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id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_and_rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Orbit and rotation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orbit and rotation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Axial_tilt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axial_tilt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Axial tilt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axial_tilt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visibility_from_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visibility_from_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Visibility from Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visibility_from_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Internal structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Internal structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Internal heat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Atmosphere </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Atmosphere subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Troposphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troposphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Troposphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Troposphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Upper atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banded_structure,_winds_and_clouds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banded_structure,_winds_and_clouds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Banded structure, winds and clouds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banded_structure,_winds_and_clouds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonal_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonal_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Seasonal variation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonal_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Magnetosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Moons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Rings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Uranus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 228 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-228" aria-hidden="true" > 228 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(Planet)" title="Uranus (Planet) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Uranus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A1%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5" title="ኡራኑስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኡራኑስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8" title="युरेनस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="युरेनस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="أورانوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أورانوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano_(planeta)" title="Urano (planeta) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Urano (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A8" title="Ուրանուս մոլորակը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուրանուս մոլորակը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano_(plan%C3%A8ta)" title="Urano (planèta) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Urano (planèta)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A" title="ইউৰেনাচ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইউৰেনাচ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranu_(planeta)" title="Uranu (planeta) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Uranu (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="यूरेनस ग्रह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="यूरेनस ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A1no" title="Uráno – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Uráno" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(planet)" title="Uran (planet) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uran (planet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اورانوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورانوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="ইউরেনাস গ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরেনাস গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thian-%C3%B4ng-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Thian-ông-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thian-ông-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Уран (планета) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Уран (планета)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Уран (планета) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уран (планета)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уран – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Уран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="यूरेनस ग्रह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूरेनस ग्रह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano" title="Urano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Urano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Уран (планета) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уран (планета)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(Planet)" title="Uranus (Planet) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Uranus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐར་མ་གནམ་རྒྱལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐར་མ་གནམ་རྒྱལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouran_(planedenn)" title="Ouran (planedenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ouran (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тэнгэриин ван – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тэнгэриин ван" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A0_(planeta)" title="Urà (planeta) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urà (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano" title="Urano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Urano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(planeta)" title="Uran (planeta) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uran (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuranisi" title="Yuranisi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Yuranisi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanya_la_Movwili" title="Chanya la Movwili – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chanya la Movwili" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wranws_(planed)" title="Wranws (planed) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wranws (planed)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(planet)" title="Uranus (planet) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uranus (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ؤرانوس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤرانوس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(Planet)" title="Uranus (Planet) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Uranus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoow%C3%A9inis" title="Yoowéinis – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Yoowéinis" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="अरुणग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अरुणग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A6" title="ཡུ་ར་ནཱས – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཡུ་ར་ནཱས" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraan_(planeet)" title="Uraan (planeet) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uraan (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Ουρανός (πλανήτης) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουρανός (πλανήτης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A0n" title="Uràn – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Uràn" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano_(planeta)" title="Urano (planeta) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Urano (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano_(planedo)" title="Urano (planedo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urano (planedo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranu_(praneta)" title="Uranu (praneta) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Uranu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano" title="Urano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اورانوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اورانوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arungrah" title="Arungrah – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Arungrah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Uranus (planète) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Uranus (planète)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ar%C3%A1nas_(pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad)" title="Úránas (pláinéad) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Úránas (pláinéad)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraanus" title="Uraanus – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Uraanus" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99ranas_(planaid)" title="Ùranas (planaid) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ùranas (planaid)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano" title="Urano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Urano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="天王星 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="天王星" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8A%D8%B3" title="اۊرانۊس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="اۊرانۊس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B8_(%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9)" title="યુરેનસ (ગ્રહ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યુરેનસ (ગ્રહ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn-v%C3%B2ng-s%C3%AAn" title="Thiên-vòng-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thiên-vòng-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%99%95%EC%84%B1" title="천왕성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천왕성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hele%CA%BBekela" title="Heleʻekela – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Heleʻekela" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Ուրան (մոլորակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուրան (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="अरुण (ग्रह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरुण (ग्रह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano" title="Urano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano" title="Urano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Urano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano" title="Urano – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Urano" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%95%8C%E1%93%84%E1%94%85" title="ᐅᕌᓄᔅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐅᕌᓄᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A6)" title="Уран (планетæ) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уран (планетæ)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Uranus_(i-astronomy)" title="I-Uranus (i-astronomy) – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Uranus (i-astronomy)" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNomakhekheba" title="UNomakhekheba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNomakhekheba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aranus_(reikistjarna)" title="Úranus (reikistjarna) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úranus (reikistjarna)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano_(astronomia)" title="Urano (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Urano (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אורנוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורנוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranisi" title="Uranisi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Uranisi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುರೇನಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುರೇನಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A1nu" title="Uránu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Uránu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ურანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99ran" title="Ùran – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ùran" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Уран (ғаламшар) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уран (ғаламшар)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouran_(planet)" title="Ouran (planet) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ouran (planet)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranusi" title="Uranusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uranusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Уран (планет) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Уран (планет)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranis_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Iranis (planèt) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Iranis (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranis_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Iranis (planèt) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Iranis (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Bran%C3%BBs" title="Ûranûs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ûranûs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Уран (планета) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Уран (планета)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94" title="ດາວຢູລານຸດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວຢູລານຸດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(planeta)" title="Uranus (planeta) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Uranus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C4%81ns_(plan%C4%93ta)" title="Urāns (planēta) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Urāns (planēta)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(Plan%C3%A9it)" title="Uranus (Planéit) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Uranus (Planéit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Уран (планета) – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Уран (планета)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranas_(planeta)" title="Uranas (planeta) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Uranas (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(astronomia)" title="Uran (astronomia) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Uran (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(planeet)" title="Uranus (planeet) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Uranus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulanus%C3%AD" title="Ulanusí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ulanusí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano" title="Urano – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Urano" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/uranos" title="uranos – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="uranos" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano_(pianeta)" title="Urano (pianeta) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Urano (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A1nusz" title="Uránusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Uránusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="अरुण ग्रह – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अरुण ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Уран (планета) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уран (планета)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranosy_(planeta)" title="Oranosy (planeta) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Oranosy (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="യുറാനസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുറാനസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranu_(pjaneta)" title="Uranu (pjaneta) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Uranu (pjaneta)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="युरेनस ग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युरेनस ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)" title="ურანი (პლანეტა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურანი (პლანეტა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اورانوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اورانوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اورانوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اورانوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯁꯥꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯄꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯥꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯄꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%95ng-u%C3%B2ng-s%C4%ADng" title="Tiĕng-uòng-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tiĕng-uòng-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourano" title="Ourano – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ourano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Уран (шары тяште) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Уран (шары тяште)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тэнгэрийн ван – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тэнгэрийн ван" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="ယူရေးနပ်စ်ဂြိုဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူရေးနပ်စ်ဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhuicate%C5%8Dc%C4%ABtlalli" title="Ilhuicateōcītlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ilhuicateōcītlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(planeet)" title="Uranus (planeet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uranus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(planeet)" title="Uranus (planeet) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Uranus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="अरुणग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अरुणग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="天王星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天王星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano" title="Urano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Urano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%95%DF%8C%DF%AE" title="ߛߊ߲ߕߌ߮ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߊ߲ߕߌ߮" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уран – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Уран" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeten_Uranus" title="Planeten Uranus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planeten Uranus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urane_(planete)" title="Urane (planete) – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Urane (planete)" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(planeta)" title="Uranus (planeta) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Uranus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B8" title="ୟୁରାନସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୟୁରାନସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuuraanis" title="Yuuraanis – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yuuraanis" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(sayyora)" title="Uran (sayyora) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uran (sayyora)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)" title="ਯੁਰੇਨਸ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੁਰੇਨਸ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="یورینس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورینس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اورانوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اورانوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuurienos" title="Yuurienos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuurienos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F" title="ភពអ៊ុយរ៉ានុស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភពអ៊ុយរ៉ានុស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(pianeta)" title="Uran (pianeta) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Uran (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurenes" title="Yurenes – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Yurenes" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(Planet)" title="Uranus (Planet) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Uranus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano_(planeta)" title="Urano (planeta) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Urano (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(planeta)" title="Uran (planeta) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Uran (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urranu%C3%9F_(Planneet)" title="Urranuß (Planneet) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Urranuß (Planneet)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahor" title="Rahor – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Rahor" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(planet)" title="Uranus (planet) – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Uranus (planet)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranu_(puriq_quyllur)" title="Uranu (puriq quyllur) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uranu (puriq quyllur)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Уран (планета) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Уран (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Уран (планета) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уран (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ураан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ураан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83" title="युरेनस्-ग्रहः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="युरेनस्-ग्रहः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranu_(praneta)" title="Uranu (praneta) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Uranu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuranese" title="Yuranese – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Yuranese" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urani_(planet)" title="Urani (planet) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Urani (planet)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranu_(pianeta)" title="Uranu (pianeta) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Uranu (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="යු‍රේනස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යු‍රේනස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3" title="يورينس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يورينس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A1n_(plan%C3%A9ta)" title="Urán (planéta) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Urán (planéta)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(planet)" title="Uran (planet) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uran (planet)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Оуранъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Оуранъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AEr%C5%AFn" title="Ůrůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ůrůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraano" title="Uraano – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Uraano" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B3" title="یورانۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یورانۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уран – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уран" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(planeta)" title="Uran (planeta) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uran (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano" title="Urano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Urano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="யுரேனசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யுரேனசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%E1%B9%9Banus" title="Uṛanus – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Uṛanus" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Уран (планета) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Уран (планета)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="యురేనస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యురేనస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ดาวยูเรนัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวยูเรนัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Уран (сайёра) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уран (сайёра)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎤᎵᏍᏆᎾᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎵᏍᏆᎾᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran%C3%BCs" title="Uranüs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uranüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(planeta)" title="Uran (planeta) – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Uran (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuranut" title="Yuranut – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Yuranut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уран – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Уран" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Уран (планета) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Уран (планета)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Уран (планета) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уран (планета)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="یورینس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورینس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D8%AA)" title="ئۇران (پلانىت) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۇران (پلانىت)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqdenh%27vuengz" title="Ndaundeiqdenh'vuengz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqdenh'vuengz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(astronomia)" title="Uran (astronomia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Uran (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(planet)" title="Uran (planet) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Uran (planet)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Thi%C3%AAn_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Sao Thiên Vương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao Thiên Vương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranud" title="Uranud – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Uranud" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraan_(hod%27ot%C3%A4ht)" title="Uraan (hod'otäht) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Uraan (hod'otäht)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="天王星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天王星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urano" title="Urano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Urano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraanus" title="Uraanus – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Uraanus" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="天王星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天王星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אוראנוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוראנוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ar%C3%A1n%C3%B9" title="Úránù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Úránù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="天王星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天王星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(planete)" title="Uranus (planete) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Uranus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orans" title="Orans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Orans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="天王星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天王星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Uranus" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(planet)" title="Uran (planet) – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Uran (planet)" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99" title="ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q324#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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For the Greek god, see <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus (mythology)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Uranus (disambiguation)">Uranus (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Uranian (disambiguation)">Uranian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Uranus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/290px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/435px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/580px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="830" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Uranus in true colour,<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> as captured by <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>. Its pale, muted appearance is due to a shroud of haze above its clouds</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightBlue">Discovery</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers" title="List of minor planet discoverers">Discovered by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Discovery date</th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 1781</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightBlue">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈjʊərənəs/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/71\/En-us-Uranus%282%29.oga\/En-us-Uranus%282%29.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Uranus(2).oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/En-us-Uranus%282%29.oga/En-us-Uranus%282%29.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Uranus(2).oga" title="File:En-us-Uranus(2).oga">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCOUP-2">[1]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/jʊˈreɪnəs/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1c\/En-us-Uranus.ogg\/En-us-Uranus.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Uranus.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/En-us-Uranus.ogg/En-us-Uranus.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Uranus.ogg" title="File:En-us-Uranus.ogg">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Named after</div></th><td class="infobox-data">the Latin form Ūranus of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Οὐρανός</a> Ouranos</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Uranian (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/jʊˈreɪniən/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⛢"><img alt="⛢" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Uranus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Uranus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Uranus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Uranus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Uranus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Uranus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_monogram_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♅"><img alt="♅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uranus_monogram_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Uranus_monogram_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uranus_monogram_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Uranus_monogram_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uranus_monogram_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Uranus_monogram_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightBlue"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a><a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20.0965 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (3.00639 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18.2861 AU (2.73556 billion km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">19.19126 AU (2.870972 billion km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.04717</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>84.0205 <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">yr</a></li> <li>30,688.5 d<a href="#cite_note-nasafact-7">[5]</a></li> <li>42,718 Uranian <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar days</a><a href="#cite_note-CSeligman-8">[6]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (synodic)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">369.66 days<a href="#cite_note-fact-9">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.80 km/s<a href="#cite_note-fact-9">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly#Mean_anomaly_at_epoch" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">142.238600°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>0.773° to <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a></li><li>6.48° to <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a></li><li>0.99° to <a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane</a><a href="#cite_note-Souami_Souchay_2012-10">[8]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of ascending node</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">74.006°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Time of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">17–19 August 2050<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-horizons-perihelion-12">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">96.998857°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Known <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">satellites</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">28</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightBlue">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,362±7 km<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-14">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equatorial</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,559±4 km 4.007 Earths<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-14">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">Polar</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,973±20 km 3.929 Earths<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-14">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">Flattening</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0229±0.0008<a href="#cite_note-15">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Circumference</th><td class="infobox-data">159,354.1 km<a href="#cite_note-nasafact-7">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8.1156×109 km2<a href="#cite_note-nasafact-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-14">[c]</a> 15.91 Earths</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.833×1013 km3<a href="#cite_note-fact-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-14">[c]</a> 63.086 Earths</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(8.6810±0.0013)×1025 kg 14.536 Earths<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992-16">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter" title="Standard gravitational parameter">GM</a>=5,793,939±13 km3/s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.27 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-fact-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure2-17">[e]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8.69 m/s2 (0.886 <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">g0</a>)<a href="#cite_note-fact-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-14">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.23<a href="#cite_note-PS15-18">[13]</a> (estimate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">21.3 km/s<a href="#cite_note-fact-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-14">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−0.71832 d −17 h 14 m 23 s (<a href="/wiki/Retrograde_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde motion">retrograde</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CSeligman-8">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal rotation period">Sidereal rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−0.71833 d −17 h 14 min 24 s (retrograde)<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial rotation velocity</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.59 km/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">82.23° (to orbit, retrograde).<a href="#cite_note-fact-9">[7]</a> 97.77°(prograde, right-hand rule)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">17h 9m 15s 257.311°<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-iau2015-19">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−15.175°<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-iau2015-19">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.300 (<a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">Bond</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Pearl_et_al_Uranus-20">[15]</a> 0.488 (<a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geom.</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_et_al-21">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a> level<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-22">[17]</a></th> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center">76 K (−197.2 °C)</td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">0.1 bar (<a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a></th> <td style="text-align:center">47 K</td> <td style="text-align:center">53 K</td> <td style="text-align:center">57 K</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.38<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-24">[19]</a> to 6.03<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-24">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude (H)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−7.2<a href="#cite_note-IMCCE-25">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">Angular diameter</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.3″ to 4.1″<a href="#cite_note-fact-9">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:LightBlue">Atmosphere<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conrath_Gautier_et_al._1987-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[f]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scale_height" title="Scale height">Scale height</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">27.7 km<a href="#cite_note-fact-9">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Below 1.3 bar (130 kPa): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>83 ± 3% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></li> <li>15 ± 3% <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></li> <li>2.3% <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a></li> <li>0.009% (0.007–0.015%) <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace amount</a>)</li></ul> </div> Icy <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Methane_hydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane hydrate">methane hydrate</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Uranus is the seventh <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. It is a gaseous <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>-coloured <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giant</a>. Most of the planet is made of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical phase of matter</a>, which astronomy calls "ice" or <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">The planet's atmosphere</a> has a complex layered <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">cloud</a> structure and has the lowest minimum temperature (49 K (−224 °C; −371 °F)) of all the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>'s planets. It has a marked <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> of 82.23° with a <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">retrograde</a> rotation period of 17 hours and 14 minutes. This means that in an 84-Earth-year <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> around the Sun, its poles get around 42 years of continuous sunlight, followed by 42 years of continuous darkness. Uranus has the third-largest diameter and fourth-largest mass among the Solar System's planets. Based on current models, inside its volatile <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> layer is a rocky core, and surrounding it is a thick <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> atmosphere. Trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> (thought to be produced via <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (thought to have been originated from <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>) have been detected in the upper atmosphere. There are many unexplained <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uranus" title="Climate of Uranus">climate phenomena in Uranus's atmosphere</a>, such as its peak wind speed of 900 km/h (560 mph),<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a> variations in its polar cap, and its erratic cloud formation. The planet also has very low <a href="/wiki/Internal_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal heat">internal heat</a> compared to other giant planets, the cause of which remains unclear. Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">ring system</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a>. The extremely dark ring system reflects only about 2% of the incoming light. Uranus's 28 natural satellites include 18 known <a href="/wiki/Regular_moon" title="Regular moon">regular moons</a>, of which 13 are small <a href="/wiki/Inner_moon" title="Inner moon">inner moons</a>. Further out are the larger five <a href="/wiki/Major_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Major moon">major moons</a> of the planet: <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a>. Orbiting at a much greater distance from Uranus are the ten known <a href="/wiki/Irregular_moon" title="Irregular moon">irregular moons</a>. The planet's magnetosphere is highly asymmetric and has many <a href="/wiki/Charged_particle" title="Charged particle">charged particles</a>, which may be the cause of the darkening of its rings and moons. Uranus is visible to the naked eye, but it is very dim and was not classified as a planet until 1781, when it was first observed by <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>. About seven decades after its discovery, consensus was reached that the planet be named after the <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Greek god Uranus</a> (Ouranos), one of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Greek primordial deities</a>. As of 2024, it had been visited up close only once when in 1986 the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> probe flew by the planet.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> Though nowadays it can be <a href="/wiki/Optical_resolution" title="Optical resolution">resolved</a> and observed by telescopes, there is much desire to revisit the planet, as shown by <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey" title="Planetary Science Decadal Survey">Planetary Science Decadal Survey</a>'s decision to make the proposed <a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a> mission a top priority in the 2023–2032 survey, and the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a>'s proposal to fly by the planet with a subprobe of <a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TianwenPlSoc-31">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discovery_of_Uranus1781.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Discovery_of_Uranus1781.png/220px-Discovery_of_Uranus1781.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Discovery_of_Uranus1781.png/330px-Discovery_of_Uranus1781.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Discovery_of_Uranus1781.png/440px-Discovery_of_Uranus1781.png 2x" data-file-width="9720" data-file-height="7693" /></a><figcaption>Position of Uranus (marked with a cross) on 13 March 1781, the date of its discovery</figcaption></figure> Like the <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">classical planets</a>, Uranus is visible to the naked eye, but it was never recognised as a planet by ancient observers because of its dimness and slow orbit.