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</div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> 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hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12&action=edit" title="编辑该页面"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E7%25BB%25B4%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%25B4%25A0B12%26action%3Dedit"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E7%25BB%25B4%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%25B4%25A0B12%26action%3Dedit"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187706" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">←<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12" title="维生素B12">维生素B12</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>根据以下的原因，您并无权限去编辑该页面： </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <table id="mw-blocked-text" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,rgba(0,0,0,0.4)); border-radius: 3px; width:100%; margin:0 auto 6px auto; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin: 1.3em 0 1.3em 0;"><div style="font-size:1.6em; color:var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1));"><b>您現在使用的IP地址目前不能編輯維基百科</b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; padding: 0 2em; border-radius: 3px;"><b>您可以瀏覽頁面</b>，但不能編輯或建立頁面</div></div> </div> <div style="margin:auto; width:70%;"> <div style="text-align:justify;"> <p>目前，IP地址區段「<u>8.222.0.0/16</u>」已被‪Jimmy-abot‬<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLOCK">封禁</a></b>，而您所使用的IP地址正位於被封禁的範圍內。該IP地址區段被封禁的 </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666) solid; border-radius: 3px;" id="mw-blocked-text-reason"> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">封禁理由：</div> <div style="color: var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1)); margin:0.5em 1em"> <table class="user-block" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banned_proxys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/50px-Banned_proxys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/75px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/100px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>您正在使用的<a href="/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="IP位址">IP地址</a>被判定用于代理工具，因此这一IP已经被封禁。 <p>为防止破坏，<b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/No_open_proxies/zh" class="extiw" title="m:No open proxies/zh">维基媒体基金会禁止使用部分代理工具来编辑维基百科</a></b>。 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <p><b>为什么？</b> </p><p>您当前访问维基百科使用的IP被我们判定为代理（包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="突破网络审查">突破网络审查</a>）工具所使用的IP。因代理工具可以隐藏用户的真实IP，使破坏者可以以人工或程序对维基百科进行破坏，故禁止使用公共代理工具进行编辑。 </p><p><b>怎么办？</b> </p> <ul><li>直接访问维基百科，不经过代理服务。</li> <li>如果您在中国大陆而必须使用代理服务器，或是有特殊需要，请您 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked proxy"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用网站</span></a></span> 或者 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用电邮</span></a></span> 申请IP封禁豁免。带有此权限的用户可以使用被封禁的代理编辑维基百科。</li> <li>如果您相信自己并未运行或使用代理，那很可能是因为上一个从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>分配到此IP地址的用户运行了代理。那么请在您的<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:讨论页">讨论页</a>使用{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>}}模板申请解除封禁。极少数情况下，您的网络设备或服务提供商可能未进行正确配置，或已被恶意软件（如病毒）入侵。</li> <li>您如果无法自行解决问题，可至<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" title="Wikipedia:IRC聊天频道">IRC聊天频道</a>寻求其他编者的帮助。</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> 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<p>您目前的IP地址是8.222.208.146，而該封鎖ID是#566341。請您在所有申訴中註明此IP地址及封鎖ID。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="height: 2em;"></div> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>您的IP地址属于已<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">在所有维基媒体基金会维基受到封禁</a>的地址段。</b> <p>封禁执行者是<a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a>。封禁原因是<i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>。 </p> <ul><li>封禁开始时间：2023年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li> <li>封禁期满时间：2028年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li></ul> <p>您当前的IP地址是8.222.208.146。封禁的地址段是8.222.128.0/17。 </p> 请在进行咨询时提供上面所有详情。