CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head profile="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/themes/aasjournals/css/reset.css"/> <link href="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/themes/aasjournals/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">  <link href="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/themes/aasjournals/css/fontawesome.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>AAS Journals Transition to Open Access - AAS Journals</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://journals.aas.org/oa/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="AAS Journals Transition to Open Access - AAS Journals" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://journals.aas.org/oa/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="AAS Journals" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanAstronomicalSociety" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-14T15:59:12+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hero-img-OA-1500x300px.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1500" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="300" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AAS_Publishing" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="11 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://journals.aas.org/oa/","url":"https://journals.aas.org/oa/","name":"AAS Journals Transition to Open Access - AAS Journals","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://journals.aas.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://journals.aas.org/oa/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://journals.aas.org/oa/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hero-img-OA-1500x300px.jpg","datePublished":"2021-08-24T16:29:42+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-14T15:59:12+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://journals.aas.org/oa/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://journals.aas.org/oa/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://journals.aas.org/oa/#primaryimage","url":"https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hero-img-OA-1500x300px.jpg","contentUrl":"https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hero-img-OA-1500x300px.jpg","width":1500,"height":300,"caption":"Orange banner featuring the open access logo of a stylized open lock"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://journals.aas.org/#website","url":"https://journals.aas.org/","name":"AAS Journals","description":"Journals | American Astronomical Society","publisher":{"@id":"https://journals.aas.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://journals.aas.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://journals.aas.org/#organization","name":"AAS","url":"https://journals.aas.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://journals.aas.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/AAS-Publishing-2-black.png","contentUrl":"https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/AAS-Publishing-2-black.png","width":2040,"height":390,"caption":"AAS"},"image":{"@id":"https://journals.aas.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/AmericanAstronomicalSociety","https://x.com/AAS_Publishing","https://www.instagram.com/aas_office/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-astronomical-society/"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="AAS Journals » Feed" href="https://journals.aas.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="AAS Journals » Comments Feed" href="https://journals.aas.org/comments/feed/" />  <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-F747N6BYNY" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.0'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/journals.aas.org\/why-aas-journals\/oa\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery ) : MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations ); } else { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery : MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations; } var disableStrs = [ 'ga-disable-G-F747N6BYNY', ]; /* Function to detect opted out users */ function __gtagTrackerIsOptedOut() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { if (document.cookie.indexOf(disableStrs[index] + '=true') > -1) { return true; } } return false; } /* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */ if (__gtagTrackerIsOptedOut()) { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } /* Opt-out function */ function __gtagTrackerOptout() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { document.cookie = disableStrs[index] + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/'; window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } if ('undefined' === typeof gaOptout) { function gaOptout() { __gtagTrackerOptout(); } } window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.MonsterInsightsDualTracker = { helpers: {}, trackers: {}, }; if (mi_track_user) { function __gtagDataLayer() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } function __gtagTracker(type, name, parameters) { if (!parameters) { parameters = {}; } if (parameters.send_to) { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); return; } if (type === 'event') { parameters.send_to = monsterinsights_frontend.v4_id; var hookName = name; if (typeof parameters['event_category'] !== 'undefined') { hookName = parameters['event_category'] + ':' + name; } if (typeof MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName] !== 'undefined') { MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName](parameters); } else { __gtagDataLayer('event', name, parameters); } } else { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); } } __gtagTracker('js', new Date()); __gtagTracker('set', { 'developer_id.dZGIzZG': true, }); if ( MonsterInsightsLocations.page_location ) { __gtagTracker('set', MonsterInsightsLocations); } __gtagTracker('config', 'G-F747N6BYNY', {"forceSSL":"true"} ); window.gtag = __gtagTracker; (function () { /* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */ /* ga and __gaTracker compatibility shim. */ var noopfn = function () { return null; }; var newtracker = function () { return new Tracker(); }; var Tracker = function () { return null; }; var p = Tracker.prototype; p.get = noopfn; p.set = noopfn; p.send = function () { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift('send'); __gaTracker.apply(null, args); }; var __gaTracker = function () { var len = arguments.length; if (len === 0) { return; } var f = arguments[len - 1]; if (typeof f !== 'object' || f === null || typeof f.hitCallback !== 'function') { if ('send' === arguments[0]) { var hitConverted, hitObject = false, action; if ('event' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[3]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': arguments[3], 'eventCategory': arguments[2], 'eventLabel': arguments[4], 'value': arguments[5] ? arguments[5] : 1, } } } if ('pageview' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[2]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': 'page_view', 'page_path': arguments[2], } } } if (typeof arguments[2] === 'object') { hitObject = arguments[2]; } if (typeof arguments[5] === 'object') { Object.assign(hitObject, arguments[5]); } if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[1].hitType) { hitObject = arguments[1]; if ('pageview' === hitObject.hitType) { hitObject.eventAction = 'page_view'; } } if (hitObject) { action = 'timing' === arguments[1].hitType ? 'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction; hitConverted = mapArgs(hitObject); __gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted); } } return; } function mapArgs(args) { var arg, hit = {}; var gaMap = { 'eventCategory': 'event_category', 'eventAction': 'event_action', 'eventLabel': 'event_label', 'eventValue': 'event_value', 'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction', 'timingCategory': 'event_category', 'timingVar': 'name', 'timingValue': 'value', 'timingLabel': 'event_label', 'page': 'page_path', 'location': 'page_location', 'title': 'page_title', 'referrer' : 'page_referrer', }; for (arg in args) { if (!