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> first observed Uranus on 13 March 1781, leading to its discovery as a planet, expanding the known boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> for the first time in history and making Uranus the first planet classified as such with the aid of a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>. The discovery of Uranus also effectively doubled the size of the known Solar System because Uranus is around twice the distance from the Sun as the planet <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery"> Discovery</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Herschel01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/170px-William_Herschel01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/255px-William_Herschel01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_Herschel01.jpg/340px-William_Herschel01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>, discoverer of Uranus</figcaption></figure> Before its recognition as a planet, Uranus had been observed on numerous occasions, albeit generally misidentified as a star. The earliest possible known observation was by <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>, who in 128 BC might have recorded it as a star for his <a href="/wiki/Star_catalogue" title="Star catalogue">star catalogue</a> that was later incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> The earliest definite sighting was in 1690, when <a href="/wiki/John_Flamsteed" title="John Flamsteed">John Flamsteed</a> observed it at least six times, cataloguing it as 34 <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Tauri</a>. The French astronomer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Le_Monnier" title="Pierre Charles Le Monnier">Pierre Charles Le Monnier</a> observed Uranus at least twelve times between 1750 and 1769,<a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a> including on four consecutive nights. <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> observed Uranus on 13 March 1781 from the garden of his house at 19 New King Street in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>, England (now the <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Museum_of_Astronomy" title="Herschel Museum of Astronomy">Herschel Museum of Astronomy</a>),<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> and initially reported it (on 26 April 1781) as a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> With a homemade 6.2-inch reflecting telescope, Herschel "engaged in a series of observations on the <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> of the fixed stars."<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-37">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> Herschel recorded in his journal: "In the quartile near <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Tauri" title="Zeta Tauri">ζ Tauri</a> ... either [a] Nebulous star or perhaps a comet."<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> On 17 March he noted: "I looked for the Comet or Nebulous Star and found that it is a Comet, for it has changed its place."<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> When he presented his discovery to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, he continued to assert that he had found a comet, but also implicitly compared it to a planet:<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-37">[31]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The power I had on when I first saw the comet was 227. From experience I know that the diameters of the fixed stars are not proportionally magnified with higher powers, as planets are; therefore I now put the powers at 460 and 932, and found that the diameter of the comet increased in proportion to the power, as it ought to be, on the supposition of its not being a fixed star, while the diameters of the stars to which I compared it were not increased in the same ratio. Moreover, the comet being magnified much beyond what its light would admit of, appeared hazy and ill-defined with these great powers, while the stars preserved that lustre and distinctness which from many thousand observations I knew they would retain. The sequel has shown that my surmises were well-founded, this proving to be the Comet we have lately observed.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-37">[31]</a></blockquote> Herschel notified the Astronomer Royal <a href="/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Maskelyne">Nevil Maskelyne</a> of his discovery and received this flummoxed reply from him on 23 April 1781: "I don't know what to call it. It is as likely to be a regular planet moving in an orbit nearly circular to the sun as a Comet moving in a very eccentric ellipsis. I have not yet seen any coma or tail to it."<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> Although Herschel continued to describe his new object as a comet, other astronomers had already begun to suspect otherwise. Finnish-Swedish astronomer <a href="/wiki/Anders_Johan_Lexell" title="Anders Johan Lexell">Anders Johan Lexell</a>, working in Russia, was the first to compute the orbit of the new object.<a href="#cite_note-lexell-42">[36]</a> Its nearly circular orbit led him to the conclusion that it was a planet rather than a comet. Berlin astronomer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode" title="Johann Elert Bode">Johann Elert Bode</a> described Herschel's discovery as "a moving star that can be deemed a hitherto unknown planet-like object circulating beyond the orbit of Saturn".<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> Bode concluded that its near-circular orbit was more like a planet's than a comet's.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> The object was soon universally accepted as a new planet. By 1783, Herschel acknowledged this to Royal Society president <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>: "By the observation of the most eminent Astronomers in Europe it appears that the new star, which I had the honour of pointing out to them in March 1781, is a Primary Planet of our Solar System."<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-45">[39]</a> In recognition of his achievement, <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> gave Herschel an annual <a href="/wiki/Stipend" title="Stipend">stipend</a> of £200 (equivalent to £30,000 in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-46">[40]</a> on condition that he moved to <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a> so that the Royal Family could look through his telescopes.<a href="#cite_note-Miner12-47">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3></div> The name Uranus references the ancient Greek deity of the sky <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BD%90%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:οὐρανός">Οὐρανός</a>), known as <a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a> in Roman mythology, the father of <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a>), grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a>) and the great-grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>), which was rendered as Uranus in Latin (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈuːranʊs]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-OED-3">[2]</a> It is the only one of the eight planets whose English name derives from a figure of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. The pronunciation of the name Uranus preferred among <a href="/wiki/Astronomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomers">astronomers</a> is <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈjʊərənəs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">YOOR-ə-nəs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBCOUP-2">[1]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Long_u" class="mw-redirect" title="Long u">long "u"</a> of English and stress on the first syllable as in Latin Uranus, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/jʊˈreɪnəs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">yoo-RAY-nəs</a>, with stress on the second syllable and a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length#Traditional_long_and_short_vowels_in_English_orthography" title="Vowel length">long a</a>, though both are considered acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-49">[g]</a> Consensus on the name was not reached until almost 70 years after the planet's discovery. During the original discussions following discovery, Maskelyne asked Herschel to "do the astronomical world the faver [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] to give a name to your planet, which is entirely your own, [and] which we are so much obliged to you for the discovery of".<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> In response to Maskelyne's request, Herschel decided to name the object Georgium Sidus (George's Star), or the "Georgian Planet" in honour of his new patron, King George III.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> He explained this decision in a letter to Joseph Banks:<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-45">[39]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the fabulous ages of ancient times the appellations of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were given to the Planets, as being the names of their principal heroes and divinities. In the present more philosophical era it would hardly be allowable to have recourse to the same method and call it Juno, Pallas, Apollo or Minerva, for a name to our new heavenly body. The first consideration of any particular event, or remarkable incident, seems to be its chronology: if in any future age it should be asked, when this last-found Planet was discovered? It would be a very satisfactory answer to say, 'In the reign of King George the Third'.</blockquote> Herschel's proposed name was not popular outside Britain and Hanover, and alternatives were soon proposed. Astronomer <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande" title="Jérôme Lalande">Jérôme Lalande</a> proposed that it be named Herschel in honour of its discoverer.<a href="#cite_note-Francisca-52">[45]</a> Swedish astronomer <a href="/wiki/Erik_Prosperin" title="Erik Prosperin">Erik Prosperin</a> proposed the names <a href="/wiki/Astraea" title="Astraea">Astraea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> (now the names of asteroids), and <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>, which would become the name of the <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">next planet</a> to be discovered. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Georg Lichtenberg</a> from <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> also supported Astraea (as Austräa), but she is traditionally associated with <a href="/wiki/Virgo_(astrology)" title="Virgo (astrology)">Virgo</a> instead of Taurus. Neptune was supported by other astronomers who liked the idea of commemorating the victories of the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Naval</a> fleet in the course of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> by calling the new planet either Neptune George III or Neptune Great Britain, a compromise Lexell suggested as well.<a href="#cite_note-lexell-42">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a> suggested Hypercronius and Transaturnis. <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> was also proposed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_elert_bode_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Johann_elert_bode_painting.jpg/170px-Johann_elert_bode_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Johann_elert_bode_painting.jpg/255px-Johann_elert_bode_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Johann_elert_bode_painting.jpg/340px-Johann_elert_bode_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode" title="Johann Elert Bode">Johann Elert Bode</a>, the astronomer who suggested the name Uranus</figcaption></figure> In a March 1782 treatise, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode" title="Johann Elert Bode">Johann Elert Bode</a> proposed Uranus, the Latinised version of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek god</a> of the sky, <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Ouranos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bode-54">[47]</a> Bode argued that the name should follow the mythology so as not to stand out as different from the other planets, and that Uranus was an appropriate name as the father of the first generation of the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bode-54">[47]</a> He also noted the elegance of the name in that just as <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a> was the father of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, the new planet should be named after the father of Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-Miner12-47">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bode-54">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-planetsbeyond-55">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> However, he was apparently unaware that Uranus was only the Latinised form of the deity's name, and the Roman equivalent was Caelus. In 1789, Bode's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Academy</a> colleague <a href="/wiki/Martin_Klaproth" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Klaproth">Martin Klaproth</a> named his newly discovered element <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> in support of Bode's choice.<a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> Ultimately, Bode's suggestion became the most widely used, and became universal in 1850 when <a href="/wiki/HM_Nautical_Almanac_Office" title="HM Nautical Almanac Office">HM Nautical Almanac Office</a>, the final holdout, switched from using Georgium Sidus to Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-planetsbeyond-55">[48]</a> Uranus has two <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">astronomical symbols</a>. The first to be proposed, <a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⛢"><img alt="⛢" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>,<a href="#cite_note-symbol_later-58">[h]</a> was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_K%C3%B6hler" title="Johann Gottfried Köhler">Johann Gottfried Köhler</a> at Bode's request in 1782.<a href="#cite_note-platinum-59">[51]</a> Köhler suggested that the new planet be given the symbol for <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, which had been described scientifically only 30 years before. As there was no <a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">alchemical symbol</a> for platinum, he suggested ⛢ or ⛢, a combination of the planetary-metal symbols ☉ (gold) and ♂ (iron), as platinum (or 'white gold') is found mixed with iron. Bode thought that an upright orientation, ⛢, fit better with the symbols for the other planets while remaining distinct.<a href="#cite_note-platinum-59">[51]</a> This symbol predominates in modern astronomical use in the rare cases that symbols are used at all.<a href="#cite_note-60">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[53]</a> The second symbol, <a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_monogram_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♅"><img alt="♅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>,<a href="#cite_note-symbol_first-62">[i]</a> was suggested by Lalande in 1784. In a letter to Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your surname").<a href="#cite_note-Francisca-52">[45]</a> The second symbol is nearly universal in astrology. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, humour is often derived from the common pronunciation of Uranus's name, which resembles that of the phrase "your <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>".<a href="#cite_note-63">[54]</a> Uranus is called by a variety of names in other languages. Uranus's name is literally translated as the "sky king star" in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (天王星; Tiānwángxīng), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> (天王星), <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> (천왕성), and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (sao Thiên Vương).<a href="#cite_note-64">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[58]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, its official name is Dao Yurenat (ดาวยูเรนัส), as in English. Its other name in Thai is Dao Maruettayu (ดาวมฤตยู, Star of Mṛtyu), after the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> word for 'death', <a href="/wiki/Mrtyu" title="Mrtyu">Mrtyu</a> (मृत्यु). In <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, its name is Tengeriin Van (Тэнгэрийн ван), translated as 'King of the Sky', reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the heavens. In <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, its name is Heleʻekala, the Hawaiian rendering of the name 'Herschel'.<a href="#cite_note-68">[59]</a> In <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, its name is Whērangi.<a href="#cite_note-69">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For details of the evolution of Uranus's orbit, see <a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a>.</div> It is argued that the differences between the ice giants and the gas giants arise from their formation history.<a href="#cite_note-Thommes1999-71">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brunini1999-72">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-dangelo2021-73">[64]</a> The Solar System is hypothesised to have formed from a rotating disk of gas and dust known as the <a href="/wiki/Presolar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Presolar nebula">presolar nebula</a>. Much of the nebula's gas, primarily hydrogen and helium, formed the Sun, and the dust grains collected together to form the first protoplanets. As the planets grew, some of them eventually accreted enough matter for their gravity to hold on to the nebula's leftover gas.<a href="#cite_note-Thommes1999-71">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brunini1999-72">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-dangelo_bodenheimer_2013-74">[65]</a> The more gas they held onto, the larger they became; the larger they became, the more gas they held onto until a critical point was reached, and their size began to increase exponentially.<a href="#cite_note-dl2018-75">[66]</a> The ice giants, with only a few <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth masses</a> of nebular gas, never reached that critical point.<a href="#cite_note-Thommes1999-71">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brunini1999-72">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheppard_Jewitt_Kleyna_2006-76">[67]</a> Recent simulations of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">planetary migration</a> have suggested that both ice giants formed closer to the Sun than their present positions, and moved outwards after formation (the <a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Thommes1999-71">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2></div> Uranus orbits the Sun once every 84 years. As viewed against the background of stars, since being discovered in 1781,<a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a> the planet has returned to the point of its discovery northeast of the binary star <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Tauri" title="Zeta Tauri">Zeta Tauri</a> twice—in March 1865 and March 1949—and will return to this location again in April 2033.<a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a> Its average distance from the Sun is roughly 20 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (3 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 2 billion <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>). The difference between its minimum and maximum distance from the Sun is 1.8 AU, larger than that of any other planet, though not as large as that of dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AA-79">[70]</a> The intensity of sunlight varies inversely with the square of the distance—on Uranus (at about 20 times the distance from the Sun compared to Earth), it is about 1/400 the intensity of light on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-80">[71]</a> The orbital elements of Uranus were first calculated in 1783 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-georgeforbes-81">[72]</a> With time, discrepancies began to appear between predicted and observed orbits, and in 1841, <a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a> first proposed that the differences might be due to the gravitational tug of an unseen planet. In 1845, <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a> began his own independent research into Uranus's orbit. On 23 September 1846, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Galle" title="Johann Gottfried Galle">Johann Gottfried Galle</a> located a new planet, later named <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, at nearly the position predicted by Le Verrier.<a href="#cite_note-82">[73]</a> The rotational period of the interior of Uranus is 17 hours, 14 minutes. As on all <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a>, its upper atmosphere experiences strong winds in the direction of rotation. At some latitudes, such as about 60 degrees south, visible features of the atmosphere move much faster, making a full rotation in as little as 14 hours.<a href="#cite_note-83">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axial_tilt">Axial tilt</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_orientation_1985-2030.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Uranus_orientation_1985-2030.gif/220px-Uranus_orientation_1985-2030.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Uranus_orientation_1985-2030.gif/330px-Uranus_orientation_1985-2030.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Uranus_orientation_1985-2030.gif/440px-Uranus_orientation_1985-2030.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Simulated Earth view of Uranus from 1986 to 2030, from southern summer solstice in 1986 to equinox in 2007 and northern summer solstice in 2028.</figcaption></figure> The Uranian axis of rotation is approximately parallel to the plane of the Solar System, with an <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> of 82.23°. Depending on which pole is considered north, the tilt can be described either as 82.23° or as 97.8°. The former follows the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">definition</a> that the north pole is the pole which lies on Earth's North's side of the <a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Uranus has <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">retrograde</a> rotation when defined this way. Alternatively, the convention in which a body's north and south poles are defined according to the <a href="/wiki/Right-hand_rule" title="Right-hand rule">right-hand rule</a> in relation to the direction of rotation, Uranus's axial tilt may be given instead as 97.8°, which reverses which pole is considered north and which is considered south and giving the planet prograde rotation.<a href="#cite_note-84">[75]</a> This gives it seasonal changes completely unlike those of the other planets. Pluto and asteroid <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">2 Pallas</a> also have extreme axial tilts. Near the <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a>, one pole faces the Sun continuously and the other faces away, with only a narrow strip around the equator experiencing a rapid day–night cycle, with the Sun low over the horizon. On the other side of Uranus's orbit, the orientation of the poles towards the Sun is reversed. Each pole gets around 42 years of continuous sunlight, followed by 42 years of darkness.