CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cobalt - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9ff1dbf1-ecaa-47a0-b06e-7c9fadd523ad","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cobalt","wgTitle":"Cobalt","wgCurRevisionId":1283287207,"wgRevisionId":1283287207,"wgArticleId":24580536,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles containing German-language text","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","CS1 interwiki-linked names","Articles containing Latin-language text","Use dmy dates from March 2025","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages including recorded pronunciations","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018","Chembox having GHS data","Chembox container only","Commons link from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9","Good articles","Cobalt","Chemical elements","Transition metals","Dietary minerals","Ferromagnetic materials","IARC Group 2B carcinogens","Child labour","Cobalt mining","Informal economy in Africa","Resource economics","Mining communities in Africa","Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative","Chemical elements with hexagonal close-packed structure","Native element minerals"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cobalt","wgRelevantArticleId":24580536,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q740","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/1200px-Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/800px-Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/640px-Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cobalt - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cobalt rootpage-Cobalt skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cobalt" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cobalt" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cobalt" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cobalt" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxygen_and_chalcogen_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen_and_chalcogen_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Oxygen and chalcogen compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen_and_chalcogen_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Coordination compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organometallic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organometallic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Organometallic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organometallic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Etymology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternate_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternate_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Alternate theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternate_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Extraction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Extraction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labor_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Labor conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Batteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalysts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalysts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Catalysts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalysts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pigments_and_coloring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigments_and_coloring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Pigments and coloring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigments_and_coloring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioisotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioisotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Radioisotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioisotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Magnetic materials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cobalt_deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cobalt_deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Cobalt deficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cobalt_deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Health issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cobalt</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 156 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" > 156 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%A3%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B5" title="ኮባልት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮባልት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="कोबाल्ट – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कोबाल्ट" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="كوبالت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوبالت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobol" title="Cobol – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cobol" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A4" title="Կոբաղդ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կոբաղդ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobaltu" title="Cobaltu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cobaltu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobaltu" title="Cobaltu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cobaltu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="कोबाल्ट – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कोबाल्ट" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="کوبالت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوبالت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="কোবাল্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোবাল্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="कोबाल्ट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोबाल्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kobalto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Кобалт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кобалт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B0%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B" title="གོ་བྰལ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གོ་བྰལ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kobalto" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobaltu" title="Cobaltu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cobaltu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobolt" title="Kobolt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kobolt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7" title="كوبالط – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوبالط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%84%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%B0" title="ކޮބާލްޓް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކޮބާލްޓް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_%C5%82ib%C3%A1h%C3%AD" title="Béésh łibáhí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh łibáhí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koobalt" title="Koobalt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koobalt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Κοβάλτιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοβάλτιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cobalto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kobalto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kobalto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="کبالت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کبالت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3balt" title="Cóbalt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cóbalt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2balt" title="Còbalt – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còbalt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cobalto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F" title="કોબાલ્ટ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોબાલ્ટ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кобалтион – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Кобалтион" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%B0%9C%ED%8A%B8" title="코발트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코발트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BF" title="Կոբալտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոբալտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="कोबाल्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोबाल्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kobalto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmConjambi" title="UmConjambi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmConjambi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3bolt" title="Kóbolt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kóbolt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cobalto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%98" title="קובלט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קובלט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalti" title="Kobalti – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kobalti" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕೋಬಾಲ್ಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೋಬಾಲ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კობალტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კობალტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalti" title="Kobalti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kobalti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jil" title="Jil – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Jil" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobaltum" title="Cobaltum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cobaltum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalts" title="Kobalts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kobalts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobaltas" title="Kobaltas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kobaltas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cobalto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobal%E2%80%99tu" title="Kobal’tu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kobal’tu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ridjinme" title="ridjinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ridjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cobalto" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Кобалт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кобалт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4balta" title="Kôbalta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kôbalta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="കൊബാൾട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊബാൾട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="कोबाल्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोबाल्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="كوبالت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوبالت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%AB_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Gū (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gū (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Кобалда – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кобалда" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7_(%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA)" title="ကိုဘော့ (ဒြပ်စင်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုဘော့ (ဒြပ်စင်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="कोबाल्ट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोबाल्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="कोबाल्ट – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोबाल्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="コバルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コバルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koobalt" title="Koobalt – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Koobalt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobolt" title="Kobolt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kobolt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobolt" title="Kobolt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kobolt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalte" title="Kobalte – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kobalte" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhasasa" title="Dhasasa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dhasasa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F" title="ਕੋਬਾਲਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਬਾਲਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="कोबाल्ट – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कोबाल्ट" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9" title="کوبالٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوبالٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="ကိုဘော့ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကိုဘော့" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BC" title="کوبالټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوبالټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cobalto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupaltu" title="Kupaltu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kupaltu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="कोबाल्ट – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कोबाल्ट" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobaltu" title="Cobaltu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cobaltu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobaut" title="Cobaut – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cobaut" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalti" title="Kobalti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kobalti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobbaltu" title="Cobbaltu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cobbaltu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="කොබෝල්ට් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොබෝල්ට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BD" title="ڪوبالٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪوبالٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalti" title="Kobalti – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kobalti" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%AA" title="کۆباڵت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆباڵت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Кобалт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кобалт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koboltti" title="Koboltti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koboltti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobolt" title="Kobolt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kobolt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kobalto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கோபால்ட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோபால்ட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="కోబాల్ట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కోబాల్ట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="โคบอลต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โคบอลต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Кобалт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кобалт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kobalt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кобальт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9" title="کوبالٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوبالٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="كوبالت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كوبالت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobal%27t" title="Kobal't – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kobal't" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobal" title="Cobal – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cobal" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%B7" title="鈷 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鈷" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cobalto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98" title="קאבאלט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאבאלט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Cobalt" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%B7" title="鈷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鈷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q740#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cobalt" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cobalt" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cobalt" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&oldid=1283287207" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cobalt&id=1283287207&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCobalt">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCobalt">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cobalt&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q740" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the gas with chemical formula CO, see <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cobalt (disambiguation)">Cobalt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 27 (Co)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Cobalt, 27Co</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gray cobalt chips with a small cube of cobalt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Cobalt</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkoʊbɒlt/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/En-us-cobalt.ogg\/En-us-cobalt.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-cobalt.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/En-us-cobalt.ogg/En-us-cobalt.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-cobalt.ogg" title="File:En-us-cobalt.ogg">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">Hard lustrous bluish gray metal</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Co)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>58.933194±0.000003<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-2">[2]</a></li><li>58.933±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Cobalt in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Co ↓ <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> ← cobalt → <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">27</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">group 9</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d7 4s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 15, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1768 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1495 °C, 2723 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3200 K (2927 °C, 5301 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">8.834 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">7.75 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16.06 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">377 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.81 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content; width:-webkit-fit-content; width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1790 </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>2165 </td> <td>2423 </td> <td>2755 </td> <td>3198 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +2, +3 −3,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +4,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +5<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.88 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 760.4 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1648 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3232 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#cobalt" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 125 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Low spin: 126±3 pm High spin: 150±7 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:27_(Co_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/27_%28Co_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-27_%28Co_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/27_%28Co_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-27_%28Co_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/27_%28Co_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-27_%28Co_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of cobalt</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for cobalt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/60px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/120px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div>a = 250.71 pm c = 407.00 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12.9×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">62.4 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">Ferromagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">209 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">75 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">180 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">4720 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.31 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1043 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">470–3000 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-48-4 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">from the kobelt ore, possibly named after <a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandt" title="Georg Brandt">Georg Brandt</a> (1735)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt" title="Isotopes of cobalt">Isotopes of cobalt</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_cobalt_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox cobalt isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_cobalt_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox cobalt isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[8]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">56Co </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">77.236 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Iron-56" title="Iron-56">56Fe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">57Co </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">271.811 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Iron-57" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-57">57Fe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">58Co </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">70.844 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β+ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Iron-58" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-58">58Fe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">59Co </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">60Co</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.2714 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a>100% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel-60" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-60">60Ni</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cobalt" title="Category:Cobalt">Category: Cobalt</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_cobalt" title="Template:Infobox cobalt">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_cobalt" title="Template talk:Infobox cobalt">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_cobalt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox cobalt">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Cobalt is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Co and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 27. As with <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in a chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Free_element" title="Free element">free element</a>, produced by reductive <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>, is a hard, lustrous, somewhat brittle, gray <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>. Cobalt-based blue pigments (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>) have been used since antiquity for jewelry and paints, and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass. The color was long thought to be due to the metal <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>. Miners had long used the name <a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">kobold</a> ore (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for <a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">goblin</a> ore) for some of the blue pigment-producing <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>. They were so named because they were poor in known metals and gave off poisonous <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>-containing fumes when smelted.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> In 1735, such ores were found to be reducible to a new metal (the first discovered since ancient times), which was ultimately named for the kobold. Today, some cobalt is produced specifically from one of a number of metallic-lustered ores, such as <a href="/wiki/Cobaltite" title="Cobaltite">cobaltite</a> (CoAsS). The element is more usually produced as a by-product of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and nickel mining. The <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt" title="Copperbelt">Copperbelt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> yields most of the global cobalt production. World production in 2016 was 116,000 tonnes (114,000 long tons; 128,000 short tons) (according to <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>), and the DRC alone accounted for more than 50%.<a href="#cite_note-Bochove-11">[10]</a> Cobalt is primarily used in <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">lithium-ion batteries</a>, and in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic">magnetic</a>, wear-resistant and high-strength <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>. The compounds cobalt silicate and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt(II) aluminate</a> (CoAl2O4, cobalt blue) give a distinctive deep blue color to <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnishes</a>. Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, cobalt-59. <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">Cobalt-60</a> is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_tracer" title="Radioactive tracer">radioactive tracer</a> and for the production of high-energy <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>. Cobalt is also used in the petroleum industry as a catalyst when refining crude oil. This is to purge it of sulfur, which is very polluting when burned and causes acid rain.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Cobalt is the active center of a group of <a href="/wiki/Coenzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenzymes">coenzymes</a> called <a href="/wiki/Cobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">cobalamins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a>, the best-known example of the type, is an essential <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a> for all animals. Cobalt in inorganic form is also a <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrient</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>. The name cobalt derives from a type of ore considered a nuisance by 16th century German silver miners, which in turn may have been named from a spirit or goblin held superstitiously responsible for it; this spirit is considered equitable to the <a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">kobold</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Household_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Household spirit">household spirit</a>) by some, or, categorized as a <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnome</a> (mine spirit) by others. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobalt_13g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a sample of pure cobalt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kobalt_13g.jpg/250px-Kobalt_13g.