(!args.hasOwnProperty(arg) || !gaMap.hasOwnProperty(arg))) { hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg]; } else { hit[arg] = args[arg]; } } return hit; } try { f.hitCallback(); } catch (ex) { } }; __gaTracker.create = newtracker; __gaTracker.getByName = newtracker; __gaTracker.getAll = function () { return []; }; __gaTracker.remove = noopfn; __gaTracker.loaded = true; window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker; })(); } else { console.log(""); (function () { function __gtagTracker() { return null; } window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker; window['gtag'] = __gtagTracker; })(); } </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/journals.aas.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='aasjournals-theme-css' href='https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/themes/aasjournals/style.css?ver=2.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='layerslider-css' href='https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/static/css/layerslider.css?ver=5.6.9' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ls-google-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:100,300,regular,700,900%7COpen+Sans:300%7CIndie+Flower:regular%7COswald:300,regular,700&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=5.9.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='contact-form-7-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wpcf7 .wpcf7-recaptcha iframe {margin-bottom: 0;}.wpcf7 .wpcf7-recaptcha[data-align="center"] > div {margin: 0 auto;}.wpcf7 .wpcf7-recaptcha[data-align="right"] > div {margin: 0 0 0 auto;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='js_composer_front-css' href='https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/js_composer/assets/css/js_composer.min.css?ver=7.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-for-wordpress/assets/js/frontend-gtag.min.js?ver=9.2.0" id="monsterinsights-frontend-script-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" id='monsterinsights-frontend-script-js-extra'>/* <![CDATA[ */ var monsterinsights_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"doc,pdf,ppt,zip,xls,docx,pptx,xlsx","inbound_paths":"[]","home_url":"https:\/\/journals.aas.org","hash_tracking":"false","v4_id":"G-F747N6BYNY"};/* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/static/js/greensock.js?ver=1.11.8" id="greensock-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="layerslider-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var LS_Meta = {"v":"5.6.9"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/static/js/layerslider.kreaturamedia.jquery.js?ver=5.6.9" id="layerslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/static/js/layerslider.transitions.js?ver=5.6.9" id="layerslider-transitions-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-7341249-15&ver=6.6.2" id="wk-analytics-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wk-analytics-script-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ function shouldTrack(){ var trackLoggedIn = false; var loggedIn = false; if(!loggedIn){ return true; } else if( trackLoggedIn ) { return true; } return false; } function hasWKGoogleAnalyticsCookie() { return (new RegExp('wp_wk_ga_untrack_' + document.location.hostname)).test(document.cookie); } if (!hasWKGoogleAnalyticsCookie() && shouldTrack()) { //Google Analytics window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-7341249-15', { 'anonymize_ip': true }); } /* ]]> */ </script>  <script></script><meta name="generator" content="Powered by LayerSlider 5.6.9 - Multi-Purpose, Responsive, Parallax, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress." />  <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://journals.aas.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://journals.aas.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2185" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://journals.aas.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://journals.aas.org/?p=2185' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://journals.aas.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aas.org%2Foa%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://journals.aas.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aas.org%2Foa%2F&format=xml" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/themes/aasjournals/images/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://journals.aas.org/xmlrpc.php" />  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5L5HRLB');</script> <meta name="generator" content="Powered by WPBakery Page Builder - drag and drop page builder for WordPress."/> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> strong { color: #333333 !important; } a strong{color:#007aa0 !important;} #page-content-wrapper a { text-decoration: underline; } h3.vc_custom_heading a { text-decoration: none !important; } a.vc_general.vc_btn3 { text-decoration: none !important; } a.btn { text-decoration: none !important; } h4 a { text-decoration: none !important; } .wpb_single_image .vc_figure-caption { font-size: 12px !important; } /* top right menu*/ .header_right ul li {margin-right:10px; padding-right:10px} /*visit journals button on journal pages*/ .visit-button a { font-size: 14px !important; } .visit-button { margin-top:-15px } #page-content-wrapper { background: #ffffff;} </style> <style type="text/css" data-type="vc_custom-css">.wpb-js-composer .vc_tta-color-grey.vc_tta-style-classic .vc_tta-controls-icon::after{ border-color: #fff !important;} .wpb-js-composer .content_wrapper_inner .vc_tta-color-grey.vc_tta-style-classic.vc_tta-accordion .vc_tta-panel .vc_tta-panel-body a{ color:#ffffff !important} #aas_searchby input {width:50%; border: none; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #c6c6c6; padding: 10px 20px;} @media ( max-width:767px) { #aas_searchby input {width:100%;} } .wpb-js-composer .content_wrapper_inner .vc_tta-color-grey.vc_tta-style-classic.vc_tta-accordion .vc_tta-panel .vc_tta-panel-body { background-color: #fff; color: #000;} .wpb-js-composer .content_wrapper_inner .vc_tta-color-grey.vc_tta-style-classic.vc_tta-accordion .vc_tta-panel .vc_tta-panel-body a { color:#007AA0 !important; }</style><style type="text/css" data-type="vc_shortcodes-default-css">.vc_do_custom_heading{margin-bottom:0.625rem;margin-top:0;}</style><style type="text/css" data-type="vc_shortcodes-custom-css">.vc_custom_1629405548657{margin-bottom: 15px !important;}.vc_custom_1731599950689{padding-right: 30px !important;padding-left: 30px !important;}</style><noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript><link href="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/themes/aasjournals/css/responsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&subset=cyrillic-ext,latin-ext" rel="stylesheet">   <script src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/themes/aasjournals/js/bootstrap.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/themes/aasjournals/js/js-functions.