<a href="#cite_note-85">[76]</a> Near the time of the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>, the Sun faces the equator of Uranus, giving a period of day–night cycles similar to those seen on most of the other planets. One result of this axis orientation is that, averaged over the Uranian year, the near-polar regions of Uranus receive a greater energy input from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Nevertheless, Uranus is hotter at its equator than at its poles. The underlying mechanism that causes this is unknown. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is also not known with certainty, but the usual speculation is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized <a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanet</a> collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation.<a href="#cite_note-86">[77]</a> Research by Jacob Kegerreis of <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> suggests that the tilt resulted from a rock larger than Earth crashing into the planet 3 to 4 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-87">[78]</a> Uranus's south pole was pointed almost directly at the Sun at the time of Voyager 2's flyby in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: 20px;"> <caption>List of solstices and equinoxes<a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Northern hemisphere </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Southern hemisphere </th></tr> <tr> <td>Winter solstice </td> <td>1902, 1986, 2069 </td> <td>Summer solstice </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vernal equinox </td> <td>1923, 2007, 2092 </td> <td>Autumnal equinox </td></tr> <tr> <td>Summer solstice </td> <td>1944, 2028 </td> <td>Winter solstice </td></tr> <tr> <td>Autumnal equinox </td> <td>1965, 2050 </td> <td>Vernal equinox </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visibility_from_Earth">Visibility from Earth</h3></div> The mean <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> of Uranus is 5.68 with a standard deviation of 0.17, while the extremes are 5.38 and 6.03.<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-24">[19]</a> This range of brightness is near the limit of <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a> visibility. Much of the variability is dependent upon the planetary latitudes being illuminated from the Sun and viewed from the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Schmude_et_al-91">[82]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">angular diameter</a> is between 3.4 and 3.7 arcseconds, compared with 16 to 20 arcseconds for Saturn and 32 to 45 arcseconds for Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-ephemeris-92">[83]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a>, Uranus is visible to the naked eye in dark skies, and becomes an easy target even in urban conditions with binoculars.<a href="#cite_note-fact-9">[7]</a> On larger amateur telescopes with an objective diameter of between 15 and 23 cm, Uranus appears as a pale cyan disk with distinct <a href="/wiki/Limb_darkening" title="Limb darkening">limb darkening</a>. With a large telescope of 25 cm or wider, cloud patterns, as well as some of the larger satellites, such as <a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a>, may be visible.<a href="#cite_note-93">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus,_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg/220px-Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg/330px-Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg/440px-Uranus%2C_Earth_size_comparison_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of Earth and Uranus</figcaption></figure> Uranus's mass is roughly 14.5 times that of Earth, making it the least massive of the giant planets. Its diameter is slightly larger than Neptune's at roughly four times that of Earth. A resulting density of 1.27 g/cm3 makes Uranus the second least dense planet, after Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992-16">[12]</a> This value indicates that it is made primarily of various ices, such as water, ammonia, and methane.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-22">[17]</a> The total mass of ice in Uranus's interior is not precisely known, because different figures emerge depending on the model chosen; it must be between 9.3 and 13.5 Earth masses.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000-94">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> constitute only a small part of the total, with between 0.5 and 1.5 Earth masses.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-22">[17]</a> The remainder of the non-ice mass (0.5 to 3.7 Earth masses) is accounted for by <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocky material</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-22">[17]</a> The standard model of Uranus's structure is that it consists of three layers: a rocky (<a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93nickel_alloy" title="Iron–nickel alloy">iron–nickel</a>) <a href="/wiki/Core_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Core (geology)">core</a> in the centre, an icy <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> in the middle, and an outer gaseous hydrogen/helium envelope.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faure2007-95">[86]</a> The core is relatively small, with a mass of only 0.55 Earth masses and a radius less than 20% of the planet; the mantle comprises its bulk, with around 13.4 Earth masses, and the upper atmosphere is relatively insubstantial, weighing about 0.5 Earth masses and extending for the last 20% of Uranus's radius.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faure2007-95">[86]</a> Uranus's core <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> is around 9 g/cm3, with a <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> in the centre of 8 million <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bars</a> (800 <a href="/wiki/Gigapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigapascal">GPa</a>) and a temperature of about 5000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000-94">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faure2007-95">[86]</a> The ice mantle is not in fact composed of ice in the conventional sense, but of a hot and dense fluid consisting of water, ammonia and other <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faure2007-95">[86]</a> This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Atreya2006-96">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uranus_diagram.svg/450px-Uranus_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uranus_diagram.svg/675px-Uranus_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uranus_diagram.svg/900px-Uranus_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the interior of Uranus, listing each layer's composition</figcaption></figure> The extreme pressure and temperature deep within Uranus may break up the methane molecules, with the carbon atoms condensing into crystals of <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> that rain down through the mantle like hailstones.<a href="#cite_note-97">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a> This phenomenon is similar to diamond rains that are theorised by scientists to exist on <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[91]</a> Very-high-pressure experiments at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> suggest that an ocean of metallic liquid carbon, perhaps with floating solid 'diamond-bergs', may comprise the base of the mantle.<a href="#cite_note-Eggert-101">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bland,_Eric-102">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> The bulk compositions of Uranus and Neptune are different from those of Jupiter and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, with ice dominating over gases, hence justifying their separate classification as <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giants</a>. There may be a layer of ionic water where the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down <a href="/wiki/Superionic_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Superionic water">superionic water</a> in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions move freely within the oxygen lattice.<a href="#cite_note-104">[95]</a> Although the model considered above is reasonably standard, it is not unique; other models also satisfy observations. For instance, if substantial amounts of hydrogen and rocky material are mixed in the ice mantle, the total mass of ices in the interior will be lower, and, correspondingly, the total mass of rocks and hydrogen will be higher. Presently available data does not allow a scientific determination of which model is correct.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000-94">[85]</a> The fluid interior structure of Uranus means that it has no solid surface. The gaseous atmosphere gradually transitions into the internal liquid layers.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-22">[17]</a> For the sake of convenience, a revolving <a href="/wiki/Oblate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblate spheroid">oblate spheroid</a> set at the point at which atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar (100 kPa) is conditionally designated as a "surface". It has equatorial and <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">polar</a> radii of 25,559 ± 4 km (15,881.6 ± 2.5 mi) and 24,973 ± 20 km (15,518 ± 12 mi), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a> This surface is used throughout this article as a zero point for altitudes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_heat">Internal heat</h3></div> Uranus's <a href="/wiki/Internal_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal heat">internal heat</a> appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low <a href="/wiki/Thermal_flux" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal flux">thermal flux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986-105">[96]</a> Why Uranus's internal temperature is so low is still not understood. Neptune, which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun,<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a> but Uranus radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the <a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">far infrared</a> (i.e. heat) part of the spectrum is 1.06±0.08 times the solar energy absorbed in its <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-106">[97]</a> Uranus's heat flux is only 0.042±0.047 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>/<a href="/wiki/Square_metre" title="Square metre">m2</a>, which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about 0.075 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>/<a href="/wiki/Square_metre" title="Square metre">m2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-106">[97]</a> The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a> is 49 K (−224.2 °C; −371.5 °F), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-106">[97]</a> One of the hypotheses for this discrepancy suggests the Earth-sized impactor theorised to be behind Uranus's axial tilt left the planet with a depleted core temperature, as the impact caused Uranus to expel most of its primordial heat.<a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a> Another hypothesis is that some form of barrier exists in Uranus's upper layers that prevents the core's heat from reaching the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-22">[17]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> may take place in a set of compositionally different layers, which may inhibit upward <a href="/wiki/Heat_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat conduction">heat transport</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-106">[97]</a> perhaps <a href="/wiki/Double_diffusive_convection" title="Double diffusive convection">double diffusive convection</a> is a limiting factor.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-22">[17]</a> In a 2021 study, the ice giants' interior conditions were mimicked by compressing water that contained minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferropericlase" title="Ferropericlase">ferropericlase</a>, thus showing that large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> could be dissolved in the liquid interiors of Uranus and Neptune. If Uranus has more of this magnesium than Neptune, it could form a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a> layer, thus potentially explaining the planet's low temperature.<a href="#cite_note-108">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Atmosphere of Uranus</a></div> Although there is no well-defined solid surface within Uranus's interior, the outermost part of Uranus's gaseous envelope that is accessible to remote sensing is called its <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a> Remote-sensing capability extends down to roughly 300 km below the 1 bar (100 kPa) level, with a corresponding pressure around 100 bar (10 MPa) and temperature of 320 K (47 °C; 116 °F).<a href="#cite_note-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991-109">[100]</a> The tenuous <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a> extends over two planetary radii from the nominal surface, which is defined to lie at a pressure of 1 bar.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987-110">[101]</a> The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three layers: the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>, between altitudes of −300 and 50 km (−186 and 31 mi) and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar (10 MPa to 10 kPa); the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, spanning altitudes between 50 and 4,000 km (31 and 2,485 mi) and pressures of between 0.1 and 10−10 bar (10 kPa to 10 <a href="/wiki/Micropascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropascal">μPa</a>); and the thermosphere extending from 4,000 km to as high as 50,000 km from the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a> There is no <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">mesosphere</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg/400px-Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg/600px-Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg/800px-Tropospheric_profile_Uranus_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the Uranus atmosphere's composition and layers, along with the graph of its pressure</figcaption></figure> The composition of Uranus's atmosphere is different from its bulk, consisting mainly of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular hydrogen">molecular hydrogen</a> and helium.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a> The helium <a href="/wiki/Gas_composition" title="Gas composition">molar fraction</a>, i.e. the number of helium <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> per molecule of gas, is 0.15±0.03<a href="#cite_note-Conrath_Gautier_et_al._1987-27">[22]</a> in the upper troposphere, which corresponds to a mass fraction 0.26±0.05.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-106">[97]</a> This value is close to the protosolar helium mass fraction of 0.275±0.01,<a href="#cite_note-Lodders_2003-111">[102]</a> indicating that helium has not settled in its centre as it has in the gas giants.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a> The third-most-abundant component of Uranus's atmosphere is methane (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>CH4).<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a> Methane has prominent <a href="/wiki/Absorption_band" title="Absorption band">absorption bands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">near-infrared</a> (IR), making Uranus <a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(color)" title="Aquamarine (color)">aquamarine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> in colour.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a> Methane molecules account for 2.3% of the atmosphere by molar fraction below the methane cloud deck at the pressure level of 1.3 bar (130 kPa); this represents about 20 to 30 times the carbon abundance found in the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tyler_1986-112">[103]</a> The mixing ratio<a href="#cite_note-113">[j]</a> is much lower in the upper atmosphere due to its extremely low temperature, which lowers the saturation level and causes excess methane to freeze out.<a href="#cite_note-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990-114">[104]</a> The abundances of less volatile compounds such as ammonia, water, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> in the deep atmosphere are poorly known. They are probably also higher than solar values.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1989-115">[105]</a> Along with methane, trace amounts of various <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> are found in the stratosphere of Uranus, which are thought to be produced from methane by <a href="/wiki/Photolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photolysis">photolysis</a> induced by the solar <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) radiation.<a href="#cite_note-Summers_&_Strobel_1989-116">[106]</a> They include <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C2H6), <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C2H2), <a href="/wiki/Methylacetylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylacetylene">methylacetylene</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CH3C2H), and <a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">diacetylene</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C2HC2H).<a href="#cite_note-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990-114">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006-117">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-118">[108]</a> Spectroscopy has also uncovered traces of water vapour, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in the upper atmosphere, which can only originate from an external source such as infalling dust and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006-117">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-118">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encrenaz_Lellouch_et_al._2004-119">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Troposphere">Troposphere</h3></div> The troposphere is the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere and is characterised by a decrease in temperature with altitude.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a> The temperature falls from about 320 K (47 °C; 116 °F) at the base of the nominal troposphere at −300 km to 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) at 50 km.<a href="#cite_note-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991-109">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tyler_1986-112">[103]</a> The temperatures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a>) actually vary in the range between 49 and 57 K (−224 and −216 °C; −371 and −357 °F) depending on planetary latitude.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986-105">[96]</a> The tropopause region is responsible for the vast majority of Uranus's thermal <a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">far infrared</a> emissions, thus determining its <a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">effective temperature</a> of 59.1 ± 0.3 K (−214.1 ± 0.3 °C; −353.3 ± 0.5 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986-105">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-106">[97]</a> The troposphere is thought to have a highly complex cloud structure; water clouds are hypothesised to lie in the pressure range of 50 to 100 bar (5 to 10 MPa), <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a> clouds in the range of 20 to 40 bar (2 to 4 MPa), ammonia or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> clouds at between 3 and 10 bar (0.3 and 1 MPa) and finally directly detected thin methane clouds at 1 to 2 bar (0.1 to 0.2 MPa).<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lindal_Lyons_et_al._1987-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-de_Pater_Romani_et_al._1991-109">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atreya_Wong_2005-120">[110]</a> The troposphere is a dynamic part of the atmosphere, exhibiting strong winds, bright clouds, and seasonal changes.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_atmosphere">Upper atmosphere</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adding_to_Uranus%27s_legacy.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Adding_to_Uranus%27s_legacy.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Adding_to_Uranus%27s_legacy.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Adding_to_Uranus%27s_legacy.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Adding_to_Uranus%27s_legacy.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Adding_to_Uranus%27s_legacy.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Adding_to_Uranus%27s_legacy.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>Uranus's upper atmosphere imaged by HST during the Outer Planet Atmosphere Legacy (OPAL) observing program.<a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a></figcaption></figure> The middle layer of the Uranian atmosphere is the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, where temperature generally increases with altitude from 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) in the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a> to between 800 and 850 K (527 and 577 °C; 980 and 1,070 °F) at the base of the thermosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987-110">[101]</a> The heating of the stratosphere is caused by absorption of solar UV and IR radiation by methane and other <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Young_et_al._2001-122">[112]</a> which form in this part of the atmosphere as a result of methane <a href="/wiki/Photolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photolysis">photolysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Summers_&_Strobel_1989-116">[106]</a> Heat is also conducted from the hot thermosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Young_et_al._2001-122">[112]</a> The hydrocarbons occupy a relatively narrow layer at altitudes of between 100 and 300 km corresponding to a pressure range of 1,000 to 10 Pa and temperatures of between 75 and 170 K (−198 and −103 °C; −325 and −154 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990-114">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006-117">[107]</a> The most abundant hydrocarbons are methane, <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mixing_ratio" title="Mixing ratio">mixing ratios</a> of around 10−7 relative to hydrogen. The mixing ratio of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> is similar at these altitudes.