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kobalt_13g.jpg/330px-Kobalt_13g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kobalt_13g.jpg/500px-Kobalt_13g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>A block of <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolytically</a> refined cobalt (99.9% purity) cut from a large plate</figcaption></figure> Cobalt is a <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a> metal with a <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> of 8.9. The <a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperature</a> is 1,115 °C (2,039 °F)<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> and the magnetic moment is 1.6–1.7 <a href="/wiki/Bohr_magneton" title="Bohr magneton">Bohr magnetons</a> per <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Cobalt has a <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">relative permeability</a> two-thirds that of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metallic</a> cobalt occurs as two <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallographic structure">crystallographic structures</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close_packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close packed">hcp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">fcc</a>. The ideal transition temperature between the hcp and fcc structures is 450 °C (842 °F), but in practice the energy difference between them is so small that random intergrowth of the two is common.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Cobalt is a weakly reducing metal that is protected from <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivating</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> film. It is attacked by <a href="/wiki/Halogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogens">halogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. Heating in <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> produces <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Co3O4</a> which loses oxygen at 900 °C (1,650 °F) to give the <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">monoxide</a> CoO.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-19">[18]</a> The metal reacts with <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> (F2) at 520 K to give <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_fluoride" title="Cobalt(III) fluoride">CoF3</a>; with <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> (Cl2), <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> (Br2) and <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> (I2), producing equivalent binary <a href="/wiki/Halides" class="mw-redirect" title="Halides">halides</a>. It does not react with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen gas">hydrogen gas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H2</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen gas">nitrogen gas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N2</a>) even when heated, but it does react with <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> and sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> At ordinary temperatures, it reacts slowly with <a href="/wiki/Mineral_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral acids">mineral acids</a>, and very slowly with moist, but not dry, air.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Cobalt_compounds" title="Category:Cobalt compounds">Category:Cobalt compounds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalt_tool_tip_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cobalt_tool_tip_-_02.jpg/220px-Cobalt_tool_tip_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cobalt_tool_tip_-_02.jpg/330px-Cobalt_tool_tip_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cobalt_tool_tip_-_02.jpg/440px-Cobalt_tool_tip_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Cobalt tool tip</figcaption></figure> Common <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> of cobalt include +2 and +3, although compounds with oxidation states ranging from −3 to <a href="/wiki/Percobaltate" title="Percobaltate">+5</a> are also known. A common oxidation state for simple compounds is +2 (cobalt(II)). These salts form the pink-colored <a href="/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex" title="Metal aquo complex">metal aquo complex</a> [Co(H 2O) 6]2+ in water. Addition of chloride gives the intensely blue [CoCl 4]2− .<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-7">[7]</a> In a borax bead <a href="/wiki/Flame_test" title="Flame test">flame test</a>, cobalt shows deep blue in both oxidizing and reducing flames.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygen_and_chalcogen_compounds">Oxygen and chalcogen compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oxygen and chalcogen compounds">edit</a>]</div> Several <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> of cobalt are known. Green <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">cobalt(II) oxide</a> (CoO) has <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">rocksalt</a> structure. It is readily oxidized with water and oxygen to brown cobalt(III) hydroxide (Co(OH)3). At temperatures of 600–700 °C, CoO oxidizes to the blue <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">cobalt(II,III) oxide</a> (Co3O4), which has a <a href="/wiki/Spinel_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinel structure">spinel structure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-7">[7]</a> Black <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">cobalt(III) oxide</a> (Co2O3) is also known.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Cobalt oxides are <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiferromagnetic">antiferromagnetic</a> at low <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>: CoO (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9el_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Néel temperature">Néel temperature</a> 291 K) and Co3O4 (Néel temperature: 40 K), which is analogous to <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> (Fe3O4), with a mixture of +2 and +3 oxidation states.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The principal <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogenides</a> of cobalt are the black <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt(II) sulfide">cobalt(II) sulfides</a>, CoS2 (<a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> structure), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Co2S3 (<a href="/wiki/Spinel_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinel structure">spinel structure</a>), and CoS (<a href="/wiki/Nickel_arsenide" title="Nickel arsenide">nickel arsenide</a> structure).<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-7">[7]</a>: 1118  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Halides">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalt(II)-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="purple pile of power of Cobalt(II)-chloride-hexahydrate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cobalt%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/250px-Cobalt%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cobalt%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/330px-Cobalt%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cobalt%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/500px-Cobalt%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption> Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate</figcaption></figure> Four <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dihalide" class="extiw" title="wikt:dihalide">dihalides</a> of cobalt(II) are known: <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_fluoride" title="Cobalt(II) fluoride">cobalt(II) fluoride</a> (CoF2, pink), <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_chloride" title="Cobalt(II) chloride">cobalt(II) chloride</a> (CoCl2, blue), <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_bromide" title="Cobalt(II) bromide">cobalt(II) bromide</a> (CoBr2, green), <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_iodide" title="Cobalt(II) iodide">cobalt(II) iodide</a> (CoI2, blue-black). These halides exist in anhydrous and hydrated forms. Whereas the anhydrous dichloride is blue, the hydrate is red.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood2-24">[23]</a> The reduction potential for the reaction Co3+ + e− → Co2+ is +1.92 V, beyond that for <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> to chloride, +1.36 V. Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_chloride" title="Cobalt(III) chloride">cobalt(III) chloride</a> would spontaneously reduce to cobalt(II) chloride and chlorine. Because the reduction potential for fluorine to fluoride is so high, +2.87 V, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_fluoride" title="Cobalt(III) fluoride">cobalt(III) fluoride</a> is one of the few simple stable cobalt(III) compounds. Cobalt(III) fluoride, which is used in some fluorination reactions, reacts vigorously with water.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-19">[18]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordination_compounds">Coordination compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coordination compounds">edit</a>]</div> The inventory of complexes is very large. Starting with higher oxidation states, complexes of Co(IV) and Co(V) are rare. Examples are found in <a href="/wiki/Caesium_hexafluorocobaltate(IV)" title="Caesium hexafluorocobaltate(IV)">caesium hexafluorocobaltate(IV)</a> (Cs2CoF6) and potassium <a href="/wiki/Percobaltate" title="Percobaltate">percobaltate</a> (K3CoO4).<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-19">[18]</a> Cobalt(III) forms a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complexes</a> with ammonia and amines, which are called <a href="/wiki/Ammine_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammine complex">ammine complexes</a>. Examples include <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />[Co(NH3)6]3+, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />[Co(NH3)5Cl]2+ (<a href="/wiki/Chloropentamminecobalt_chloride" title="Chloropentamminecobalt chloride">chloropentamminecobalt(III)</a>), and cis- and trans-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />[Co(NH3)4Cl2]+. The corresponding <a href="/wiki/Ethylenediamine" title="Ethylenediamine">ethylenediamine</a> complexes are also well known. Analogues are known where the halides are replaced by <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a>, etc. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a> worked extensively on these complexes in his Nobel-prize winning work.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The robustness of these complexes is demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Optical_resolution" title="Optical resolution">optical resolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)">tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)</a> ([Co(en) 3]3+ ).<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Cobalt(II) forms a wide variety of complexes, but mainly with weakly basic ligands. The pink-colored cation <a href="/wiki/Hexaaquocobalt(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexaaquocobalt(II)">hexaaquocobalt(II)</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />[Co(H2O)6]2+ is found in several routine cobalt salts such as the nitrate and sulfate. Upon addition of excess chloride, solutions of the <a href="/wiki/Hexaaquo_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexaaquo complex">hexaaquo complex</a> converts to the deep blue <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />CoCl2−4, which is tetrahedral. <a href="/wiki/HSAB_theory" title="HSAB theory">Softer</a> ligands like <a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine" title="Triphenylphosphine">triphenylphosphine</a> form complexes with Co(II) and Co(I), examples being bis- and tris(triphenylphosphine)cobalt(I) chloride, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />CoCl2(PPh3)2 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />CoCl(PPh3)3. These Co(I) and Co(II) complexes represent a link to the organometallic complexes described below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organometallic_compounds">Organometallic compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organometallic compounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tetrakis%281-norbornyl%29cobalt%28IV%29.png/250px-Tetrakis%281-norbornyl%29cobalt%28IV%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tetrakis%281-norbornyl%29cobalt%28IV%29.png/330px-Tetrakis%281-norbornyl%29cobalt%28IV%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tetrakis%281-norbornyl%29cobalt%28IV%29.png/500px-Tetrakis%281-norbornyl%29cobalt%28IV%29.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Structure of tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organocobalt_chemistry" title="Organocobalt chemistry">Organocobalt chemistry</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cobaltocene" title="Cobaltocene">Cobaltocene</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">structural analog</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a>, with cobalt in place of iron. Cobaltocene is much more sensitive to oxidation than ferrocene.<a href="#cite_note-house2008-27">[26]</a> Cobalt carbonyl (<a href="/wiki/Dicobalt_octacarbonyl" title="Dicobalt octacarbonyl">Co2(CO)8</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carbonylation" title="Carbonylation">carbonylation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrosilylation" title="Hydrosilylation">hydrosilylation</a> reactions.<a href="#cite_note-starks&liotta&halpern1994-28">[27]</a> Vitamin B12 (see <a href="/wiki/Bush_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush sickness">below</a>) is an organometallic compound found in nature and is the only <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a> that contains a metal atom.<a href="#cite_note-sigel&sigel&sigel2010-29">[28]</a> An example of an alkylcobalt complex in the otherwise uncommon +4 oxidation state of cobalt is the homoleptic complex <a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV)" title="Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV)">tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV)</a> (Co(1-norb)4), a transition metal-alkyl complex that is notable for its resistance to <a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydride_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydride elimination">β-hydrogen elimination</a>,<a href="#cite_note-byrne&richeson&theopold1986-30">[29]</a> in accord with <a href="/wiki/Bredt%27s_rule" title="Bredt's rule">Bredt's rule</a>. The cobalt(III) and cobalt(V) complexes [Li(THF) 4]+ [Co(1-norb) 4]− and [Co(1-norb) 4]+ [BF 4]− are also known.