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A son of [[Heraclius II of Georgia|Heraclius II]], the penultimate [[Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti|King of Kartli and Kakheti]], he was the [[Catholicos Patriarch of Georgia]] from 1788 to 1811. After the [[Russian Empire]] annexed Georgia in 1801, Anton resisted the encroachments from the Imperial officials in the Georgian church affairs. Eventually, Anton was forced to leave Georgia for [[St. Petersburg]] in 1810 and stripped of his office in 1811. He was, thus, the last Georgian catholicos patriarch in the 19th century; the title was abolished by the Russian Empire and the [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] [[Georgian Orthodox Church]] was reduced to an [[exarchate]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. Anton spent his last years in retirement in [[Nizhny Novgorod]], where he died in 1827. He was [[canonization|canonized]] by the Georgian church in 2011. ==Early life== Anton II was born as Prince Royal (''[[batonishvili]]'') Teimuraz, so named after his paternal grandfather [[Teimuraz II of Kakheti|Teimuraz II]], [[Kingdom of Kartli (1484–1762)|King of Kartli]]. He was born of Heraclius II's third marriage to [[Darejan Dadiani]]. The young prince was educated at the royal court at [[Tbilisi]] and then at the Tbilisi Theological Seminary under the guidance of [[Anton I of Georgia|Anton I]], his relative and predecessor as Catholicos Patriarch of Georgia. In 1782, he made his monastic profession and took the name Anton.{{sfn|Psuturi|loc=[http://qim.ge/anton%20II1.html ანტონ II კათალიკოსი (1762–1828)]}} On the conclusion of the [[treaty of Georgievsk]] between Heraclius II and the Russian empress [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]] in 1783, Anton, now a [[hierodeacon]], and his brother [[Mirian, son of Heraclius II of Georgia|Mirian]] journeyed to [[St. Petersburg]] and were attached to the imperial court.{{sfn|Gvosdev|2000|p=60}} Mirian entered the Russian military service, while Anton, in the presence of the empress Catherine and her suite, was consecrated as a [[metropolitan bishop]] at a ceremony held at the church of [[Tsarskoye Selo]] in 1787. On this occasion, Catherine presented him the richly adorned [[panagia]], a [[engolpion|medallion]] depicting the [[Virgin Mary]], which would be appropriated by the Russian [[Most Holy Synod]] upon Anton II's death in 1827.{{sfn|Psuturi|loc=[http://qim.ge/anton%20II1.html ანტონ II კათალიკოსი (1762–1828)]}} ==Catholicos Patriarch== Anton's dioceses, first [[Ninotsminda Cathedral|Ninotsminda]] and then [[Alaverdi Monastery|Alaverdi]], were both located in his native [[Kingdom of Kakheti|Kakheti]], but Anton remained in Russia for a year. In 1788, his father, Heraclius II, indignant at Russia's refusal to maintain its troops in protection of Georgia as envisaged by the 1783 treaty, instructed Anton to come back to Georgia.{{sfn|Gvosdev|2000|pp=63–64}} That same year, he succeeded, at the age of 25, as the Catholicos Patriarch of Georgia on the death of Anton I. Anton's enthusiasm for religious building and patronage of education combined with his provenance added to his prestige of a religious leader. In 1791, he helped bring about the temporary reconciliation in western Georgia between his sisterly nephew King [[Solomon II of Imereti]] and his rival [[David II of Imereti|David II]].{{sfn|Psuturi|loc=[http://qim.ge/anton%20II1.html ანტონ II კათალიკოსი (1762–1828)]}} At the time when Anton became the catholicos, the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]] had been split into two separate patriarchates along the political divide, one for eastern Georgia and one for western Georgia. The leader of the latter, Maxim II, [[Catholicosate of Abkhazia|Catholicos-Patriarch of Imereti and Abkhazia]], retired to [[Kiev]] in 1795. As no successor was elected to succeed him, Anton II was left as the sole primate for the Georgian church.{{sfn|Gvosdev|2000|p=107}} ==Arrival of Russian rule== [[File:Coat of arms of Catholicos Patriarch Anton II of Georgia.PNG|thumb|Coat of arms of Anton II]] After the Russian Empire annexed Georgia in 1801 and began deporting the Georgian royal family to Russia proper, Anton came under increasing pressure from the Imperial officials. While Anton never openly retracted his loyalty to the Russian [[tsar]], the Russian administration was anxious of the patriarch's refusal to surrender any of his privileges and his zealous defense of the old Georgian church traditions and laws. His response to the Russian efforts to bring the Georgian church in line with the new regime relied on the arguments that the laws and traditional customs in Georgia were hundreds of years old, predating Russian models, and the decrees of [[Alexander I of Russia]] had confirmed the independence of the Georgian Church.