<a href="#cite_note-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990-114">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006-117">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encrenaz_Lellouch_et_al._2004-119">[109]</a> Heavier hydrocarbons and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> have mixing ratios three orders of magnitude lower.<a href="#cite_note-Burgdorf_Orton_et_al._2006-117">[107]</a> The abundance ratio of water is around 7×10−9.<a href="#cite_note-Encrenaz_2003-118">[108]</a> Ethane and acetylene tend to condense in the colder lower part of the stratosphere and tropopause (below 10 mBar level) forming haze layers,<a href="#cite_note-Summers_&_Strobel_1989-116">[106]</a> which may be partly responsible for the bland appearance of Uranus. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the Uranian stratosphere above the haze is significantly lower than in the stratospheres of the other giant planets.<a href="#cite_note-Bishop_Atreya_et_al._1990-114">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_&_Sandel_1999-123">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25951-Uranus-NorthPole-Cyclone-October2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PIA25951-Uranus-NorthPole-Cyclone-October2021.jpg/250px-PIA25951-Uranus-NorthPole-Cyclone-October2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PIA25951-Uranus-NorthPole-Cyclone-October2021.jpg/375px-PIA25951-Uranus-NorthPole-Cyclone-October2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PIA25951-Uranus-NorthPole-Cyclone-October2021.jpg/500px-PIA25951-Uranus-NorthPole-Cyclone-October2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Planet Uranus – North Pole – Cyclone (<a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">VLA</a>; October 2021)</figcaption></figure> The outermost layer of the Uranian atmosphere is the thermosphere and corona, which has a uniform temperature of around 800 K (527 °C) to 850 K (577 °C).<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_&_Sandel_1999-123">[113]</a> The heat sources necessary to sustain such a high level are not understood, as neither the solar UV nor the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">auroral</a> activity can provide the necessary energy to maintain these temperatures. The weak cooling efficiency due to the lack of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere above 0.1 mBar pressure levels may contribute too.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987-110">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_&_Sandel_1999-123">[113]</a> In addition to molecular hydrogen, the thermosphere-corona contains many free hydrogen atoms. Their small mass and high temperatures explain why the corona extends as far as 50,000 km (31,000 mi), or two Uranian radii, from its surface.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987-110">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herbert_&_Sandel_1999-123">[113]</a> This extended corona is a unique feature of Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert_&_Sandel_1999-123">[113]</a> Its effects include a <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> on small particles orbiting Uranus, causing a general depletion of dust in the Uranian rings.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert_Sandel_et_al._1987-110">[101]</a> The Uranian thermosphere, together with the upper part of the stratosphere, corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> of Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-Tyler_1986-112">[103]</a> Observations show that the ionosphere occupies altitudes from 2,000 to 10,000 km (1,200 to 6,200 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Tyler_1986-112">[103]</a> The Uranian ionosphere is denser than that of either Saturn or Neptune, which may arise from the low concentration of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert_&_Sandel_1999-123">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trafton_Miller_et_al._1999-124">[114]</a> The ionosphere is mainly sustained by solar UV radiation and its density depends on the <a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">solar activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encrenaz_Drossart_et_al._2003-125">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Auroral" class="mw-redirect" title="Auroral">Auroral</a> activity is insignificant as compared to Jupiter and Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert_&_Sandel_1999-123">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lam_Miller_et_al._1997-126">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uranus" title="Climate of Uranus">Climate of Uranus</a></div> At ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, Uranus's atmosphere is bland in comparison to the other giant planets, even to Neptune, which it otherwise closely resembles.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a> When Voyager 2 flew by Uranus in 1986, it observed a total of 10 <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">cloud</a> features across the entire planet.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-planetary-128">[118]</a> One proposed explanation for this dearth of features is that Uranus's <a href="/wiki/Internal_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal heat">internal heat</a> is markedly lower than that of the other giant planets, being the coldest planet in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_1993-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pearl_Conrath_et_al._1990-106">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banded_structure,_winds_and_clouds">Banded structure, winds and clouds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus-timelapse.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Uranus-timelapse.gif/220px-Uranus-timelapse.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Uranus-timelapse.gif/330px-Uranus-timelapse.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Uranus-timelapse.gif/440px-Uranus-timelapse.gif 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Voyager 2's timelapse of Uranus's dynamic atmosphere</figcaption></figure> In 1986, Voyager 2 found that the visible southern hemisphere of Uranus can be subdivided into two regions: a bright polar cap and dark equatorial bands.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-127">[117]</a> Their boundary is located at about −45° of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. A narrow band straddling the latitudinal range from −45 to −50° is the brightest large feature on its visible surface.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003,_2005-129">[119]</a> It is called a southern "collar". The cap and collar are thought to be a dense region of methane clouds located within the pressure range of 1.3 to 2 bar.<a href="#cite_note-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004-130">[120]</a> Besides the large-scale banded structure, Voyager 2 observed ten small bright clouds, most lying several degrees to the north from the collar.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-127">[117]</a> In all other respects, Uranus looked like a dynamically dead planet in 1986. Voyager 2 arrived during the height of Uranus's southern summer and could not observe the northern hemisphere. At the beginning of the 21st century, when the northern polar region came into view, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and <a href="/wiki/Keck_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Keck telescopes">Keck</a> telescope initially observed neither a collar nor a polar cap in the northern hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003,_2005-129">[119]</a> So Uranus appeared to be asymmetric: bright near the south pole and uniformly dark in the region north of the southern collar.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003,_2005-129">[119]</a> In 2007, when Uranus passed its equinox, the southern collar almost disappeared, and a faint northern collar emerged near 45° of latitude.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_Fry_et_al._2009-131">[121]</a> In 2023, a team employing the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">Very Large Array</a> observed a dark collar at 80° latitude, and a bright spot at the north pole, indicating the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">polar vortex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg/220px-Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg/330px-Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg/440px-Uranus_Dark_spot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The first dark spot observed on Uranus. Image obtained by the HST <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Camera_for_Surveys" title="Advanced Camera for Surveys">ACS</a> in 2006.</figcaption></figure> In the 1990s, the number of the observed bright cloud features grew considerably, partly because new high-resolution imaging techniques became available.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a> Most were found in the northern hemisphere as it started to become visible.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a> An early explanation—that bright clouds are easier to identify in its dark part, whereas in the southern hemisphere the bright collar masks them—was shown to be incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-Karkoschka_('Uranus')_2001-133">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004,_2005-134">[124]</a> Nevertheless, there are differences between the clouds of each hemisphere. The northern clouds are smaller, sharper and brighter.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004,_2005-134">[124]</a> They appear to lie at a higher altitude.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004,_2005-134">[124]</a> The lifetime of clouds spans several orders of magnitude. Some small clouds live for hours; at least one southern cloud may have persisted since the Voyager 2 flyby.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-planetary-128">[118]</a> Recent observation also discovered that cloud features on Uranus have a lot in common with those on Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a> For example, the dark spots common on Neptune had never been observed on Uranus before 2006, when the first such feature dubbed <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uranus#Uranus_Dark_Spot" title="Climate of Uranus">Uranus Dark Spot</a> was imaged.<a href="#cite_note-DarkSpot-135">[125]</a> The speculation is that Uranus is becoming more Neptune-like during its equinoctial season.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel2007-136">[126]</a> The tracking of numerous cloud features allowed determination of <a href="/wiki/Zonal_and_meridional" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonal and meridional">zonal</a> winds blowing in the upper troposphere of Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a> At the equator winds are retrograde, which means that they blow in the reverse direction to the planetary rotation. Their speeds are from −360 to −180 km/h (−220 to −110 mph).<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003,_2005-129">[119]</a> Wind speeds increase with the distance from the equator, reaching zero values near ±20° latitude, where the troposphere's temperature minimum is located.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanel_Conrath_et_al._1986-105">[96]</a> Closer to the poles, the winds shift to a prograde direction, flowing with Uranus's rotation. Wind speeds continue to increase reaching maxima at ±60° latitude before falling to zero at the poles.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a> Wind speeds at −40° latitude range from 540 to 720 km/h (340 to 450 mph). Because the collar obscures all clouds below that parallel, speeds between it and the southern pole are impossible to measure.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a> In contrast, in the northern hemisphere maximum speeds as high as 860 km/h (540 mph) are observed near +50° latitude.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_&_Fry_2005-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2003,_2005-129">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammel_Rages_et_al._2001-137">[127]</a> In 1986, the Voyager 2 Planetary Radio Astronomy (PRA) experiment observed 140 lightning flashes, or Uranian electrostatic discharges with a frequency of 0.9-40 MHz.<a href="#cite_note-138">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[129]</a> The UEDs were detected from 600,000 km of Uranus over 24 hours, most of which were not visible .<a href="#cite_note-140">[130]</a> However, microphysical modelling suggests that Uranian lightning occurs in convective storms occurring in deep troposphere water clouds.<a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[132]</a> If this is the case, lightning will not be visible due to the thick cloud layers above the troposphere.<a href="#cite_note-143">[133]</a> The UEDs were detected from 600,000 km of Uranus, most of which were not visible .<a href="#cite_note-144">[134]</a> Uranian lightning has a power of around 108 W, emits 1×10^7 J - 2×10^7 J of energy, and lasts an average of 120 ms. There is a possibility that the power of Uranian lightning varies greatly with the seasons caused by changes in convection rates in the clouds<a href="#cite_note-145">[135]</a> The UEDs were detected from 600,000 km of Uranus, most of which were not visible.<a href="#cite_note-146">[136]</a> Uranian lightning is much more powerful than lightning on Earth and comparable to Jovian lightning.<a href="#cite_note-147">[137]</a> During the Ice Giant flybys, "Voyager 2" detected lightning more clearly on Uranus than on Neptune due to the planet's lower gravity and possible warmer deep atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal_variation">Seasonal variation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_clouds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Uranus_clouds.jpg/170px-Uranus_clouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Uranus_clouds.jpg/255px-Uranus_clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Uranus_clouds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Uranus in 2005. Rings, southern collar and a bright cloud in the northern hemisphere are visible (HST ACS image).</figcaption></figure> For a short period from March to May 2004, large clouds appeared in the Uranian atmosphere, giving it a Neptune-like appearance.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240104-149">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004,_2005-134">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[140]</a> Observations included record-breaking wind speeds of 820 km/h (510 mph) and a persistent thunderstorm referred to as "Fourth of July fireworks".<a href="#cite_note-planetary-128">[118]</a> On 23 August 2006, researchers at the Space Science Institute (Boulder, Colorado) and the University of Wisconsin observed a dark spot on Uranus's surface, giving scientists more insight into Uranus atmospheric activity.<a href="#cite_note-DarkSpot-135">[125]</a> Why this sudden upsurge in activity occurred is not fully known, but it appears that Uranus's extreme axial tilt results in extreme seasonal variations in its weather.<a href="#cite_note-weather-151">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammel2007-136">[126]</a> Determining the nature of this seasonal variation is difficult because good data on Uranus's atmosphere has existed for less than 84 years, or one full Uranian year. <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">Photometry</a> over the course of half a Uranian year (beginning in the 1950s) has shown regular variation in the brightness in two <a href="/wiki/Spectral_band" title="Spectral band">spectral bands</a>, with maxima occurring at the solstices and minima occurring at the equinoxes.<a href="#cite_note-Lockwood_&_Jerzykiewicz_2006-152">[142]</a> A similar periodic variation, with maxima at the solstices, has been noted in <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> measurements of the deep troposphere begun in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Klein_&_Hofstadter_2006-153">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">Stratospheric</a> temperature measurements beginning in the 1970s also showed maximum values near the 1986 solstice.<a href="#cite_note-Young_et_al._2001-122">[112]</a> The majority of this variability is thought to occur owing to changes in viewing geometry.<a href="#cite_note-Karkoschka_('Uranus')_2001-133">[123]</a> There are some indications that physical seasonal changes are happening in Uranus. Although Uranus is known to have a bright south polar region, the north pole is fairly dim, which is incompatible with the model of the seasonal change outlined above.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel2007-136">[126]</a> During its previous northern solstice in 1944, Uranus displayed elevated levels of brightness, which suggests that the north pole was not always so dim.<a href="#cite_note-Lockwood_&_Jerzykiewicz_2006-152">[142]</a> This information implies that the visible pole brightens some time before the solstice and darkens after the equinox.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel2007-136">[126]</a> Detailed analysis of the visible and microwave data revealed that the periodical changes in brightness are not completely symmetrical around the solstices, which also indicates a change in the <a href="/wiki/Meridional" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridional">meridional</a> albedo patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel2007-136">[126]</a> In the 1990s, as Uranus moved away from its solstice, Hubble and ground-based telescopes revealed that the south polar cap darkened noticeably (except the southern collar, which remained bright),<a href="#cite_note-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004-130">[120]</a> whereas the northern hemisphere demonstrated increasing activity,<a href="#cite_note-planetary-128">[118]</a> such as cloud formations and stronger winds, bolstering expectations that it should brighten soon.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel_de_Pater_et_al._Uranus_in_2004,_2005-134">[124]</a> This indeed happened in 2007 when it passed an equinox: a faint northern polar collar arose, and the southern collar became nearly invisible, although the zonal wind profile remained slightly asymmetric, with northern winds being somewhat slower than southern.<a href="#cite_note-Sromovsky_Fry_et_al._2009-131">[121]</a> The mechanism of these physical changes is still not clear.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel2007-136">[126]</a> Near the summer and winter solstices, Uranus's hemispheres lie alternately either in full glare of the Sun's rays or facing deep space. The brightening of the sunlit hemisphere is thought to result from the local thickening of the methane clouds and haze layers located in the troposphere.<a href="#cite_note-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004-130">[120]</a> The bright collar at −45° latitude is also connected with methane clouds.<a href="#cite_note-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004-130">[120]</a> Other changes in the southern polar region can be explained by changes in the lower cloud layers.<a href="#cite_note-Rages_Hammel_et_al._2004-130">[120]</a> The variation of the microwave <a href="/wiki/Emission_(electromagnetic_radiation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission (electromagnetic radiation)">emission</a> from Uranus is probably caused by changes in the deep tropospheric <a href="/wiki/Circulation_(fluid_dynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulation (fluid dynamics)">circulation</a>, because thick polar clouds and haze may inhibit convection.<a href="#cite_note-Hofstadter_&_Butler_2003-154">[144]</a> Now that the spring and autumn equinoxes are arriving on Uranus, the dynamics are changing and convection can occur again.<a href="#cite_note-planetary-128">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hofstadter_&_Butler_2003-154">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-program/voyager-2/mining-old-data-from-nasas-voyager-2-solves-several-uranus-mysteries/">https://www.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-program/voyager-2/mining-old-data-from-nasas-voyager-2-solves-several-uranus-mysteries/</a>. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23683-Uranus-MagneticField-20200325.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PIA23683-Uranus-MagneticField-20200325.gif/310px-PIA23683-Uranus-MagneticField-20200325.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PIA23683-Uranus-MagneticField-20200325.gif/465px-PIA23683-Uranus-MagneticField-20200325.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PIA23683-Uranus-MagneticField-20200325.gif/620px-PIA23683-Uranus-MagneticField-20200325.gif 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>The magnetic field of Uranus (animated; 25 March 2020)</figcaption></figure> Before the arrival of Voyager 2, no measurements of the Uranian <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> had been taken, so its nature remained a mystery. Before 1986, scientists had expected the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> of Uranus to be in line with the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, because it would then align with Uranus's poles that lie in the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ness_Acuña_et_al._1986-155">[145]</a> Voyager's observations revealed that Uranus's magnetic field is peculiar, both because it does not originate from its geometric centre, and because it is tilted at 59° from the axis of rotation.<a href="#cite_note-Ness_Acuña_et_al._1986-155">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell993-156">[146]</a> In fact, the magnetic dipole is shifted from Uranus's centre towards the south rotational pole by as much as one-third of the planetary radius.<a href="#cite_note-Ness_Acuña_et_al._1986-155">[145]</a> This unusual geometry results in a highly asymmetric magnetosphere, where the magnetic field strength on the surface in the southern hemisphere can be as low as 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a> (10 <a href="/wiki/Microtesla" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtesla">μT</a>), whereas in the northern hemisphere it can be as high as 1.1 gauss (110 μT).<a href="#cite_note-Ness_Acuña_et_al._1986-155">[145]</a> The average field at the surface is 0.23 gauss (23 μT).<a href="#cite_note-Ness_Acuña_et_al._1986-155">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif/220px-Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif/330px-Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif/440px-Uranian_Magnetic_field.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>A diagram showing Uranus's asymmetric magnetosphere</figcaption></figure> Studies of Voyager 2 data in 2017 suggest that this asymmetry causes Uranus's magnetosphere to connect with the solar wind once a Uranian day, opening the planet to the Sun's particles.