<a href="#cite_note-byrne&theopold1987-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt" title="Isotopes of cobalt">Isotopes of cobalt</a></div> 59Co is the only stable cobalt <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> and the only <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> that exists naturally on Earth. Twenty-two <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have been characterized: the most stable, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">60Co</a>, has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 5.2714 years; 57Co has a half-life of 271.8 days; 56Co has a half-life of 77.27 days; and 58Co has a half-life of 70.86 days. All the other <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> isotopes of cobalt have half-lives shorter than 18 hours, and in most cases shorter than 1 second. This element also has 4 <a href="/wiki/Meta_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta state">meta states</a>, all of which have half-lives shorter than 15 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-32">[31]</a> The isotopes of cobalt range in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a> from 50 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">u</a> (50Co) to 73 u (73Co). The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> for isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of the only stable isotope, 59Co, is <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> and the primary mode of decay in isotopes with atomic mass greater than 59 atomic mass units is <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>. The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay products</a> below 59Co are element 26 (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>) isotopes; above that the decay products are element 28 (nickel) isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gnome#Cobalt_ore" title="Gnome">Gnome § Cobalt ore</a></div> Many different stories about the origin of the word "cobalt" have been proposed. In one version the element cobalt was named after "kobelt", the name which 16th century German silver miners had given to a nuisance type of ore which occurred that was corrosive and issued poisonous gas.<a href="#cite_note-ball2001-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobalt-34">[33]</a> Although such ores had been used for blue pigmentation since antiquity, the Germans at that time did not have the technology to <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelt</a> the ore into metal (cf. <a href="#History">§ History</a> below).<a href="#cite_note-wothers2019-35">[34]</a> The authority on such kobelt ore (Latinized as cobaltum or cadmia<a href="#cite_note-agricola1546-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-agricola-tr-hoover1912-37">[36]</a>) at the time was <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ball2001-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-wothers2019-35">[34]</a> He was also the oft-quoted authority on the mine spirits called "kobel" (Latinized as cobalus or pl. cobali) in a separate work.<a href="#cite_note-agricola1614-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-agricola1657-gloss-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Agricola did not make a connection between the similarly named ore and spirit. However, a causal connection (ore blamed on "kobel") was made by a contemporary,<a href="#cite_note-mathesius1562-42">[41]</a> and a word origin connection (word "formed" from cobalus) made by a late 18th century writer.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Later, Grimms' dictionary (1868) noted the kobalt/kobelt ore was blamed on the mountain spirit (<a href="/wiki/Berggeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Berggeist">Bergmännchen</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berggeist" class="extiw" title="de:Berggeist">de</a>]<a href="#cite_note-44">[b]</a>) which was also held responsible for "stealing the silver and putting out an ore that caused poor mining atmosphere (Wetter<a href="#cite_note-NewGermDictEnglishmann-Wetter-45">[43]</a>) and other health hazards".<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobalt-34">[33]</a> Grimms' dictionary entries equated the word "kobel" with "kobold", and listed it as a mere variant <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> but the latter is defined in it as a <a href="/wiki/Household_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Household spirit">household spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobold-46">[44]</a> Whereas some of the more recent commentators prefer to characterize the ore's namesake kobelt (recté kobel) as a <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The early 20th century Oxford English Dictionary (1st edition, 1908) had upheld Grimm's etymology.<a href="#cite_note-52">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-cobalt-53">[50]</a> However, by around the same time in Germany, the alternate etymology not endorsed by Grimm (kob/kof "house, chamber" + walt "power, ruler") was being proposed as more convincing.<a href="#cite_note-mueller-fraureuth1906-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-glasenapp1911-55">[52]</a> Somewhat later, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kretschmer" title="Paul Kretschmer">Paul Kretschmer</a> (1928) explained that while this "house ruler" etymology was the proper one that backed the original meaning of kobold as household spirit, a corruption later occurred introducing the idea of "mine demon" to it.<a href="#cite_note-kretschmer1928-56">[53]</a> The present edition of the <a href="/wiki/Etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch_der_deutschen_Sprache" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache">Etymologisches Wörterbuch</a> (25th ed., 2012) under "kobold" lists the latter, not Grimm's etymology, but still persists, under its entry for "kobalt", that while the cobalt ore may have got its name from "a type of mine spirit/demon" (daemon metallicus) while stating that this is "apparently" the kobold.<a href="#cite_note-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-kobalt-57">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Mellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph William Mellor">Joseph William Mellor</a> (1935) also stated that cobalt may derive from kobalos (κόβαλος), though other theories had been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-mellor1935-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternate_theories">Alternate theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alternate theories">edit</a>]</div> Several alternative etymologies that have been suggested, which may not involve a spirit (kobel or kobold) at all. Karl Müller-Fraureuth conjectured that kobelt derived from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/K%C3%BCbel" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kübel">Kübel</a>, a bucket used in mining, frequently mentioned by Agricola,<a href="#cite_note-mueller-fraureuth1906-54">[51]</a> namely the kobel/köbel (Latinized as modulus).<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Another theory given by the Etymologisches Wörterbuch derives the term from kōbathium<a href="#cite_note-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-kobalt-57">[54]</a> or rather cobathia (κωβάθια, "arsenic sulfide"<a href="#cite_note-Liddell&Scott-kobalos-60">[57]</a>) which occurs as noxious fumes.<a href="#cite_note-wothers2019-35">[34]</a> An etymology from Slavonic kowalti was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Emanuel_Merck" title="Heinrich Emanuel Merck">Emanuel Merck</a> (1902).<a href="#cite_note-merck1902-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-mellor1935-58">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_William_Skeat" title="Walter William Skeat">W. W. Skeat</a> and J. Berendes construed κόβαλος as "parasite", i.e. as an ore parasitic to <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mellor1935-58">[55]</a> but this explanation is faulted for its anachronism since nickel was not discovered until 1751.<a href="#cite_note-taylor1977-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_blue_and_white_ware_circa_1335_Jingdezhen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="cobalt blue Chinese porcelain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Early_blue_and_white_ware_circa_1335_Jingdezhen.jpg/250px-Early_blue_and_white_ware_circa_1335_Jingdezhen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Early_blue_and_white_ware_circa_1335_Jingdezhen.jpg/330px-Early_blue_and_white_ware_circa_1335_Jingdezhen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Early_blue_and_white_ware_circa_1335_Jingdezhen.jpg/500px-Early_blue_and_white_ware_circa_1335_Jingdezhen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="2735" /></a><figcaption>Early Chinese blue and white porcelain, manufactured <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1335</figcaption></figure> Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glazes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics (art)">ceramics</a>. Cobalt has been detected in Egyptian sculpture, Persian jewelry from the third millennium BC, in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, destroyed in 79 AD, and in China, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907 AD) and the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644 AD).<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Cobalt has been used to color glass since the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun shipwreck</a> yielded an ingot of blue glass, cast during the 14th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Pulak-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-henderson2000-66">[63]</a> Blue glass from Egypt was either colored with copper, iron, or cobalt. The oldest cobalt-colored glass is from the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt">eighteenth dynasty of Egypt</a> (1550–1292 BC). The source for the cobalt the Egyptians used is not known.<a href="#cite_note-rehren2003-67">[64]</a> The word cobalt is derived from the 16th century German "kobelt", a type of ore, as aforementioned. The first attempts to smelt those ores for copper or silver failed, yielding simply powder (cobalt(II) oxide) instead. Because the primary ores of cobalt always contain arsenic, smelting the ore oxidized the arsenic into the highly toxic and volatile <a href="/wiki/Arsenic(III)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic(III) oxide">arsenic oxide</a>, adding to the notoriety of the ore.<a href="#cite_note-met1863-68">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a> all referred to such silicates as "cobalt".<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandt" title="Georg Brandt">Georg Brandt</a> (1694–1768) is credited with discovering cobalt <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1735, showing it to be a previously unknown element, distinct from bismuth and other traditional metals. Brandt called it a new "semi-metal",<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang2006-71">[68]</a> naming it for the mineral from which he had extracted it.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a>: 153  He showed that compounds of cobalt metal were the source of the blue color in glass, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt. Cobalt became the first metal to be discovered since the pre-historical period. All previously known metals (iron, copper, silver, gold, zinc, mercury, tin, lead and bismuth) had no recorded discoverers.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-73">[70]</a> During the 19th century, a significant part of the world's production of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a> (a pigment made with cobalt compounds and alumina) and <a href="/wiki/Smalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Smalt">smalt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt_glass" title="Cobalt glass">cobalt glass</a> powdered for use for pigment purposes in ceramics and painting) was carried out at the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Blaafarvev%C3%A6rket" title="Blaafarveværket">Blaafarveværket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> The first mines for the production of smalt in the 16th century were located in Norway, Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and Hungary. With the discovery of cobalt ore in <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> in 1864, the mining of cobalt in Europe declined. With the discovery of ore deposits in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, in 1904 and the discovery of even larger deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/DR_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="DR Congo">Congo</a> in 1914, mining operations shifted again.<a href="#cite_note-met1863-68">[65]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Shaba_II" title="Shaba II">Shaba conflict</a> started in 1978, the copper mines of Katanga Province nearly stopped production.<a href="#cite_note-USGSnonfuel-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-glres-77">[74]</a> The impact on the world cobalt economy from this conflict was smaller than expected: cobalt is a rare metal, the pigment is highly toxic, and the industry had already established effective ways for recycling cobalt materials. In some cases, industry was able to change to cobalt-free alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-USGSnonfuel-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-glres-77">[74]</a> In 1938, <a href="/wiki/John_Livingood" class="mw-redirect" title="John Livingood">John Livingood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> discovered the radioisotope <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">cobalt-60</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> This isotope was famously used at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in the 1950s to establish <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">parity</a> violation in radioactive <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> After World War II, the US wanted to guarantee the supply of cobalt ore for military uses (as the Germans had been doing) and prospected for cobalt within the US. High purity cobalt was highly sought after for its use in jet engines and gas turbines.