{{sfn|Gvosdev|2000|pp=119, 125}} The questions were also raised about Anton's links to anti-Russian members of the royal family, such as his brothers, [[Iulon, son of Heraclius II of Georgia|Iulon]] and [[Alexander, son of Heraclius II of Georgia|Alexander]], and Iulon's son [[Leon, son of Prince Iulon of Georgia|Levan]].{{sfn|Gvosdev|2000|p=125}} As early as in January 1801, the Russian commander Ivan Lazarev demanded in a latter sent to Anton II that the Georgian clergy ceased affording to Prince Royal Iulon a royal title in church services.{{sfn|Psuturi|loc=[http://qim.ge/anton%20II1.html ანტონ II კათალიკოსი (1762–1828)]}} As external pressure mounted, Anton also had to deal with an internal division within the church. The intrigues, notably involving the [[metropolitan bishop]] [[Arsen of Tbilisi]], were a frequent matter of correspondence between Tbilisi and St. Petersburg to the point that the Russian commander in Georgia, General [[Alexander Tormasov]], rhetorically asked whether the church could be ruled by such clergy. Anton convened a church court which ruled that Arsen violated the canon by his misconduct and corruption and that he should be stripped of his office and retire to a remote convent, but the defiant bishop denied all charges and vehemently refused to leave his diocese, pending the decision in the imperial capital.{{sfn|Guruli|2010|pp=42–50}} ==Deposition== To try to convince the Catholicos-Patriarch to accommodate the imperial demands, the Russian officials mounted pressure on Anton to travel to St. Petersburg. Anton declined invitation by the lay procurator of the Russian Holy Synod, Prince Alexander N. Golitsyn, of 6 November 1809, on grounds of ill-health, but the requests became more insistent after General Tormasov received intelligence that Anton's rebel nephew Levan, with his [[Ossetians|Ossetian]] bands, was preparing to seize the catholicos. On 3 November 1810, having conducted his last service at the [[Svetitskhoveli cathedral|cathedral of Mtskheta]], Anton was escorted by the Russian military to Russia. With this, no member of the former Georgian royal family remained in any position of authority in Tbilisi.{{sfn|Gvosdev|2000|p=125}} After his arrival in St. Petersburg, Anton was unilaterally removed from his office by the [[ukaz|Imperial decree]] of 11 July 1811. The Georgian patriarchate was abolished and substituted with an exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church. To lessen the impact of the loss of independence, the Russian government appointed as the first exarch a Georgian, Varlaam Eristavi, who was relieved of his duties in 1817 due to his delays in implementing new policies. From that year until the restoration of Georgian autocephalous church in 1917, all subsequent exarchs of Georgia were to be ethnic Russians appointed from St. Petersburg.{{sfn|Gvosdev|2000|pp=136–137}}{{sfn|Suny|1994|p=84}}{{sfn|Rayfield|2012|p=2012}} ==Life and death in Russia== Discharged from the government of spiritual matters in Georgia and prohibited from returning to his homeland, Anton was decorated with the [[Order of St. Andrew]] and offered a pension of 2,675 silver [[rouble]]s. In 1811, Anton, at his own request, was moved to [[Moscow]], but in 1812 he was evacuated to [[Tambov]] due to [[French invasion of Russia|Napoleon's occupation of Moscow]]. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1819, but chose in 1820 to move to the estate of his relative, Prince [[Georgy Gruzinsky]], a descendant of [[Vakhtang VI of Kartli]], in [[Lyskovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Lyskovo]].{{sfn|McCadden|1988|p=137}} In 1824, Anton retired to a monastery in Nizhny Novgorod, where he died in 1827, bequeathing his property to his [[Mariam, daughter of Heraclius II of Georgia|sisterly]] nephew and faithful companion, Prince Evstati Tsitsishvili.{{sfn|Psuturi|loc=[http://qim.ge/anton%20II1.html ანტონ II კათალიკოსი (1762–1828)]}} He was first interred at the Church of [[Joy of All Who Sorrow]] in Nizhny Novgorod and in 1841 reburied in the Church of the Transfiguration of the [[Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin]]. The church was demolished by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government in 1931 and the fate of Anton's grave is unknown.