<a href="#cite_note-157">[147]</a> In comparison, the magnetic field of Earth is roughly as strong at either pole, and its "magnetic equator" is roughly parallel with its geographical equator.<a href="#cite_note-Russell993-156">[146]</a> The dipole moment of Uranus is 50 times that of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Ness_Acuña_et_al._1986-155">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell993-156">[146]</a> Neptune has a similarly displaced and tilted magnetic field, suggesting that this may be a common feature of ice giants.<a href="#cite_note-Russell993-156">[146]</a> One hypothesis is that, unlike the magnetic fields of the terrestrial and gas giants, which are generated within their cores, the ice giants' magnetic fields are generated by motion at relatively shallow depths, for instance, in the water–ammonia ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Atreya2006-96">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> Another possible explanation for the magnetosphere's alignment is that there are oceans of liquid diamond in Uranus's interior that would deter the magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-Bland,_Eric-102">[93]</a> Despite its curious alignment, in other respects the Uranian magnetosphere is like those of other planets: it has a <a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">bow shock</a> at about 23 Uranian radii ahead of it, a <a href="/wiki/Magnetopause" title="Magnetopause">magnetopause</a> at 18 Uranian radii, a fully developed <a href="/wiki/Magnetotail" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetotail">magnetotail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation belt">radiation belts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ness_Acuña_et_al._1986-155">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell993-156">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-159">[149]</a> Overall, the structure of Uranus's magnetosphere is different from Jupiter's and more similar to Saturn's.<a href="#cite_note-Ness_Acuña_et_al._1986-155">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell993-156">[146]</a> Uranus's <a href="/wiki/Magnetotail" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetotail">magnetotail</a> trails behind it into space for millions of kilometres and is twisted by its sideways rotation into a long corkscrew.<a href="#cite_note-Ness_Acuña_et_al._1986-155">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alien_aurorae_on_Uranus_(remastered).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alien_aurorae_on_Uranus_%28remastered%29.jpg/220px-Alien_aurorae_on_Uranus_%28remastered%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alien_aurorae_on_Uranus_%28remastered%29.jpg/330px-Alien_aurorae_on_Uranus_%28remastered%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alien_aurorae_on_Uranus_%28remastered%29.jpg/440px-Alien_aurorae_on_Uranus_%28remastered%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Aurorae on Uranus taken by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph">Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph</a> (STIS) installed on <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[151]</a></figcaption></figure>Uranus's magnetosphere contains <a href="/wiki/Charged_particle" title="Charged particle">charged particles</a>: mainly <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, with a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_cation" title="Dihydrogen cation">H2+</a> ions.<a href="#cite_note-Russell993-156">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-159">[149]</a> Many of these particles probably derive from the thermosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-159">[149]</a> The ion and electron energies can be as high as 4 and 1.2 <a href="/wiki/Megaelectronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaelectronvolt">megaelectronvolts</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-159">[149]</a> The density of low-energy (below 1 <a href="/wiki/Kiloelectronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloelectronvolt">kiloelectronvolt</a>) ions in the inner magnetosphere is about 2 cm−3.<a href="#cite_note-Bridge1986-162">[152]</a> The particle population is strongly affected by the Uranian moons, which sweep through the magnetosphere, leaving noticeable gaps.<a href="#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-159">[149]</a> The particle <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> is high enough to cause darkening or <a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">space weathering</a> of their surfaces on an astronomically rapid timescale of 100,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-Krimigis_Armstrong_et_al._1986-159">[149]</a> This may be the cause of the uniformly dark colouration of the Uranian satellites and rings.<a href="#cite_note-summary-163">[153]</a> Uranus has relatively well developed aurorae, which are seen as bright arcs around both magnetic poles.<a href="#cite_note-Herbert_&_Sandel_1999-123">[113]</a> Unlike Jupiter's, Uranus's aurorae seem to be insignificant for the energy balance of the planetary thermosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Lam_Miller_et_al._1997-126">[116]</a> They, or rather their <a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">trihydrogen cations</a>' infrared spectral emissions, have been studied in-depth as of late 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Melin_Stallard_Chowdhury_2023_pp._1473–1480-164">[154]</a> In March 2020, NASA astronomers reported the detection of a large atmospheric magnetic bubble, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Plasmoid" title="Plasmoid">plasmoid</a>, released into <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a> from the planet Uranus, after reevaluating old data recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a> during a flyby of the planet in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20200325-165">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200327-166">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moons">Moons</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Moons of Uranus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranian_moon_montage,_albedo_corrected.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Uranian_moon_montage%2C_albedo_corrected.png/300px-Uranian_moon_montage%2C_albedo_corrected.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Uranian_moon_montage%2C_albedo_corrected.png/450px-Uranian_moon_montage%2C_albedo_corrected.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Uranian_moon_montage%2C_albedo_corrected.png/600px-Uranian_moon_montage%2C_albedo_corrected.png 2x" data-file-width="2537" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Major moons of Uranus in order of increasing distance (left to right), at their proper relative sizes and <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedos</a>. From left to right, they are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. (collage of Voyager 2 photographs)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annotated_Moons_of_Uranus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Annotated_Moons_of_Uranus.png/220px-Annotated_Moons_of_Uranus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Annotated_Moons_of_Uranus.png/330px-Annotated_Moons_of_Uranus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Annotated_Moons_of_Uranus.png/440px-Annotated_Moons_of_Uranus.png 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Uranus along with its five major moons and nine inner moons as taken by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NIRCam" title="NIRCam">NIRCam</a>.</figcaption></figure> Uranus has 28 known <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural satellites">natural satellites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sheppardmoons2024-167">[157]</a> The names of these satellites are chosen from characters in the works of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Faure2007-95">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nineplanets-168">[158]</a> The five main satellites are <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Faure2007-95">[86]</a> The Uranian satellite system is the least massive among those of the giant planets; the combined mass of the five major satellites would be less than half that of <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> (largest moon of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>) alone.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobson_Campbell_et_al._1992-16">[12]</a> The largest of Uranus's satellites, Titania, has a radius of only 788.9 km (490.2 mi), or less than half that of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, but slightly more than Rhea, the second-largest satellite of Saturn, making Titania the <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites_by_diameter" class="mw-redirect" title="List of natural satellites by diameter">eighth-largest moon</a> in the Solar System. Uranus's satellites have relatively low <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedos</a>; ranging from 0.20 for Umbriel to 0.35 for Ariel (in green light).<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-127">[117]</a> They are ice–rock conglomerates composed of roughly 50% ice and 50% rock. The ice may include ammonia and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-summary-163">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hussmann2006-169">[159]</a> Among the Uranian satellites, Ariel appears to have the youngest surface, with the fewest impact craters, and Umbriel the oldest.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-summary-163">[153]</a> Miranda has fault canyons 20 km (12 mi) deep, terraced layers, and a chaotic variation in surface ages and features.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-127">[117]</a> Miranda's past geologic activity is thought to have been driven by <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating" title="Tidal heating">tidal heating</a> at a time when its orbit was more eccentric than currently, probably as a result of a former 3:1 <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a> with Umbriel.<a href="#cite_note-Tittemore_Wisdom_1990-170">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">Extensional</a> processes associated with upwelling <a href="/wiki/Diapir" title="Diapir">diapirs</a> are the likely origin of Miranda's 'racetrack'-like <a href="/wiki/Corona_(planetary_geology)" title="Corona (planetary geology)">coronae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[162]</a> Ariel is thought to have once been held in a 4:1 resonance with Titania.<a href="#cite_note-Tittemore_1990-173">[163]</a> Uranus has at least one <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_orbit" title="Horseshoe orbit">horseshoe orbiter</a> occupying the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>–Uranus <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L3" title="Lagrange point">L3</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian point</a>—a gravitationally unstable region at 180° in its orbit, <a href="/wiki/83982_Crantor" title="83982 Crantor">83982 Crantor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coorbital1-174">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-coorbital2-175">[165]</a> Crantor moves inside Uranus's co-orbital region on a complex, temporary horseshoe orbit. <a href="/wiki/2010_EU65" title="2010 EU65">2010 EU65</a> is also a promising Uranus horseshoe <a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">librator</a> candidate.<a href="#cite_note-coorbital2-175">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rings">Rings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Rings of Uranus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annotated_Uranian_rings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Annotated_Uranian_rings.png/220px-Annotated_Uranian_rings.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Annotated_Uranian_rings.png/330px-Annotated_Uranian_rings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Annotated_Uranian_rings.png/440px-Annotated_Uranian_rings.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Uranus's rings, inner moons, and atmosphere as imaged by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NIRCam" title="NIRCam">near-infrared camera</a>.</figcaption></figure>The Uranian rings are composed of extremely dark particles, which vary in size from micrometres to a fraction of a metre.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-127">[117]</a> Thirteen distinct rings are presently known, the brightest being the ε ring. All except the two rings of Uranus are extremely narrow—they are usually a few kilometres wide. The rings are probably quite young; the dynamics considerations indicate that they did not form with Uranus. The matter in the rings may once have been part of a moon (or moons) that was shattered by high-speed impacts. From numerous pieces of debris that formed as a result of those impacts, only a few particles survived, in stable zones corresponding to the locations of the present rings.<a href="#cite_note-summary-163">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito2002-176">[166]</a> William Herschel described a possible ring around Uranus in 1789. This sighting is generally considered doubtful, because the rings are quite faint, and in the two following centuries none were noted by other observers. Still, Herschel made an accurate description of the epsilon ring's size, its angle relative to Earth, its red colour, and its apparent changes as Uranus travelled around the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-177">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[168]</a> The ring system was definitively discovered on 10 March 1977 by <a href="/wiki/James_L._Elliot" title="James L. Elliot">James L. Elliot</a>, Edward W. Dunham, and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Mink" title="Jessica Mink">Jessica Mink</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Airborne_Observatory" title="Kuiper Airborne Observatory">Kuiper Airborne Observatory</a>. The discovery was serendipitous; they planned to use the <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a> of the star SAO 158687 (also known as HD 128598) by Uranus to study its <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. When their observations were analysed, they found that the star had disappeared briefly from view five times both before and after it disappeared behind Uranus. They concluded that there must be a ring system around Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-Elliot1977-179">[169]</a> Later, they detected four additional rings.<a href="#cite_note-Elliot1977-179">[169]</a> The rings were directly imaged when Voyager 2 passed Uranus in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-127">[117]</a> Voyager 2 also discovered two additional faint rings, bringing the total number to eleven.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-127">[117]</a> In December 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> detected a pair of previously unknown rings. The largest is located twice as far from Uranus as the previously known rings. These new rings are so far from Uranus that they are called the "outer" ring system. Hubble also spotted two small satellites, one of which, <a href="/wiki/Mab_(moon)" title="Mab (moon)">Mab</a>, shares its orbit with the outermost newly discovered ring. The new rings bring the total number of Uranian rings to 13.<a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a> In April 2006, images of the new rings from the <a href="/wiki/Keck_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Keck Observatory">Keck Observatory</a> yielded the colours of the outer rings: the outermost is blue and the other one red.<a href="#cite_note-dePater2006-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[172]</a> One hypothesis concerning the outer ring's blue colour is that it is composed of minute particles of water ice from the surface of Mab that are small enough to scatter blue light.<a href="#cite_note-dePater2006-181">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[173]</a> In contrast, Uranus's inner rings appear grey.<a href="#cite_note-dePater2006-181">[171]</a> Although the Uranian rings are very difficult to directly observe from Earth, advances in digital imaging have allowed several amateur astronomers to successfully photograph the rings with red or infrared filters; telescopes with apertures as small as 36 cm (14 inches) may be able to detect the rings with proper imaging equipment.<a href="#cite_note-184">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Exploration of Uranus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_seen_from_Saturn_by_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uranus_seen_from_Saturn_by_Cassini.jpg/220px-Uranus_seen_from_Saturn_by_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uranus_seen_from_Saturn_by_Cassini.jpg/330px-Uranus_seen_from_Saturn_by_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uranus_seen_from_Saturn_by_Cassini.jpg/440px-Uranus_seen_from_Saturn_by_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>Uranus as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini spacecraft</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></figcaption></figure> Launched in 1977, Voyager 2 made its closest approach to Uranus on 24 January 1986, coming within 81,500 km (50,600 mi) of the cloudtops, before continuing its journey to Neptune. The spacecraft studied the structure and chemical composition of Uranus's atmosphere,<a href="#cite_note-Tyler_1986-112">[103]</a> including its unique weather, caused by its extreme axial tilt. It made the first detailed investigations of its five largest moons and discovered 10 new ones. Voyager 2 examined all nine of the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">system's known rings</a> and discovered two more.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Soderblom_et_al._1986-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-summary-163">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a> It also studied the magnetic field, its irregular structure, its tilt and its unique corkscrew <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetotail</a> caused by Uranus's sideways orientation.<a href="#cite_note-Ness_Acuña_et_al._1986-155">[145]</a> No other spacecraft has flown by Uranus since then, though there have been many <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Uranus_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed Uranus missions">proposed missions</a> to revisit the Uranus system. The possibility of sending the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini spacecraft</a> from Saturn to Uranus was evaluated during a mission extension planning phase in 2009, but was ultimately rejected in favour of destroying it in the Saturnian atmosphere,<a href="#cite_note-spilker-186">[176]</a> as it would have taken about twenty years to get to the Uranian system after departing Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-spilker-186">[176]</a> A Uranus entry probe could use <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a> heritage and descend to 1–5 atmospheres.<a href="#cite_note-uop-187">[177]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Uranus_orbiter_and_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranus orbiter and probe">Uranus orbiter and probe</a> was recommended by the 2013–2022 <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey" title="Planetary Science Decadal Survey">Planetary Science Decadal Survey</a> published in 2011; the proposal envisaged launch during 2020–2023 and a 13-year cruise to Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-uop-187">[177]</a> The committee's opinion was reaffirmed in 2022, when a Uranus probe/orbiter mission was placed at the highest priority, due to the lack of knowledge about <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[178]</a> Most recently, the CNSA's Tianwen-4 Jupiter orbiter, launching in 2029, is planned to have a subprobe that will detach and get a gravity assist instead of entering orbit, flying by Uranus in March 2045 before heading to interstellar space.<a href="#cite_note-TianwenPlSoc-31">[25]</a> China also has plans for a potential Tianwen-5 that may orbit either Uranus or Neptune that have yet to come to fruition.<a href="#cite_note-TianwenPlSoc-31">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <ul><li>In modern <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, the planet Uranus (symbol <a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_monogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Uranus monogram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Uranus_monogram.svg/22px-Uranus_monogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Uranus_monogram.svg/33px-Uranus_monogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Uranus_monogram.svg/44px-Uranus_monogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>) is the ruling planet of <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)" title="Aquarius (astrology)">Aquarius</a>; prior to the discovery of Uranus, the ruling planet of Aquarius was Saturn. Because Uranus is <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> and Uranus is associated with electricity, the colour <a href="/wiki/Electric_blue_(color)" title="Electric blue (color)">electric blue</a>, which is close to cyan, is associated with the sign Aquarius.<a href="#cite_note-189">[179]</a></li> <li>The chemical element <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, discovered in 1789 by the German chemist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a>, was named after the then-newly discovered Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sigourney" title="Lydia Sigourney">Lydia Sigourney</a> included her poem <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems_Sigourney_1827/The_Georgian_Planet" class="extiw" title="s:Poems Sigourney 1827/The Georgian Planet">The Georgian Planet</a> in her 1827 collection of poetry.</li> <li>"Uranus, the Magician" is a movement in <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>'s orchestral suite <a href="/wiki/The_Planets" title="The Planets">The Planets</a>, written between 1914 and 1916.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">Operation Uranus</a> was the successful <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">military operation</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> to take back <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> and marked the turning point in the land war against the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>.