如果您认为您受到错误封禁，您可以在<a 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zh-hk:維他命B<sub>12</sub>; |2=zh-hans:提纯; zh-tw:純化; zh-hk:提純; }} {{Drugbox |IUPAC_name = α-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cobamidcyanide |image = Cobalamin skeletal.svg |width = 260 |image2 = Cyanocobalamin-3D-sticks.png | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} |CAS_number = 68-19-9 |ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |ChemSpiderID = 10469504 |ATC_prefix = B03 |ATC_suffix = BA01 |ATC_supplemental = |PubChem = 5479203 |DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|changed|??}} |DrugBank = APRD00326 |DrugBank2_Ref = {{drugbankcite|changed|drugbank}} |DrugBank2 = DB00115 | SMILES = CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C=N2)C3C(C(C(O3)CO)OP(=O)([O-])OC(C)CNC(=O)CCC4(C(C5C6(C(C(C(=C(C7=NC(=CC8=NC(=C(C4=N5)C)C(C8(C)C)CCC(=O)N)C(C7(C)CC(=O)N)CCC(=O)N)C)[N-]6)CCC(=O)N)(C)CC(=O)N)C)CC(=O)N)C)O.[C-]#N.[Co+3] | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C62H90N13O14P.CN.Co/c1-29-20-39-40(21-30(29)2)75(28-70-39)57-52(84)53(41(27-76)87-57)89-90(85,86)88-31(3)26-69-49(83)18-19-59(8)37(22-46(66)80)56-62(11)61(10,25-48(68)82)36(14-17-45(65)79)51(74-62)33(5)55-60(9,24-47(67)81)34(12-15-43(63)77)38(71-55)23-42-58(6,7)35(13-16-44(64)78)50(72–42)32(4)54(59)73–56;1–2;/h20-21,23,28,31,34-37,41,52-53,56-57,76,84H,12-19,22,24-27H2,1-11H3,(H15,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86);;/q;;+2/p-2/t31?,34-,35-,36-,37+,41-,52-,53-,56-,57+,59-,60+,61+,62+;;/m1../s1 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = RMRCNWBMXRMIRW-WYVZQNDMSA-L | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D00166 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 2110563 |C = 63 |H = 88 |Co = 1 |N = 14 |O = 14 |P = 1 |molecular_weight = 1355.37 g/mol |bioavailability = readily absorbed in distal half of the ileum |protein_bound = Very high to specific {{tsl|en|transcobalamins|}} plasma proteins<br>Binding of [[羥鈷胺|hydroxocobalamin]] is slightly higher than cyanocobalamin. |metabolism = [[肝]] |elimination_half-life = 约6天（在肝脏中为400天） |excretion = [[腎]] |pregnancy_AU =  |pregnancy_US =  |pregnancy_category = |legal_AU =  |legal_UK = POM |legal_US =  |legal_status = |routes_of_administration = 口服、[[靜脈注射]] }} '''維生素B<sub>12</sub>'''（Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>）为[[B族维生素|B族維生素]]之一，是一类含[[钴]]的复杂有机化合物。其分子结构是以钴离子为中心的[[咕啉]]环和5,6-二甲基苯并咪唑为碱基组成的核苷酸。化学式為C<sub>63</sub>H<sub>88</sub>O<sub>14</sub>N<sub>14</sub>PCo，分子量為1355.37&nbsp;g/mol。 == 概念 == 维生素B<sub>12</sub>一词有两种不同含义。一是广义上指一组含[[钴]]化合物即'''钴胺素'''（cobalamins）：氰钴胺（cyanocobalamin，经[[氰化物]][[提纯]]而成的人工成品）、[[羟钴胺]]（hydroxocobalamin，即维生素B<sub>12α</sub>）及维生素B<sub>12</sub>的两种[[辅酶]]形式，甲钴胺（methylcobalamin, MeB<sub>12</sub>）和5-脱氧腺苷钴胺素（5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin），又名腺苷钴胺（adenosylcobalamin, AdoB<sub>12</sub>）。二是更特定的含义，仅指以上各种形式中的一种即氰钴胺，是B<sub>12</sub>来自食物和营养补充的主要形式。伪-B<sub>12</sub>（Pseudo-B<sub>12</sub>）指的是在特定生物中发现的类似B<sub>12</sub>的物质，如市面上的「[[螺旋藻]]」[[營養補充劑]]等非細菌源，这些物质对人体没有B<sub>12</sub>的生物活性<ref name="Watanabe1999">{{Cite journal|last2=Katsura|first2=H.|last3=Takenaka|first3=S.|last4=Fujita|first4=T.|last5=Abe|first5=K.|last6=Tamura|first6=Y.|last7=Nakatsuka|first7=T.|last8=Nakano|first8=Y.|year=1999|title=Pseudovitamin B(12) is the predominant cobamide of an algal health food, spirulina tablets|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=47|issue=11|pages=4736–4741|doi=10.1021/jf990541b|pmid=10552882|last1=Watanabe|first1=F.}}</ref><ref name="Yamada K 1999">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1024/0300-9831.69.6.412 | last1 = Yamada | first1 = K. | last2 = Yamada | first2 = Y. | last3 = Fukuda | first3 = M. | last4 = Yamada | first4 = S. | title = Bioavailability of dried asakusanori (porphyra tenera) as a source of Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) | journal = International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition | volume = 69 | issue = 6 | pages = 412–418 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10642899}}</ref>。 == 歷史 == 1930年代，美國內科醫生卡斯爾（W.B. Castle）發現在正常人胃部可分離出一種「內因子」，但卻無法在惡性[[貧血]]病患的胃分泌物中發現，而這類惡性貧血的患者食用動物的肝臟之後，能改善病情，卡斯爾醫生便假設能預防惡性貧血的「外因子」存在於動物的肝臟當中。1934年，[[乔治·惠普尔]]、[[乔治·迈诺特]]、[[威廉·莫菲]]因为“发现贫血的肝脏治疗法”（"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"）获得[[诺贝尔生理学或医学奖]]。1948年-1949年，兩位化學家在美國分離出這個抗貧血的因子，並確定此因子為維生素B<sub>12</sub>。現時，我們知道人體靠胃的上半部來吸收維生素B12。 1956年，英国生物化学家[[多萝西·克劳福特·霍奇金|多萝西·霍奇金]]（D.C. Hodgkin）利用X射线测出了5-脱氧腺苷钴胺素的分子[[晶体结构]]。 == 全合成 == {{Main|內在因子|维生素B12全合成}} 最早的维生素B<sub>12</sub>[[全合成]]是由[[伍德沃德]]<ref>Khan,AG and Easwaran,SV (1976). "[http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/June2003/June2003p8-16.htm Woodward's Synthesis of Vitamin B-12] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/June2003/June2003p8-16.htm |date=20190613103708 }}". ''Science'' '''196''': 1410–20.</ref> 和[[阿爾伯特·艾申莫瑟]]（Albert Eschenmoser）<ref>Riether, D. and Mulzer, J. (2003). "Total Synthesis of Cobyric Acid: Historical Development and Recent Synthetic Innovations". ''Eur. J. Org. Chem.'' '''2003''' (1): 30–45. [[doi]]:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F1099-0690%28200301%292003%3A1%3C30%3A%3AAID-EJOC30%3E3.0.CO%3B2-I 10.1002/1099-0690(200301)2003:1<30::AID-EJOC30>3.0.CO;2-I].</ref> 完成的，至今仍是[[有机合成]]的经典之作。由于当时表徵技术（主要是[[核磁]]比较落后）的限制，该全合成的真实性曾受到有机化学界的怀疑。 == 工业合成 == 工业上一般采用[[丙酸桿菌屬|丙酸杆菌]]发酵的方式合成维生素B<sub>12</sub><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fang |first=Huan |last2=Kang |first2=Jie |last3=Zhang |first3=Dawei |date=2017-01-30 |title=Microbial production of vitamin B12: a review and future perspectives |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-017-0631-y |journal=Microbial Cell Factories |volume=16 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12934-017-0631-y |issn=1475-2859 |pmc=5282855 |pmid=28137297}}</ref>，此方法不会产生有毒的副产品，较为安全。通过控制发酵环境条件，可以提高产率。 == 性质 == 维生素B<sub>12</sub>是唯一含有主要[[矿物质]]的维生素。水溶性。在吸收时需要与钙结合，大部分为小肠所吸收。人体只能利用甲钴胺和腺苷钴胺，其他钴胺素要在细胞中转化为这两种形式才能被人体利用。 == 来源 == {{main|內在因子|维生素B12缺乏症}} 維生素B<sub>12</sub>源於泥土或腸道中的細菌；有些動物（亦包括實行[[生素食主義]]而胃腸健康無虞之人類）雖其大腸內各種細菌亦生成維生素B<sub>12</sub>，其自身卻無法吸收利用<ref name=Gille2015rev/>。草食性動物藉由腸胃道內的細菌發酵產生維生素B<sub>12</sub>；人類的腸道菌雖可發酵產生維生素B<sub>12</sub>，但因發酵處位於[[大腸]]，而只有[[小腸]]才能吸收，故人體無法利用這些維生素B<sub>12</sub><ref name=Gille2015rev>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gille D, Schmid A | title = Vitamin B12 in meat and dairy products | journal = Nutrition Reviews | volume = 73 | issue = 2 | pages = 106–15 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 26024497 | doi = 10.1093/nutrit/nuu011 }}</ref>，必須從動物性食品中攝取維生素B<sub>12</sub>，例如蛋類、奶類、魚類、貝類、肉類等<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bia.org.tw/style/content/CN-02a/news_detail.asp?id=25839&thelev=2&lang=1&customer_id=1135&name_id=16664|title=台灣區飲料工業同業公會|accessdate=2017-06-28|work=www.bia.org.tw}}{{Dead link|date=2018年11月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://hf.fda.gov.tw/TDRF_HUAS/Huas/NoticeContent.aspx?NOTICE_CODE=123|title=全素者及銀髮族需補充維生素B12!|accessdate=2017-03-10|publisher=衛生福利部食品藥物管理署|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312035930/http://hf.fda.gov.tw/TDRF_HUAS/Huas/NoticeContent.aspx?NOTICE_CODE=123|archive-date=2017-03-12|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。全素食者可食用標示額外添加維生素B<sub>12</sub>的食品，或人工合成的維生素B<sub>12</sub>補充劑，避免維生素B<sub>12</sub>缺乏造成惡性貧血<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />。啤酒酵母是否能製造維生素B<sub>12</sub>有待釐清，但市面上有額外添加維生素B<sub>12</sub>的啤酒酵母商品<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://foodbank.firdi.org.tw/consumer/documents/009107/0091070099.htm|title=0091070099|accessdate=2017-06-28|work=foodbank.firdi.org.tw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508005742/http://foodbank.firdi.org.tw/consumer/documents/009107/0091070099.htm|archive-date=2017-05-08|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。菇類（如洋菇、盤菌菇、蠔菇等）表面可以檢測到維生素B<sub>12</sub>，但菇肉本身的維生素B<sub>12</sub>含量很低，推測菇類的維生素B<sub>12</sub>不是自行產生，而是附著在菇類表面的細菌所製造<ref name=":0" /><ref name="MeasuringConfusion">{{cite web|last1=Norris, RD|first1=Jack|title=Measuring B12: Why the Confusion?|url=http://www.veganhealth.org/b12/meas|website=VeganHealth.org|accessdate=22 September 2016|archive-date=2018-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120194614/http://veganhealth.org/b12/meas|dead-url=no}}</ref>。海藻類（如海帶、紫菜、螺旋藻、藍綠藻等）以及黃豆發酵物食品（如味噌、納豆、天貝、豆瓣醬等）所含有的維生素B<sub>12</sub>，大多是沒有生物活性的類似物<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.tzuchiculture.org.tw/?book=9&mptao=4528#.WMGE6BJ9634|title=維生素B12：所需不多，但不能沒有|accessdate=2017-03-10|publisher=慈濟傳播人文志業基金會|language=zh|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005232751/http://web.tzuchiculture.org.tw/?book=9&mptao=4528#.WMGE6BJ9634|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562864|last=Craig|first=Winston J.