA/articles/sidebar", [[300, 250], [300, 600]], "js-dfp-tag-sidebar--2") .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('regions', ['Central America &amp; Caribbean','Cuba','South America','Argentina','Brazil','Chile','Venezuela']) .setTargeting('tags', ['Latin America','Global South']) .setTargeting('topics', ['Economics','Finance','Trade']) .setTargeting('content-subtype', ['snapshot']) .setTargeting('node', ['1125057']) .setTargeting('environment', ['live']) // Apply size mapping when there are breakpoints. .defineSizeMapping(mapping) ; }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 500, renderMarginPercent: 200, mobileScaling: 2 }); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script><link rel="icon" href="/themes/fa/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/central-america-caribbean/2019-10-29/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/rss.xml" /><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_1x/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg.webp?itok=7MtM7SYY" imagesrcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_1x/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg.webp?itok=vAhU2q9R 800w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_2x/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg.webp?itok=a7VkCGeY 1600w" imagesizes="100vw, (min-width: 768px) 50vw" /><title>Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode | Foreign Affairs</title><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/assets/css/css_OX6LLJaA6aVtzTSUn1nUv-Y0TnGU84RAMLU946_rZaE.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/assets/css/css_gluQ7cxVnrCXASqsblk0pSRcm9W6A0M_-GVxC8CbbVA.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA" /></head><body class="layout-no-sidebars page-node-1125057"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content</a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-52SVNB" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas><body><div class="flyout position-relative"><div class="flyout__body w-100"><div id="js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2"><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-outofpage--2'); }); </script></div><div class="d-none"> <svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 877.18 90.02" xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="fa-logo-horizontal"><g id="fa-logo-horizontal"><path d="M27.48 75.28v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.43c2.09-.2 4.18-.2 6.27-.2 5.18 0 8.56 4.98 9.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1 5.88-4.58 9.76-9.76 9.76-2.09 0-4.18 0-6.27-.2V8.66c0-3.58 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69 0 2.59 3.19 6.47 7.37 3.29 3.58 8.66 6.47 10.36 6.47l.5-.9c-1.09-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15 0-1.3.6-2.49.6-3.39 0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76 0-18.42.3-27.58.3C15.33.9 6.97.8 0 .6v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47v57.06c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3m70.21.5c22.51 0 37.94-16.73 37.94-37.94S119.5.1 94.6.1C72.1.1 56.66 16.83 56.66 38.04s15.93 37.74 41.03 37.74m3.88-3.78c-19.72 0-32.46-20.02-32.46-41.92 0-15.83 7.67-26.19 21.61-26.19 19.72 0 32.46 20.02 32.46 41.92 0 15.83-7.67 26.19-21.61 26.19M139.51.6v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47v57.06c0 3.88-1.09 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3V73.5l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.64H169l.2.9c2.39 10.95 8.36 24.2 16.53 33.16 7.57 8.27 21.21 16.33 25.49 17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56 10.85-2.59 16.53-9.66 16.53-19.32C198.37 7.57 186.42.1 171.28.1c-10.06 0-14.04 1-18.62 1-4.98 0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72 34.56V9.86c0-4.78 2.09-6.27 7.67-6.27 13.94 0 19.02 6.27 19.02 15.34s-5.58 16.23-17.53 16.23h-9.16Zm100.68 40.13c.6 0 1.2-.3 1.2-1.39 0-.9-.8-2.19-.8-3.59 0-5.28 2.99-11.45 4.18-13.04l-.6-1.1c-1.59 0-5.08 2.19-8.26 6.07-3.88 4.48-5.78 9.56-10.76 9.56h-15.93c-2.99 0-3.98-1-3.98-4.88V37.05c3.39-.2 6.87-.2 10.26-.2 4.18 0 7.57 4.98 8.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1 5.87-4.58 9.76-8.76 9.76-3.39 0-6.87 0-10.26-.2V8.66c0-3.58 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.59 0 2.49 2.89 6.17 6.87 3.09 3.39 8.27 6.17 9.86 6.17l.5-.9c-1.1-1.39-3.98-6.87-3.98-11.55 0-1.19.5-2.39.5-3.19 0-.6-.3-.9-.9-.9-8.36 0-17.82.3-26.99.3-8.66 0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47V66.9c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c6.77-.1 15.63-.3 24.8-.3 10.06 0 20.81.3 29.87.3m34.45 0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77V8.86c0-3.88 1-5.08 3.98-5.68l3.78-.8V.6c-3.29.1-7.57.1-13.74.1S270.18.7 266.9.6v1.79l3.78.8c2.89.6 3.98 1.79 3.98 5.68v56.07c0 4.88-1.09 7.17-3.98 7.77l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.1 13.64-.1s10.56 0 13.84.1M335.19.1c-21.51 0-36.94 16.73-36.94 37.94s15.93 37.74 39.04 37.74c9.46 0 17.13-3.29 20.81-7.47 1.59 4.68 5.28 7.47 9.96 7.47 2.99 0 4.48-.5 5.97-1.49V72.8c-3.39 0-4.88-1.79-4.88-6.07V51.69c0-3.09.9-5.08 2.69-5.58l3.09-.9v-1.79c-4.28.2-6.57.3-12.75.3s-10.46-.1-12.75-.3v1.79l3.78.8c2.89.6 3.98 1.79 3.98 5.68v5.08c0 8.86-6.07 15.24-16.03 15.24-17.73 0-30.47-19.02-30.47-41.92 0-15.83 7.67-26.19 23.6-26.19 8.07 0 12.55 1 18.12 4.18 4.68 2.69 7.77 6.37 12.25 13.74h1.89c-1-4.08-1.69-8.56-1.69-11.05 0-2.69.1-6.57 1-10.16h-1.89c-1.59 2.19-3.09 3.49-5.08 3.49-5.68 0-11.05-3.98-23.7-3.98m108.74 12.85c.2-5.88 2.29-8.96 5.97-9.76l3.78-.8V.6c-3.29.2-6.67.3-12.85.3S430.47.8 427.19.6v1.79l3.78.8c5.38 1.1 8.07 3.58 7.97 9.46l-.7 44.02L395.94.6c-3.09.1-6.57.2-10.46.2s-7.07-.1-10.06-.2v1.79c6.77 1 11.75 6.57 11.75 13.44v51.09c0 3.88-4.08 5.18-6.97 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.2 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.1 13.84.3V73.5l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-7.97-1.89-7.97-5.78V16.13l47.5 61.34h1.99l2.29-64.53ZM514.8 0h-3.49l-25.79 65.13c-1.89 4.68-4.78 7.17-7.67 7.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 5.48-.3 10.65-.3s9.56.1 12.85.3V73.7l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1 8.86-.2 13.24-.2 3.88 0 7.77.1 11.65.1l6.57 17.63c1.1 2.79 0 5.18-2.89 5.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 6.47-.3 11.65-.3s9.56.1 11.85.3V73.7l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68L514.8 0Zm-5.48 45.91c-3.98 0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98 10.95 28.98c-3.39.1-6.87.1-10.26.1m66.72 29.58V73.7l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.64c2.09-.2 4.18-.2 6.27-.2 5.18 0 8.56 4.98 9.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09 5.87-4.58 9.76-9.76 9.76-2.09 0-4.18 0-6.27-.2V8.86c0-3.59 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69 0 2.59 3.19 6.47 7.37 3.29 3.58 8.66 6.47 10.36 6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15 0-1.29.6-2.49.6-3.39 0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76 0-18.42.3-27.58.3-8.66 0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47V67.1c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3m58.75 0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.62c2.09-.2 4.18-.2 6.27-.2 5.18 0 8.56 4.98 9.76 11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55 0-4.08.3-9.56.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09 5.87-4.58 9.76-9.76 9.76-2.09 0-4.18 0-6.27-.2V8.86c0-3.59 1.1-4.58 2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69 0 2.59 3.19 6.47 7.37 3.29 3.58 8.66 6.47 10.36 6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15 0-1.29.6-2.49.6-3.39 0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76 0-18.42.3-27.58.3-8.66 0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47V67.1c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3M691.56 0h-3.48l-25.79 65.13c-1.89 4.68-4.78 7.17-7.67 7.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 5.48-.3 10.66-.3s9.56.1 12.85.3V73.7l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1 8.86-.2 13.24-.2 3.88 0 7.77.1 11.65.1l6.57 17.63c1.1 2.79 0 5.18-2.89 5.97l-2.09.6v1.79c3.29-.2 6.47-.3 11.65-.3s9.56.1 11.85.3V73.7l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68L691.56 0Zm-5.48 45.91c-3.98 0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98 10.95 28.98c-3.39.1-6.87.1-10.26.1m66.72 29.58V73.7l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77V9.06c0-3.88 1-5.08 3.98-5.68l3.78-.8V.8c-3.29.1-7.57.1-13.74.1s-10.46 0-13.74-.1v1.79l3.78.8c2.89.6 3.98 1.79 3.98 5.68v56.07c0 4.88-1.1 7.17-3.98 7.77l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.1 13.64-.1s10.56 0 13.84.1M760.27.8v1.79c5.58 1.59 7.77 3.58 7.77 7.47v57.06c0 3.88-1.1 5.18-3.98 5.78l-3.78.8v1.79c3.29-.1 7.47-.3 13.64-.3s10.56.2 13.84.3V73.7l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78V38.84h9.76l.2.9c2.39 10.95 8.37 24.2 16.53 33.16 7.57 8.26 21.21 16.33 25.49 17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56 10.85-2.59 16.53-9.66 16.53-19.32C819.14 7.77 807.19.3 792.05.3c-10.06 0-14.04 1-18.62 1-4.98 0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72 34.56v-25.3c0-4.78 2.09-6.27 7.67-6.27 13.94 0 19.02 6.27 19.02 15.34s-5.58 16.23-17.53 16.23h-9.16Zm75.48 40.63c12.75 0 21.71-6.57 21.71-19.02 0-23-37.54-25.69-37.54-43.32 0-5.98 4.58-9.56 11.15-9.56 7.17 0 13.34 4.68 21.21 16.93h1.59c-.8-4.08-1.39-8.56-1.39-11.05 0-2.69.1-6.17 1-9.16h-1.49c-1.59 1.59-3.48 2.49-5.48 2.49-4.98 0-8.17-2.99-16.23-2.99-13.84 0-21.61 8.76-21.61 17.63 0 22.51 37.34 26.09 37.34 43.12 0 7.77-4.38 11.15-12.65 11.15-10.75 0-20.91-6.27-24.7-20.02h-1.89c.6 3.78.8 6.17.8 10.85 0 3.39-1.49 9.56-2.79 12.45h1.89c1.49-1.99 3.98-3.88 7.87-3.88 5.58 0 10.26 4.38 21.21 4.38"/></g></svg></div> <section class="site-header__top-bar dfp-tag-wrapper"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col"><div class="my-3 text-center"><div id="js-dfp-tag-top--2"><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-top--2'); }); </script></div></div></div></div></div> </section> <header class="fa-header-wrapper"><div class="d-none d-lg-block container position-relative desktop-header-wrapper"><div class="row justify-content-between align-items-center desktop-header g-0 flex-nowrap"><div class="col-4 d-flex h-100 subscribe-block"><div> <a href="/issues/2024/103/6" class="d-block position-relative latest-issue-link"> <img class="subscribe-callout-image d-none d-lg-block" src="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_issue_small_1x/public/images/2024/10/21/FA_ND_2024_Cover.jpg.webp?itok=6MM0LbO3" alt="November/December 2024cover" loading="eager" width="80" height="114" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_issue_small_1x/public/images/2024/10/21/FA_ND_2024_Cover.jpg.webp?itok=6MM0LbO3 80w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_issue_small_2x/public/images/2024/10/21/FA_ND_2024_Cover.jpg.webp?itok=dujdbF-p 160w" sizes="(max-width:768px) 0px, 80px" /> </a></div></div><div class="col-auto text-center"> <a class="d-block logo-link-desktop" href="/" aria-label="Foreign Affairs"> <span class="visually-hidden">Foreign Affairs Magazine Homepage</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 877.18 90.02"> <use xlink:href="#fa-logo-horizontal"></use> </svg> </a></div><div class="col-4 d-flex justify-content-end align-items-center"> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-topright-main-text" id="sub1-topright" class="header-action-link btn py-0 fw-bold btn-red px-3" > Subscribe </a> <button class="flyout__js-open position-relative border-0 bg-transparent fs-12 header-action-link my-account text-uppercase fw-bold"> Sign In <sup class="flyout__counter d-none"></sup> </button></div></div></div><div id="overlay-menu" class="header-overlay-menu pb-5 position-fixed text-light"> <header class="header-overlay-menu__header pt-md-3 mb-4 mb-md-5"><div class="container d-flex justify-content-between"> <button class="overlay-menu-toggle btn fw-bold navbar-menu px-3" aria-controls="overlay-menu" aria-expanded="true" data-label="Toggle overflow menu"> <span class="rotate-45 d-block"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="54.3 329.2 891.5 891.6" enable-background="new 54.3 329.2 891.5 891.6" xml:space="preserve"><g><g><polygon points="945.8,719.3 555.7,719.3 555.7,329.2 444.3,329.2 444.3,719.3 54.3,719.3 54.3,830.7 444.3,830.7 444.3,1220.8 555.7,1220.8 555.7,830.7 945.8,830.7 "/></g></g></svg></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Close Oveflow Menu</span> </button><div class="d-flex flex-fill align-items-center justify-content-center"> <a class="d-block header-overlay-menu__logo" href="/" aria-label="Foreign Affairs"> <svg viewbox="0 0 877.18 90.02"> <use xlink:href="#fa-logo-horizontal"></use> </svg> </a></div><div class="d-flex justify-content-end align-items-center header-mobile-actions"> <a href="/search" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold px-3 py-1 d-md-none" title="Explore"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="22px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 19 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Icon/Search-Copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Page-1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <path d="M13.2676,6.8836 C13.2676,10.4096 10.4096,13.2676 6.8836,13.2676 C3.3586,13.2676 0.4996,10.4096 0.4996,6.8836 C0.4996,3.3576 3.3586,0.4996 6.8836,0.4996 C10.4096,0.4996 13.2676,3.3576 13.2676,6.8836 Z" id="Stroke-1"></path> <line x1="18.1416" y1="16.5" x2="12.1966" y2="10.555" id="Stroke-3"></line> </g> </g></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Explore</span> </a> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-desktop-overflow" id="sub5-desk-overflow" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-red header-action-link d-none d-md-inline-block"> Subscribe </a></div></div> </header><div class="container"><div class="tab-content"><div class="tab-pane active" id="sections" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="sections-tab"><div class="row mb-md-4 accordion" id="accordion-fa"><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu1" class=d-md-block> <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start " data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse1" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse1"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Sections</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse show" id="collapse1" aria-labelledby="headingMenu1" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections1" href="/browse/view-all" class="fs-14 text-light"> All Articles </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections2" href="/books-and-reviews" class="fs-14 text-light"> Books & Reviews </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections3" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/podcasts/foreign-affairs-interview" class="fs-14 text-light"> Podcast </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections4" href="/anthologies" class="fs-14 text-light"> Anthologies </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections5" href="/browse/articles-with-audio" class="fs-14 text-light"> Audio Content </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections6" href="/author-listing" class="fs-14 text-light"> Author Directory </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections7" href="/this-day-in-history" class="fs-14 text-light"> This Day in History </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--sections8" href="/events" class="fs-14 text-light"> Events </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu2" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse2"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Topics</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse2" aria-labelledby="headingMenu2" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics1" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/war-ukraine" class="fs-14 text-light"> War in Ukraine </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics2" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/topics/us-foreign-policy" class="fs-14 text-light"> U.S. Foreign Policy </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics3" href="/tags/xi-jinping" class="fs-14 text-light"> Xi Jinping </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics4" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/kamala-harris" class="fs-14 text-light"> Kamala Harris </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics5" href="/tags/donald-trump" class="fs-14 text-light"> Donald Trump </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics6" href="/tags/us-elections" class="fs-14 text-light"> U.S. Elections </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics7" href="/tags/artificial-intelligence" class="fs-14 text-light"> Artificial Intelligence </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics8" href="/topics/climate-change" class="fs-14 text-light"> Climate Change </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics9" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/topics/geopolitics" class="fs-14 text-light"> Geopolitics </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics10" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/israel-hamas-war" class="fs-14 text-light"> Israel-Hamas War </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics11" href="/topics/joe-biden-administration" class="fs-14 text-light"> Biden Administration </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics12" href="/tags/benjamin-netanyahu" class="fs-14 text-light"> Benjamin Netanyahu </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics13" href="/tags/vladimir-putin" class="fs-14 text-light"> Vladimir Putin </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics14" href="/tags/us-chinese-relations" class="fs-14 text-light"> U.S.