<a href="#cite_note-roberts2023-81">[78]</a> An adequate supply of the ore was found in Idaho near <a href="/wiki/Blackbird_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbird Mine">Blackbird canyon</a>. Calera Mining Company started production at the site.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Cobalt demand has further accelerated in the 21st century as an essential constituent of materials used in rechargeable batteries, superalloys, and catalysts.<a href="#cite_note-roberts2023-81">[78]</a> It has been argued that cobalt will be one of the main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on renewable energy and dependent on batteries, but this perspective has also been criticised for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> The stable form of cobalt is produced in <a href="/wiki/Supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernovae">supernovae</a> through the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> It comprises <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">0.0029% of the Earth's crust</a>. Except as recently delivered in meteoric iron, free cobalt (the <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native metal</a>) is not found on Earth's surface because of its tendency to react with oxygen in the atmosphere. Small amounts of cobalt compounds are found in most rocks, soils, plants, and animals.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> In the ocean cobalt typically reacts with chlorine. In nature, cobalt is frequently associated with <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>. Both are characteristic components of <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a>, though cobalt is much less abundant in iron meteorites than nickel. As with nickel, cobalt in meteoric iron <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> may have been well enough protected from oxygen and moisture to remain as the free (but alloyed) metal.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> Cobalt in compound form occurs in copper and nickel minerals. It is the major metallic component that combines with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and arsenic in the sulfidic <a href="/wiki/Cobaltite" title="Cobaltite">cobaltite</a> (CoAsS), <a href="/wiki/Safflorite" title="Safflorite">safflorite</a> (CoAs2), <a href="/wiki/Glaucodot" title="Glaucodot">glaucodot</a> ((Co,Fe)AsS), and <a href="/wiki/Skutterudite" title="Skutterudite">skutterudite</a> (CoAs3) minerals.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-19">[18]</a> The mineral <a href="/wiki/Cattierite" title="Cattierite">cattierite</a> is similar to <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> and occurs together with <a href="/wiki/Vaesite" title="Vaesite">vaesite</a> in the copper deposits of <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kerr1945-87">[84]</a> When it reaches the atmosphere, <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> occurs; the sulfide minerals oxidize and form pink <a href="/wiki/Erythrite" title="Erythrite">erythrite</a> ("cobalt glance": <a href="/wiki/Erythrite" title="Erythrite">Co3(AsO4)2·8H2O</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Spherocobaltite" title="Spherocobaltite">spherocobaltite</a> (CoCO3).<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Cobalt is also a constituent of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TalhoutSchulz2011-90">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco plant">tobacco plant</a> readily absorbs and accumulates <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> like cobalt from the surrounding soil in its leaves. These are subsequently inhaled during <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pourkhabbaz2012-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalt_OreUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="cobolt ore specimen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cobalt_OreUSGOV.jpg/170px-Cobalt_OreUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cobalt_OreUSGOV.jpg/255px-Cobalt_OreUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Cobalt_OreUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Cobalt ore</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:5px"> <caption>Cobalt mine production (2022) and reserves in tonnes according to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a><a href="#cite_note-minerals.usgs.gov-92">[89]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Production </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Reserves </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a> </td> <td>130,000 </td> <td>4,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>600,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>8,900 </td> <td>250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>5,900 </td> <td>1,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>3,900 </td> <td>220,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/60px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>3,800 </td> <td>500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>3,800 </td> <td>260,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/40px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/60px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>47,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>2,700 </td> <td>36,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/40px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/60px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td>2,300 </td> <td>13,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>2,200 </td> <td>140,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>800 </td> <td>69,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other countries </td> <td>5,200 </td> <td>610,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World total </td> <td>190,000 </td> <td>8,300,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_extraction" title="Cobalt extraction">Cobalt extraction</a></div> The main ores of cobalt are <a href="/wiki/Cobaltite" title="Cobaltite">cobaltite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythrite" title="Erythrite">erythrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glaucodot" title="Glaucodot">glaucodot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skutterudite" title="Skutterudite">skutterudite</a> (see above), but most cobalt is obtained by reducing the cobalt <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-products</a> of nickel and copper mining and <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YB2006-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-CR2008-94">[91]</a> Since cobalt is generally produced as a by-product, the supply of cobalt depends to a great extent on the economic feasibility of copper and nickel mining in a given market. Demand for cobalt was projected to grow 6% in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-ft-95">[92]</a> Primary cobalt deposits are rare, such as those occurring in <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_mineral_deposit" title="Hydrothermal mineral deposit">hydrothermal deposits</a>, associated with <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic rocks</a>, typified by the Bou-Azzer district of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. At such locations, cobalt ores are mined exclusively, albeit at a lower concentration, and thus require more downstream processing for cobalt extraction.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Several methods exist to separate cobalt from copper and nickel, depending on the concentration of cobalt and the exact composition of the used ore. One method is <a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">froth flotation</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a> bind to ore components, leading to an enrichment of cobalt ores. Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">roasting</a> converts the ores to <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt sulfate">cobalt sulfate</a>, and the copper and the iron are oxidized to the oxide. <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)" title="Leaching (metallurgy)">Leaching</a> with water extracts the sulfate together with the <a href="/wiki/Arsenate" title="Arsenate">arsenates</a>. The residues are further leached with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, yielding a solution of copper sulfate. Cobalt can also be leached from the <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> of copper smelting.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> The products of the above-mentioned processes are transformed into the cobalt oxide (Co3O4). This oxide is reduced to metal by the <a href="/wiki/Aluminothermic_reaction" title="Aluminothermic reaction">aluminothermic reaction</a> or reduction with carbon in a <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-19">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalt_-_world_production_trend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="cobolt production in 1000 of tons by year" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cobalt_-_world_production_trend.svg/270px-Cobalt_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cobalt_-_world_production_trend.svg/405px-Cobalt_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cobalt_-_world_production_trend.svg/540px-Cobalt_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>World production trend</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraction">Extraction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Extraction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_extraction" title="Cobalt extraction">Cobalt extraction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World-_Cobalt_Production,_1944*_-_DPLA_-_c1037ee27d2f7452509d5cade20dc8b9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/World-_Cobalt_Production%2C_1944%2A_-_DPLA_-_c1037ee27d2f7452509d5cade20dc8b9.jpg/250px-World-_Cobalt_Production%2C_1944%2A_-_DPLA_-_c1037ee27d2f7452509d5cade20dc8b9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/World-_Cobalt_Production%2C_1944%2A_-_DPLA_-_c1037ee27d2f7452509d5cade20dc8b9.jpg/330px-World-_Cobalt_Production%2C_1944%2A_-_DPLA_-_c1037ee27d2f7452509d5cade20dc8b9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/World-_Cobalt_Production%2C_1944%2A_-_DPLA_-_c1037ee27d2f7452509d5cade20dc8b9.jpg/500px-World-_Cobalt_Production%2C_1944%2A_-_DPLA_-_c1037ee27d2f7452509d5cade20dc8b9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6320" data-file-height="3323" /></a><figcaption>World cobalt production, 1944</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> estimates world reserves of cobalt at 7,100,000 metric tons.<a href="#cite_note-USGSJan2016-99">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) currently produces 63% of the world's cobalt. This market share may reach 73% by 2025 if planned expansions by mining producers like <a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a> Plc take place as expected. <a href="/wiki/BloombergNEF" class="mw-redirect" title="BloombergNEF">Bloomberg New Energy Finance</a> has estimated that by 2030, global demand for cobalt could be 47 times more than it was in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Democratic Republic of the Congo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artisanal_cobalt_miners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Artisanal_cobalt_miners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.jpg/250px-Artisanal_cobalt_miners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Artisanal_cobalt_miners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.jpg/330px-Artisanal_cobalt_miners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Artisanal_cobalt_miners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.jpg/500px-Artisanal_cobalt_miners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Miners collecting cobalt in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></figcaption></figure> Changes that Congo made to mining laws in 2002 attracted new investments in Congolese copper and cobalt projects.<a href="#cite_note-Glencore-101">[98]</a> In 2005, the top producer of cobalt was the copper deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a>. Formerly Shaba province, the area had almost 40% of global reserves, reported the <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mukondo_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukondo Mountain">Mukondo Mountain</a> project, operated by the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Mining_and_Exploration_Company" title="Central African Mining and Exploration Company">Central African Mining and Exploration Company</a> (CAMEC) in Katanga Province, may be the richest cobalt reserve in the world. It produced an estimated one-third of the total global cobalt production in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-IntMining200807-103">[100]</a> In July 2009, CAMEC announced a long-term agreement to deliver its entire annual <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a> of cobalt concentrate from Mukondo Mountain to Zhejiang Galico Cobalt & Nickel Materials of China.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> In 2016, Chinese ownership of cobalt production in the Congo was estimated at over 10% of global cobalt supply, forming a key input to the Chinese cobalt refining industry and granting China substantial influence over the global cobalt supply chain.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Chinese control of Congolese cobalt has raised concern in Western nations which have sought to reduce supply chain reliance upon China and have expressed concern regarding labor and human rights violations in cobalt mines in the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Glencore's <a href="/wiki/Mutanda_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutanda Mine">Mutanda Mine</a> shipped 24,500 tons of cobalt in 2016, 40% of Congo DRC's output and nearly a quarter of global production. After oversupply, Glencore closed Mutanda for two years in late 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Glencore-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Glencore's <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Mining" title="Katanga Mining">Katanga Mining</a> project is resuming as well and should produce 300,000 tons of copper and 20,000 tons of cobalt by 2019, according to Glencore.