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <style type="text/css"> .no-js #loader { display: none; } .js #loader { display: block; position: absolute; left: 100px; top: 0; } .se-pre-con { position: fixed; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: url(https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/themes/aasjournals/images/preloader.png) center no-repeat #fff; z-index: 9999; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery( document ).ready( function ( j$ ) { // Animate loader off screen j$( ".se-pre-con" ).fadeOut(); } ); </script> </head> <body class="page-template page-template-aas-style-guide page-template-aas-style-guide-php page page-id-2185 page-child parent-pageid-2135 header-full-width content-sidebar wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-7.6 vc_responsive"> <div class="se-pre-con"></div> <div class="main inner-page-content">  <div class="header_wrapper">  <nav class="navbar navbar-default"> <div class="container">  <div class="navbar-header"> </div>  <div class="collapse navbar-collapse padd_none" id="bs-example-navbar-collapse-1"> <div class="menu-header-top-container"><ul id="menu-header-top" class="nav navbar-nav"><li id="menu-item-8" class="nav-left menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://aas.org/"><i class="fas fa-globe-americas"></i> AAS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9" class="nav-left current-site menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-9"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/">AAS Journals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10" class="nav-left menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baas.aas.org/">BAAS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11" class="nav-left menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="/aas-iop-ebooks/">AAS-IOP eBooks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12" class="nav-left menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-12"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://aasnova.org/">AAS Nova</a></li> <li id="menu-item-948" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-948"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/aastex-package-for-manuscript-preparation/"><i class="fas fa-cog"></i> AASTeX</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.astroexplorer.org/">Astronomy Image Explorer</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://astrothesaurus.org/">Unified Astronomy Thesaurus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFhVT3VzlwKrArGdcNhtSCF4NbDBd6K5_">YouTube Interviews</a></li> </ul></div> </div>  </div> </nav>  <div class="header"> <div class="header_top"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-md-12 padd_none"> <div class="logo"> <a href="https://journals.aas.org"> <img src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/AAS-Publishing-2-black.png"> </a> </div> <div class="header_right"> <div class="menu-header-right-container"><ul id="menu-header-right" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-3197" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3197"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/submission/">SUBMIT</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3019" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3019"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/author-resources/">Author Tools</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/why-aas-journals/">About AAS Journals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3456"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/policies/">Policies</a></li> </ul></div> <form role="search" method="get" class="header_right_form" action="https://journals.aas.org/"> <input value="" name="s" type="text"> <button type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="navigation"> <div class="container"> <span class="menu-text">Navigate: AAS Journals</span> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarNav" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse padd_none" id="navbarNav"> <div class="menu-primary-container"><ul id="menu-primary" class="navigation-menu"><li id="menu-item-195" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-195"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/astrophysical-journal-letters/">astrophysical<br> journal letters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-194" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-194"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/astronomical-journal/">astronomical<br> journal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-193" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-193"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/astrophysical-journal/">astrophysical<br> journal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-192" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-192"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/astrophysical-supplement-series/">Astrophysical Journal<br> Supplement Series</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1636" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1636"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/planetary-science-journal/">Planetary Science<br>Journal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-191" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-191"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/research-notes/">Research Notes<br>of the AAS</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="menu-mobile-menu-container"><ul id="menu-mobile-menu" class="navigation-menu mobile-menu"><li id="menu-item-274" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-274"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/astrophysical-journal-letters/">Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-276" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-276"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/astronomical-journal/">Astronomical Journal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-277" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-277"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/astrophysical-journal/">Astrophysical Journal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-278" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-278"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/astrophysical-supplement-series/">Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1637" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1637"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/planetary-science-journal/">Planetary Science Journal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-279" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-279"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/research-notes/">Research Notes of the AAS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-280" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-280"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://aas.org/"><i class="fas fa-globe-americas"></i> AAS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-281" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-281"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/">AAS Journals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-282" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-282"><a href="https://baas.aas.org/">BAAS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-283" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-283"><a href="https://aas.org/posts/news/2016/07/aas-iop-ebooks-welcomes-material-submissions">AAS-IOP eBooks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-284" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-284"><a href="https://aasnova.org/">AAS Nova</a></li> <li id="menu-item-286" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-286"><a href="http://www.astroexplorer.org/">Astronomy Image Explorer</a></li> <li id="menu-item-287" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-287"><a href="http://astrothesaurus.org/">Unified Astronomy Thesaurus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-288" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-288"><a href="http://worldwidetelescope.org/webclient/">WorldWide Telescope</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </nav> </div>  </div>   <div class="home_slider"> <div class="row"> <div class="banner"> <img width="1500" height="300" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hero-img-OA-1500x300px.