|last2=Mangels|first2=Ann Reed|date=July 2009|journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association|issue=7|volume=109|pages=1266–1282|issn=1878-3570|pmid=19562864|last3=American Dietetic Association|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-date=2017-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617084822/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562864|dead-url=no}}</ref>。業者由於檢驗方法的精準度不足，無法區分真正的維生素B<sub>12</sub>和類似物，而類似物在人體內會干擾正常維生素B<sub>12</sub>的代謝<ref name=":0" />。植物性食品含維生素B<sub>12</sub>的包括[[仙人掌]]、全[[麥]]、[[糙米]]、[[海藻]]（尤以[[綠藻]]、[[螺旋藻]]、[[紫菜]]、[[海帶]]為甚，惟當中部分屬偽B<sub>12</sub>）、苜蓿芽、[[小麥草]]、[[米糠]]、[[雛菊]]、[[香菇]]、[[大豆]]與[[泡菜]]，然而長期不攝食上述食品之純素食者則有缺乏的危險；純素食者可由各種[[發酵]]豆製品與[[酵母]]衍生食物，例如[[味噌]]、[[腐乳]]、[[豆豉]]、無酵母[[啤酒]]、未經高溫油炸處理之[[臭豆腐]]等含活酵母之食品，由活酵母於食用者腸胃內代謝產生維生素B<sub>12</sub>，來避免缺乏問題<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.xuite.net/guandan99233/twblog/136331994-%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E7%B6%AD%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BDB12%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9 |title=含有維他命B12的素食食物 |access-date=2016-09-02 |archive-date=2018-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907185014/http://blog.xuite.net/guandan99233/twblog/136331994-%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E7%B6%AD%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BDB12%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xuefo.net/nr/article11/112122.html |title=嚴格素食者的好消息：關於維生素B12 |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-date=2020-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129040457/http://www.xuefo.net/nr/article11/112122.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>{{不可靠來源}}。奶蛋素食者較無缺乏問題，其可由奶類、蛋類等動物性食品獲取維生素B<sub>12</sub>。一些藥材例如[[當歸]]、[[聚合草]]亦含維生素B<sub>12</sub>。<ref>孟昭群.保肝补血活血用当归[J].家庭医学, 2006.</ref><ref>赵辅宝,石红纪,刘广志,等.聚合草喂蚕效果好[J].饲料研究, 1981(6):24-27.</ref> [[明日葉]]曾經被認為含有維生素B<sub>12</sub>，但後續研究指出係因傳統的檢測方法會驗出表面細菌所產生的維生素B<sub>12</sub>（同上述菇類的原因），最新調查顯示其本身不含維生素B<sub>12</sub><ref name="MeasuringConfusion"/>。 == 生理功能 == 辅酶B<sub>12</sub>参与的反应主要有两类：<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald and Judith Voet| year = 1995 |title= Biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0|edition= 2nd |pages= [https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0/page/675 675] |publisher= John Wiley & Sons Ltd.| isbn = 0-471-58651-X |oclc=31819701}}</ref> #碳上的氢原子与邻位碳上一个基团之间的交换，例如由[[甲基丙二酰CoA]]合成[[琥珀酰CoA]]的过程。一般认为反应是自由基机理，腺苷钴胺的Co-C键均裂后，AdCH<sub>2</sub>·夺取底物的氢原子，然后底物环化为环丙烷，再开环，从AdCH<sub>3</sub>夺去一个氢原子，形成重排产物。 #两个分子之间的甲基转移，例如下面提到的由[[同型半胱氨酸]]合成[[甲硫氨酸]]的反应。先是[[甲基四氢叶酸]]的甲基转移到钴胺素上，生成甲钴胺，然后再由甲钴胺对底物硫醇发生甲基化。在[[甲硫氨酸循环]]中，[[同半胱氨酸]]（Homocysteine）接受N<sup>5</sup>-甲基四氫葉酸的甲基转变为甲硫氨酸的反应，需要以维生素B<sub>12</sub>作为辅酶的N<sup>5</sup>-甲基四氫葉酸转甲基酶的催化。若体内维生素B<sub>12</sub>缺乏，甲硫氨酸循环就不能正常进行，後果有三方面：一、甲硫氨酸的合成受阻。二、堆积过多的同半胱氨酸会导致[[同半胱氨酸尿症]]（Homocystinuria）的出现。三、四氫葉酸的再生受到很大影响。而四氫葉酸是转运[[甲基]]的工具，嘌呤和嘧啶的合成都需要它提供甲基。结果，核酸合成障礙将导致细胞分裂的不正常，症状有巨幼红细胞性贫血（megaloblastic anemia），即恶性贫血。氰钴胺中与Co<sup>+</sup>连接的[[氰|CN]]基被5-脱氧[[腺苷]]取代生成钴胺酰胺[[辅酶]]（B<sub>12</sub>辅酶）。钴胺酰胺辅酶可增加[[叶酸]]的[[利用率]]，促进[[糖类]]、[[脂肪]]和[[蛋白质]]的[[代谢]]。 [[File:VitamineB12.png|370px|center]] 维生素B<sub>12</sub>是一个共底物参与甲基化和合成核酸和神经递质，如血清素，多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的各种细胞反应<small>(6.7)</small>。这是必要的trimonoamine神经递质的合成可增强抗抑郁的功能。细胞内浓度的维生素B<sub>12</sub>可以通过同型半胱氨酸的总血浆浓度，这可以通过使用5- methyletetrahydrofolate作为甲基供体基团的酶促反应转化为蛋氨酸<small>(8,9)</small>。因此，高半胱氨酸的血浆浓度落入如维生素B<sub>12</sub>的细胞内浓度上升。需要高半胱氨酸的生产蛋氨酸的，这是参与许多生化过程包括单胺神经递质血清素，去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的remethylation维生素B<sub>12</sub>的活性代谢物<small>(7,10)</small>。因此，在维生素B<sub>12</sub>缺乏可能干扰这些神经递质的产生和功能。 == 用法 == * [[氰钴胺]]可以口服或肌肉注射。 * [[羟钴胺]]一般只用于肌肉注射。 * [[甲钴胺]]主要用于治疗周围神经病变引起的疼痛和麻木，可以通过注射和口服两种方式给药。 * 从食物中获取：肉、蛋、奶、奶酪、肝脏、營養酵母、發酵食品 * 每天建议摄取量：2.4&nbsp;µg/天 == 适应症 == * 促进[[红血球]]的形成和再生，预防[[贫血]]；主要用于治疗[[恶性贫血]]、[[再生障碍性贫血]]，亦与[[叶酸]]合用用于治疗各种[[巨幼红细胞性贫血]]、[[抗叶酸药]]引起的贫血及脂肪泻。<ref>[http://www.pernicious-anaemia-society.org/whatispa.html Pernicious Anaemia Society - What is Pernicious Anaemia?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pernicious-anaemia-society.org/whatispa.html |date=20070702191558 }}, retrieved July 30, 2007.</ref> * 维持[[神经系统]]的正常功能；用于神经系统疾病，如[[神经炎]]、[[神经萎缩]]、抑郁症等。 * 促使[[注意力]]集中，增进[[记忆]]力与[[平衡感]]。 * 治疗[[肝脏]]疾病，如[[肝炎]]、[[肝硬化]]等。 * 促进儿童发育，增进[[食欲]]。 * 醫治[[口內炎]]。 == 不良反应 == * 可致[[过敏反应]]，甚至[[过敏性休克]]。 * 可促进[[恶性肿瘤]]生长。