-Chinese Relations </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics15" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/hamas" class="fs-14 text-light"> Hamas </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--topics16" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/tags/hezbollah" class="fs-14 text-light"> Hezbollah </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu3" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse3"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Regions</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse3" aria-labelledby="headingMenu3" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions1" href="/regions/ukraine" class="fs-14 text-light"> Ukraine </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions2" href="/regions/russia" class="fs-14 text-light"> Russia </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions3" href="/regions/china" class="fs-14 text-light"> China </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions4" href="/regions/united-states" class="fs-14 text-light"> United States </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions5" href="/regions/iran" class="fs-14 text-light"> Iran </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions6" href="/regions/iraq" class="fs-14 text-light"> Iraq </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions7" href="/regions/israel" class="fs-14 text-light"> Israel </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions8" href="/regions/india" class="fs-14 text-light"> India </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions9" href="/regions/north-korea" class="fs-14 text-light"> North Korea </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions10" href="/regions/saudi-arabia" class="fs-14 text-light"> Saudi Arabia </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions11" href="/regions/middle-east" class="fs-14 text-light"> Middle East </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions12" href="/regions/turkey" class="fs-14 text-light"> Turkey </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions13" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/regions/palestinian-territories" class="fs-14 text-light"> Palestinian Territories </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--regions14" href="/regions" class="fs-14 text-light"> <strong>View All Regions</strong> </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu4" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse4"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Article Types</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse4" aria-labelledby="headingMenu4" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types1" href="/browse/essay" class="fs-14 text-light"> Essays </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types2" href="/browse/snapshot" class="fs-14 text-light"> Snapshots </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types3" href="/browse/capsule-review" class="fs-14 text-light"> Capsule Reviews </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types4" href="/browse/review-essay" class="fs-14 text-light"> Review Essays </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types5" href="/browse/ask-the-experts" class="fs-14 text-light"> Ask the Experts </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types6" href="/browse/lists" class="fs-14 text-light"> Reading Lists </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types7" href="/browse/interview" class="fs-14 text-light"> Interviews </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--article-types8" href="/browse/response" class="fs-14 text-light"> Responses </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu5" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse5"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Archive</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse5" aria-labelledby="headingMenu5" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive1" href="/issues/archive/1920" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1920s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive2" href="/issues/archive/1930" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1930s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive3" href="/issues/archive/1940" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1940s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive4" href="/issues/archive/1950" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1950s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive5" href="/issues/archive/1960" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1960s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive6" href="/issues/archive/1970" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1970s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive7" href="/issues/archive/1980" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1980s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive8" href="/issues/archive/1990" class="fs-14 text-light"> 1990s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive9" href="/issues/archive/2000" class="fs-14 text-light"> 2000s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive10" href="/issues/archive/2010" class="fs-14 text-light"> 2010s </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--archive11" href="/issues/archive/2020" class="fs-14 text-light"> 2020s </a></li></ul></div></div><div class="col-md-2"><div id="headingMenu6" > <button class="menu-head-toggle p-0 m-0 border-0 w-100 text-start collapsed" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse6"><h4 class="menu-head py-3 d-flex justify-content-between fs-18 mb-0"> <b>Contact</b> <span class="d-md-none"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 937.9 612 398.1" enable-background="new 31.1 937.9 612 398.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="643.1,1244 629.3,1336.1 337.1,1043.9 44.9,1336.1 31.1,1244 337.1,937.9 "/></g></svg></span></h4> </button></div><div class="menu-collapse collapse " id="collapse6" aria-labelledby="headingMenu6" data-bs-parent="#accordion-fa"><ul class="list-unstyled"><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact1" href="/newsletter" class="fs-14 text-light"> Newsletters </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact2" href="/myaccount" class="fs-14 text-light"> Customer Service </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact3" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/frequently-asked-questions" class="fs-14 text-light"> Frequently Asked Questions </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact4" href="/subscriber-resources" class="fs-14 text-light"> Subscriber Resources </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact5" href="/feedback" class="fs-14 text-light"> Feedback </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact6" href="/group-subscriptions" class="fs-14 text-light"> Group Subscriptions </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact7" href="/gift" class="fs-14 text-light"> Gift a Subscription </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact8" href="/contact-us" class="fs-14 text-light"> Contact </a></li><li class="pt-2"> <a id="collapse--contact9" href="https://mediakit.foreignaffairs.com/" class="fs-14 text-light"> Advertise </a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="menu-social pt-3"><h4 class="fs-18 mb-3"> <b>Follow Us</b></h4><div class="d-flex flex-wrap"> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.facebook.com/ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 12 24"><path d="M11.1 7.9l-.4 3.8h-3v11H3.1v-11H.9V7.9h2.3V5.6C3.2 2.5 4.5.7 8.1.7h3v3.8H9.2C7.8 4.5 7.7 5 7.7 6v1.9h3.4z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://twitter.com/foreignaffairs" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 20"><path d="M19.6 6.1v.6c0 5.7-4.4 12.3-12.3 12.3-2.5 0-4.7-.7-6.6-1.9.3 0 .7.1 1 .1 2 0 3.9-.7 5.4-1.8-1.9 0-3.5-1.3-4-3 .3 0 .5.1.8.1.4 0 .8-.1 1.1-.1-2-.6-3.5-2.4-3.5-4.5v-.1c.6.3 1.2.5 2 .5-1.2-.6-2-2-2-3.5 0-.8.2-1.5.6-2.2C4.2 5.3 7.4 7 11 7.2c-.1-.3-.1-.7-.1-1 0-2.4 1.9-4.3 4.3-4.3 1.2 0 2.4.5 3.2 1.4 1-.2 1.9-.5 2.7-1-.3 1-1 1.8-1.9 2.4.9-.1 1.7-.3 2.5-.7-.5.8-1.3 1.5-2.1 2.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.instagram.com/foreignaffairsmag/" aria-label="Instagram" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg width="21" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.6 19.1c3.024 0 5.5-2.476 5.5-5.5V6.5c0-3.024-2.476-5.5-5.5-5.5H6.5C3.476 1 1 3.476 1 6.5v7.1c0 3.024 2.476 5.5 5.5 5.5h7.1zm0 1H6.5c-3.576 0-6.5-2.924-6.5-6.5V6.5C0 2.924 2.924 0 6.5 0h7.1c3.576 0 6.5 2.924 6.5 6.5v7.1c0 3.576-2.924 6.5-6.5 6.5z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><path d="M10 15.1a4.5 4.5 0 1 1 0-9 4.5 4.5 0 0 1 0 9zm0-1a3.5 3.5 0 1 0 0-7 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0 7z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><circle cx="16" cy="4.6" r="1.2"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/foreign-affairs-magazine" aria-label="Linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M3.5 6C2 6 1 5 1 3.7c0-1.3 1-2.3 2.5-2.3S6 2.4 6 3.7C6 5 5 6 3.5 6zm2.2 15.1H1.3V7.8h4.4v13.3zm15.9 0h-4.4V14c0-1.8-.6-3-2.2-3-1.2 0-1.9.8-2.3 1.6-.1.3-.1.7-.1 1.1v7.4H8.1c.1-12 0-13.3 0-13.3h4.4v1.9c.6-.9 1.6-2.2 4-2.2 2.9 0 5.1 1.9 5.1 6v7.6z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ForeignAffairsMag" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 26 19"><path d="M24.6 15.2c-.3 1.3-1.3 2.3-2.6 2.4-3 .4-6 .4-9 .4s-6 0-9-.3c-1.3-.1-2.3-1.1-2.6-2.4-.4-1.9-.4-4-.4-5.9s0-4 .4-5.8C1.7 2.3 2.8 1.3 4 1.2c3-.3 6-.3 9-.3s6 0 9 .3c1.3.1 2.3 1.1 2.6 2.4.4 1.9.4 3.9.4 5.8s0 4-.4 5.8zm-6.9-6.5l-6.9-4.3c-.3-.2-.6-.2-.9 0-.2.1-.3.4-.3.7v8.6c0 .3.2.6.4.8.1.1.3.1.4.1.2 0 .3 0 .5-.1l6.9-4.3c.3-.1.4-.4.4-.7s-.2-.7-.5-.8z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.reddit.com/user/foreignaffairsmag" aria-label="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 27 23"><path d="M11.6 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0"/><path d="M26.2 11.9c0-2.1-1.7-3.8-3.7-3.8-.7 0-1.4.2-1.9.6-1.7-1-4-1.6-6.4-1.7l1.4-4 2.9.7V4c0 1.6 1.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.6 0 2.9-1.3 2.9-2.9 0-1.6-1.3-2.9-2.9-2.9-1 0-1.9.6-2.4 1.4l-4.1-1L13 7c-2.5 0-4.7.7-6.4 1.7l.1-.1c-.6-.3-1.3-.6-2-.6C2.7 8 1 9.8 1 11.9c0 1.4.7 2.6 1.8 3.3.5 3.9 5.1 7 10.8 7 5.7 0 10.4-3.1 10.8-7.1 1.2-.7 1.8-1.9 1.8-3.2zm-4.8-9.6c.8 0 1.6.7 1.6 1.6 0 .9-.7 1.6-1.6 1.6-.9 0-1.6-.7-1.6-1.6 0-.9.7-1.6 1.6-1.6zm-16.7 7c.3 0 .6.1.8.2-1.4 1.1-2.3 2.5-2.6 4.1-.4-.5-.6-1-.6-1.7 0-1.4 1.1-2.6 2.4-2.6zm9 11.6c-5.3 0-9.6-2.9-9.6-6.4 0-3.5 4.3-6.4 9.6-6.4s9.6 2.9 9.6 6.4c0 3.5-4.3 6.4-9.6 6.4zm10.7-7.5c-.3-1.5-1.2-2.9-2.6-4 .2-.1.5-.1.7-.1 1.3 0 2.4 1.1 2.4 2.5.1.6-.1 1.2-.5 1.6zm0 0"/><path d="M18.9 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0M16.9 17c-3.6 2.4-6.5.1-6.6 0-.3-.2-.7-.2-.9.1-.2.3-.2.7.1.9 0 0 1.7 1.3 4.1 1.3 1.2 0 2.6-.3 4-1.3.3-.2.4-.6.2-.9-.2-.2-.6-.3-.9-.1zm0 0"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://flipboard.com/@ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Flipboard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 21 21"><path d="M0 0v21h21V0H0zm16.4 8.2h-4.1v4.1H8.2v4.1H4.1V4.1h12.3v4.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/rss.xml" aria-label="Feed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M15 14.8c-.1.1-.3.2-.5.2h-1.4c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6C12.1 8.6 7.4 3.9 1.6 3.6c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.7V1.5c0-.2.1-.3.2-.5.1-.1.3-.2.4-.2C5.2 1 8.5 2.5 11 5s4 5.8 4.2 9.3c-.1.2-.1.4-.2.5zm-5.2 0c-.1.1-.3.2-.4.2H8c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6-.3-3.1-2.7-5.5-5.8-5.8-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6V6.6c0-.2.1-.4.2-.5.1 0 .3-.1.4-.1 2.1.2 4.2 1.1 5.7 2.6s2.5 3.5 2.6 5.7c.1.2 0 .4-.1.5zm-6.9.2c-1 0-1.9-.9-1.9-1.9s.9-1.9 1.9-1.9 1.9.9 1.9 1.9S4 15 2.9 15z"/></svg> </a> <a class="menu-social-item d-block me-3 mb-3" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/3vCDodm2QxZXsZFzdv1mPV?si=1e4781431d6747e4&nd=1" aria-label="Spotify" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1333.33 1333.3" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"><path d="M666.66 0C298.48 0 0 298.47 0 666.65c0 368.19 298.48 666.65 666.66 666.65 368.22 0 666.67-298.45 666.67-666.65C1333.33 298.49 1034.88.03 666.65.03l.01-.04zm305.73 961.51c-11.94 19.58-37.57 25.8-57.16 13.77-156.52-95.61-353.57-117.26-585.63-64.24-22.36 5.09-44.65-8.92-49.75-31.29-5.12-22.37 8.84-44.66 31.26-49.75 253.95-58.02 471.78-33.04 647.51 74.35 19.59 12.02 25.8 37.57 13.77 57.16zm81.6-181.52c-15.05 24.45-47.05 32.17-71.49 17.13-179.2-110.15-452.35-142.05-664.31-77.7-27.49 8.3-56.52-7.19-64.86-34.63-8.28-27.49 7.22-56.46 34.66-64.82 242.11-73.46 543.1-37.88 748.89 88.58 24.44 15.05 32.16 47.05 17.12 71.46V780zm7.01-189.02c-214.87-127.62-569.36-139.35-774.5-77.09-32.94 9.99-67.78-8.6-77.76-41.55-9.98-32.96 8.6-67.77 41.56-77.78 235.49-71.49 626.96-57.68 874.34 89.18 29.69 17.59 39.41 55.85 21.81 85.44-17.52 29.63-55.89 39.4-85.42 21.8h-.03z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></svg> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div> </header> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg" id="navbar"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center px-0 navbar-content"> <button class="overlay-menu-toggle btn fw-bold btn-link d-lg-none btn-sm navbar-icon order-0 order-lg-0 navbar-menu px-3" aria-controls="overlay-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle overflow menu navigation"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="20px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 20 16" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="square"> <g id="New-Header-Copy-2" transform="translate(-213.000000, -95.000000)" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <g id="Group" transform="translate(214.000000, 95.500000)"> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="14.5" x2="18" y2="14.5" id="Line-Copy-5" transform="translate(9.000000, 14.