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Orange banner featuring the open access logo of a stylized open lock" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hero-img-OA-1500x300px.jpg 1500w, https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hero-img-OA-1500x300px-300x60.jpg 300w, https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hero-img-OA-1500x300px-1024x205.jpg 1024w, https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/hero-img-OA-1500x300px-768x154.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px" />  <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div>  </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container"> <ul id="breadcrumbs" class="breadcrumbs"><li class="item-home 1"><a class="bread-link bread-home" href="https://journals.aas.org" title="Home">Home</a></li><li class="separator separator-home 2">   ❯   </li><li class="item-parent item-parent-2135 17"><a class="bread-parent bread-parent-2135" href="https://journals.aas.org/why-aas-journals/" title="About AAS Journals">About AAS Journals</a></li><li class="separator separator-2135 18">   ❯   </li><li class="item-current item-2185 19"><div title="AAS Journals Transition to Open Access"> AAS Journals Transition to Open Access</div></li></ul> </div> <div class="content-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 col-sm-9 col-xs-12 content-right"> <div id="page-content-wrapper" class="content_wrapper_inner"> <h1 class="page-title oa">AAS Journals Transition to Open Access</h1> <div class="wpb-content-wrapper"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>The American Astronomical Society (AAS) is an international non-governmental organization with a mission to enhance and share humanity’s scientific understanding of the universe as a diverse and inclusive astronomical community.</p> <p>To further support the Society’s mission and provide immediate access to important research, the AAS transitioned its entire journals portfolio to fully open access (OA) on 1 January 2022. As of that date all content — past, present, and future — will be immediately and openly accessible: anyone can read and download anything in the portfolio and there will be no subscription fees or paywalls.</p> <p>The AAS <a href="https://aas.org/press/aas-journals-open-access">announced this transition</a> publicly on 1 September 2021. <strong><span style="color: #333333;">The transition takes effect 1 January 2022.</span></strong></p> </div> </div> <h2 style="text-align: left" class="vc_custom_heading vc_do_custom_heading" >Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</h2> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Have questions about the AAS journals transition to open access? Browse the FAQ categories below, or type a word or phrase into the bar below to search all questions. <a href="https://journals.aas.org/faq-accessible/">Click here for an accessible version of the FAQ.</a></p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element vc_custom_1629405548657" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div id="aas_searchby"><input id="myInput" type="text" placeholder="Search FAQ for a word or phrase..." /></div> </div> </div> <div class="vc_empty_space" style="height: 32px"><span class="vc_empty_space_inner"></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left" class="vc_custom_heading vc_do_custom_heading" id="faq-big_picture">The Big Picture</h3><div class="vc_tta-container" data-vc-action="collapseAll"><div class="vc_general vc_tta vc_tta-accordion vc_tta-color-grey vc_tta-style-classic vc_tta-shape-rounded vc_tta-spacing-5 vc_tta-controls-align-default vc_tta-o-all-clickable"><div class="vc_tta-panels-container"><div class="vc_tta-panels"><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="why_open_access" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#why_open_access" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Why go open access?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Paywalls and subscription fees limit who is able to read, share, and benefit from the latest developments in scientific research. When only researchers at well-funded institutions have immediate access to the latest research results, collaboration and scientific progress are impeded.</p> <p>In the past, the AAS has attempted to mitigate this problem by maintaining very low subscription fees, making articles free to read 12 months after publication, and allowing authors to post their work to preprint servers like arXiv. The AAS journals’ new, fully open access model takes this a step further, ensuring that all people everywhere are able to immediately access the important research published in the journals.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="what_open_access" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#what_open_access" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">What does it mean for the AAS journals to be open access?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>As of 1 January 2022, the AAS journals now all qualify as “Gold OA.” This means that all articles and related content in AAS journals — past, present, and future — are made freely and permanently accessible to everyone immediately upon publication. Subscription charges to AAS journals have been eliminated, and the journals are fully supported by article publication charges (APCs) assessed to authors. All articles are published under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"><u>Creative Commons (CC-BY) 4.0 license</u></a>, under which the authors retain copyright to their work.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="journal_content" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#journal_content" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Will the content of the journals change in any way?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>No. The journals will retain the same rigorous editorial standards and scope as before the transition to full open access. This change merely increases the reach, visibility, and high impact the journals are known for.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="why_publish_oa" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#why_publish_oa" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Why should I publish in an open access journal?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>OA publishing means that the final, best version of your article is immediately available to astronomers everywhere. Your work is more likely to be widely read and cited.</p> <p>As an example, consider all articles published in <em>AJ, ApJ, ApJL, </em>and<em> ApJS</em> in 2019. For this set, the median number of downloads in 2019 for OA articles was more than 250% higher than that for subscription articles, and the median number of citations in 2019 for OA articles was 25% higher than that for subscription articles.