<ref>JAMA：叶酸和维生素B<sub>12</sub>治疗癌症会增加死亡风险 http://www.bioon.com/biology/cancer/415603.shtml {{Wayback|url=http://www.bioon.com/biology/cancer/415603.shtml |date=20130920030157 }}</ref> <ref>JMMA: Cancer Incidence and Mortality After Treatment With Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/184898 {{Wayback|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/184898 |date=20210224175607 }}</ref> * 維生素B<sub>12</sub>一經高溫加熱和遇上[[维生素C|維生素C]]就會失效。 == 参考文献 == === 引用 === {{Reflist|2}} === 来源 === {{refbegin}} * Almeida, O. P., Ford, A. H., Hirani, V., Singh, V., McCaul, K., & Flicker, L. (2014). B vitamins to enhance treatment response to antidepressants in middle-aged and older adults: results from the B-VITAGE randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 205(6), 450-457. * Biemans, E., Hart, H. E., Rutten, G. E., Renteria, V. G. C., Kooijman-Buiting, A. M., & Beulens, J. W. (2014). Cobalamin status and its relation with depression, cognition and neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using metformin. Acta diabetologica, 1-11. * Bottiglieri, T., Laundy, M., Crellin, R., Toone, B. K., Carney, M. W., & Reynolds, E. H. (2000). Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 69(2), 228-232. * Nanri, A., Eguchi, M., Kuwahara, K., Kochi, T., Kurotani, K., Ito, R., ... & Kabe, I. (2014). Macronutrient intake and depressive symptoms among Japanese male workers: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Psychiatry research, 220(1), 263-268. * Oh, R., & Brown, D. L. (2003). Vitamin B12 deficiency. American family physician, 67(5), 979. * 《生物化学》，周爱儒主编，人民卫生出版社，ISBN 978-7-117-03892-8 {{refend}} == 外部連結 == {{Commonscat|Vitamin B12}} * [http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb12.asp Vitamin B12 Fact Sheet] {{Wayback|url=http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb12.asp |date=20091125222656 }} from the United States [[National Institutes of Health]] *[https://www.doligo.net/vitamin-b12.html Vitamin B12] {{Wayback|url=https://www.doligo.net/vitamin-b12.html |date=20201225075920 }} Tiếng Việt on [https://www.doligo.net/tag/vitamin Doligo] {{Wayback|url=https://www.doligo.net/tag/vitamin |date=20201225075711 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Oh |first1=Robert C |last2=Brown |first2=David L |title=Vitamin B12 deficiency |journal=American Family Physician |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=979–86 |year=2003 |pmid=12643357 |url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=12643357}} * Vitamin B12 and Folate at [http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/vitamin-b12/tab/test Lab Tests Online] {{Wayback|url=http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/vitamin-b12/tab/test |date=20140317211612 }} *{{MeSH name|Cyanocobalamin}} {{-}} {{必需维生素}} {{Tetrapyrroles}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:维生素B12| ]] [[Category:有机钴化合物]] [[Category:輔酶]] [[Category:缺少物质图片的化学品条目]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>本页<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB" title="Wikipedia:嵌入包含">嵌入包含</a>了174个页面： </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:-" title="Template:-">Template:-</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:-&action=edit" title="Template:-">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Abbr" title="Template:Abbr">Template:Abbr</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Abbr&action=edit" title="Template:Abbr">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a 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Elements/molecular formula">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chembox_citation_link" title="Template:Chembox citation link">Template:Chembox citation link</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Chembox_citation_link&action=edit" title="Template:Chembox citation link">查看源代码</a>）（模板保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chemspidercite" title="Template:Chemspidercite">Template:Chemspidercite</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Chemspidercite&action=edit" title="Template:Chemspidercite">查看源代码</a>）（模板保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Template:Cite book</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Template:Cite book">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Template:Cite