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -14.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="7.5" x2="18" y2="7.5" id="Line-Copy-3" transform="translate(9.000000, 7.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -7.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="0.5" x2="18" y2="0.5" id="Line-Copy-4" transform="translate(9.000000, 0.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -0.500000) "></line> </g> </g> </g></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Open Oveflow Menu</span> </button> <a class="order-1 order-lg-0 flex-grow-1 text-center logo-link-navbar" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/" aria-label="Foreign Affairs"> <span class="visually-hidden">Foreign Affairs Magazine Homepage</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 877.18 90.02"> <use xlink:href="#fa-logo-horizontal"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="/search" class="navbar-icon order-2 px-3 header-account-link navbar-sticky-icon" title="Explore"><div><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="22px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 19 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Icon/Search-Copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Page-1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <path d="M13.2676,6.8836 C13.2676,10.4096 10.4096,13.2676 6.8836,13.2676 C3.3586,13.2676 0.4996,10.4096 0.4996,6.8836 C0.4996,3.3576 3.3586,0.4996 6.8836,0.4996 C10.4096,0.4996 13.2676,3.3576 13.2676,6.8836 Z" id="Stroke-1"></path> <line x1="18.1416" y1="16.5" x2="12.1966" y2="10.555" id="Stroke-3"></line> </g> </g></svg></div> <span class="visually-hidden">Explore</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void();" class="flyout__js-open position-relative my-account navbar-icon d-lg-none order-2 px-3 header-account-link navbar-sticky-icon"> <span class="visually-hidden">My Account</span> <svg height="25px" viewBox="0 0 512 512" width="22px" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path width="25px" d="m512 256c0-141.488281-114.496094-256-256-256-141.488281 0-256 114.496094-256 256 0 140.234375 113.539062 256 256 256 141.875 0 256-115.121094 256-256zm-256-226c124.617188 0 226 101.382812 226 226 0 45.585938-13.558594 89.402344-38.703125 126.515625-100.96875-108.609375-273.441406-108.804687-374.59375 0-25.144531-37.113281-38.703125-80.929687-38.703125-126.515625 0-124.617188 101.382812-226 226-226zm-168.585938 376.5c89.773438-100.695312 247.421876-100.671875 337.167969 0-90.074219 100.773438-247.054687 100.804688-337.167969 0zm0 0"/><path d="m256 271c49.625 0 90-40.375 90-90v-30c0-49.625-40.375-90-90-90s-90 40.375-90 90v30c0 49.625 40.375 90 90 90zm-60-120c0-33.085938 26.914062-60 60-60s60 26.914062 60 60v30c0 33.085938-26.914062 60-60 60s-60-26.914062-60-60zm0 0"/></svg> <sup class="flyout__counter d-none"></sup> </a> <span class="visually-hidden">Sign In</span><div class="collapse d-lg-flex responsive-navbar" id="responsive-navbar"> <button class="overlay-menu-toggle overlay-menu-toggle--navbar header-navbar-link px-3 d-flex align-items-center" aria-controls="overlay-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle overflow menu navigation"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="20px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 20 16" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="square"> <g id="New-Header-Copy-2" transform="translate(-213.000000, -95.000000)" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <g id="Group" transform="translate(214.000000, 95.500000)"> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="14.5" x2="18" y2="14.5" id="Line-Copy-5" transform="translate(9.000000, 14.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -14.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="7.5" x2="18" y2="7.5" id="Line-Copy-3" transform="translate(9.000000, 7.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -7.500000) "></line> <line class="menu--color" x1="-1.07476087e-16" y1="0.5" x2="18" y2="0.5" id="Line-Copy-4" transform="translate(9.000000, 0.500000) scale(-1, 1) translate(-9.000000, -0.500000) "></line> </g> </g> </g></svg> <span class="overlay-menu-toggle__text navbar-link-text font-weight-800 text-uppercase"> Menu </span> </button><h2 id="target-page-title" class="sticky-header-title fs-18 mb-0 mt-1 f-serif font-weight-800 align-self-center"></h2><ul class="d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row mx-auto navbar-nav"><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/magazine" id="navbar-item-magazine--current-issue" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Current Issue</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/archive" id="navbar-item-magazine--archive" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Archive</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/books-and-reviews" id="navbar-item-magazine--books-reviews" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Books & Reviews</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/podcasts/foreign-affairs-interview" id="navbar-item-magazine--podcast" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Podcast</span> </a></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link" href="/newsletter" id="navbar-item-magazine--newsletters" role="button" tab-index="0"> <span>Newsletters</span> </a></li></ul> <a href="/search" class="header-navbar-link header-ctas-link-search d-none d-lg-block px-3 me-0 d-flex align-items-center"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg width="22px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 19 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="Icon/Search-Copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Page-1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"> <path d="M13.2676,6.8836 C13.2676,10.4096 10.4096,13.2676 6.8836,13.2676 C3.3586,13.2676 0.4996,10.4096 0.4996,6.8836 C0.4996,3.3576 3.3586,0.4996 6.8836,0.4996 C10.4096,0.4996 13.2676,3.3576 13.2676,6.8836 Z" id="Stroke-1"></path> <line x1="18.1416" y1="16.5" x2="12.1966" y2="10.555" id="Stroke-3"></line> </g> </g></svg> <span class="search-text navbar-link-text font-weight-800 text-uppercase">Search</span> </a></div><div class="sticky-action-links d-flex align-items-center order-2 order-lg-0 h-100 position-lg-absolute"> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-sticky-nav-text" id="sub3-stickynav" class="d-none d-lg-block btn px-4 fw-bold btn-red header-action-link header-action-link--full m-0" > Subscribe </a></div></div></div></div><div class="progress-indicator--horizontal"></div></nav><div class="navbar-buttons d-lg-none d-flex p-1"> <a href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-mobile-menu" id="sub4-mobile-menu" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-red my-2 ms-2 me-1 w-50" > Subscribe </a> <a href="/user/login?destination=/articles/central-america-caribbean/2019-10-29/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-primary my-2 me-2 ms-1 w-50" data-dl-click-event="login_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Login-header-text">Sign in</a></div><div class="messages--container w-100"><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><div data-fa-message-dismiss-counter="newsletter_overlay--fa_message_199" data-fa-message-dismiss-impressions="1" data-fa-message-dismiss-days="7" class="newsletter-backdrop " role="alert"><div id="hwg_overlay" class="newsletter-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="newsletter-head"><div class="newsletter-modal-content"><div class="newsletter-modal-top"> <button class="newsletter-modal-close newsletter-modal-close--top alert-close dark:text-light"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> <span class="visually-hidden">Close dialog</span> </button></div><div class="newsletter-modal-container"> <header class="newsletter-overlay-head"> <img class="newsletter-overlay-head--img" src="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_720_max_width/public/images/2024/10/22/TWOFA.jpg.webp?itok=thA_-ws8" alt="" loading="lazy" width="720" height="360" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_1440_max_width/public/images/2024/10/22/TWOFA.jpg.webp?itok=5McBO_te 1440w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_720_max_width/public/images/2024/10/22/TWOFA.jpg.webp?itok=thA_-ws8 720w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 220px, (min-width: 768px) 276px" /> </header><div class="newsletter-overlay-content"> <section class="newsletter-overlay-form"><div class="newsletter-overlay-inputs"><div class="form-wrapper w-100"><form class="fa-newsletter-email-signup" data-drupal-selector="fa-newsletter-email-signup-overlay" action="/articles/central-america-caribbean/2019-10-29/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode" method="post" id="fa_newsletter_email_signup_overlay" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div class="js-form-item js-form-type-email form-type-email js-form-item-email form-item-email form-no-label mb-3"> <input placeholder="Enter Your Email" size="26" maxlength="60" class="edit-email form-email required form-control" data-drupal-selector="edit-email" type="email" id="edit-email--2" name="email" value="" required="required" aria-required="true" /></div><div data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha" class="captcha captcha-type-challenge--hcaptcha"><div class="captcha__element"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-sid" type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value="224359110" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-token" type="hidden" name="captcha_token" value="sjFR71uj8av9z-axWcuJjOuyGEMgLnrqQyBIGR1kxYI" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-response" type="hidden" name="captcha_response" value="hCaptcha no captcha" class="form-control" /><div class="h-captcha" data-sitekey="e4def1c1-7560-43f6-b953-3b4a405c0eef" data-size="invisible"></div><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-cacheable" type="hidden" name="captcha_cacheable" value="1" class="form-control" /></div></div> <input class="sign-up-button btn d-block btn-red newsletter-modal-cta mb-3 button js-form-submit form-submit btn btn- form-control" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" data-disable-refocus="true" type="submit" id="edit-submit--2" name="op" value="Get the Newsletter" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-newsletter-key" type="hidden" name="newsletter_key" value="fa_thisweek" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-location" type="hidden" name="location" value="overlay" class="form-control" /><input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-qgk9kfznd-3htqjr7wfip1gcattk0hxenhw6yku2yv0" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-QGk9kfzND_3hTqJr7WfIp1GCaTtK0HxeNHW6YKu2yv0" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-fa-newsletter-email-signup-overlay" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="fa_newsletter_email_signup_overlay" class="form-control" /></form></div> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="newsletter-modal-close newsletter-modal-close--bottom btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-link d-block mb-2 alert-close dark:text-light"> <span>No, thanks</span> </a></div> </section></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="block-fa-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"><div class="content"><div class="container article-body-text "><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3 trans-fx-ph d-none d-md-block"></div></div><div class="row article-header--metadata-title"><div class="col-lg-10 offset-lg-0 col-12 col-md-8 offset-md-2"><div class="row"><div class="col-lg-11 article-header--metadata-content"><h1 class="f-serif ls-0 article-title pt-2" data-drupal-page-title>Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode</h1><h2 class="f-serif ls-0 article-subtitle ">Economic Malaise, More Than Foreign Meddling, Explains the Outpouring of Rage</h2><div class="row g-0 ls-0 article-byline position-relative"><h3 class="f-sans m-0 col-12 col-sm-auto me-sm-4"><span class="position-relative d-inline-block"> By <a href="#author-info" class="article-byline-author b4-l">Moisés Naím and Brian Winter</a></span></h3><span class="article-header--metadata-date align-self-center col-6 col-sm-auto"><time datetime="2019-10-29">October 29, 2019</time></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container article-container"><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-8 offset-md-2 offset-lg-0 col-lg-8 article-body position-static"><div class="d-flex flex-lg-row-reverse position-relative flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap"><div class="flex-fill"> <figure class="article-inline-img-block print-hidden"> <img class="w-100" src="data:image/webp;base64,UklGRkAAAABXRUJQVlA4IDQAAADwAQCdASoBAAEAAQAcJaACdLoB+AAETAAA/vW4f/6aR40jxpHxcP/ugT90CfugT/3NoAAA" alt="" loading="eager" width="570" height="380" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_1x/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg.webp?itok=VppWwyef 135w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_2x/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg.webp?itok=weYh9KYm 270w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_1x/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg.webp?itok=7MtM7SYY 300w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_2x/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg.webp?itok=A0CkaA7O 600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_1x/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg.webp?itok=vAhU2q9R 800w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_2x/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg.webp?itok=a7VkCGeY 1600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_1x/public/images/articles/2019/10/28/chile_protests.jpg.webp?itok=MONb_dXk 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 100vw, (min-width: 768px) 50vw" /> <figcaption class="article-inline-img-block--figcaption ls-narrow f-sans mt-2 print-hidden"><div class="article-inline-img-block--caption">A protester holds a Chilean flag during an anti-government demonstration in Santiago, October 2019</div> <address class="article-inline-img-block--photo-credit">Edgard Garrido / Reuters</address> </figcaption> </figure></div> <nav class="article-tools mb-3 mb-lg-0 print-hidden"><div class="ms-0 article-tools-wrapper py-2 py-lg-0 d-flex flex-lg-column flex-wrap justify-content-center "> <section class="article-tools-group d-flex d-lg-block justify-content-center align-items-center article-tools-group-loading"> <a