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="why_publish" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#why_publish" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Why should I publish in a journal at all, as opposed to sharing my work for free?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Formal publishing in a journal like the AAS journals provides significant benefits, such as:</p> <ul> <li>Peer review improves the final article and establishes a trusted version of record</li> <li>Additional review from professionals like the AAS statistics and data editors help strengthen article results and make them more accessible</li> <li>Digital assets like figure sets, animations, and interactive figures are integrated into the article, enhancing the article</li> <li>Professional typesetting ensures an easy-to-parse, consistent final article with important features like integrated citation linking</li> <li>Journals provide for long-term archiving, curation, and preservation, as well as migration to new standards as they develop</li> <li>Journal publicity vehicles like <a href="https://aasnova.org/"><u>AAS Nova</u></a> and the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0I9IE4LANg&list=PLFhVT3VzlwKrArGdcNhtSCF4NbDBd6K5_"><u>AAS Journal Authors</u></a> interview series ensure that authors’ work ends up in front of a large and broad audience</li> </ul> <p>Publishing in a journal greatly increases the value and impact of your work by making your article stronger, more trustworthy, and easier to find, read, and cite, while also ensuring that the version of record is preserved in perpetuity.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="community_support" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#community_support" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Does the transition to OA have community support?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>The <a href="https://aas.org/about/governance/current-board"><u>AAS Board of Trustees</u></a> voted to approve the transition to OA, as endorsed by the <a href="https://aas.org/comms/publications-committee"><u>AAS Publications Committee</u></a> and recommended by the AAS senior management team and Editor in Chief. The AAS obtained further support for the move from major US research funding agencies such as NASA and the National Science Foundation. AAS leaders provided additional statements of support for this transition, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnhOWOGgzvA"><u>which can be found here</u></a>.</p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_empty_space" style="height: 0px"><span class="vc_empty_space_inner"></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left" class="vc_custom_heading vc_do_custom_heading" id="faq-details">The Details</h3><div class="vc_tta-container" data-vc-action="collapseAll"><div class="vc_general vc_tta vc_tta-accordion vc_tta-color-grey vc_tta-style-classic vc_tta-shape-rounded vc_tta-o-shape-group vc_tta-controls-align-default vc_tta-o-all-clickable"><div class="vc_tta-panels-container"><div class="vc_tta-panels"><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="transitioning_journals" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#transitioning_journals" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">What journals are included as part of this transition?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <ul> <li><em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-3881"><u>The Astronomical Journal</u></a> (AJ)</em></li> <li><em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X"><u>The Astrophysical Journal</u></a> (ApJ)</em></li> <li><em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205"><u>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</u></a> (ApJL)</em></li> <li><em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0067-0049"><u>The Astrophysical Journal Supplements Series</u></a> (ApJS)</em></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="what_about_psj" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#what_about_psj" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Is the <i>Planetary Science Journal</i> included in this transition?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>The <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2632-3338"><u>Planetary Science Journal</u></a> (PSJ)</em>, the AAS’s newest journal published in partnership with its <a href="http://dps.aas.org/"><u>Division for Planetary Sciences (DPS)</u></a>, is already a fully OA journal. Submission fees for <em>PSJ</em> will not be governed by the joint rate structure that will be instituted for all other AAS journals in 2022; instead, <em>PSJ</em> will maintain its own, separate rate structure, a decision made by DPS leadership.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="new_oa_copyright" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#new_oa_copyright" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">What copyright will apply to my paper under the fully open access model?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Effective 11 October 2021, all articles accepted for publication in all AAS journals are published under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><u>CC-BY 4.0 license</u></a>. With this license, authors retain copyright to the content and grant the AAS a license to publish it.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="past_content" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#past_content" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Upon the transition to OA, what happens to past content published in the AAS journals?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>From 1 January 2022, all articles — past, present, and future — published in AAS journals are fully open access: free to read, download, and share. Content published prior to 2022 under the subscription model will be labeled “Free Access.” This content will be free to access, download, and share, but it will not be subject to a CC-BY license unless it was accepted after 11 October 2021. <a href="https://journals.aas.org/article-charges-and-copyright/#AAS_material"><u>Permission to reuse content</u></a> accepted before that date will still be required.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="funder_mandates" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#funder_mandates" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Once this change is made, will the AAS journals be compliant with recent funder mandates requiring publication in an OA journal?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Yes, as of 1 January 2022, publication in the AAS journals fully complies with funder OA mandates like <a href="https://www.coalition-s.org/"><u>Plan S</u></a>, <a href="https://www.ukri.org/publications/ukri-open-access-policy/"><u>UKRI’s OA policy</u></a>, and others.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="institutional_agreements" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#institutional_agreements" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Will AAS journals enter into any additional publisher agreements with individual institutions?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>No. The AAS has always maintained a low subscription rate and assessed article publication charges to authors to support the journals. With our low subscription rates, <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2019/04/23/transformative-agreements/"><u>institutional agreements</u></a> such as transformative agreements or read-and-publish agreements do not fit with our mission for the journals and would be difficult — if not impossible — to implement from a business standpoint, given that our current hybrid model relies heavily on publication charges as the primary source of revenue.