<a href="#cite_note-ft-95">[92]</a> In February 2018, global asset management firm <a href="/wiki/AllianceBernstein" title="AllianceBernstein">AllianceBernstein</a> defined the DRC as economically "the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> of the electric vehicle age", due to its cobalt resources, as essential to the <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a> that drive <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> On 9 March 2018, President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> updated the 2002 mining code, increasing royalty charges and declaring cobalt and <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a> "strategic metals".<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> The 2002 mining code was effectively updated on 4 December 2018.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> In February 2025, the DRC implemented a four-month suspension of cobalt exports, citing an oversupply of the metal amid a price decline to its lowest level in 21 years. Cobalt, a key byproduct of copper mining, is an essential material in battery technology. The DRC accounts for approximately 75 percent of the global supply. Within the country, the <a href="/wiki/China_Molybdenum_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="China Molybdenum Company">China Molybdenum Company</a> (CMOC) dominates the industry, contributing roughly 40 percent of the world's cobalt production. Over the past year, CMOC has significantly increased its output, doubling production from two of its mines in the DRC from 56,000 tonnes to 114,000 tonnes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Labor_conditions">Labor conditions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Labor conditions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conflict_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict minerals">Conflict minerals</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">Artisanal mining</a> supplied 17% to 40% of the DRC production as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-wpDRC1-113">[110]</a> Some 100,000 cobalt miners in Congo DRC use hand tools to dig hundreds of feet, with little planning and fewer safety measures, say workers and government and NGO officials, as well as <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reporters' observations on visits to isolated mines. The lack of safety precautions frequently causes injuries or death.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> Mining pollutes the vicinity and exposes local wildlife and indigenous communities to toxic metals thought to cause birth defects and breathing difficulties, according to health officials.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">Child labor</a> is used in mining cobalt from African <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">artisanal mines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wpDRC1-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> Human rights activists have highlighted this and <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">investigative journalism</a> reporting has confirmed it.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> This revelation prompted cell phone maker <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>, on 3 March 2017, to stop buying ore from suppliers such as <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_Huayou_Cobalt" title="Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt">Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt</a> who source from artisanal mines in the DRC, and begin using only suppliers that are verified to meet its workplace standards.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> In 2023, Apple announced it would convert to using recycled cobalt by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> There is a push globally by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and major car manufacturers (OEM) for global production of cobalt to be sourced and –produced sustainably, responsibly and traceability of the supply chain. Mining companies are adopting and practising <a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a> initiatives in line with <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> Guidance and putting in place evidence of zero to low carbon footprint activities in the supply chain production of <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a>. These initiatives are already taking place with major mining companies, artisanal and small-scale mining companies (ASM). Car manufacturers and battery manufacturer supply chains: Tesla, VW, BMW, BASF and Glencore are participating in several initiatives, such as the Responsible Cobalt Initiative<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> and Cobalt for Development<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> study. In 2018 BMW Group in partnership with BASF, Samsung SDI and Samsung Electronics have launched a pilot project in the DRC over one pilot mine, to improve conditions and address challenges for artisanal miners and the surrounding communities. The political and ethnic dynamics of the region have in the past caused outbreaks of violence and years of armed conflict and displaced populations. This instability affected the price of cobalt and also created perverse incentives for the combatants in the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo Wars</a> to prolong the fighting, since access to diamond mines and other valuable resources helped to finance their military goals—which frequently amounted to genocide—and also enriched the fighters themselves. While DR Congo has in the 2010s not recently been invaded by neighboring military forces, some of the richest mineral deposits adjoin areas where Tutsis and Hutus still frequently clash, unrest continues although on a smaller scale and refugees still flee outbreaks of violence.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Cobalt extracted from small Congolese artisanal mining endeavors in 2007 supplied a single Chinese company, Congo DongFang International Mining. A subsidiary of Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, one of the world's largest cobalt producers, Congo DongFang supplied cobalt to some of the world's largest battery manufacturers, who produced batteries for ubiquitous products like the Apple <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhones</a>. Because of accused labour violations and environmental concerns, <a href="/wiki/LG_Chem" title="LG Chem">LG Chem</a> subsequently audited Congo DongFang in accordance with OECD guidelines. LG Chem, which also produces battery materials for car companies, imposed a code of conduct on all suppliers that it inspects.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> In December 2019, International Rights Advocates, a human rights NGO, filed <a href="/wiki/International_Rights_Advocates_v._Apple,_Microsoft,_Dell,_Tesla" title="International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla">a landmark lawsuit</a> against Apple, <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> company <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet</a> for "knowingly benefiting from and aiding and abetting the cruel and brutal use of young children" in mining cobalt.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> The companies in question denied their involvement in <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> In 2024 the court ruled that the suppliers facilitate force labor but the US tech companies are not liable because they don't operate as a shared enterprise with the suppliers and that the "alleged injuries are not fairly traceable" to any of the defendants' conduct.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> The book Cobalt Red<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> alleges that workers including children suffer injuries, amputations, and death as the result of the hazardous working conditions and mine tunnel collapses during artisanal mining of cobalt in the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Since child and slave labor have been repeatedly reported in cobalt mining, primarily in the artisanal mines of DR Congo, technology companies seeking an ethical supply chain have faced shortages of this raw material and<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> the price of cobalt metal reached a nine-year high in October 2017, more than US$30 a pound, versus US$10 in late 2015.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> After oversupply, the price dropped to a more normal $15 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-cobaltCharts-135">[132]</a> As a reaction to the issues with artisanal cobalt mining in DR Congo a number of cobalt suppliers and their customers have formed the Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA) which aims to end the use of child labor and to improve the working conditions of cobalt mining and processing in the DR Congo. Members of FCA include <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_Huayou_Cobalt" title="Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt">Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sono_Motors_Sion" title="Sono Motors Sion">Sono Motors</a>, the Responsible Cobalt Initiative, <a href="/wiki/Fairphone" title="Fairphone">Fairphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a> and Tesla, Inc.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, some exploration companies were planning to survey old silver and cobalt mines in the area of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt,_Ontario" title="Cobalt, Ontario">Cobalt, Ontario</a>, where significant deposits are believed to lie.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> Canada's <a href="/wiki/Sherritt_International" title="Sherritt International">Sherritt International</a> processes cobalt ores in nickel deposits from the <a href="/wiki/Moa,_Cuba" title="Moa, Cuba">Moa mines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and the island has several others mines in <a href="/wiki/Mayar%C3%AD" title="Mayarí">Mayarí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Pinar del Río">Pinar del Río</a>. Continued investments by Sherritt International in Cuban nickel and cobalt production while acquiring mining rights for 17–20 years made the communist country third for cobalt reserves in 2019, before Canada itself.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> Starting from smaller amounts in 2021, Indonesia began producing cobalt as a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Nickel_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Nickel mining in Indonesia">nickel production</a>. By 2022, the country had become the world's second-largest cobalt producer, with <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_Mineral_Intelligence" title="Benchmark Mineral Intelligence">Benchmark Mineral Intelligence</a> forecasting Indonesian output to make up 20 percent of global production by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, 116,000 tonnes (128,000 short tons) of cobalt was used.<a href="#cite_note-Bochove-11">[10]</a> Cobalt has been used in the production of high-performance alloys.<a href="#cite_note-YB2006-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-CR2008-94">[91]</a> It is also used in some rechargeable batteries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alloys">Alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Alloys">edit</a>]</div> Cobalt-based <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloys</a> have historically consumed most of the cobalt produced.<a href="#cite_note-YB2006-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-CR2008-94">[91]</a> The temperature stability of these alloys makes them suitable for turbine blades for <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a> and aircraft <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a>, although nickel-based <a href="/wiki/Single-crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-crystal">single-crystal</a> alloys surpass them in performance.<a href="#cite_note-donachie2002-141">[138]</a> Cobalt-based alloys are also <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>- and wear-resistant, making them, like <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, useful for making orthopedic <a href="/wiki/Implant_(medicine)" title="Implant (medicine)">implants</a> that do not wear down over time. The development of wear-resistant cobalt alloys started in the first decade of the 20th century with the <a href="/wiki/Stellite" title="Stellite">stellite</a> alloys, containing chromium with varying quantities of tungsten and carbon. Alloys with <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">tungsten carbides</a> are very hard and wear-resistant.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Special cobalt-chromium-<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> alloys like <a href="/wiki/Vitallium" title="Vitallium">Vitallium</a> are used for <a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">prosthetic</a> parts (hip and knee replacements).<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Cobalt alloys are also used for <a href="/wiki/Dental_implant" title="Dental implant">dental</a> prosthetics as a useful substitute for nickel, which may be allergenic.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt steel">high-speed steels</a> also contain cobalt for increased heat and wear resistance. The special alloys of aluminium, nickel, cobalt and iron, known as <a href="/wiki/Alnico" title="Alnico">Alnico</a>, and of samarium and cobalt (<a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet" title="Samarium–cobalt magnet">samarium–cobalt magnet</a>) are used in <a href="/wiki/Permanent_magnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent magnets">permanent magnets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alnico-145">[142]</a> It is also alloyed with 95% <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> for jewelry, yielding an alloy suitable for fine casting, which is also slightly magnetic.