href="/user/login?destination=/articles/central-america-caribbean/2019-10-29/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Sign in and save to read later" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="myfa_save_anon_tout" > <span class="visually-hidden">Sign in and save to read later</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--save-anonymous "> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 12 18"><defs></defs><polygon points="0 0 0 18 6.03 13.96 12 18 12 0 0 0"/></svg></div> </a><div class="article-tools-item position-relative article-tools-item--navshare"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="btn fw-bold d-flex article-mobile-share"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="64.9 229.8 870.1 1160.1" enable-background="new 64.9 229.8 870.1 1160.1" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M893.7,561.3H624.3c-12.4,0-20.8,8.2-20.8,20.8s8.2,20.8,20.8,20.8h269.3v745.9H106.3v-746h269.3c12.4,0,20.8-8.2,20.8-20.8 c0-12.4-8.2-20.8-20.8-20.8H106.3c-24.8,0-41.4,16.6-41.4,41.4v745.9c0,24.8,16.6,41.4,41.4,41.4h787.3c24.8,0,41.4-16.6,41.4-41.4 V602.7C935.1,577.9,918.5,561.3,893.7,561.3 M500,975.8c12.4,0,20.8-8.2,20.8-20.8V300.3l128.4,128.5c4.2,4.2,12.4,8.2,16.6,8.2 c12.4,0,20.8-8.2,20.8-20.8c0-4.2-4.2-12.4-4.2-16.6L516.6,234c-4.2-4.2-8.2-4.2-16.6-4.2c-4.2,0-12.4,4.2-16.6,4.2L317.6,399.8 c-4.2,4.2-4.2,8.2-4.2,16.6c0,12.4,8.2,20.8,20.8,20.8c4.2,0,12.4-4.2,16.6-4.2l128.4-132.5V955C479.2,967.6,487.6,975.8,500,975.8" /></svg><div class="article-media--button--label"> Share</div> </a></div> <a href="/print/node/1125057" class="d-none d-lg-block article-tools-item tooltip ttright article-tools-item--default " target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-tt="Print this article" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="print_option"> <span class="visually-hidden">Print this article</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--print"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 18"><path d="M3 0v3H0v11h3v4h13v-4h3V3h-3V0H3zm.9 1h11.2v3.7H3.9V1zM4 9.6h11V17H4V9.6z" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg></div> </a> </section> <section class="article-tools-group article-tools-group--share d-flex d-lg-flex mt-lg-3 flex-lg-column justify-content-center align-items-center article-tools-group-loading"><div class="article-tools-item position-relative article-tools-item--navshare"> <a href="/user/login?destination=/articles/central-america-caribbean/2019-10-29/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode" class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold d-flex article-mobile-save "> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="563.7 331.5 567 1058.5" enable-background="new 563.7 331.5 567 1058.5" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M1092.9,369.3V1318l-223-151.2l-22.7-15l-22.7,15.2l-223,151.2V369.3H1092.9 M1130.7,331.5h-567v1058.4L847.2,1201 l283.5,189V331.5L1130.7,331.5z"/></svg><div class="article-media--button--label"> Save</div> </a></div> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Send by email" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="email_share"> <span class="visually-hidden">Send by email</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--email"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 12"><defs></defs><path d="M16 8.5V.9l-3.3 3.76L16 8.5zM0 .75v8.73l3.79-4.41L0 .75zM15.46 0H.67l7.4 8.4L15.46 0z"/><path d="M12.03 5.42l-3.96 4.5-3.61-4.1L0 11.02V12h16v-1.96l-3.97-4.62z"/></svg></div></a><a href="//www.twitter.com/share?text=Why+Latin+America+Was+Primed+to+Explode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fcentral-america-caribbean%2F2019-10-29%2Fwhy-latin-america-was-primed-explode?utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter_cta&utm_campaign=cta_share_buttons&via=ForeignAffairs" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright social-popup article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Share on Twitter" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="twitter_share"> <span class="visually-hidden">Share on Twitter</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--twitter"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="49.1 417.8 883.5 714.4" enable-background="new 49.1 417.8 883.5 714.4" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M926.2,501.7c-31.1,15.5-65.2,24.8-102.5,27.9c37.3-21.7,65.2-59,77.6-99.4c-34.2,21.7-71.4,34.2-111.8,43.5 c-34.2-34.2-80.7-55.9-130.4-55.9c-99.4,0-177,80.7-177,180.1c0,15.5,3.1,27.9,3.1,40.4c-149.1-6.2-279.5-77.6-366.5-186.3 c-15.5,24.8-24.8,55.9-24.8,90.1c0,62.1,31.1,118,77.6,149.1c-31.1,0-52.8-9.3-83.8-21.7c0,0,0,0,0,3.1c0,87,62.1,161.5,146,177 c-15.5,3.1-31.1,3.1-46.6,3.1c-12.4,0-21.7,0-34.2-3.1C174.6,921,243,973.8,320.6,973.8c-62.1,49.7-136.6,77.6-220.5,77.6 c-15.5,0-27.9,0-43.5-3.1c77.6,52.8,173.9,83.9,273.3,83.9c329.2,0,506.2-273.3,506.2-512.4c0-6.2,0-15.5,0-21.7 C873.4,570,901.3,539,926.2,501.7z"/></svg></div></a><a href="//www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fcentral-america-caribbean%2F2019-10-29%2Fwhy-latin-america-was-primed-explode?utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook_cta&utm_campaign=cta_share_buttons" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright social-popup article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Share on Facebook" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="facebook_share"> <span class="visually-hidden">Share on Facebook</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 12 24"><path d="M11.1 7.9l-.4 3.8h-3v11H3.1v-11H.9V7.9h2.3V5.6C3.2 2.5 4.5.7 8.1.7h3v3.8H9.2C7.8 4.5 7.7 5 7.7 6v1.9h3.4z"/></svg></div></a><a href="//www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fcentral-america-caribbean%2F2019-10-29%2Fwhy-latin-america-was-primed-explode?utm_medium=social&utm_source=linkedin_cta&utm_campaign=cta_share_buttons" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright social-popup article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Share on LinkedIn" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="linkedin_share"> <span class="visually-hidden">Share on LinkedIn</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon--facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M3.5 6C2 6 1 5 1 3.7c0-1.3 1-2.3 2.5-2.3S6 2.4 6 3.7C6 5 5 6 3.5 6zm2.2 15.1H1.3V7.8h4.4v13.3zm15.9 0h-4.4V14c0-1.8-.6-3-2.2-3-1.2 0-1.9.8-2.3 1.6-.1.3-.1.7-.1 1.1v7.4H8.1c.1-12 0-13.3 0-13.3h4.4v1.9c.6-.9 1.6-2.2 4-2.2 2.9 0 5.1 1.9 5.1 6v7.6z"/></svg></div></a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright copy-link article-tools-item--default" data-tt="Get a link" tabindex="0" data-dl-click-event="get_link"> <span class="visually-hidden article-tools-item--default">Get a link</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item__icon--link"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 17 18"> <path d="M8.5 12.8L6 15.3c-.5.5-1.2.8-1.9.8s-1.4-.3-1.9-.8c-1-1-1-2.7 0-3.7L5 8.8c1-1 2.7-1 3.7 0 .1.2.4.4.7.4.3 0 .4-.1.6-.2.5-.5 0-1-.2-1.2-1.6-1.6-4.2-1.6-5.8 0l-2.8 2.8c-1.6 1.6-1.6 4.2 0 5.8.8.7 1.8 1.1 2.9 1.1 1 0 2.1-.4 2.9-1.2l2.5-2.5c.3-.3.3-.7 0-1-.3-.3-.8-.3-1 0z"/> <path d="M15.3 2.2C13.7.6 11.1.6 9.5 2.2L7 4.7c-.1.2-.2.3-.2.5s.1.4.2.5c.3.3.7.3 1 0l2.5-2.5c.5-.5 1.2-.8 1.9-.8s1.4.3 1.9.8c1 1 1 2.7 0 3.7l-2.8 2.8c-1 1-2.7 1-3.7 0-.3-.3-.7-.3-1 0-.3.3-.3.7 0 1 .8.8 1.8 1.2 2.9 1.2 1 0 2.1-.4 2.9-1.2L15.3 8c1.6-1.6 1.6-4.2 0-5.8z"/></svg></div> <label class="visually-hidden" for="page-url">Page url</label> <input type="text" name="page-url" id="page-url" value="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/central-america-caribbean/2019-10-29/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode" class="position-absolute pointer o-0 h-100 t-0"> </a><div class="article-tools-item position-relative citation-tool article-tools-item--default tooltip ttright" data-tt="Create a citation"><a class="d-block text-center" href="javascript:void(0)" tabindex="0" data-tt="Cite copied!" data-dl-click-event="citation_option" data-subscriber-only-tooltip-message="Please choose your citation format" data-subscriber-only-tooltip-link="<a href='javascript:void(0)' title='MLA' class='copy-cite' data-format='MLA'> MLA</a> |<a href='javascript:void(0)' title='Chicago' class='copy-cite' data-format='Chicago'> Chicago</a> |<a href='javascript:void(0)' title='APSA' class='copy-cite' data-format='APSA'> APSA</a>"> <span class="visually-hidden">Get Citation</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon article-tools-item--icon-citation"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M2.72 22h-.04c.01-.16.03-.31.04-.47.09-1.58.19-3.16.28-4.74 0-.09-.05-.2-.11-.28-.16-.19-.34-.35-.5-.54C.45 13.71-.32 11.09.12 8.14c.3-2.02 1.2-3.75 2.62-5.23C5.34.19 9.53-.74 13.05.62c3.77 1.47 6.18 4.9 6.22 8.95.03 2.51-.8 4.74-2.52 6.57-2.53 2.69-5.65 3.64-9.28 2.88a.46.46 0 0 0-.38.07l-4.23 2.79c-.05.03-.1.08-.15.12h.01zm3.25-9.09c.67-.3 1.29-.63 1.81-1.15.64-.64.88-1.44.91-2.32.03-.99.01-1.98.02-2.96 0-.03-.01-.07-.02-.1H5.23v3.24h1.65c-.08 1.06-.87 1.47-1.66 1.88l.75 1.42v-.01zm8.13-6.53h-3.51v3.24h1.64c-.08 1.06-.86 1.46-1.66 1.87l.76 1.45c.42-.24.83-.45 1.22-.7.8-.52 1.34-1.26 1.41-2.22.1-1.2.09-2.41.13-3.64h.01z" fill="#A5AEB9"/></svg></div></a></div> <a href="https://marketplace.copyright.com/rs-ui-web/mp/details/journal/122798584" class="article-tools-item tooltip ttright article-tools-item--default d-block article-tools-item--get-copyright-perm" data-tt="Request Reprint Permissions" tabindex="0" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-dl-click-event="get_copyright_permissions"> <span class="visually-hidden">Request Reprint Permissions</span><div class="article-tools-item--icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 367.467 367.467"><path d="M183.73.018C82.427.018 0 82.404 0 183.733c0 101.289 82.427 183.716 183.73 183.716 101.315 0 183.737-82.427 183.737-183.716C367.467 82.404 285.045.018 183.73.018zm0 326.5c-78.743 0-142.798-64.052-142.798-142.784 0-78.766 64.055-142.817 142.798-142.817 78.752 0 142.807 64.052 142.807 142.817-.001 78.732-64.056 142.784-142.807 142.784z"/><path d="M244.036 217.014c-11.737 20.141-33.562 32.635-56.956 32.635-36.329 0-65.921-29.585-65.921-65.915 0-36.36 29.592-65.955 65.921-65.955 23.395 0 45.219 12.54 56.956 32.641l1.517 2.627h44.28l-2.658-7.129c-7.705-20.413-21.225-37.769-39.122-50.157-17.942-12.42-39.017-19.009-60.973-19.009-58.981 0-106.946 48.006-106.946 106.982 0 58.98 47.965 106.941 106.946 106.941 21.956 0 43.03-6.567 60.973-19.006 17.897-12.391 31.417-29.741 39.122-50.154l2.658-7.133h-44.28l-1.517 2.632z"/></svg></div> </a> </section></div></nav></div><div class="article-content-offset"><div class="article-dropcap ls-0 f-serif"><div class="article-dropcap--inner paywall-content"><p>In a world aflame with protest, Latin America stands out as a raging ten-alarm fire. From Bolivia to Ecuador, Haiti to Honduras, the closing months of 2019 have seen enormous, sometimes violent demonstrations prompted by a truly dizzying array of grievances, including electoral fraud, corruption, and rising fuel and public transportation prices. Even Chile, the region’s ostensible oasis of calm and prosperity, erupted in protests and riots that left 20 dead and forced President Sebastián Piñera to declare a state of emergency. It is now an open question whether <em>any</em> country in the region can be considered truly stable. </p><p>The rapid spread across social media of images of burning buildings and besieged riot police has inspired widespread talk of a conspiracy: specifically, that the protests throughout the hemisphere are being orchestrated from Venezuela and Cuba. These socialist dictatorships, the thinking goes, are hell-bent on distracting from their own domestic crises by destabilizing democracies in the region governed by center-right parties, such as Ecuador and Chile. Venezuela’s Nicolás Maduro seemed to confirm the theory when he <a href="https://twitter.com/BrazilBrian/status/1186240344310063106" target="_blank">told an audience</a> that “the plan is going exactly as we hoped,” with “the union of social movements, progressives, and revolutionaries . . . of all of Latin America and the Caribbean.”</p><p>Maduro has a long history of overstating his influence in the region, hoping to appear all-powerful in the eyes of his countrymen and the world. He has extra incentive to do so now, given Venezuela’s severe economic and humanitarian crisis and the ongoing threat to his rule from Juan Guaidó, who is recognized as the country’s legitimate president by dozens of governments, including the United States. Cuba is also facing <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-economy-analysis/oil-rich-venezuela-and-russia-come-to-aid-of-ally-cuba-but-its-energy-woes-persist-idUSKBN1WJ2GS">hard economic times</a>, owing in part to sanctions from the Trump administration. That said, numerous credible voices, including Argentine Foreign Minister <a href="https://albertonews.com/internacionales/gobierno-argentino-apunta-como-articulador-de-las-protestas-en-la-region-al-regimen-de-maduro/" target="_blank">Jorge Faurie</a> and Luis Almagro, the secretary-general of the Organization of American States, have <a href="https://www.oas.org/es/centro_noticias/comunicado_prensa.asp?sCodigo=C-081/19" target="_blank">denounced</a> what they see as clear Venezuelan and Cuban interference in the region’s recent unrest. And at the peak of the rioting in Ecuador in early October, that country’s interior minister <a href="https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/mundo/america-latina/venezuela-es/article236486048.html" target="_blank">said </a>that 17 people had been arrested at the airport, “most of them Venezuelans . . . carrying information about the protests.”</p><p>At this early stage, it is impossible to say how important foreign interference has been in igniting or sustaining the protests. <a href="https://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/policia-identifica-uno-los-autores-incendios-estaciones-metro/880381/">According to the Chilean newspaper <em>La Tercera</em></a>, Chilean police have identified several Venezuelans and Cubans who participated in violent attacks in Santiago in mid-October, to cite one example. But the scale and unrelenting nature of the protests, which brought more than one million of Chile’s 18 million citizens into the streets on October 25, suggest that the root causes are large and structural. The focus on conspiracy theories, moreover, risks giving politicians and other elites a handy scapegoat.</p><p>Whether or not foreign agitators lit the sparks, much of Latin America was already primed to combust. After a commodity boom in the early years of this millennium raised expectations higher than ever, much of Latin America has entered a long period of disappointing growth. Against the backdrop of stagnating wages and rising costs of living, indignities such as inequality and corruption have become more difficult for many people to swallow. At the same time, Latin Americans have become some of the world’s <a href="https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2019-global-digital-overview">most dedicated users</a> of social media. They watched as protests erupted from Hong Kong to Beirut to Barcelona. Some doubtlessly wondered: Why not us, too?