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="important_dates" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#important_dates" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">What are important dates related to the transition of AAS Journals to fully OA?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>The new AAS OA article publication charges came into effect for articles submitted on and after <b><span style="font-size: 105%;">1 January 2022</span></b>.</p> <p>All articles accepted for publication in AAS journals after <b><span style="font-size: 105%;">11 October 2021</span></b> will be assigned a CC-BY 4.0 license, with the authors retaining copyright. From that date authors will no longer be asked to transfer copyright to the AAS.</p> <p>All AAS journals content — including both new publications and back content — became freely available for all to read on <b><span style="font-size: 105%;">1 January 2022</span></b>. Subscription fees were no longer assessed after that point.</p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_empty_space" style="height: 0px"><span class="vc_empty_space_inner"></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left" class="vc_custom_heading vc_do_custom_heading" id="faq-finances">The Finances</h3><div class="vc_tta-container" data-vc-action="collapseAll"><div class="vc_general vc_tta vc_tta-accordion vc_tta-color-grey vc_tta-style-classic vc_tta-shape-rounded vc_tta-o-shape-group vc_tta-controls-align-default vc_tta-o-all-clickable"><div class="vc_tta-panels-container"><div class="vc_tta-panels"><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="faq-apcs" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#faq-apcs" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">What are the 2025 article publication charges for AAS journals?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>The AAS calculates article publication charges using an approach that counts “digital quanta,” units of information in digital form that the author supplies. Digital quanta can include words, figures, tables, data components, and figures within a figure set.</p> <p>As of 1 January 2025, article publication charges will be assessed to authors according to the tiered rate structure below, with the tiers set by the number of quanta in the publication. The following table applies to <em>AJ</em>, <em>ApJ</em>, <em>ApJS</em>, and <em>ApJL</em>; the<em> PSJ</em> will maintain its own, separate rate structure.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element vc_custom_1731599950689" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <table class="table table-bordered" style="margin: 0 auto;" border="0" cellspacing="4" cellpadding="4"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col"></th> <th scope="col"> <h5><strong>Number of quanta</strong></h5> </th> <th scope="col"> <h5><strong>2025 rates</strong></h5> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="3"> <h5><strong><i>ApJ, ApJS </i>and<i> AJ</i></strong></h5> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Tier 1</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>≤ 30 quanta</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>$<span data-olk-copy-source="MessageBody">1,357</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Tier 2</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>31–50 quanta</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>$<span data-olk-copy-source="MessageBody">3,011</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Tier 3</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>51–100 quanta</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>$<span data-olk-copy-source="MessageBody">5,315</span></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Long-article surcharge</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>> 100 quanta</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>$250</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> <h5><strong><i>ApJL </i>(rates include $450 handling fee)</strong></h5> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong><em>ApJL</em> Tier 1</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>≤ 40 quanta</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>$2,836</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong><em>ApJL</em> Long-article surcharge</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>> 40 quanta</strong></td> <td align="right"><strong>$450</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Errata in any AAS journal</strong></td> <td align="right"></td> <td align="right"><strong>No charge</strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Based on submissions to AAS journals in 2017–2019, we expect that more than 80% of <em>ApJ</em>, <em>ApJS</em>, and <em>AJ</em> submissions will fall into the lowest two tiers. We expect almost all <em>ApJL</em> submissions to fall into the first <em>ApJL</em> tier.</p> </div> </div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-2620" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FAQ_OA_tierchart-1024x921.png" alt="Plots showing number of articles vs. number of quanta per manuscript for articles published in AJ/ApJ/ApJS and ApJL 2017-2019" width="90%" height="auto" srcset="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FAQ_OA_tierchart-1024x921.png 1024w, https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FAQ_OA_tierchart-300x270.png 300w, https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FAQ_OA_tierchart-768x691.png 768w, https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FAQ_OA_tierchart.png 1401w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="errata" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#errata" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">What about errata? Do I have to pay to publish needed corrections to my work?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>No. The AAS believes that identifying errors in published research and correcting them through the publication of errata is an important part of maintaining the scientific value and integrity of the journals. There will be no charges going forward for publishing errata.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="historical" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#historical" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">How do 2025 charges compare to historical AAS journal charges?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>The figure below shows the trend for publication charges assessed to authors in AAS journals over time. The charge for a typical article appearing in <em>ApJ</em>, <em>ApJS</em>, and <em>AJ</em>, normalized to the most common 2020 article length and adjusted for inflation using standard consumer price index tables, is shown for the past 30 years.</p> <p>Historically, the article publication charges have trended downward over time, with a brief adjustment period when AAS journals transitioned from charging by page count to charging by digital quanta count in 2011. For the last three years, article publication charges have increased slightly each year to cover increased publication costs (which include increased costs in both editorial and production services), but they have remained well below historical charges.