</li> <li>The lines "Then felt I like some watcher of the skies/When a new planet swims into his ken", from <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/On_First_Looking_into_Chapman%27s_Homer" title="On First Looking into Chapman's Homer">On First Looking into Chapman's Homer</a>", are a reference to Herschel's discovery of Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-191">[181]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_QF99" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 QF99">2011 QF99</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_YX49" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 YX49">2014 YX49</a>, the only two known Uranus trojans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Uranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of Uranus">Colonisation of Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_diamonds" title="Extraterrestrial diamonds">Extraterrestrial diamonds</a> (thought to be abundant in Uranus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uranus" title="Outline of Uranus">Outline of Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System#Planets" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Statistics of planets in the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranus (astrology)">Uranus in astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_in_fiction" title="Uranus in fiction">Uranus in fiction</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Based on <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIrwinDobinsonJamesTeanby2023" class="citation journal cs1">Irwin, Patrick G J; Dobinson, Jack; James, Arjuna; Teanby, Nicholas A; Simon, Amy A; Fletcher, Leigh N; Roman, Michael T; Orton, Glenn S; Wong, Michael H; Toledo, Daniel; Pérez-Hoyos, Santiago; Beck, Julie (23 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/527/4/11521/7511973">"Modelling the seasonal cycle of Uranus's colour and magnitude, and comparison with Neptune"</a>. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 527 (4): 11521–11538. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad3761">10.1093/mnras/stad3761</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F657542">20.500.11850/657542</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Modelling+the+seasonal+cycle+of+Uranus%27s+colour+and+magnitude%2C+and+comparison+with+Neptune&rft.volume=527&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=11521-11538&rft.date=2023-12-23&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F657542&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad3761&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Patrick+G+J&rft.au=Dobinson%2C+Jack&rft.au=James%2C+Arjuna&rft.au=Teanby%2C+Nicholas+A&rft.au=Simon%2C+Amy+A&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Leigh+N&rft.au=Roman%2C+Michael+T&rft.au=Orton%2C+Glenn+S&rft.au=Wong%2C+Michael+H&rft.au=Toledo%2C+Daniel&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Hoyos%2C+Santiago&rft.au=Beck%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmnras%2Farticle%2F527%2F4%2F11521%2F7511973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> These are the mean elements from VSOP87, together with derived quantities. </li> <li id="cite_note-atmospheric_pressure-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure_14-6">g</a> Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Calculated using data from Seidelmann, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-atmospheric_pressure2-17"><a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric_pressure2_17-0">^</a> Based on the volume within the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Calculation of He, H2 and CH4 molar fractions is based on a 2.3% mixing ratio of methane to hydrogen and the 15/85 He/H2 proportions measured at the tropopause. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Because, in the English-speaking world, the latter sounds like "your <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>", the former pronunciation also saves embarrassment: as <a href="/wiki/Pamela_L._Gay" title="Pamela L. Gay">Pamela Gay</a>, an astronomer at <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Edwardsville" title="Southern Illinois University Edwardsville">Southern Illinois University Edwardsville</a>, noted on her podcast, to avoid "being made fun of by any small schoolchildren ... when in doubt, don't emphasise anything and just say /ˈjʊərənəs/. And then run, quickly."<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-symbol_later-58"><a href="#cite_ref-symbol_later_58-0">^</a> Cf. <a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platinum symbol for Uranus"><img alt="⛢" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> (not supported by all fonts) </li> <li id="cite_note-symbol_first-62"><a href="#cite_ref-symbol_first_62-0">^</a> Cf. <a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_monogram_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="H monogram for Uranus"><img alt="♅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Uranus_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> (not supported by all fonts) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Mixing ratio is defined as the number of molecules of a compound per a molecule of hydrogen. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BBCOUP-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCOUP_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCOUP_2-1">b</a> Because the vowel a is short in both Greek and Latin, the former pronunciation, /ˈjʊərənəs/, is the expected one. The BBC Pronunciation Unit notes that this pronunciation "is the preferred usage of astronomers": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlaussonSangster,_Catherine2006" class="citation book cs1">Olausson, Lena; Sangster, Catherine (2006). The Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280710-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280710-6"><bdi>978-0-19-280710-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+BBC+Guide+to+Pronunciation&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280710-6&rft.aulast=Olausson&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft.au=Sangster%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Uranus" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Uranus">"Uranus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uranus&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DUranus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Uranian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Uranian">"Uranian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uranian&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DUranian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-VSOP87-5"><a href="#cite_ref-VSOP87_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonBretagnonChaprontChapront-Touzé1994" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 (2): 663–683. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&A...282..663S">1994A&A...282..663S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Numerical+expressions+for+precession+formulae+and+mean+elements+for+the+Moon+and+planets&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=663-683&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994A%26A...282..663S&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft.au=Bretagnon%2C+P.&rft.au=Chapront%2C+J.&rft.au=Chapront-Touz%C3%A9%2C+M.&rft.au=Francou%2C+G.&rft.au=Laskar%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasafact-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasafact_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasafact_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasafact_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunsell2007" class="citation web cs1">Munsell, Kirk (14 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031214200402/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Uranus&Display=Facts">"NASA: Solar System Exploration: Planets: Uranus: Facts & Figures"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Uranus&Display=Facts">the original</a> on 14 December 2003. Retrieved 13 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%3A+Solar+System+Exploration%3A+Planets%3A+Uranus%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft.aulast=Munsell&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DUranus%26Display%3DFacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSeligman-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSeligman_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSeligman_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman" class="citation web cs1">Seligman, Courtney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cseligman.com/text/sky/rotationvsday.htm">"Rotation Period and Day Length"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728200555/http://cseligman.com/text/sky/rotationvsday.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotation+Period+and+Day+Length&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcseligman.com%2Ftext%2Fsky%2Frotationvsday.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fact_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_9-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Dr. David R. (31 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html">"Uranus Fact Sheet"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713094239/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uranus+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2005-01-31&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dr.+David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Furanusfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Souami_Souchay_2012-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Souami_Souchay_2012_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouamiSouchay2012" class="citation journal cs1">Souami, D.; Souchay, J. (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201219011">"The solar system's invariable plane"</a>. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 543: 11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...543A.133S">2012A&A...543A.133S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201219011">10.1051/0004-6361/201219011</a>. A133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+solar+system%27s+invariable+plane&rft.volume=543&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201219011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012A%26A...543A.133S&rft.aulast=Souami&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Souchay%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252F0004-6361%252F201219011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Jean Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms (Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell, 1998) p271. Bretagnon's complete VSOP87 model. It gives the 17th @ 18.283075301au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://vo.imcce.fr/webservices/miriade/?forms">http://vo.imcce.fr/webservices/miriade/?forms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050257/http://vo.imcce.fr/webservices/miriade/?forms">Archived</a> 7 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IMCCE Observatoire de Paris / CNRS Calculated for a series of dates, five or ten days apart, in August 2050, using an interpolation formula from Astronomical Algorithms. Perihelion came very early on the 17th. INPOP planetary theory </li> <li id="cite_note-horizons-perihelion-12"><a href="#cite_ref-horizons-perihelion_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27799%27&START_TIME=%272050-08-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272050-08-30%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27">"HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for August 2050 Perihelion"</a>. ssd.jpl.nasa.gov (Perihelion for Uranus planet-center (799) occurs on 2050-Aug-19 at 18.28307512au during a rdot flip from negative to positive). NASA/JPL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907215700/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27799%27&START_TIME=%272050-08-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272050-08-30%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. 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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 71: 492–501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1781RSPT...71..492H">1781RSPT...71..492H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1781.0056">10.1098/rstl.1781.0056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186208953">186208953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Account+of+a+Comet%2C+By+Mr.+Herschel%2C+F.+R.+S.%3B+Communicated+by+Dr.+Watson%2C+Jun.+of+Bath%2C+F.+R.+S&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=492-501&rft.date=1781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186208953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1781.0056&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1781RSPT...71..492H&rft.au=Herschel%2C+William&rft.au=Watson%2C+Dr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-1-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_37-2">c</a> Journal of the Royal Society and Royal Astronomical Society 1, 30, quoted in <a href="#Miner">Miner</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/ice-giants-neptune-and-uranus/">"Ice Giants: The Discovery of Nepture and Uranus"</a>. Sky & Telescope. American Astronomical Society. 29 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122123848/https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/ice-giants-neptune-and-uranus/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+%26+Telescope&rft.atitle=Ice+Giants%3A+The+Discovery+of+Nepture+and+Uranus&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskyandtelescope.org%2Fobserving%2Fice-giants-neptune-and-uranus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Royal Astronomical Society MSS W.2/1.2, 23; quoted in <a href="#Miner">Miner</a> p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> RAS MSS Herschel W.2/1.2, 24, quoted in <a href="#Miner">Miner</a> p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> RAS MSS Herschel W1/13.M, 14 quoted in <a href="#Miner">Miner</a> p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-lexell-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lexell_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexell_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLexell,_A._J.1783" class="citation journal cs1">Lexell, A. J. (1783). "Recherches sur la nouvelle Planète, découverte par Mr. Herschel et nommé [sic] Georgium Sidus (part 1)". Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae: 303–329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Academiae+Scientiarum+Imperialis+Petropolitanae&rft.atitle=Recherches+sur+la+nouvelle+Plan%C3%A8te%2C+d%C3%A9couverte+par+Mr.+Herschel+et+nomm%C3%A9+%5Bsic%5D+Georgium+Sidus+%28part+1%29&rft.pages=303-329&rft.date=1783&rft.au=Lexell%2C+A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Johann Elert Bode, Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch, p. 210, 1781, quoted in <a href="#Miner">Miner</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#Miner">Miner</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dreyer-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyer_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyer_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer,_J._L._E.1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._L._E._Dreyer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. E. Dreyer">Dreyer, J. L. E.</a> (1912). The Scientific Papers of Sir William Herschel. Vol. 1. Royal Society and Royal Astronomical Society. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84371-022-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84371-022-6"><bdi>978-1-84371-022-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Papers+of+Sir+William+Herschel&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Royal+Society+and+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=978-1-84371-022-6&rft.au=Dreyer%2C+J.+L.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-46"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_46-0">^</a> UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>. Retrieved 7 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miner12-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miner12_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miner12_47-1">b</a> <a href="#Miner">Miner</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain,_Frasier2007" class="citation web cs1">Cain, Frasier (12 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-62-uranus/">"Astronomy Cast: Uranus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426084001/http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-62-uranus/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronomy+Cast%3A+Uranus&rft.date=2007-11-12&rft.au=Cain%2C+Frasier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomycast.com%2Fastronomy%2Fepisode-62-uranus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> RAS MSS Herschel W.1/12.M, 20, quoted in <a href="#Miner">Miner</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060210222142/http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/hersc.html">"Voyager at Uranus"</a>. NASA JPL. 7 (85): 400–268. 1986. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/hersc.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+JPL&rft.atitle=Voyager+at+Uranus&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=85&rft.pages=400-268&rft.date=1986&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fer%2Fseh%2Fhersc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francisca-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Francisca_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francisca_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerschel,_Francisca1917" class="citation journal cs1">Herschel, Francisca (1917). "The meaning of the symbol H+o for the planet Uranus". The Observatory. 40: 306. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917Obs....40..306H">1917Obs....40..306H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=The+meaning+of+the+symbol+H%2Bo+for+the+planet+Uranus&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=306&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1917Obs....40..306H&rft.au=Herschel%2C+Francisca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingerich1958" class="citation journal cs1">Gingerich, O. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1958ASPL....8....9G/0000009.000.html">"The Naming of Uranus and Neptune, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 8, No. 352, p.9"</a>. Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 8 (352): 9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ASPL....8....9G">1958ASPL....8....9G</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601144624/https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1958ASPL....8....9G/0000009.000.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leaflet+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=The+Naming+of+Uranus+and+Neptune%2C+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific+Leaflets%2C+Vol.+8%2C+No.+352%2C+p.9&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=352&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958ASPL....8....9G&rft.aulast=Gingerich&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2F1958ASPL....8....9G%2F0000009.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bode-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bode_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bode_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bode_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBode1784">Bode 1784</a>, pp. 88–90: [In original German]: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Bereits in der am 12ten März 1782 bei der hiesigen naturforschenden Gesellschaft vorgelesenen Abhandlung, habe ich den Namen des Vaters vom Saturn, nemlich Uranos, oder wie er mit der lateinischen Endung gewöhnlicher ist, Uranus vorgeschlagen, und habe seit dem das Vergnügen gehabt, daß verschiedene Astronomen und Mathematiker in ihren Schriften oder in Briefen an mich, diese Benennung aufgenommen oder gebilligt. Meines Erachtens muß man bei dieser Wahl die Mythologie befolgen, aus welcher die uralten Namen der übrigen Planeten entlehnen worden; denn in der Reihe der bisher bekannten, würde der von einer merkwürdigen Person oder Begebenheit der neuern Zeit wahrgenommene Name eines Planeten sehr auffallen. Diodor von Cicilien erzahlt die Geschichte der Atlanten, eines uralten Volks, welches eine der fruchtbarsten Gegenden in Africa bewohnte, und die Meeresküsten seines Landes als das Vaterland der Götter ansah. Uranus war ihr, erster König, Stifter ihres gesitteter Lebens und Erfinder vieler nützlichen Künste. Zugleich wird er auch als ein fleißiger und geschickter Himmelsforscher des Alterthums beschrieben... Noch mehr: Uranus war der Vater des Saturns und des Atlas, so wie der erstere der Vater des Jupiters.</blockquote> [Translated]: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Already in the pre-read at the local Natural History Society on 12th March 1782 treatise, I have the father's name from Saturn, namely Uranos, or as it is usually with the Latin suffix, proposed Uranus, and have since had the pleasure that various astronomers and mathematicians, cited in their writings or letters to me approving this designation. In my view, it is necessary to follow the mythology in this election, which had been borrowed from the ancient name of the other planets; because in the series of previously known, perceived by a strange person or event of modern times name of a planet would very noticeable. Diodorus of Cilicia tells the story of Atlas, an ancient people that inhabited one of the most fertile areas in Africa, and looked at the sea shores of his country as the homeland of the gods. Uranus was her first king, founder of their civilized life and inventor of many useful arts. At the same time he is also described as a diligent and skilful astronomers of antiquity ... even more: Uranus was the father of Saturn and the Atlas, as the former is the father of Jupiter.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-planetsbeyond-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-planetsbeyond_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-planetsbeyond_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Littmann, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planetsbeyonddis00mlit">Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System</a>. Courier Dover Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planetsbeyonddis00mlit/page/n13">10</a>–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43602-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43602-9"><bdi>978-0-486-43602-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planets+Beyond%3A+Discovering+the+Outer+Solar+System&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43602-9&rft.aulast=Littmann&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplanetsbeyonddis00mlit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty" class="citation web cs1">Daugherty, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052101/http://bdaugherty.tripod.com/astronomy/bode.html">"Astronomy in Berlin"</a>. Brian Daugherty. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdaugherty.tripod.com/astronomy/bode.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronomy+in+Berlin&rft.pub=Brian+Daugherty&rft.aulast=Daugherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdaugherty.tripod.com%2Fastronomy%2Fbode.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinch,_James2006" class="citation web cs1">Finch, James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221011537/http://www.allchemicals.info/articles/Uranium.php">"The Straight Scoop on Uranium"</a>. allchemicals.info: The online chemical resource. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allchemicals.info/articles/Uranium.php">the original</a> on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Straight+Scoop+on+Uranium&rft.pub=allchemicals.info%3A+The+online+chemical+resource&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Finch%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allchemicals.info%2Farticles%2FUranium.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-platinum-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-platinum_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-platinum_59-1">b</a> Astronomisches Jahrbuch für das Jahr 1785. George Jacob Decker, Berlin, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> E.g. p. 10, fig. 3 in Chen & Kipping (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.08614.pdf">Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925084154/https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.08614.pdf">Archived</a> 25 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Astrophysical Journal, 834: 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/680/solar-system-symbols/">Solar System Symbols</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318010355/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/680/solar-system-symbols/">Archived</a> 18 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA/JPL </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2017" class="citation news cs1">Craig, Daniel (20 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillyvoice.com/very-nice-job-these-uranus-headlines-everyone/">"Very nice job with these Uranus headlines, everyone"</a>. 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NASA Lunar Science Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721054020/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/2013decadal/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRC+planetary+decadal+survey+2013%E2%80%932022&rft.pub=NASA+Lunar+Science+Institute&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft.au=Space+Studies+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fscience-goals%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/planetary-science-and-astrobiology-decadal-survey-2023-2032">"Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032"</a>. National Academies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329003054/https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/planetary-science-and-astrobiology-decadal-survey-2023-2032">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Academies&rft.atitle=Planetary+Science+and+Astrobiology+Decadal+Survey+2023-2032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalacademies.org%2Four-work%2Fplanetary-science-and-astrobiology-decadal-survey-2023-2032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerParker1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parker" title="Derek Parker">Parker, Derek</a>; <a href="/wiki/Julia_Parker_(astrologer)" title="Julia Parker (astrologer)">Parker, Julia</a> (1996). Aquarius. Planetary Zodiac Library. DK Publishing. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789410870" title="Special:BookSources/9780789410870"><bdi>9780789410870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aquarius&rft.series=Planetary+Zodiac+Library&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780789410870&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Parker%2C+Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobart2013" class="citation web cs1">Hobart, David E. (23 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodic.lanl.gov/92.shtml">"Uranium"</a>. Periodic Table of the Elements. Los Alamos National Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512173625/https://periodic.lanl.gov/92.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements&rft.atitle=Uranium&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.aulast=Hobart&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperiodic.lanl.gov%2F92.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelani2009" class="citation web cs1">Melani, Lilia (12 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/homer.html">"On First Looking into Chapman's Homer"</a>. City University of New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412194155/http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/homer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+First+Looking+into+Chapman%27s+Homer&rft.pub=City+University+of+New+York&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.aulast=Melani&rft.aufirst=Lilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Fenglish%2Fmelani%2Fcs6%2Fhomer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTereza_Pultarova2021" class="citation web cs1">Tereza Pultarova (1 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/uranus-mushballs-hailstones-stinky-gas-neptune-atmosphere-anomaly">"Stinky 'mushball' hailstones on Uranus may explain an atmospheric anomaly there (and on Neptune, too)"</a>. Space.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Stinky+%27mushball%27+hailstones+on+Uranus+may+explain+an+atmospheric+anomaly+there+%28and+on+Neptune%2C+too%29&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.au=Tereza+Pultarova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Furanus-mushballs-hailstones-stinky-gas-neptune-atmosphere-anomaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Miner" class="citation book cs1">Miner, Ellis D. (1998). Uranus: The Planet, Rings and Satellites. New York: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-97398-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-97398-0"><bdi>978-0-471-97398-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uranus%3A+The+Planet%2C+Rings+and+Satellites&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-471-97398-0&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Ellis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGore1986" class="citation magazine cs1">Gore, Rick (August 1986). "Uranus: Voyager Visits a Dark Planet". <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>. Vol. 170, no. 2. pp. 178–194. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Uranus%3A+Voyager+Visits+a+Dark+Planet&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=178-194&rft.date=1986-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Gore&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander,_Arthur_Francis_O'Donel1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Francis_O%27Donel_Alexander" title="Arthur Francis O'Donel Alexander">Alexander, Arthur Francis O'Donel</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planeturanushist0000alex">The Planet Uranus: A History of Observation, Theory and Discovery</a>. New York, American Elsevier Pub. Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Planet+Uranus%3A+A+History+of+Observation%2C+Theory+and+Discovery&rft.pub=New+York%2C+American+Elsevier+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Arthur+Francis+O%27Donel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplaneturanushist0000alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBode1784" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode" title="Johann Elert Bode">Bode, Johann Elert</a> (1784). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ZqA5AAAAcAAJ">Von dem neu entdeckten Planeten</a>. bey dem Verfasser [etc.] <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1784vdne.book.....B">1784vdne.book.....B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3931%2Fe-rara-1454">10.3931/e-rara-1454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+dem+neu+entdeckten+Planeten&rft.pub=bey+dem+Verfasser+%5Betc.%5D&rft.date=1784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3931%2Fe-rara-1454&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1784vdne.book.....B&rft.aulast=Bode&rft.aufirst=Johann+Elert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ZqA5AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Uranus at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uranus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Uranus">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Uranus" class="extiw" title="c:Uranus">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Uranus" class="extiw" title="q:Uranus">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Gases/Gaseous_objects/Uranus" class="extiw" title="v:Gases/Gaseous objects/Uranus">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=35653">Uranus</a> at European Space Agency</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/uranus/overview/">Uranus</a> at NASA's Solar System Exploration site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/targetFamily/Uranus">Uranus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>'s planetary photojournal (photos)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciclops.org/ir_index/81/Voyager_at_Uranus">Voyager at Uranus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104173418/http://www.ciclops.org/ir_index/81/Voyager_at_Uranus">Archived</a> 4 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (photos)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarviews.com/raw/uranus/urfamily.jpg">Uranian system montage</a> (photo)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayMerrifield,_Michael2010" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Meghan; Merrifield, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/uranus.htm">"Uranus"</a>. Sixty Symbols. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixty+Symbols&rft.atitle=Uranus&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft.au=Merrifield%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixtysymbols.com%2Fvideos%2Furanus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/uranus-and-its-rings-and-major-moons">Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the Uranian system</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611221238/https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/the-uranian-system/">Archived</a> 11 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2023/news-2023-150">"Uranus Rings photos"</a>, James Webb Space Telescope, NASA, 18 December 2023, retrieved 19 December 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.atitle=Uranus+Rings+photos&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebbtelescope.org%2Fcontents%2Fnews-releases%2F2023%2Fnews-2023-150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uranus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Uranus" title="Template:Uranus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uranus" title="Template talk:Uranus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uranus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uranus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uranus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uranus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uranus" title="Outline of Uranus">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uranus" title="Climate of Uranus">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Dark_Spot" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranus Dark Spot">Dark Spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Rings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Major moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerard Kuiper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Elliot" title="James L. Elliot">James L. Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lassell" title="William Lassell">William Lassell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus-crossing minor planets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration" title="Co-orbital configuration">Co-orbitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranus trojan">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(687170)_2011_QF99" title="(687170) 2011 QF99">2011 QF99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(636872)_2014_YX49" title="(636872) 2014 YX49">2014 YX49</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/83982_Crantor" title="83982 Crantor">83982 Crantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(472651)_2015_DB216" title="(472651) 2015 DB216">(472651) 2015 DB216</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> (1986 flyby)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MUSE_(spacecraft)" title="MUSE (spacecraft)">MUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCEANUS" title="OCEANUS">OCEANUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Pathfinder" title="Uranus Pathfinder">Uranus Pathfinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_in_fiction" title="Uranus in fiction">Fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Uranus" title="Category:Uranus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> 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4.06% 103.306 20 Template:Efn"," 3.97% 100.992 1 Template:Langx"," 3.92% 99.906 5 Template:Navbox"," 3.64% 92.822 1 Template:Uranus"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.567","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":31871523,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"34_Tauri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAglyamovLunineAtreyaGuillot2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAlex_AkinsMark_HofstadterBryan_ButlerA._James_Friedson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander,_Arthur_Francis_O\u0026#039;Donel1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrews2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAplinFischerNordheimKonovalenko2020\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFArchinalActonA\u0026#039;HearnConrad2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtreyaEgeler,_P.Baines,_K.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtreyaWong2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBattersby,_Stephen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergstralh,_Jay_T.Miner,_EllisMatthews,_Mildred1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishop_Atreya_et_al.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBode1784\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorenstein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBridgeBelcherCoppiLazarus1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruniniFernandez,_Julio_A.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgdorf_Orton_et_al.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCain,_Frasier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaikin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConrath_Gautier_et_al.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrump1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;AngeloBodenheimer,_P.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;AngeloLissauer,_J._J.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;AngeloWeidenschilling,_S._J.Lissauer,_J._J.Bodenheimer,_P.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaugherty\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Groot1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevitt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyer,_J._L._E.1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunkerson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliot,_J._L.Dunham,_E.Mink,_D.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncrenaz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncrenaz_Drossart_et_al.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncrenaz_Lellouch_et_al.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspenak,_Fred2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahad2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaureMensing,_Teresa2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreira2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinch,_James2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes,_George1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallardo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGierasch,_Peter_J.Nicholson,_Philip_D.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGingerich1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGore1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayMerrifield,_Michael2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammelLockwood,_G.W.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammel_Rages_et_al.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammel_de_Pater_et_al._(\u0026quot;Uranus_in_2003\u0026quot;)2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammel_de_Pater_et_al._(\u0026quot;Uranus_in_2004\u0026quot;)2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanel_Conrath_et_al.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatfield2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawksett,_David2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbertSandel1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbert_Sandel_et_al.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerschel,_Francisca1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerschel,_WilliamWatson1781\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobart2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofstadterButler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulbert1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussmannSohl,_FrankSpohn,_Tilman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrwinDobinsonJamesTeanby2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.H._Eggert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson_Campbell_et_al.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarkoschka_(\u0026quot;Uranus\u0026quot;)2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinHofstadter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrausVorbergerPakHartley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrimigis_Armstrong_et_al.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakdawalla,_Emily2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLam_Miller_et_al.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLexell,_A._J.1783\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindal_Lyons_et_al.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittmann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockwoodJerzykiewicz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodders2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunine1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaderer2017\"] = 1,\n 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1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonBretagnonChaprontChapront-Touzé1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith_Soderblom_et_al.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouamiSouchay2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpace_Studies_Board2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpilker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSromovsky,_L.Fry,_P.Hammel,_H.Rages,_K\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSromovsky,_Lawrence2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSromovskyFry2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSromovsky_Fry_et_al.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanleyBloxham,_Jeremy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummersStrobel1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaehyun2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTereza_Pultarova2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasMelinStallardChowdhury2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThommesDuncan,_Martin_J.Levison,_Harold_F.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTittemore1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTittemoreWisdom1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrafton_Miller_et_al.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTylerSweetnamAndersonCampbell1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungBoshBuieElliot2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarkaPederson1986\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFdePaterHammel,_Heidi_B.Gibbard,_Seran_G.Showalter_Mark_R.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_PaterLissauer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Pater_Romani_et_al.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Pater_Romani_et_al.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Fuente_Marcosde_la_Fuente_Marcos2013\"] = 1,\n [\"Miner\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"10^\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 91,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 52,\n [\"Convert\"] = 39,\n [\"Cslist\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"E\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 20,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 5,\n [\"Indented plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation/fn\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox planet\"] = 1,\n [\"L3\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 15,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Mpl\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 9,\n [\"OED\"] = 2,\n [\"Okina\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"RA\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 26,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Solar System\"] = 1,\n [\"Transform-rotate\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Uranus\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 27,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Ws\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","26.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","11.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","9.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.4"],["(for generator)","80","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.3"],["[others]","460","25.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-prnsn","timestamp":"20241124150607","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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