</p><h3>HARD UP, FED UP</h3><p>The protests now raging across much of Latin America originated from different sparks but are connected by a single common denominator: economic malaise. On average, Latin American and Caribbean economies will grow just 0.2 percent in 2019, the worst performance of any major region in the world, according to the International Monetary Fund. By contrast, emerging markets globally are expected to expand by 3.9 percent this year, building on several years of solid growth despite headwinds from the trade war between the United States and China. </p><div class="d-flex dfp-tag-wrapper justify-around mb-40 "><div id="js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--2"><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--2'); }); </script></div></div><p>To understand why Latin America’s economic slump has generated such outrage, one need only rewind to the beginning of this decade, when the region was outperforming the rest of the world. Thanks to a boom in commodities prices, driven largely by demand from China, Latin American economies grew by an average of about 3.5 percent on a per capita basis between 2003 and 2013, their best performance in at least half a century. These gains were relatively well distributed, and nearly 100 million Latin Americans ascended to the middle class during that period, <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/10/15/five-tendencies-fight-against-extreme-poverty-latin-america-caribbean" target="_blank">according to the World Bank</a>. Many people were able to buy cars, washing machines, and big-screen TVs for the first time. They expected the good times to continue for the foreseeable future.</p><p>But things haven’t worked out that way. In the last half decade, Venezuela endured one of the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/02/01/venezuela-is-biggest-economic-disaster-modern-history/" target="_blank">worst economic collapses ever outside of a war</a> zone; Brazil weathered one of the longest and deepest recessions in its history; Argentina suffered a currency and debt crisis; and comparatively resilient countries such as Peru, Mexico, and Colombia experienced only disappointing growth. The specifics vary country to country, but there are some common causes for the regional downturn. Many Latin American governments were left with unsustainably large budget deficits at the end of the commodities boom and failed to adjust quickly enough to reassure investors. Productivity in much of the region has stagnated, and only sub-Saharan Africa has a lower ratio of investment to GDP. As a result of these factors, salaries have stagnated, poverty has ticked up in several countries, and people have railed against what they see as their governments’ broken promises. </p><p></p><blockquote class="internal-blockquote offset ls-narrow"> Economic hardship has focused protesters’ anger onto related issues such as inequality and corruption.</blockquote><p>All of which helps explain the current unrest. In Chile, protests erupted after the government hiked public transit fares by 30 pesos, the equivalent of four U.S. cents. In Ecuador, people took to the streets after the government slashed fuel subsidies, causing diesel prices to more than double. Both the Chilean and Ecuadorian governments reversed themselves after protests broke out, but the damage was already done: unrest continues in both countries. Even where the proximate causes of protests have been political, economic issues have loomed large in the background: riots erupted in Bolivia this month after President Evo Morales, whose popularity has sagged along with the country’s economy, won a fourth consecutive term in an election <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/evo-morales-says-hed-welcome-election-audit-in-bolivia/2019/10/26/e88f0cc4-f864-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html">marred by widespread allegations of fraud</a>. </p><p>Economic hardship has focused protesters’ anger onto related issues such as inequality and corruption. Latin America has long been one of the world’s most unequal regions, but the limits of what people consider tolerable are shifting. The middle class that sprang from the last commodities bonanza is more educated and, thanks to the Internet, hyperconnected. Its members now have an unobstructed view of the flashy cars, designer handbags, and expensive Miami vacations of the Latin American elite. During the boom times, middle-class people seemed to have a degree of patience for such excesses, perhaps rooted in the hope that they might one day enjoy them. But along with the region’s economic prospects, that hope seems to have melted away in recent years.</p><p>A wave of recent corruption scandals landed former presidents of Brazil, Peru, and Guatemala in prison and has likewise eroded the credibility of the establishment. In <a href="https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/confianza-en-partidos-en-el-sotano-encuesta">polls</a>, political parties frequently receive the lowest trust rating of any entity or group. And voters across Latin America have increasingly concluded that it is not just politicians or parties that are corrupt; it is the system itself. Only 57 percent of Latin Americans now believe democracy is “better than any other form of government,” according to a <a href="https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2018/2018-19_AmericasBarometer_Regional_Report_10.13.19.pdf">recent poll</a> conducted by the Latin American Public Opinion Project at Vanderbilt University. That is compared with 66 to 70 percent in the decade before 2014, when economies shifted into lower gear and several corruption scandals exploded into public view. The results of the Vanderbilt poll and other <a href="http://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp">similar ones</a> do not necessarily mean that people want a return to the military dictatorships that dominated the region in the 1970s. But voters are clearly turning to “strong” civilian leaders such as Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro (a former army captain), both of whom came into office promising easy solutions that they have so far proved unable to deliver. </p><h3>MISSION IMPROBABLE</h3><p>To succeed in the current climate, Latin American leaders will have to manage a tricky balancing act, one that may ultimately prove impossible to pull off. On the one hand, their constituents demand that they take immediate, sweeping action to fix problems that in many cases have festered for decades, if not centuries. On the other hand, these leaders have lousy approval ratings (many of them, including Chile’s Piñera, below 30 percent) that will make passing legislation extremely difficult. The protests hem these leaders in further, increasing polarization and making consensus even more elusive.</p><div class="d-flex dfp-tag-wrapper justify-around mb-40 "><div id="js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--3"><script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile--3'); }); </script></div></div><p>In Chile last week, Piñera tried to address this quandary. He apologized in a nationally televised address for what he called a “lack of vision” so far in his administration and announced a 20 percent increase in the minimum pension, a higher minimum wage, and price cuts for medicines for the poor. These measures were designed to close the gap between rich and poor Chileans. But it is simply not possible to lastingly reduce inequality unless an economy is growing at a healthy pace. Piñera and his counterparts elsewhere in Latin America surely know this.</p><p></p><blockquote class="internal-blockquote offset ls-narrow"> People will need to put their mobile phones aside for a moment and stop expecting governments to solve all of their problems.</blockquote><p>If Latin America is to recapture the relative prosperity of the early years of the millennium, an ambitious reform agenda is necessary—one that goes beyond the standard measures popular among pro-business types, such as tax reform and trade deals. Instead of waiting for the protests to spread, leaders across the region should identify the top two or three priorities for their countries—for example, malnutrition in the Northern Triangle countries of Central America, security in Mexico or Brazil, infrastructure in Colombia, modernization of schools everywhere—and convene broad coalitions to address them. Chronic shortfalls in health care, security, infrastructure, and education hold back growth in much of the region. To effectively address these problems, governments, businesses, and civil society must collaborate. People will need to put their mobile phones aside for a moment and stop expecting governments to solve all of their problems. </p><p>Such broad-based and ambitious reform may be a lot to ask. But the region can’t simply wait for another commodities boom or some other magical source of growth. Passivity will lead only to a vicious cycle of slowing economies, declining faith in democracy, and rising populist leaders. Such was the cycle that propelled much of Latin America into repressive military dictatorships in the 1970s and 1980s. The same gears may churn toward mayhem and division, sown from within Latin American countries and without. Venezuela and Cuba may not be the main reason for the current protests. But if the region continues down its current path, it will be vulnerable to the next conspiracy, whether from Havana, Caracas, or somewhere else.</p><p><strong>CORRECTION APPENDED (October 29, 2019)</strong></p><p><em>An earlier version of this article referenced an erroneous report by </em>La Tercera<em> that Chilean police believe Venezuelans and Cubans helped instigate violent attacks on subway stations in Santiago. Police believe Venezuelans and Cubans participated in attacks, but it is unknown whether police believe nationals of these countries were the instigators. </em></p><div class="loading-indicator" role="alert"><span class="loader loader-quart"></span>Loading...<br><noscript><span>Please enable JavaScript for this site to function properly.</span></noscript></div></div><div class="paywall v-2019-max mb-3"><div class="container"><div class="paywall-prompt"><h3 class="paywall-head mb-1">You are reading a free article.</h3><h4 class="paywall-subhead font-weight-normal">Subscribe to <em>Foreign Affairs</em> to get unlimited access.</h4><ul class="paywall-list list-unstyled"><li class="paywall-list-item"> Paywall-free reading of new articles and over a century of archives</li><li class="paywall-list-item"> Unlock access to iOS/Android apps to save editions for offline reading</li><li class="paywall-list-item"> Six issues a year in print and online, plus audio articles</li></ul> <a href="/subscribe?lcw=paywalls&ecw=paywall_free_article_unlocked" id=paywall_free_article_unlocked class="paywall-cta-btn btn btn-outline-light mt-2" title="Subscribe Now"> Subscribe Now </a></div></div></div></div><ul class="authors-bio px-3 pt-3 pb-2 list-unstyled" id="author-info"><li class="mb-3" id="author-bio-1"><div class="authors-bio__body mb-0"> MOISÉS NAÍM is a Distinguished Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.</div></li><li class="mb-3" id="author-bio-2"><div class="authors-bio__body mb-0"> BRIAN WINTER is Vice President for Policy at the Americas Society/Council of the Americas.</div></li><li class="d-flex mb-2"> <a class="authors-bio__link text-uppercase fw-bold d-flex align-items-center" href="/authors/mois-s-na-m"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 13 13"><path d="M12 12H1V1h4V0H0v13h13V8h-1z"/><path d="M8 0v1h3.6L4.8 7.8l.7.7L12 2.1V6h1V0z"/></svg> More By Moisés Naím </a></li><li class="d-flex mb-2"> <a class="authors-bio__link text-uppercase fw-bold d-flex align-items-center" href="/authors/brian-winter"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 13 13"><path d="M12 12H1V1h4V0H0v13h13V8h-1z"/><path d="M8 0v1h3.6L4.8 7.8l.7.7L12 2.1V6h1V0z"/></svg> More By Brian Winter </a></li></ul><div class="article-footer ls-0 d-flex flex-wrap flex-md-nowrap"><div class="article-footer-tags d-flex flex-grow-1 align-items-center"> <span>More:</span><div> <a href="/regions/central-america-caribbean" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Central America & Caribbean</a> <a href="/regions/cuba" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Cuba</a> <a href="/regions/south-america" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">South America</a> <a href="/regions/argentina" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Argentina</a> <a href="/regions/brazil" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Brazil</a> <a href="/regions/chile" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Chile</a> <a href="/regions/venezuela" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Venezuela</a> <a href="/topics/economics" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Economics</a> <a href="/topics/finance" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Finance</a> <a href="/topics/trade" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Trade</a> <a href="/tags/latin-america" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Latin America</a> <a href="/tags/global-south" class="ms-3 article-footer--tag-item b4-l">Global South</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="col-12 col-lg-4 d-none d-lg-flex align-items-center flex-column offset-lg-0 sticky-sidebar-wrapper"><div class="p-3 gray2-bg text-center dfp-tag-wrapper"><div id="js-dfp-tag-sidebar"><script type="text/javascript"> var stickyElFinder = function(el, ancestor) { if (el.classList.contains('sticky-sidebar')) { return el; } if (ancestor <= 3 && el.parentElement) { return stickyElFinder(el.parentElement, ancestor + 1); } }; var stickyEl = stickyElFinder(document.currentScript.parentElement, 1); var isPaywalledContent = document .querySelectorAll('.article-body .paywall--trimmed-content') .length > 0; if (stickyEl && isPaywalledContent) { stickyEl.parentElement.removeChild(stickyEl); } googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-sidebar'); }); </script></div></div><div class="my-5 ls-0 most-read-articles"><h2 class="subhead f-sans fw-bold pt-2 pb-1 mb-3">Most-Read Articles</h2> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/israel/israels-trump-delusion"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">Israel’s Trump Delusion</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">Why Netanyahu’s Ambition to Remake the Middle East Is Unlikely to Succeed</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Shalom Lipner</h4></div> </a> </article> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/russia/iran-and-russias-fragile-partnership"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">Iran and Russia’s Fragile Partnership</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">How America Can Divide Two of Its Main Adversaries</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Maria Snegovaya and Jon B. Alterman</h4></div> </a> </article> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/europe/europe-has-run-out-time"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">Europe Has Run Out of Time</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">With Trump’s Return, the Continent Must Take Charge of Its Own Security—and Quickly</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Norbert Röttgen</h4></div> </a> </article> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--summary list-display position-relative featured_tag"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row hover:fa-blue-dark" href="/saudi-arabia/saudi-solution"><div class="col-12"><h3 class="magazine-title fw-bold ls-0 mb-0 f-sans">The Saudi Solution?