</p> <p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-2725 size-large" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/FAQ_historical_charges-1-1024x537.png" alt="Plot of average article cost over time, from 1990 to 2020. Plot shows a general downward trend from more than $3000 to just over $1000 in recent years." width="95%" height="auto" srcset="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/FAQ_historical_charges-1-1024x537.png 1024w, https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/FAQ_historical_charges-1-300x157.png 300w, https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/FAQ_historical_charges-1-768x403.png 768w, https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/FAQ_historical_charges-1-1536x805.png 1536w, https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/FAQ_historical_charges-1.png 1669w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="financial_waiver" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#financial_waiver" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">What is the publication support budget for 2025?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Support available to authors for publication charges is substantially higher under the OA model. If authors request support from the AAS Publication Support Fund for an article in <em>AJ, ApJ</em>, <em>ApJS, </em>or<em> ApJL,</em> the Editor in Chief can authorize support of 5–100%, depending on need. <a href="https://journals.aas.org/waivers/">More information about the AAS Publication Support Fund can be found here</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="other_journals" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#other_journals" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">How do the 2025 AAS charges compare to optional open access charges in other journals?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>As of this writing (October 2021), other astronomical and physics journals have open access publication charges of around $4,000 for full open access, while high-profile journals like <em>Nature</em> charge as much as $11,390.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="1671487053328-e72e6917-2bbb" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#1671487053328-e72e6917-2bbb" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Why did article publication charges increase in the transition to open access?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Because the journals will no longer charge subscription fees, article publication charges will be the sole source of funding to cover journal operating costs. In our old business model, subscription revenue represented 32% of the total journals revenue. The total revenue must be collected to fund the journal operations.</p> <p>In addition, to ensure that everyone has equal opportunity to publish in AAS journals despite the change in article publication charges, our new pricing model includes the development of a <a href="https://journals.aas.org/waivers/">AAS Publication Support Fund</a> to provide full or partial support for authors unable to afford publication charges.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="funding_agencies" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#funding_agencies" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Will US research funding agencies pay for additional publication charges?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Major US research funding agencies such as NASA and the National Science Foundation (NSF) have expressed support for open access publishing and generally cover publication costs — including costs of the new OA model — as allowable expenses for grants. The AAS is working closely with NASA and NSF to ensure a smooth transition for current grantees. The AAS recommends that grant applications submitted after September 1, 2021 include a publications budget that takes into account the estimated fees associated with the new OA model.</p> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="author_discounts" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#author_discounts" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Will there still be an author discount available to active AAS members?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Yes, AAS members who paid their annual dues prior to the start of a given calendar year will be eligible for a 15% discount on their share of the article publication charges for one article submitted during that year. <a href="https://aas.org/join/author-discounts"><u>More information on author discounts can be found here</u></a>.</p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_empty_space" style="height: 0px"><span class="vc_empty_space_inner"></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left" class="vc_custom_heading vc_do_custom_heading" id="faq-more_info">For More Information</h3><div class="vc_tta-container" data-vc-action="collapseAll"><div class="vc_general vc_tta vc_tta-accordion vc_tta-color-grey vc_tta-style-classic vc_tta-shape-rounded vc_tta-o-shape-group vc_tta-controls-align-default vc_tta-o-all-clickable"><div class="vc_tta-panels-container"><div class="vc_tta-panels"><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="faq_resources" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#faq_resources" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">Where can I find the resources mentioned in this FAQ?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <ul> <li><a href="https://aas.org/press/aas-journals-open-access"><u>Press release about the AAS journals transition to OA</u></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnhOWOGgzvA"><u>Statements of support for the AAS’s OA transition</u></a></li> <li><a href="https://journals.aas.org/oa/#faq-apcs"><u>2025 article page charges (valid after 1 Jan 2025)</u></a></li> <li><a href="https://journals.aas.org/article-charges-and-copyright/"><u><em>Planetary Science Journal</em> page charges</u></a></li> <li><a href="https://authortools.aas.org/Quanta/newlatexwordcount.html"><u>Rough quanta estimator</u></a></li> <li><a href="https://aas.org/join/author-discounts"><u>AAS member discounts</u></a></li> <li><a href="https://journals.aas.org/waivers/"><u>AAS Publication Support Fund</u></a></li> <li><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><u>CC-BY licenses</u></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="vc_tta-panel" id="faq_contacts" data-vc-content=".vc_tta-panel-body"><div class="vc_tta-panel-heading"><h4 class="vc_tta-panel-title vc_tta-controls-icon-position-left"><a href="#faq_contacts" data-vc-accordion data-vc-container=".vc_tta-container"><span class="vc_tta-title-text">If I have additional questions about the AAS journals transition to open access, whom should I contact?</span><i class="vc_tta-controls-icon vc_tta-controls-icon-plus"></i></a></h4></div><div class="vc_tta-panel-body"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Please send any questions to <a href="mailto:OAquestions@aas.org"><u>OAquestions@aas.org</u></a> or contact us directly:</p> <p>Ethan Vishniac, AAS Editor in Chief: <a href="mailto:ethan.vishniac@aas.org"><u>ethan.vishniac@aas.org</u></a></p> <p>Kevin Marvel, AAS Executive Officer: <a href="mailto:kevin.marvel@aas.org"><u>kevin.marvel@aas.org</u></a></p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-12 sidebar-left"> <div id="sidebar-wrapper"> <div class="widget_text sidebar"><div class="widget_text widget-content"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/author-infographic/" target="_blank"><h4 class="sidebar-title">Infographics</h4></a><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="http://journals.aas.org/author-infographic/"><img src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/sidebar-authors-600x400-1.jpg"></a> <h3> <a href="https://journals.aas.org/author-infographic/" style="color:#333333;">Our Authors Worldwide</a> </h3> <p> AAS journals publish research from around the globe. <a href="https://journals.aas.org/author-infographic/">See where our authors are located.