{{sfn|Tikhon (Zatyokin)|2011|p=30}} ==Canonization== On 11 July 2011, the Holy Synod of the Georgian Orthodox Church chaired by Catholicos Patriarch [[Ilia II of Georgia|Ilia II]] canonized Anton II as a saint and Great Martyr. His feast day was set on 21 December (3 January, [[New Style|NS]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Resolution and Decrees of the Holy Synod|url=http://patriarch.ge/eng/news/id/286#|access-date=30 March 2013|date=12 July 2011|agency=The International Charitable Foundation of The Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia}}</ref> ==Ancestry== {{ahnentafel |collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. '''Anton (Teimuraz)''' |2= 2. [[Heraclius II of Georgia]] |3= 3. [[Darejan Dadiani]] |4= 4. [[Teimuraz II of Georgia]] |5= 5. [[Tamar of Kartli]] |6= 6. Katsia-Giorgi Dadiani |7= |8= 8. [[Heraclius I of Kakheti]] |9= 9. Ana Cholokashvili |10= 10. [[Vakhtang VI of Kartli]] |11= 11. Rusudan of Kabarda |12= 12. [[Bezhan I Dadiani]] |13= 13. Tamar Gelovani |14= |15= |16= 16. [[David, son of Teimuraz I of Kakheti|David of Kakheti]] |17= 17. Elene Diasamidze |18= 18. Shermazan [[Cholokashvili]] |19= |20= 20. [[Levan of Kartli]] |21= 21. Tuta Gurieli |22= 22. Kelchiko of Kabarda |23= |24= 24. [[Giorgi IV Dadiani]] |25= 25. Sevdia Mikeladze |26= 26. [[Gelovani]] |27= |28= |29= |30= |31= }} ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} ==References== * {{cite book|last=Guruli|first=Vakhtang|script-title=ka:საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალიის გაუქმება (1811–1814)|trans-title=Abolition of Autocephaly of the Georgian Apostolic Church|year=2010|publisher=Universali|location=Tbilisi|isbn=978-9941-12-990-2|language=Georgian|url=http://sangu.ge/images/vguruli/8avtk.pdf}} * {{cite book|last=Gvosdev|first=Nikolas K.|author-link=Nikolas Gvosdev|title=Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia, 1760–1819|year=2000|publisher=Palgrave|location=New York|isbn=0-312-22990-9}} * {{cite book|last=McCadden|first=Joseph D.|title=The Modern Encyclopedia of Religions in Russia and the Soviet Union, Volume 2|year=1988|publisher=Academic International Press|location=Gulf Breeze, Fa.|isbn=0-87569-106-4|pages=135–137|editor=Steeves, Paul D.|chapter=Anton II}} *{{cite web|last=Psuturi|first=Natia|script-title=ka:ანტონ II კათალიკოსი (1762–1828) |trans-title=Catholicos Anton II (1762–1828)|url=http://qim.ge/anton%20II1.html|work=ქართველი ისტორიული მოღვაწენი (Georgian historical figures)|publisher=National Center of Manuscripts|access-date=30 March 2012|language=Georgian}} *{{cite book|last=Rayfield|first=Donald|author-link=Donald Rayfield|title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia|year=2012|publisher=Reaktion Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-78023-030-6}} *{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|author-link=Ronald Grigor Suny|title=The Making of the Georgian Nation|year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=0-253-20915-3|edition=2nd}} *{{cite journal|last=Tikhon (Zatyokin)|first=Archimandrite|script-title=ru:Католикос-Патриарх Грузии Антоний II|journal=Nizhegorodskaya Starina|year=2011|volume=29–30|pages=18–31|url=http://www.pecherskiy.nne.ru/upload/magazine/Starina29-30.pdf|access-date=30 March 2013|trans-title=Catholicos Patriarch Anton II of Georgia|language=Russian|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231600/http://www.pecherskiy.nne.ru/upload/magazine/Starina29-30.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{s-start}} {{s-rel|eo}} {{succession box | before=[[Anton I of Georgia|Anton I]]| title=[[Catholicos Patriarch of Georgia]]| years=1788&ndash;1811| after=Office abolished by the Russian Empire }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anton II}} [[Category:1762 births]] [[Category:1827 deaths]] [[Category:Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti]] [[Category:Georgian princes]] [[Category:18th-century people from Georgia (country)]] [[Category:19th-century people from Georgia (country)]] [[Category:Catholicoses and Patriarchs of Georgia (country)]] [[Category:Georgian royal saints]] [[Category:Christian saints from Georgia (country)]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span 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