</h3><p class="magazine-deck ls-0 mb-0 f-serif">How Riyadh’s Ties to America, Iran, and Israel Could Foster Stability</p><h4 class="magazine-author fst-italic ls-0 mb-0 f-serif"> Maria Fantappie and Bader Al-Saif</h4></div> </a> </article></div><div class="fake-space"></div><div class="sticky-sidebar"><div class="p-3 gray2-bg text-center dfp-tag-wrapper"><div id="js-dfp-tag-sidebar--2"><script type="text/javascript"> var stickyElFinder = function(el, ancestor) { if (el.classList.contains('sticky-sidebar')) { return el; } if (ancestor <= 3 && el.parentElement) { return stickyElFinder(el.parentElement, ancestor + 1); } }; var stickyEl = stickyElFinder(document.currentScript.parentElement, 1); var isPaywalledContent = document .querySelectorAll('.article-body .paywall--trimmed-content') .length > 0; if (stickyEl && isPaywalledContent) { stickyEl.parentElement.removeChild(stickyEl); } googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-sidebar--2'); }); </script></div></div></div></div></div><div class="row mb-5 print-hidden"><div class="col-12"> <header><h3 class="head-divider-5-black">Recommended Articles</h3> </header></div><div class="col-12 mb-5"> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--suggested list-display position-relative p-0"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row" href="/articles/argentina/1929-10-01/trade-rivalries-argentina"><div class="col-3 d-none d-lg-block"> <img class="magazine-list-item--image d-none d-lg-block" src="data:image/webp;base64,UklGRkAAAABXRUJQVlA4IDQAAADwAQCdASoBAAEAAQAcJaACdLoB+AAETAAA/vW4f/6aR40jxpHxcP/ugT90CfugT/3NoAAA" alt="" loading="lazy" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_1x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=fpR_lLEe 135w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_2x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=rrjCYt7V 270w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_1x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=nX9wDKG0 300w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_2x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=tBjFDtyu 600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_1x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=UUyv13RB 800w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_1x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=mIHBT3Bt 1200w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_2x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=8d0OWsFE 1600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_2x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=yAkbZSOe 2400w" sizes="(max-width:768px) 100vw, 276px" /></div><div class="col-12 col-lg-9 ls-narrow d-flex flex-column"><div class="article-card-title fw-bold f-serif"><h3 class="mb-0 d-inline-block fw-bold">Trade Rivalries in Argentina</h3></div><p class="magazine-by text-muted ls-0 mb-2 f-serif"></p><h4 class="magazine-author ls-0 mb-0 f-sans"> H. Hallam Hipwell</h4></div> </a></article></div><div class="col-12 mb-5"> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--suggested list-display position-relative p-0"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row" href="/articles/mexico/1987-09-01/outlook-latin-american-debt"><div class="col-3 d-none d-lg-block"> <img class="magazine-list-item--image d-none d-lg-block" src="data:image/webp;base64,UklGRkAAAABXRUJQVlA4IDQAAADwAQCdASoBAAEAAQAcJaACdLoB+AAETAAA/vW4f/6aR40jxpHxcP/ugT90CfugT/3NoAAA" alt="" loading="lazy" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_1x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=fpR_lLEe 135w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_2x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=rrjCYt7V 270w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_1x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=nX9wDKG0 300w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_2x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=tBjFDtyu 600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_1x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=UUyv13RB 800w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_1x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=mIHBT3Bt 1200w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_2x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=8d0OWsFE 1600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_2x/public/public-assets/taxonomy-images/rtr299mb_0.jpg.webp?itok=yAkbZSOe 2400w" sizes="(max-width:768px) 100vw, 276px" /></div><div class="col-12 col-lg-9 ls-narrow d-flex flex-column"><div class="article-card-title fw-bold f-serif"><h3 class="mb-0 d-inline-block fw-bold">The Outlook for Latin American Debt</h3></div><p class="magazine-by text-muted ls-0 mb-2 f-serif"></p><h4 class="magazine-author ls-0 mb-0 f-sans"> Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski</h4></div> </a></article></div><div class="col-12 mb-5"> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--suggested list-display position-relative p-0"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row" href="/articles/argentina/2012-09-06/trouble-triple-frontier"><div class="col-3 d-none d-lg-block"> <img class="magazine-list-item--image d-none d-lg-block" src="data:image/webp;base64,UklGRkAAAABXRUJQVlA4IDQAAADwAQCdASoBAAEAAQAcJaACdLoB+AAETAAA/vW4f/6aR40jxpHxcP/ugT90CfugT/3NoAAA" alt="" loading="lazy" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_1x/public/public-assets/legacy/images/Folch_TroubleontheTripple.jpg.webp?itok=jpRMzWlk 135w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_2x/public/public-assets/legacy/images/Folch_TroubleontheTripple.jpg.webp?itok=HvaESlLx 270w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_1x/public/public-assets/legacy/images/Folch_TroubleontheTripple.jpg.webp?itok=IKSu-wjQ 300w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_2x/public/public-assets/legacy/images/Folch_TroubleontheTripple.jpg.webp?itok=GXyLP5qc 600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_1x/public/public-assets/legacy/images/Folch_TroubleontheTripple.jpg.webp?itok=1OvoGnFA 800w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_1x/public/public-assets/legacy/images/Folch_TroubleontheTripple.jpg.webp?itok=exNvVZHg 1200w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_2x/public/public-assets/legacy/images/Folch_TroubleontheTripple.jpg.webp?itok=nvumdfrS 1600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_2x/public/public-assets/legacy/images/Folch_TroubleontheTripple.jpg.webp?itok=UPKaeOoO 2400w" sizes="(max-width:768px) 100vw, 276px" /></div><div class="col-12 col-lg-9 ls-narrow d-flex flex-column"><div class="article-card-title fw-bold f-serif"><h3 class="mb-0 d-inline-block fw-bold">Trouble on the Triple Frontier</h3></div><p class="magazine-by text-muted ls-0 mb-2 f-serif"> The Lawless Border Where Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay Meet</p><h4 class="magazine-author ls-0 mb-0 f-sans"> Christine Folch</h4></div> </a></article></div><div class="col-12 mb-5"> <article class="magazine-list-article magazine-list-article--suggested list-display position-relative p-0"> <a class="magazine-list-item--image-link row" href="/world/great-convergence-equality-branko-milanovic"><div class="col-3 d-none d-lg-block"> <img class="magazine-list-item--image d-none d-lg-block" src="data:image/webp;base64,UklGRkAAAABXRUJQVlA4IDQAAADwAQCdASoBAAEAAQAcJaACdLoB+AAETAAA/vW4f/6aR40jxpHxcP/ugT90CfugT/3NoAAA" alt="" loading="lazy" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_1x/public/images/2023/06/08/1_Milanovic_final_RGB.jpg.webp?itok=xXORGwa6 135w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_small_2x/public/images/2023/06/08/1_Milanovic_final_RGB.jpg.webp?itok=ASYIER0w 270w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_1x/public/images/2023/06/08/1_Milanovic_final_RGB.jpg.webp?itok=xQb--f65 300w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_medium_2x/public/images/2023/06/08/1_Milanovic_final_RGB.jpg.webp?itok=mPC3WcWt 600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_1x/public/images/2023/06/08/1_Milanovic_final_RGB.jpg.webp?itok=0QaNkHK2 800w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_1x/public/images/2023/06/08/1_Milanovic_final_RGB.jpg.webp?itok=SzgoYf-R 1200w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_large_2x/public/images/2023/06/08/1_Milanovic_final_RGB.jpg.webp?itok=jLsYLqcu 1600w, https://cdn-live.foreignaffairs.com/sites/default/files/styles/_webp_x_large_2x/public/images/2023/06/08/1_Milanovic_final_RGB.jpg.webp?itok=A1gUR2hC 2400w" sizes="(max-width:768px) 100vw, 276px" /></div><div class="col-12 col-lg-9 ls-narrow d-flex flex-column"><div class="article-card-title fw-bold f-serif"><h3 class="mb-0 d-inline-block fw-bold">The Great Convergence</h3></div><p class="magazine-by text-muted ls-0 mb-2 f-serif"> Global Equality and Its Discontents</p><h4 class="magazine-author ls-0 mb-0 f-sans"> Branko Milanovic</h4></div> </a></article></div></div></div></div></div> <footer class="site-footer"> <section class="dark-blue-2-bg"><div class="container-fluid"><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-6 p-4 light-grey-bg text-center"><div class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center flex-wrap"><div class="mb-2 mb-md-0 me-md-2"> <img class="" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/subscription-cover.webp" alt="" loading="lazy" width="240" height="261" /></div><div><p class="small-upper-text text-red mb-0">Get the Magazine</p><h4 class="f-serif mb-0 fs-40">Save up to 55%</h4><h5 class="f-serif fst-italic h5 ls-0"> on Foreign Affairs!</h5> <a class="btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-outline-red" href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-above-footer-image">Subscribe</a></div></div></div><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-white text-center py-4 d-flex flex-column justify-content-center"><p class="small-upper-text text-white mb-0">Foreign Affairs</p><h4 class="f-serif mb-0 fs-40">Weekly Newsletter</h4><h5 class="f-serif fst-italic h5 ls-0 mb-4"> Get in-depth analysis delivered right to your inbox</h5><div class="d-flex mx-auto"> <button class="form-reveal btn px-4 py-0 fw-bold btn-outline-light px-4" title="Sign Up">Sign Up</button><div class="form-wrapper w-100" style="display: none;"><form class="fa-newsletter-email-signup" data-drupal-selector="fa-newsletter-email-signup-homepage-bottom" action="/articles/central-america-caribbean/2019-10-29/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode" method="post" id="fa_newsletter_email_signup_homepage_bottom" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div class="js-form-item js-form-type-email form-type-email js-form-item-email form-item-email form-no-label mb-3"> <input placeholder="Enter Your Email" size="26" maxlength="60" class="edit-email footer-email-input border-0 m-0 form-email required form-control" data-drupal-selector="edit-email" type="email" id="edit-email" name="email" value="" required="required" aria-required="true" /></div><div data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha" class="captcha captcha-type-challenge--hcaptcha"><div class="captcha__element"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-sid" type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value="224359108" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-token" type="hidden" name="captcha_token" value="KYAT0vAhWNMVGfwx4eDfSlgTWtAkh_F7PlRua1DgYCg" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-response" type="hidden" name="captcha_response" value="hCaptcha no captcha" class="form-control" /><div class="h-captcha" data-sitekey="e4def1c1-7560-43f6-b953-3b4a405c0eef" data-size="invisible"></div><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-cacheable" type="hidden" name="captcha_cacheable" value="1" class="form-control" /></div></div> <input class="sign-up-button btn btn-outline-light py-0 px-4 js-form-submit form-submit button js-form-submit form-submit btn btn- form-control" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" data-disable-refocus="true" type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Sign Up" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-newsletter-key" type="hidden" name="newsletter_key" value="fa_thisweek" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-location" type="hidden" name="location" value="homepage_bottom" class="form-control" /><input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-hmxmg4szch5fad5pk9k84ximplayuxoyocxvrlgubhc" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-hmXMg4sZCh5fad5Pk9k84XIMplAYUXOYocxvRlGubhc" class="form-control" /><input data-drupal-selector="edit-fa-newsletter-email-signup-homepage-bottom" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="fa_newsletter_email_signup_homepage_bottom" class="form-control" /></form></div></div></div></div></div></section> <section class="near-black-bg"><div class="container"><div class="row py-3 py-md-5"><div class="col-12 col-lg-8"><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#collapseAbout" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseAbout" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseAbout" class="collapsed"> About <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseAbout"><div class="d-flex flex-column"> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/about-foreign-affairs" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="About Us"> About Us </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/staff" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Staff"> Staff </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://www.cfr.org/career-opportunities/open-positions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Work at Foreign Affairs"> Work at Foreign Affairs </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/events" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Events"> Events </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/podcasts/foreign-affairs-interview" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Podcast"> Podcast </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#collapseContact" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseContact" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseContact" class="collapsed"> Contact <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseContact"><div class="d-flex flex-column"> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/frequently-asked-questions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Frequently Asked Questions"> Frequently Asked Questions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/myaccount" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Customer Service"> Customer Service </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/contact-us" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Contact Us"> Contact Us </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/submissions-0" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Submissions"> Submissions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/permissions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Permissions"> Permissions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://mediakit.foreignaffairs.com" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Advertise"> Advertise </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/about-us/press-center" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Press Center"> Press Center </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/feedback" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Leave Us Feedback"> Leave Us Feedback </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#collapseSubscription" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSubscription" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseSubscription" class="collapsed"> Subscription <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseSubscription"><div class="d-flex flex-column"> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/subscribe" data-dl-click-event="subscribe_cta_click" data-dl-variable-name="dl_event_location" data-dl-variable-value="Sub-global-footer-text"> Subscriptions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/group-subscriptions" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Group Subscriptions"> Group Subscriptions </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/gift" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Give a Gift"> Give a Gift </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://donatenow.networkforgood.org/fadonate" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Donate"> Donate </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/foreign-affairs/id575171785?mt=8" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Download iOS App"> Download iOS App </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.foreignaffairs.magazine&hl=en_US" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Download Android App"> Download Android App </a> <a class="site-footer-section-menu__item" href="/newsletter" data-dl-click-event="footer_links" data-dl-variable-name="data_dl_variable_value" data-dl-variable-value="Newsletters"> Newsletters </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 col-sm-3 site-footer-links-container"> <nav class="site-footer-section-menu"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__title"> <a href="#Follow" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseFollow" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="#collapseFollow" class="collapsed"> Follow <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="31.1 741 937.8 610.1" enable-background="new 31.1 741 937.8 610.1" xml:space="preserve"><g><polygon points="500,1351.1 31.1,882.1 52.3,741 500,1188.7 947.7,741 968.9,882.1 "/></g></svg> </a></div><div class="collapse d-md-block" id="collapseFollow"><div class="d-flex flex-wrap pb-4"> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.facebook.com/ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 12 24"><path d="M11.1 7.9l-.4 3.8h-3v11H3.1v-11H.9V7.9h2.3V5.6C3.2 2.5 4.5.7 8.1.7h3v3.8H9.2C7.8 4.5 7.7 5 7.7 6v1.9h3.4z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://twitter.com/foreignaffairs" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 20"><path d="M19.6 6.1v.6c0 5.7-4.4 12.3-12.3 12.3-2.5 0-4.7-.7-6.6-1.9.3 0 .7.1 1 .1 2 0 3.9-.7 5.4-1.8-1.9 0-3.5-1.3-4-3 .3 0 .5.1.8.1.4 0 .8-.1 1.1-.1-2-.6-3.5-2.4-3.5-4.5v-.1c.6.3 1.2.5 2 .5-1.2-.6-2-2-2-3.5 0-.8.2-1.5.6-2.2C4.2 5.3 7.4 7 11 7.2c-.1-.3-.1-.7-.1-1 0-2.4 1.9-4.3 4.3-4.3 1.2 0 2.4.5 3.2 1.4 1-.2 1.9-.5 2.7-1-.3 1-1 1.8-1.9 2.4.9-.1 1.7-.3 2.5-.7-.5.8-1.3 1.5-2.1 2.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.instagram.com/foreignaffairsmag/" aria-label="Instagram" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg width="21" height="21" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.6 19.1c3.024 0 5.5-2.476 5.5-5.5V6.5c0-3.024-2.476-5.5-5.5-5.5H6.5C3.476 1 1 3.476 1 6.5v7.1c0 3.024 2.476 5.5 5.5 5.5h7.1zm0 1H6.5c-3.576 0-6.5-2.924-6.5-6.5V6.5C0 2.924 2.924 0 6.5 0h7.1c3.576 0 6.5 2.924 6.5 6.5v7.1c0 3.576-2.924 6.5-6.5 6.5z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><path d="M10 15.1a4.5 4.5 0 1 1 0-9 4.5 4.5 0 0 1 0 9zm0-1a3.5 3.5 0 1 0 0-7 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0 7z" fill-rule="nonzero"/><circle cx="16" cy="4.6" r="1.2"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/foreign-affairs-magazine" aria-label="Linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M3.5 6C2 6 1 5 1 3.7c0-1.3 1-2.3 2.5-2.3S6 2.4 6 3.7C6 5 5 6 3.5 6zm2.2 15.1H1.3V7.8h4.4v13.3zm15.9 0h-4.4V14c0-1.8-.6-3-2.2-3-1.2 0-1.9.8-2.3 1.6-.1.3-.1.7-.1 1.1v7.4H8.1c.1-12 0-13.3 0-13.3h4.4v1.9c.6-.9 1.6-2.2 4-2.2 2.9 0 5.1 1.9 5.1 6v7.6z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ForeignAffairsMag" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 26 19"><path d="M24.6 15.2c-.3 1.3-1.3 2.3-2.6 2.4-3 .4-6 .4-9 .4s-6 0-9-.3c-1.3-.1-2.3-1.1-2.6-2.4-.4-1.9-.4-4-.4-5.9s0-4 .4-5.8C1.7 2.3 2.8 1.3 4 1.2c3-.3 6-.3 9-.3s6 0 9 .3c1.3.1 2.3 1.1 2.6 2.4.4 1.9.4 3.9.4 5.8s0 4-.4 5.8zm-6.9-6.5l-6.9-4.3c-.3-.2-.6-.2-.9 0-.2.1-.3.4-.3.7v8.6c0 .3.2.6.4.8.1.1.3.1.4.1.2 0 .3 0 .5-.1l6.9-4.3c.3-.1.4-.4.4-.7s-.2-.7-.5-.8z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.reddit.com/user/foreignaffairsmag" aria-label="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 27 23"><path d="M11.6 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0"/><path d="M26.2 11.9c0-2.1-1.7-3.8-3.7-3.8-.7 0-1.4.2-1.9.6-1.7-1-4-1.6-6.4-1.7l1.4-4 2.9.7V4c0 1.6 1.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.6 0 2.9-1.3 2.9-2.9 0-1.6-1.3-2.9-2.9-2.9-1 0-1.9.6-2.4 1.4l-4.1-1L13 7c-2.5 0-4.7.7-6.4 1.7l.1-.1c-.6-.3-1.3-.6-2-.6C2.7 8 1 9.8 1 11.9c0 1.4.7 2.6 1.8 3.3.5 3.9 5.1 7 10.8 7 5.7 0 10.4-3.1 10.8-7.1 1.2-.7 1.8-1.9 1.8-3.2zm-4.8-9.6c.8 0 1.6.7 1.6 1.6 0 .9-.7 1.6-1.6 1.6-.9 0-1.6-.7-1.6-1.6 0-.9.7-1.6 1.6-1.6zm-16.7 7c.3 0 .6.1.8.2-1.4 1.1-2.3 2.5-2.6 4.1-.4-.5-.6-1-.6-1.7 0-1.4 1.1-2.6 2.4-2.6zm9 11.6c-5.3 0-9.6-2.9-9.6-6.4 0-3.5 4.3-6.4 9.6-6.4s9.6 2.9 9.6 6.4c0 3.5-4.3 6.4-9.6 6.4zm10.7-7.5c-.3-1.5-1.2-2.9-2.6-4 .2-.1.5-.1.7-.1 1.3 0 2.4 1.1 2.4 2.5.1.6-.1 1.2-.5 1.6zm0 0"/><path d="M18.9 13.2c0 .9-.8 1.7-1.7 1.7-.9 0-1.7-.8-1.7-1.7 0-.9.8-1.7 1.7-1.7.9 0 1.7.8 1.7 1.7zm0 0M16.9 17c-3.6 2.4-6.5.1-6.6 0-.3-.2-.7-.2-.9.1-.2.3-.2.7.1.9 0 0 1.7 1.3 4.1 1.3 1.2 0 2.6-.3 4-1.3.3-.2.4-.6.2-.9-.2-.2-.6-.3-.9-.1zm0 0"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://flipboard.com/@ForeignAffairs" aria-label="Flipboard" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 21 21"><path d="M0 0v21h21V0H0zm16.4 8.2h-4.1v4.1H8.2v4.1H4.1V4.1h12.3v4.1z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/rss.xml" aria-label="Feed" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M15 14.8c-.1.1-.3.2-.5.2h-1.4c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6C12.1 8.6 7.4 3.9 1.6 3.6c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.7V1.5c0-.2.1-.3.2-.5.1-.1.3-.2.4-.2C5.2 1 8.5 2.5 11 5s4 5.8 4.2 9.3c-.1.2-.1.4-.2.5zm-5.2 0c-.1.1-.3.2-.4.2H8c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6-.3-3.1-2.7-5.5-5.8-5.8-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6V6.6c0-.2.1-.4.2-.5.1 0 .3-.1.4-.1 2.1.2 4.2 1.1 5.7 2.6s2.5 3.5 2.6 5.7c.1.2 0 .4-.1.5zm-6.9.2c-1 0-1.9-.9-1.9-1.9s.9-1.9 1.9-1.9 1.9.9 1.9 1.9S4 15 2.9 15z"/></svg> </a> <a class="site-footer-social-menu__item" href="https://open.spotify.com/show/3vCDodm2QxZXsZFzdv1mPV?si=1e4781431d6747e4&nd=1" aria-label="Spotify" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1333.33 1333.3" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"><path d="M666.66 0C298.48 0 0 298.47 0 666.65c0 368.19 298.48 666.65 666.66 666.65 368.22 0 666.67-298.45 666.67-666.65C1333.33 298.49 1034.88.03 666.65.03l.01-.04zm305.73 961.51c-11.94 19.58-37.57 25.8-57.16 13.77-156.52-95.61-353.57-117.26-585.63-64.24-22.36 5.09-44.65-8.92-49.75-31.29-5.12-22.37 8.84-44.66 31.26-49.75 253.95-58.02 471.78-33.04 647.51 74.35 19.59 12.02 25.8 37.57 13.77 57.16zm81.6-181.52c-15.05 24.45-47.05 32.17-71.49 17.13-179.2-110.15-452.35-142.05-664.31-77.7-27.49 8.3-56.52-7.19-64.86-34.63-8.28-27.49 7.22-56.46 34.66-64.82 242.11-73.46 543.1-37.88 748.89 88.58 24.44 15.05 32.16 47.05 17.12 71.46V780zm7.01-189.02c-214.87-127.62-569.36-139.35-774.5-77.09-32.94 9.99-67.78-8.6-77.76-41.55-9.98-32.96 8.6-67.77 41.56-77.78 235.49-71.49 626.96-57.68 874.34 89.18 29.69 17.59 39.41 55.85 21.81 85.44-17.52 29.63-55.89 39.4-85.42 21.8h-.03z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></svg> </a></div></div> </nav></div><div class="col-12 px-0"><div id="block-navigationfootersecondaryblock" class="block block-fa-design-objects block-navigation-footer-secondary"><div class="content"><div class="row site-footer-down-container py-sm-3 px-sm-0 mt-sm-3 mx-0 w-100"><div class="col-12"><div class="site-footer-section-menu d-flex"><div class="site-footer-section-menu__more"> <a href="/graduateschoolforum" aria-label="Graduate School Forum">Graduate School Forum</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="col-12 col-lg-4 mt-3 mt-md-0"><div id="block-cfr-widget-block" class="block block- block-cfr-widget-block"><div class="content"><div class="mag-cfr-widget d-none"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu__brand col-12 col-lg-3 d-flex flex-column justify-center items-center"> <svg viewbox="0 0 927 41" class="cfr-logo"> <use href="#cfr-logo-white-h"></use> </svg><p class="site-footer-cofr-menu__subtitle mt-2 mb-0 ls-0 pt-5"> From the publishers of <em>Foreign Affairs</em></p></div> <section class="col-12 col-lg-9 pl-lg-80 mt-25 mt-lg-0"><div id="nav-tabContent"><div id="nav-recent"><div class="d-flex flex-wrap"> <article class="col-6 col-md-3 mb-30 mb-lg-0"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/article/china-latin-america-november-2024" class="fw-bold">China in Latin America: November 2024</a><div class="mt-1">Steven Holmes</div> </article> <article class="col-6 col-md-3 mb-30 mb-lg-0"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/article/price-what-you-buy-online-about-go" class="fw-bold">The Price of What You Buy Online Is About to Go Up</a><div class="mt-1">Inu Manak</div> </article> <article class="col-6 col-md-3 mb-30 mb-lg-0"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/news-releases/cfr-welcomes-michael-horowitz-and-prashant-yadav-senior-fellows" class="fw-bold">CFR Welcomes Michael Horowitz and Prashant Yadav as Senior Fellows</a> </article></div></div></div> </section></div><div class="fa-cfr-widget"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu__brand d-flex align-items-end mb-3"> <img class="site-footer-cofr-menu__logo me-2" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/council-on-FA-lockup.png" alt="Council on Foreign Relations" loading="lazy" width="142" height="70" /><p class="site-footer-cofr-menu__subtitle mb-0 ls-0"> From the <br> publishers of <br> <em>Foreign Affairs</em></p></div> <section><div id="nav-tabContent"><div id="nav-recent"> <article class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item__title"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/article/china-latin-america-november-2024">China in Latin America: November 2024</a></div><div class="author">Research Associate:Steven Holmes</div> </article> <article class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item__title"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/article/price-what-you-buy-online-about-go">The Price of What You Buy Online Is About to Go Up</a></div><div class="author">Author:Inu Manak</div> </article> <article class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item"><div class="site-footer-cofr-menu-item__title"> <a href="http://www.cfr.org/news-releases/cfr-welcomes-michael-horowitz-and-prashant-yadav-senior-fellows">CFR Welcomes Michael Horowitz and Prashant Yadav as Senior Fellows</a></div> </article></div></div> </section></div></div></div></div></div></div> </section> <section class="black-bg"><div class="container"><div class="p-2 d-flex flex-column flex-md-row align-items-md-end"><div class="site-footer-legals-container text-white text-center text-md-start order-md-2"><p class="mb-2 mb-md-1"> Published by the Council on Foreign Relations</p><div class="d-flex flex-column flex-md-row"> <nav class="site-footer-legals-nav mb-2 mb-md-1"> <a href="/privacy-policy" class="site-footer-legals-link">Privacy Policy</a> <a href="/terms-use" class="site-footer-legals-link">Terms of Use</a> </nav><p class="site-footer-copyright mb-2 mb-md-1"> ©2024 Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. All Rights Reserved.</p></div></div><div class="d-flex justify-content-center order-md-1 me-md-2"> <span class="site-footer-logo"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 453.7 184.33"><path d="M60.65,94.3h-3.49l-25.79,65.13c-1.89,4.68-4.78,7.17-7.67,7.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,5.48-.3,10.65-.3s9.56,.1,12.85,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1,8.86-.2,13.24-.2,3.88,0,7.77,.1,11.65,.1l6.57,17.63c1.1,2.79,0,5.18-2.89,5.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,6.47-.3,11.65-.3s9.56,.1,11.85,.3v-1.79l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68l-24.9-67.62Zm-5.48,45.91c-3.98,0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98,10.95,28.98c-3.39,.1-6.87,.1-10.26,.1m66.72,29.58v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.48c2.09-.2,4.18-.2,6.27-.2,5.18,0,8.56,4.98,9.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09,5.87-4.58,9.76-9.76,9.76-2.09,0-4.18,0-6.27-.2v-25.89c0-3.59,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69,0,2.59,3.19,6.47,7.37,3.29,3.58,8.66,6.47,10.36,6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15,0-1.29,.6-2.49,.6-3.39,0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76,0-18.42,.3-27.58,.3-8.66,0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3m58.75,0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.48c2.09-.2,4.18-.2,6.27-.2,5.18,0,8.56,4.98,9.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.09,5.87-4.58,9.76-9.76,9.76-2.09,0-4.18,0-6.27-.2v-25.89c0-3.59,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69,0,2.59,3.19,6.47,7.37,3.29,3.58,8.66,6.47,10.36,6.47l.5-.9c-1.1-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15,0-1.29,.6-2.49,.6-3.39,0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76,0-18.42,.3-27.58,.3-8.66,0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3m56.76-75.48h-3.48l-25.79,65.13c-1.89,4.68-4.78,7.17-7.67,7.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,5.48-.3,10.66-.3s9.56,.1,12.85,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-5.38-1.1-6.87-3.98-5.08-8.76l5.68-14.54c4.38-.1,8.86-.2,13.24-.2,3.88,0,7.77,.1,11.65,.1l6.57,17.63c1.1,2.79,0,5.18-2.89,5.97l-2.09,.6v1.79c3.29-.2,6.47-.3,11.65-.3s9.56,.1,11.85,.3v-1.79l-1.39-.4c-2.59-.7-3.58-1.99-4.98-5.68l-24.9-67.62Zm-5.48,45.91c-3.98,0-7.87-.1-11.85-.1l11.15-28.98,10.95,28.98c-3.39,.1-6.87,.1-10.26,.1m66.72,29.58v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77v-56.07c0-3.88,1-5.08,3.98-5.68l3.78-.8v-1.79c-3.29,.1-7.57,.1-13.74,.1s-10.46,0-13.74-.1v1.79l3.78,.8c2.89,.6,3.98,1.79,3.98,5.68v56.07c0,4.88-1.1,7.17-3.98,7.77l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.1,13.64-.1s10.56,0,13.84,.1m7.47-74.69v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.28h9.76l.2,.9c2.39,10.95,8.37,24.2,16.53,33.16,7.57,8.26,21.21,16.33,25.49,17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56,10.85-2.59,16.53-9.66,16.53-19.32,0-11.35-11.95-18.82-27.09-18.82-10.06,0-14.04,1-18.62,1-4.98,0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72,34.56v-25.29c0-4.78,2.09-6.27,7.67-6.27,13.94,0,19.02,6.27,19.02,15.34s-5.58,16.23-17.53,16.23h-9.16Zm75.48,40.63c12.75,0,21.71-6.57,21.71-19.02,0-23-37.54-25.69-37.54-43.32,0-5.98,4.58-9.56,11.15-9.56,7.17,0,13.34,4.68,21.21,16.93h1.59c-.8-4.08-1.39-8.56-1.39-11.05,0-2.69,.1-6.17,1-9.16h-1.49c-1.59,1.59-3.48,2.49-5.48,2.49-4.98,0-8.17-2.99-16.23-2.99-13.84,0-21.61,8.76-21.61,17.63,0,22.51,37.34,26.09,37.34,43.12,0,7.77-4.38,11.15-12.65,11.15-10.75,0-20.91-6.27-24.7-20.02h-1.89c.6,3.78,.8,6.17,.8,10.85,0,3.39-1.49,9.56-2.79,12.45h1.89c1.49-1.99,3.98-3.88,7.87-3.88,5.58,0,10.26,4.38,21.21,4.38"/><path d="M27.48,75.18v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.48c2.09-.2,4.18-.2,6.27-.2,5.18,0,8.56,4.98,9.