journal</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit" title="Template:Cite journal">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Template:Cite web</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Template:Cite web">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collapsible_list" title="Template:Collapsible list">Template:Collapsible list</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Collapsible_list&action=edit" title="Template:Collapsible list">查看源代码</a>）（模板保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Column-count" title="Template:Column-count">Template:Column-count</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Column-count&action=edit" title="Template:Column-count">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Commons_category" title="Template:Commons category">Template:Commons category</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category&action=edit" title="Template:Commons category">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonscat" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Commonscat">Template:Commonscat</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Commonscat&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Commonscat">查看源代码</a>）（模板保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cross" title="Template:Cross">Template:Cross</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cross&action=edit" title="Template:Cross">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dead_link" title="Template:Dead link">Template:Dead link</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dead_link&action=edit" title="Template:Dead link">查看源代码</a>）（模板保护）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Drugbankcite" title="Template:Drugbankcite">Template:Drugbankcite</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Drugbankcite&action=edit" title="Template:Drugbankcite">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Drugbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Drugbox">Template:Drugbox</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Drugbox&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Drugbox">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ebicite" title="Template:Ebicite">Template:Ebicite</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ebicite&action=edit" title="Template:Ebicite">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix" title="Template:Fix">Template:Fix</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix&action=edit" title="Template:Fix">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix/category" title="Template:Fix/category">Template:Fix/category</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix/category&action=edit" title="Template:Fix/category">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hatnote" title="Template:Hatnote">Template:Hatnote</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hatnote&action=edit" title="Template:Hatnote">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist/styles.css" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">Template:Hlist/styles.css</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:IfPNS" title="Template:IfPNS">Template:IfPNS</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IfPNS&action=edit" title="Template:IfPNS">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:If_empty" title="Template:If empty">Template:If empty</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:If_empty&action=edit" title="Template:If empty">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:If_pagename" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:If pagename">Template:If pagename</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:If_pagename&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:If pagename">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox" title="Template:Infobox">Template:Infobox</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug" title="Template:Infobox drug">Template:Infobox drug</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/chemical_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Infobox drug/chemical formula">Template:Infobox drug/chemical formula</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/chemical_formula&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Infobox drug/chemical