</a> </p></div></div></div><div class="widget_text sidebar"><div class="widget_text widget-content"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/professional-and-ethical-standards-for-the-aas-journals/" target="_blank"><h4 class="sidebar-title">Policy News</h4></a><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/professional-and-ethical-standards-for-the-aas-journals"><img src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/sidebar-ethicspolicy-600x400-1.jpg"></a> <p> <a href="https://journals.aas.org/professional-and-ethical-standards-for-the-aas-journals">Read more about the AAS journals ethics policy.</a> </p></div></div></div><div class="widget_text sidebar"><div class="widget_text widget-content"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/editorial/" target="_blank"><h4 class="sidebar-title">Infographics</h4></a><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/editorial"><img src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/sidebar-editors-600x400-1.jpg"></a> <h3><a href="https://journals.aas.org/editorial" style="color:#333333;">AAS Editorial Board</a></h3> <p><a href="https://journals.aas.org/editorial"> Discover our international team of AAS journal editors.</a></p> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer_top"> <div class="container padd_none"> <div class="col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 padd_none"> <h3>About AAS Journals</h3> <div class="footer_cell"> <p>The AAS owns and operates its flagship journals, the<em> Astronomical Journal</em>, the <em>Astrophysical Journal</em>, the <em>Astrophysical Journal Letters</em>, the <em>Planetary Science Journal</em>, and the <em>Astrophysical Journal Supplements</em> through its Board of Trustees, Publications Committee, and Executive Office for the benefit of the AAS community.</p> <a href="https://journals.aas.org/news-archive" class="btn btn_share_feedback">View News Archive</a> <a href="https://journals.aas.org/pub-staff/" class="btn btn_share_feedback">Contact AAS Publishing Staff</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 padd_none"> <h3>Get in Touch</h3> <div class="footer_cell"> <ul class="getintouch_link"> <li><i class="far fa-envelope"></i> <p>Questions about your submission?</p> <a href="mailto:journals.manager@aas.org">journals.manager@aas.org</a> <p>Data-Editor Support</p> <a href="mailto:data-editors@aas.org">data-editors@aas.org</a> <p>AASTeX Support</p> <a href="mailto:aastex@aas.org">aastex@aas.org</a> </li> <li><i class="fas fa-phone"></i> <p>(202) 328-2010</p> </li> <li><i class="fas fa-map-marker-alt"></i> <p>American Astronomical Society<br> 1667 K Street NW, Suite 800<br> Washington, DC 20006 USA</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-12 padd_none hide"> <h3>Latest Tweets</h3> <div class="footer_cell"> <div class="tweets_feed"><div id="tweets-slider-sec"><div class="container-fluid2">   <div class="carousel-inner-fusionspan"> <div class="carousel-inner"><div class="item active"> <div class="row"> <div class="twit-wrp"><div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="twitter-thumb"><img class="mgimg" align="left" src="" async data-pagespeed-no-transform /></div><div class="twitter-content"> <div class="left-box"> <span class="screen_link1"> <a href="https://twitter.com/" target="_blank"> @</a> </span> <span class="twit-link1">December 31, 1969</span> </div> <div class="twit-great1"></div> <div class="col-sm-4"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="controls"><ul class="nav"><li data-target="#custom_carousel02" data-slide-to="0" class="active"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="https://twitter.com/AAS_Publishing" class="btn btn_tweet_feed"><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i>Follow AAS Publishing on Twitter</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer_bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-12 footer_b_copy"> © 2024 The American Astronomical Society </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-12 footer_b_menu"> <div class="menu-copyright-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menu-copyright-footer-menu" class="footer_link"><li id="menu-item-109" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-109"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/privacy-and-cookies/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-108" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-108"><a href="https://journals.aas.org/terms/">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-304" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-304"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://aas.org/donate/contributions">Donate</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-12 footer_b_social"> <ul class="footer_link social_links"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanAstronomicalSociety " target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/AAS_Publishing" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-astronomical-society/" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/aas_office/ " target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-instagram"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </footer>  <script> jQuery('.page-title').html(function(_, existing) { var words = existing.trim().split(' '); words[0] = '<span class="title-firstword">' + words[0] + '</span>'; words[words.length - 1] = '<span class="title-lastword">' + words[words.length - 1] + '</span>'; return words.join(' '); }); </script>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5L5HRLB" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <link rel='stylesheet' id='vc_tta_style-css' href='https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/js_composer/assets/css/js_composer_tta.min.css?ver=7.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ts_style-css' href='https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/fs-tweets-slider/css/twitter-slider.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = {"api":{"root":"https:\/\/journals.aas.org\/wp-json\/","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"},"cached":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/js_composer/assets/js/dist/js_composer_front.min.js?ver=7.6" id="wpb_composer_front_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/js_composer/assets/lib/vc_accordion/vc-accordion.min.js?ver=7.6" id="vc_accordion_script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://journals.aas.org/wp-content/plugins/js_composer/assets/lib/vc-tta-autoplay/vc-tta-autoplay.min.js?ver=7.6" id="vc_tta_autoplay_script-js"></script> <script></script> </body> </html><script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { jQuery("#myInput").on("keyup", function(e) { var myStr = jQuery(this).val().toLowerCase(); var value = jQuery.trim(myStr); //console.log("value " + value); jQuery(".vc_tta-panel").filter(function() { var result = jQuery(this).toggle(jQuery(this).text().toLowerCase().indexOf(value) > -1); var txt = jQuery('.vc_tta-panel').is(':visible') ? 'ReadMore' : 'ReadLess'; jQuery('#notfound').remove(); if(txt=="ReadLess") { jQuery('.vc_tta-panels-container').append('<h3 id="notfound">Search result not found!</h3>'); }else{ jQuery('#notfound').remove(); } //console.log("result " + txt); }); }); }); </script>