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1,5.88-4.58,9.76-9.76,9.76-2.09,0-4.18,0-6.27-.2V8.56c0-3.58,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.69,0,2.59,3.19,6.47,7.37,3.29,3.58,8.66,6.47,10.36,6.47l.5-.9c-1.09-1.49-4.18-7.27-4.18-12.15,0-1.3,.6-2.49,.6-3.39,0-.6-.4-.9-1-.9-8.76,0-18.42,.3-27.58,.3C15.33,.8,6.97,.7,0,.5v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3m70.21,.5c22.51,0,37.94-16.73,37.94-37.94S119.5,0,94.6,0c-22.51,0-37.94,16.73-37.94,37.94s15.93,37.74,41.03,37.74m3.88-3.78c-19.72,0-32.46-20.02-32.46-41.92,0-15.83,7.67-26.19,21.61-26.19,19.72,0,32.46,20.02,32.46,41.92,0,15.83-7.67,26.19-21.61,26.19M139.51,.5v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.09,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.2,13.84,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-1.89-3.98-5.78v-28.28h9.76l.2,.9c2.39,10.95,8.36,24.2,16.53,33.16,7.57,8.27,21.21,16.33,25.49,17.13l.5-1c-1.29-.8-8.76-6.67-16.23-18.03-5.98-9.06-11.25-21.41-13.64-32.56,10.85-2.59,16.53-9.66,16.53-19.32,0-11.35-11.95-18.82-27.09-18.82-10.06,0-14.04,1-18.62,1-4.98,0-8.17-.5-13.14-.5m19.72,34.56V9.76c0-4.78,2.09-6.27,7.67-6.27,13.94,0,19.02,6.27,19.02,15.34s-5.58,16.23-17.53,16.23h-9.16Zm100.68,40.13c.6,0,1.2-.3,1.2-1.39,0-.9-.8-2.19-.8-3.59,0-5.28,2.99-11.45,4.18-13.04l-.6-1.1c-1.59,0-5.08,2.19-8.26,6.07-3.88,4.48-5.78,9.56-10.76,9.56h-15.93c-2.99,0-3.98-1-3.98-4.88v-29.87c3.39-.2,6.87-.2,10.26-.2,4.18,0,7.57,4.98,8.76,11.75h1.99c-.4-3.88-.7-8.76-.7-12.55,0-4.08,.3-9.56,.7-12.45h-1.99c-1.1,5.87-4.58,9.76-8.76,9.76-3.39,0-6.87,0-10.26-.2V8.56c0-3.58,1.1-4.58,2.89-4.58h16.23c2.59,0,2.49,2.89,6.17,6.87,3.09,3.39,8.27,6.17,9.86,6.17l.5-.9c-1.1-1.39-3.98-6.87-3.98-11.55,0-1.19,.5-2.39,.5-3.19,0-.6-.3-.9-.9-.9-8.36,0-17.82,.3-26.99,.3-8.66,0-17.03-.1-24-.3v1.79c5.58,1.59,7.77,3.58,7.77,7.47v57.06c0,3.88-1.1,5.18-3.98,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c6.77-.1,15.63-.3,24.8-.3,10.06,0,20.81,.3,29.87,.3m34.45,0v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-3.98-2.89-3.98-7.77V8.76c0-3.88,1-5.08,3.98-5.68l3.78-.8V.5c-3.29,.1-7.57,.1-13.74,.1s-10.46,0-13.74-.1v1.79l3.78,.8c2.89,.6,3.98,1.79,3.98,5.68v56.07c0,4.88-1.09,7.17-3.98,7.77l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.1,7.47-.1,13.64-.1s10.56,0,13.84,.1M335.19,0c-21.51,0-36.94,16.73-36.94,37.94s15.93,37.74,39.04,37.74c9.46,0,17.13-3.29,20.81-7.47,1.59,4.68,5.28,7.47,9.96,7.47,2.99,0,4.48-.5,5.97-1.49v-1.49c-3.39,0-4.88-1.79-4.88-6.07v-15.04c0-3.09,.9-5.08,2.69-5.58l3.09-.9v-1.79c-4.28,.2-6.57,.3-12.75,.3s-10.46-.1-12.75-.3v1.79l3.78,.8c2.89,.6,3.98,1.79,3.98,5.68v5.08c0,8.86-6.07,15.24-16.03,15.24-17.73,0-30.47-19.02-30.47-41.92,0-15.83,7.67-26.19,23.6-26.19,8.07,0,12.55,1,18.12,4.18,4.68,2.69,7.77,6.37,12.25,13.74h1.89c-1-4.08-1.69-8.56-1.69-11.05,0-2.69,.1-6.57,1-10.16h-1.89c-1.59,2.19-3.09,3.49-5.08,3.49-5.68,0-11.05-3.98-23.7-3.98m108.74,12.85c.2-5.88,2.29-8.96,5.97-9.76l3.78-.8V.5c-3.29,.2-6.67,.3-12.85,.3s-10.36-.1-13.64-.3v1.79l3.78,.8c5.38,1.1,8.07,3.58,7.97,9.46l-.7,44.02L395.94,.5c-3.09,.1-6.57,.2-10.46,.2s-7.07-.1-10.06-.2v1.79c6.77,1,11.75,6.57,11.75,13.44v51.09c0,3.88-4.08,5.18-6.97,5.78l-3.78,.8v1.79c3.29-.2,7.47-.3,13.64-.3s10.56,.1,13.84,.3v-1.79l-3.78-.8c-2.99-.6-7.97-1.89-7.97-5.78V16.03l47.5,61.34h1.99l2.29-64.53Z"/></svg> </span></div></div></div></section> </footer><div class="messages--container messages--container--bottom"> <span style="display:none;" data-fa-placeholder-id="fa_message_193"></span><span style="display:none;" data-fa-placeholder-id="fa_message_195"></span><span style="display:none;" data-fa-placeholder-id="fa_message_18"></span></div></div><div class="flyout__overlay"><div class="flyout__no-click"></div><div class="flyout__right dark-blue-2-bg h-100 position-fixed overflow-hidden pt-5 text-white"><div class="flyout__right-inner position-relative"><div class="flyout__message mt-4"> <button class="flyout__js-close flyout__close border-0 text-white position-absolute bg-transparent">×</button></div><div id="flyout"><div class="loading-state d-flex justify-content-center py-5 loading-state--minimal-height"> <img class="loading-state__spinner d-md-none" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/FA-loading-32.gif" alt="Loading" loading="lazy" width="32" height="32" /> <img class="loading-state__spinner d-none d-md-block" src="/themes/fa/assets/images/FA-loading-64.gif" alt="Loading" loading="lazy" width="64" height="64" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e921fb5ba16407c',t:'MTczMjcxMDU2Ny4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body></div><script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1125057","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"gtm":{"tagId":null,"settings":{"data_layer":"dataLayer","include_classes":false,"allowlist_classes":"google\nnonGooglePixels\nnonGoogleScripts\nnonGoogleIframes","blocklist_classes":"customScripts\ncustomPixels","include_environment":false,"environment_id":"","environment_token":""},"tagIds":["GTM-52SVNB"]},"gtag":{"tagId":"","consentMode":false,"otherIds":[],"events":[],"additionalConfigInfo":[]},"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJxdkGFyhCAMhS9k5RztJZiAEbGB2AR3l56-UaedqX8g7wu8vElgbtoENh9AJLObWcoQ7jQRB6A3bZ1yTUOErcUFXADFIbKgy7WhVKBx_dpR-njazOBAWo6Eetb7lNlvBB3l0H9TDnGbYITgu7-XjaWdvwvk-nFWFZ9K2Gyg5weK-Rn1MJVcnZjnoSLExXzcA6T7uGD8POiEmlP1HFaMTd0MI6zwOjoFVSGhOosXcWGazF2w2nWG9Rv0JxD51Z5c5UEVMrVFdqdbuesRX9dOhsScCH2D5JIdd32F-AfLsPzuONdH1hysNaOBQbs2LOfqfwA16KxA","theme":"fa","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"form_action_p_pvdeGsVG5zNF_XLGPTvYSKCf43t8qZYSwcfZl2uzM":true,"\/articles\/central-america-caribbean\/2019-10-29\/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode?ajax_form=1":true},"fa_user":{"is_subscriber":false,"permissions":{"create fa_note entities":false}},"fa_caching":{"css_js_query_string":"smyk5z"},"fa_jsonapi":{"node_typename":"node--article","node_uuid":"22459166-83af-4c99-a0eb-fbb181a4a242"},"fa_sailthru":{"customer_id":"ce43426d2a1ff8658afdea083135e42c"},"faHcaptcha":{"siteKey":"e4def1c1-7560-43f6-b953-3b4a405c0eef"},"seconds":"7","depth":0.25,"condition":"timer","article_id":"1125057","article_tags":{"regions":[{"name":"Central America \u0026 Caribbean","url":"\/regions\/central-america-caribbean"},{"name":"Cuba","url":"\/regions\/cuba"},{"name":"South America","url":"\/regions\/south-america"},{"name":"Argentina","url":"\/regions\/argentina"},{"name":"Brazil","url":"\/regions\/brazil"},{"name":"Chile","url":"\/regions\/chile"},{"name":"Venezuela","url":"\/regions\/venezuela"}],"topics":[{"name":"Economics","url":"\/topics\/economics"},{"name":"Finance","url":"\/topics\/finance"},{"name":"Trade","url":"\/topics\/trade"}],"tags":[{"name":"Latin America","url":"\/tags\/latin-america"},{"name":"Global South","url":"\/tags\/global-south"}]},"article_metadata":{"id":"1125057","type":"article","title":"Why Latin America Was Primed to Explode","authors":[{"title":"Mois\u00e9s Na\u00edm","sort_name":"Mois\u00e9s Na\u00edm"},{"title":"Brian Winter","sort_name":"Winter, Brian"}],"issued":"2019-10-29","url":"https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/central-america-caribbean\/2019-10-29\/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode"},"dfpAdsSettings":{"sidebar":{"id":"sidebar","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-sidebar--3","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[[300, 250], [300, 600]]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/articles\/sidebar","size":"[[300, 250], [300, 600]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[{"target":"regions","value":["Central America \u0026amp; Caribbean","Cuba","South America","Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Venezuela"]},{"target":"tags","value":["Latin America","Global South"]},{"target":"topics","value":["Economics","Finance","Trade"]},{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},{"target":"node","value":["1125057"]},{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}]},"homepage_river":{"id":"homepage_river","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-homepage-river","breakpoints":[],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/articles\/homepage_river","size":"[[300, 250], [300, 600]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[{"target":"regions","value":["Central America \u0026amp; Caribbean","Cuba","South America","Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Venezuela"]},{"target":"tags","value":["Latin America","Global South"]},{"target":"topics","value":["Economics","Finance","Trade"]},{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},{"target":"node","value":["1125057"]},{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}]},"outofpage":{"id":"outofpage","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-outofpage","breakpoints":[],"outOfPage":true,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/articles\/outofpage","size":"[0, 0]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[{"target":"regions","value":["Central America \u0026amp; Caribbean","Cuba","South America","Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Venezuela"]},{"target":"tags","value":["Latin America","Global South"]},{"target":"topics","value":["Economics","Finance","Trade"]},{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},{"target":"node","value":["1125057"]},{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}]},"speedbump_desktop":{"id":"speedbump_desktop","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-speedbump-desktop","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[[728, 90], [970, 250]]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/articles\/speedbump_desktop","size":"[[728, 90], [970, 250]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[{"target":"regions","value":["Central America \u0026amp; Caribbean","Cuba","South America","Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Venezuela"]},{"target":"tags","value":["Latin America","Global South"]},{"target":"topics","value":["Economics","Finance","Trade"]},{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},{"target":"node","value":["1125057"]},{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}]},"speedbump_mobile":{"id":"speedbump_mobile","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-speedbump-mobile","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[300, 250]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/articles\/speedbump_mobile","size":"[300, 250]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[{"target":"regions","value":["Central America \u0026amp; Caribbean","Cuba","South America","Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Venezuela"]},{"target":"tags","value":["Latin America","Global South"]},{"target":"topics","value":["Economics","Finance","Trade"]},{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},{"target":"node","value":["1125057"]},{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}]},"top":{"id":"top","htmlId":"js-dfp-tag-top","breakpoints":[{"browser_size":"[0, 0]","ad_sizes":"[320, 50]"},{"browser_size":"[1024, 1]","ad_sizes":"[[728, 90], [970, 90]]"}],"outOfPage":false,"adUnit":"\/101014362\/FA\/articles\/top","size":"[[728, 90], [970, 90], [320, 50]]","clickUrl":"","adsenseAdTypes":"","adsenseChannelIds":"","adSenseColors":[],"targeting":[{"target":"regions","value":["Central America \u0026amp; Caribbean","Cuba","South America","Argentina","Brazil","Chile","Venezuela"]},{"target":"tags","value":["Latin America","Global South"]},{"target":"topics","value":["Economics","Finance","Trade"]},{"target":"content-subtype","value":["snapshot"]},{"target":"node","value":["1125057"]},{"target":"environment","value":["live"]}]}},"ajax":{"edit-submit":{"wrapper":"fa_newsletter_email_signup_homepage_bottom","callback":"::ajaxCallback","method":"replaceWith","effect":"none","event":"click","progress":{"type":"faspinner","message":null},"disable-refocus":true,"url":"\/articles\/central-america-caribbean\/2019-10-29\/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode?ajax_form=1","httpMethod":"POST","dialogType":"ajax","submit":{"_triggering_element_name":"op","_triggering_element_value":"Sign Up"}},"edit-submit--2":{"wrapper":"fa_newsletter_email_signup_overlay","callback":"::ajaxCallback","method":"replaceWith","effect":"none","event":"click","progress":{"type":"faspinner","message":null},"disable-refocus":true,"url":"\/articles\/central-america-caribbean\/2019-10-29\/why-latin-america-was-primed-explode?ajax_form=1","httpMethod":"POST","dialogType":"ajax","submit":{"_triggering_element_name":"op","_triggering_element_value":"Get the Newsletter"}}},"hcaptcha":{"src":"https:\/\/hcaptcha.com\/1\/api.js?hl=en\u0026render=explicit\u0026onload=drupalHcaptchaOnload"},"fa_paywall_js":{"get_content_url":"\/fa\/paywall\/1125057\/ajax\/content?token=XbDsergWPpQALPnjNFi4lLpvGTpTWlJG_qJwWLxaqIc"},"nid":"1125057","user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e6452d1e95364a42a32eed839ae8cc3125805166ee938c248cf5e52861ff52ad"}}</script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_W_PSBrvT-15ZNQusO05Y_h5uheHnHDkzuUC57sBn03A.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script><script src="//ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js" defer></script><script src="/modules/custom/fa_sailthru/js/sailthru_init.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtm.js?smyk5z"></script><script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.js?smyk5z"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_7J_mwbmVIjbkybyfdTEWhJ59SkzBkYgzdhUu2IlNTfI.js?scope=footer&delta=5&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script><script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.ajax.js?smyk5z"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_wlEOcCU9PA_EC1kBy-Omg80Nfn93F-zN5QKBGo_z2CQ.js?scope=footer&delta=7&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script><script src="/themes/fa/build/assets/js/lib/lazyImports.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/themes/fa/build/assets/js/jquery.progressline.bundle.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_STjQO82E_5F6h10OcElPLzxlRx4KwRQxLd13loZ8QdE.js?scope=footer&delta=10&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script><script src="/themes/fa/build/assets/js/site.bundle.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/themes/fa/build/assets/js/subscriberOnlyTooltip.bundle.js?smyk5z" defer></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_to1zdCfxFKXjqDZSnzjN-OeSHdJsunkMBm5eQdW2G5I.js?scope=footer&delta=13&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script><script src="/modules/custom/fa_paywall_js/js/paywall.js?v=1.1" defer></script><script src="/sites/default/files/assets/js/js_8r6qsgxi6XIA4gJ_pY2IzsFzQcnENei1AnL2x7rgDLA.js?scope=footer&delta=15&language=en&theme=fa&include=eJxlkGFyxCAIhS-UxnO0l3CIIcYUJQWSXff01c20M93-kvfUBx8LeJhzKk6YbVjABwhrKtGdINWHFcNndxUS2SqH0z2PeDeUAvR6MWhVw-wmUBymlqcmsPsJRBK7SDwBvalVavlDZI6E3iC6aPmvhPiqR9jg3vtlVIWI6naCgCvTjOIFSztQ2gP327cLgkd9zzuLaZcglgLhsy54U0JrJJ5PFILa3Zchm5MhlQ_9j7Ow5D7QjJpi8TxtGEzdAteogQVdKteixu3rQKnj80-A3cIK15bWH5XKmTRNDXnBZvTkHeoNiPzWYK_yyXDMiX2jryjfLHqsQA"></script></body></html>