formula">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/data_page_link" title="Template:Infobox drug/data page link">Template:Infobox drug/data page link</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/data_page_link&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/data page link">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatATC" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatATC">Template:Infobox drug/formatATC</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatATC&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatATC">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatChEBI" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatChEBI">Template:Infobox drug/formatChEBI</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatChEBI&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatChEBI">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatChEMBL" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatChEMBL">Template:Infobox drug/formatChEMBL</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatChEMBL&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatChEMBL">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatChemDBNIAID" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID">Template:Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatChemDBNIAID&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatChemSpider" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatChemSpider">Template:Infobox drug/formatChemSpider</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatChemSpider&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatChemSpider">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatCompTox" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatCompTox">Template:Infobox drug/formatCompTox</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatCompTox&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatCompTox">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatDrugBank" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatDrugBank">Template:Infobox drug/formatDrugBank</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatDrugBank&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatDrugBank">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatIUPHARBPS" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS">Template:Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatIUPHARBPS&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatJmol" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatJmol">Template:Infobox drug/formatJmol</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatJmol&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatJmol">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatKEGG" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatKEGG">Template:Infobox drug/formatKEGG</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatKEGG&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatKEGG">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatPDBligand" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatPDBligand">Template:Infobox drug/formatPDBligand</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatPDBligand&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatPDBligand">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatPubChemCID" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID">Template:Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatPubChemCID&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatPubChemSID" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID">Template:Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatPubChemSID&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/formatUNII" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatUNII">Template:Infobox drug/formatUNII</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/formatUNII&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/formatUNII">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/legal_status" title="Template:Infobox drug/legal status">Template:Infobox drug/legal status</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/legal_status&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/legal status">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/licence" title="Template:Infobox drug/licence">Template:Infobox drug/licence</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/licence&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/licence">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/maintenance_categories" title="Template:Infobox drug/maintenance categories">Template:Infobox drug/maintenance categories</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/maintenance_categories&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/maintenance categories">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/non-ref-space" title="Template:Infobox drug/non-ref-space">Template:Infobox drug/non-ref-space</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/non-ref-space&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/non-ref-space">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/pregnancy_category" title="Template:Infobox drug/pregnancy category">Template:Infobox drug/pregnancy category</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/pregnancy_category&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/pregnancy category">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_drug/title" title="Template:Infobox drug/title">Template:Infobox drug/title</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_drug/title&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox drug/title">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Internal_link_helper/en" title="Template:Internal link helper/en">Template:Internal link helper/en</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Internal_link_helper/en&action=edit" title="Template:Internal link helper/en">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Keggcite" title="Template:Keggcite">Template:Keggcite</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Keggcite&action=edit" title="Template:Keggcite">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">半保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Le" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Le">Template:Le</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Le&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Le">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Link-en" 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preview">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:If_preview/configuration" title="Module:If preview/configuration">Module:If preview/configuration</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:If_preview/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:If preview/configuration">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:If_preview/styles.css" title="Module:If preview/styles.css">Module:If preview/styles.css</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:If_preview/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:If preview/styles.css">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Ilh" title="Module:Ilh">Module:Ilh</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Ilh&action=edit" title="Module:Ilh">查看源代码</a>）（<a 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title="Module:InfoboxImage">Module:InfoboxImage</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:InfoboxImage&action=edit" title="Module:InfoboxImage">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lan" title="Module:Lan">Module:Lan</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lan&action=edit" title="Module:Lan">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lan2" title="Module:Lan2">Module:Lan2</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lan2&action=edit" title="Module:Lan2">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:List" title="Module:List">Module:List</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:List&action=edit" title="Module:List">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" 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title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/configuration" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">Module:Navbar/configuration</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/styles.css" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">Module:Navbar/styles.css</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" title="Wikipedia:保護方針">全保护</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/styles.css" 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