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batteries">Batteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Batteries">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lithium_cobalt_oxide" title="Lithium cobalt oxide">Lithium cobalt oxide</a> (LiCoO2, aka "LCO"), first sold commercially in 1991 by Sony, was widely used in <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a> cathodes until the 2010s. The material is composed of cobalt oxide layers with the lithium <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(chemistry)" title="Intercalation (chemistry)">intercalated</a>. These LCO batteries continue to dominate the market for consumer electronics. Batteries for electric cars however have shifted to lower cobalt technologies.<a href="#cite_note-Frith-2023-147">[144]</a> In 2018 most cobalt in batteries was used in a mobile device,<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> a more recent application for cobalt is rechargeable batteries for electric cars. This industry increased five-fold in its demand for cobalt from 2016 to 2020, which made it urgent to find new raw materials in more stable areas of the world.<a href="#cite_note-cleantechnica1-149">[146]</a> Demand is expected to continue or increase as the prevalence of electric vehicles increases.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> Exploration in 2016–2017 included the area around Cobalt, Ontario, an area where many silver mines ceased operation decades ago.<a href="#cite_note-cleantechnica1-149">[146]</a> Cobalt for electric vehicles increased 81% from the first half of 2018 to 7,200 tonnes in the first half of 2019, for a battery capacity of 46.3 GWh.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> As of August 2020 battery makers have gradually reduced the cathode cobalt content from 1/3 (<a href="/wiki/Lithium_nickel_manganese_cobalt_oxides" title="Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides">NMC</a> 111) to 1/5 (NMC 442) to currently 1/10 (NMC 811) and have also introduced the cobalt free <a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">lithium iron phosphate</a> cathode into the battery packs of electric cars such as the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Research was also conducted by the European Union into the possibility of eliminating cobalt requirements in lithium-ion battery production.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> In September 2020, Tesla outlined their plans to make their own, cobalt-free battery cells.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">Nickel–cadmium</a><a href="#cite_note-armstrong&briggs&charles1988-158">[155]</a> (NiCd) and <a href="/wiki/Nickel_metal_hydride_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel metal hydride battery">nickel metal hydride</a><a href="#cite_note-zhang-etal1999-159">[156]</a> (NiMH) batteries also included cobalt to improve the oxidation of nickel in the battery.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong&briggs&charles1988-158">[155]</a> Lithium iron phosphate batteries officially surpassed ternary cobalt batteries in 2021 with 52% of installed capacity. Analysts estimate that its market share will exceed 60% in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalysts">Catalysts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Catalysts">edit</a>]</div> Several cobalt compounds are oxidation <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysts</a>. Cobalt acetate is used to convert <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Terephthalic_acid" title="Terephthalic acid">terephthalic acid</a>, the precursor of the bulk polymer <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a>. Typical catalysts are the cobalt <a href="/wiki/Carboxylate" title="Carboxylate">carboxylates</a> (known as cobalt soaps). They are also used in paints, <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnishes</a>, and inks as "drying agents" through the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Drying_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Drying oils">drying oils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-hawkins2001-162">[159]</a> However, their use is being phased out due to toxicity concerns.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> The same carboxylates are used to improve the adhesion between steel and rubber in steel-belted radial tires. In addition they are used as accelerators in <a href="/wiki/Polyester_resin" title="Polyester resin">polyester resin</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Cobalt-based catalysts are used in reactions involving <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>. Cobalt is also a catalyst in the <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> of carbon monoxide into liquid fuels.<a href="#cite_note-khodakov&chu&fongarland2007-167">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroformylation" title="Hydroformylation">Hydroformylation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a> often uses <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_octacarbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt octacarbonyl">cobalt octacarbonyl</a> as a catalyst.<a href="#cite_note-hebrard&kalck2009-168">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization" title="Hydrodesulfurization">hydrodesulfurization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> uses a catalyst derived from cobalt and molybdenum. This process helps to clean petroleum of sulfur impurities that interfere with the refining of liquid fuels.<a href="#cite_note-hawkins2001-162">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigments_and_coloring">Pigments and coloring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pigments and coloring">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol.blue.glass.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="shelf with blue glass vessels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bristol.blue.glass.arp.750pix.jpg/250px-Bristol.blue.glass.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bristol.blue.glass.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Bristol.blue.glass.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bristol.blue.glass.arp.750pix.jpg/500px-Bristol.blue.glass.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Cobalt blue glass</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalt_blue_flask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="blue glass bottle with neck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cobalt_blue_flask.jpg/250px-Cobalt_blue_flask.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cobalt_blue_flask.jpg/330px-Cobalt_blue_flask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Cobalt-colored glass</figcaption></figure> Before the 19th century, cobalt was predominantly used as a pigment. It has been used since the Middle Ages to make <a href="/wiki/Smalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Smalt">smalt</a>, a blue-colored glass. Smalt is produced by melting a mixture of roasted mineral <a href="/wiki/Smaltite" title="Smaltite">smaltite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a>, which yields a dark blue silicate glass, which is finely ground after the production.<a href="#cite_note-overman1852-169">[166]</a> Smalt was widely used to color glass and as pigment for paintings.<a href="#cite_note-muhlethaler&thissen1969-170">[167]</a> In 1780, <a href="/wiki/Sven_Rinman" title="Sven Rinman">Sven Rinman</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_green" title="Cobalt green">cobalt green</a>, and in 1802 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis Jacques Thénard</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thenard-tr-gehlen1803-171">[168]</a> Cobalt pigments such as cobalt blue (cobalt aluminate), <a href="/wiki/Cerulean" title="Cerulean">cerulean</a> blue (cobalt(II) stannate), various hues of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_green" title="Cobalt green">cobalt green</a> (a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">cobalt(II) oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a>), and cobalt violet (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt phosphate">cobalt phosphate</a>) are used as artist's pigments because of their superior chromatic stability.<a href="#cite_note-witteveen&farnauq1921-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Venetskii-173">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radioisotopes">Radioisotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Radioisotopes">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">Cobalt-60</a> (Co-60 or 60Co) is useful as a gamma-ray source because it can be produced in predictable amounts with high <a href="/wiki/Activity_(radioactivity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity (radioactivity)">activity</a> by bombarding cobalt with <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>. It produces <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 <a href="/wiki/MeV" class="mw-redirect" title="MeV">MeV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-mandeville&fulbright1943-174">[171]</a> Cobalt is used in <a href="/wiki/External_beam_radiotherapy" title="External beam radiotherapy">external beam radiotherapy</a>, sterilization of medical supplies and medical waste, radiation treatment of <a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">foods for sterilization</a> (cold <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a>),<a href="#cite_note-wilkinson&gould1998-175">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_radiography" title="Industrial radiography">industrial radiography</a> (e.g. weld integrity radiographs), density measurements (e.g. concrete density measurements), and tank fill height switches. The metal has the unfortunate property of producing a fine dust, causing problems with <a href="/wiki/Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">radiation protection</a>. Cobalt from radiotherapy machines has been a serious hazard when not discarded properly, and one of the worst radiation contamination accidents in North America occurred in 1984, when a <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez_cobalt-60_contamination_incident" title="Ciudad Juárez cobalt-60 contamination incident">discarded radiotherapy unit containing cobalt-60 was mistakenly disassembled</a> in a junkyard in Juarez, Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> Cobalt-60 has a radioactive half-life of 5.27 years. Loss of potency requires periodic replacement of the source in radiotherapy and is one reason why cobalt machines have been largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator" title="Linear particle accelerator">linear accelerators</a> in modern radiation therapy.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt" title="Isotopes of cobalt">Cobalt-57</a> (Co-57 or 57Co) is a cobalt radioisotope most often used in medical tests, as a radiolabel for vitamin B12 uptake, and for the <a href="/wiki/Schilling_test" title="Schilling test">Schilling test</a>. Cobalt-57 is used as a source in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_spectroscopy" title="Mössbauer spectroscopy">Mössbauer spectroscopy</a> and is one of several possible sources in <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> devices.<a href="#cite_note-meyer2001-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-kalnicky&singhvi2001-180">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon designs</a> could intentionally incorporate 59Co, some of which would be activated in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">nuclear explosion</a> to produce 60Co. The 60Co, dispersed as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a>, is sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt bomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-payne1977-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-puri-mirza2020-182">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_materials">Magnetic materials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Magnetic materials">edit</a>]</div> Due to the ferromagnetic properties of cobalt, it is used in the production of various magnetic materials.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> It is used in creating permanent magnets like <a href="/wiki/Alnico" title="Alnico">Alnico</a> magnets, known for their strong magnetic properties used in <a href="/wiki/Electric_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric motors">electric motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensors">sensors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> machines.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> It is also used in production of magnetic alloys like <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt steel">cobalt steel</a>, widely used in <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic recording">magnetic recording</a> media such as <a href="/wiki/Hard_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disks">hard disks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">tapes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> Cobalt's ability to maintain magnetic properties at high temperatures makes it valuable in magnetic recording applications, ensuring reliable <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage devices">data storage devices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> Cobalt also contributes to specialized magnets such as <a href="/wiki/Samarium-cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium-cobalt">samarium-cobalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neodymium_magnet" title="Neodymium magnet">neodymium-iron-boron</a> magnets, which are vital in electronics for components like <a href="/wiki/Sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensors">sensors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actuators" class="mw-redirect" title="Actuators">actuators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Cobalt is used in <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> for its attractive appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation.<a href="#cite_note-davis00-189">[186]</a></li> <li>It is also used as a base primer coat for <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</a>]</div> Cobalt is essential to the metabolism of all animals. It is a key constituent of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">cobalamin</a>, also known as vitamin B12, the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as an <a href="/wiki/Ultratrace_element" title="Ultratrace element">ultratrace element</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yamada2013-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-cracan&banerjee2013-192">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> in the stomachs of <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> animals convert cobalt salts into vitamin B12, a compound which can only be produced by bacteria or <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>. A minimal presence of cobalt in soils therefore markedly improves the health of <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> animals, and an uptake of 0.20 mg/kg a day is recommended, because they have no other source of vitamin B12.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> Proteins based on cobalamin use <a href="/wiki/Corrin" title="Corrin">corrin</a> to hold the cobalt. Coenzyme B12 features a reactive C-Co bond that participates in the reactions.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> In humans, B12 has two types of <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a>: <a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">methyl</a> and adenosyl. <a href="/wiki/Methylcobalamin" title="Methylcobalamin">MeB12</a> promotes methyl (−CH3) group transfers. The adenosyl version of B12 catalyzes rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent, X, which may be a carbon atom with substituents, an oxygen atom of an alcohol, or an amine. <a href="/wiki/Methylmalonyl_coenzyme_A_mutase" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase">Methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase</a> (MUT) converts <a href="/wiki/L-methylmalonyl-CoA" class="mw-redirect" title="L-methylmalonyl-CoA">MMl-CoA</a> to <a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">Su-CoA</a>, an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Although far less common than other <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">metalloproteins</a> (e.g. those of zinc and iron), other cobaltoproteins are known besides B12. These proteins include <a href="/wiki/METAP2" title="METAP2">methionine aminopeptidase 2</a>, an enzyme that occurs in humans and other mammals that does not use the corrin ring of B12, but binds cobalt directly. Another non-corrin cobalt enzyme is <a href="/wiki/Nitrile_hydratase" title="Nitrile hydratase">nitrile hydratase</a>, an enzyme in bacteria that metabolizes <a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">nitriles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cobalt_deficiency">Cobalt deficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cobalt deficiency">edit</a>]</div> In humans, consumption of cobalt-containing vitamin B12 meets all needs for cobalt. For cattle and sheep, which meet vitamin B12 needs via synthesis by resident bacteria in the rumen, there is a function for inorganic cobalt. In the early 20th century, during the development of farming on the <a href="/wiki/North_Island_Volcanic_Plateau" title="North Island Volcanic Plateau">North Island Volcanic Plateau</a> of New Zealand, cattle suffered from what was termed "bush sickness". It was discovered that the volcanic soils lacked the cobalt salts essential for the cattle food chain.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDoewel-198">[195]</a> The "coast disease" of sheep in the <a href="/wiki/Ninety_Mile_Desert" title="Ninety Mile Desert">Ninety Mile Desert</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Limestone_Coast" title="Limestone Coast">Southeast</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> in the 1930s was found to originate in nutritional deficiencies of trace elements cobalt and copper. The cobalt deficiency was overcome by the development of "cobalt bullets", dense pellets of cobalt oxide mixed with clay given orally for lodging in the animal's <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDoewel-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalamin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cobalamin"><img alt="chemical diagram of cobalamin molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cobalamin.svg/250px-Cobalamin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cobalamin.svg/330px-Cobalamin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="751" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">Cobalamin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_10487_Cobalt_deficient_sheep.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cobalt-deficient sheep"><img alt="two cobalt-deficient sheep facing away from camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10487_Cobalt_deficient_sheep.jpg/250px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10487_Cobalt_deficient_sheep.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10487_Cobalt_deficient_sheep.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10487_Cobalt_deficient_sheep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10487_Cobalt_deficient_sheep.jpg/500px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10487_Cobalt_deficient_sheep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="2657" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cobalt-deficient sheep</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_issues">Health issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Health issues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_poisoning" title="Cobalt poisoning">Cobalt poisoning</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Cobalt </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>:<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H302: Harmful if swallowed">H302</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction">H317</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H319: Causes serious eye irritation">H319</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms of breathing difficulties if inhaled">H334</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects">H341</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H350: May cause cancer">H350</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H360F: May damage fertility">H360F</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H412</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P312: IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.">P301+P312</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P302+P352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water.">P302+P352</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P308+P313: IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.">P308+P313</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/250px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_b27845110d7e52b0" /><map name="ImageMap_b27845110d7e52b0"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> The <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD50</a> value for soluble cobalt salts has been estimated to be between 150 and 500 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-202">[199]</a> In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has designated a <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> (PEL) in the workplace as a time-weighted average (TWA) of 0.1 mg/m3. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 0.05 mg/m3, time-weighted average. The <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (immediately dangerous to life and health) value is 20 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> However, chronic cobalt ingestion has caused serious health problems at doses far less than the lethal dose. In 1966, the addition of cobalt compounds to stabilize <a href="/wiki/Beer_foam" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer foam">beer foam</a> in Canada led to a peculiar form of toxin-induced <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">cardiomyopathy</a>, which came to be known as beer drinker's cardiomyopathy.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> Furthermore, cobalt metal is suspected of causing <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> (i.e., possibly <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/IARC_Group_2B" class="mw-redirect" title="IARC Group 2B">IARC Group 2B</a>) as per the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) Monographs.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> It causes respiratory problems when inhaled.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> It also causes skin problems when touched; after nickel and chromium, cobalt is a major cause of <a href="/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis" title="Allergic contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The thermal expansion of cobalt is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion#Coefficients" title="Thermal expansion">coefficients</a> for each crystal axis are (at 20 °C): αa = 10.9×10−6/K, αc = 17.9×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 12.9×10−6/K. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Grimm's dictionary more specifically calls it "spectral mountain manikin" (gespenstisches Bergmännchen), elsewhere ("Kobold" II) it is notes kobold also refers to Berggeist in bergmännisch (miners' lingo). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Grimm derived and kobold from Greek kobalos, as aforestated; the OED concurred that kobold, kobelt (ore), kobel (mine spirit) were the same word. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED2-cobalt" class="citation book cs1">"cobalt". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cobalt&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/cobalt.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Cobalt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Cobalt&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fcobalt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-3"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Co(–3) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Na3Co(CO)3; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8): 3167–3186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3167-%3C%2Fspan%3E3186&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenwood-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. pp. 1117–1119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1117-%3C%2Fspan%3E1119&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-9"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED2-_cobalt" class="citation book cs1">"cobalt". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cobalt&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bochove-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bochove_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bochove_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanielle_Bochove2017" class="citation news cs1">Danielle Bochove (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/11/01/rare-metal-used-in-electric-cars-causes-a-cobalt-rush-in-cobalt-ont.html">"Electric car future spurs Cobalt rush: Swelling demand for product breathes new life into small Ontario town"</a>. Vancouver Sun. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728212957/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/11/01/rare-metal-used-in-electric-cars-causes-a-cobalt-rush-in-cobalt-ont.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=Electric+car+future+spurs+Cobalt+rush%3A+Swelling+demand+for+product+breathes+new+life+into+small+Ontario+town&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.au=Danielle+Bochove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2017%2F11%2F01%2Frare-metal-used-in-electric-cars-causes-a-cobalt-rush-in-cobalt-ont.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816125621/https://www.cobaltinstitute.org/essential-cobalt-2/powering-the-green-economy/catalytic-converters/">"Catalysts"</a>. Cobalt Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cobaltinstitute.org/essential-cobalt-2/powering-the-green-economy/catalytic-converters/">the original</a> on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catalysts&rft.pub=Cobalt+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobaltinstitute.org%2Fessential-cobalt-2%2Fpowering-the-green-economy%2Fcatalytic-converters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnghag,_Per2004" class="citation book cs1">Enghag, Per (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aff7sEea39EC&pg=PA680">"Cobalt"</a>. Encyclopedia of the elements: technical data, history, processing, applications. Wiley. p. 667. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30666-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30666-4"><bdi>978-3-527-30666-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobalt&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+elements%3A+technical+data%2C+history%2C+processing%2C+applications&rft.pages=667&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30666-4&rft.au=Enghag%2C+Per&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daff7sEea39EC%26pg%3DPA680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurthy,_V._S._R2003" class="citation book cs1">Murthy, V. S. R (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fi_rnPJeTV8C&pg=PA381">"Magnetic Properties of Materials"</a>. Structure And Properties of Engineering Materials. McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-048287-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-048287-6"><bdi>978-0-07-048287-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+Properties+of+Materials&rft.btitle=Structure+And+Properties+of+Engineering+Materials&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education+%28India%29+Pvt+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-048287-6&rft.au=Murthy%2C+V.+S.+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfi_rnPJeTV8C%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCelozzi,_SalvatoreAraneo,_RodolfoLovat,_Giampiero2008" class="citation book cs1">Celozzi, Salvatore; Araneo, Rodolfo; Lovat, Giampiero (1 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opQjaSj2yIMC&pg=PA27">Electromagnetic Shielding</a>. Wiley. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-05536-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-05536-6"><bdi>978-0-470-05536-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electromagnetic+Shielding&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-470-05536-6&rft.au=Celozzi%2C+Salvatore&rft.au=Araneo%2C+Rodolfo&rft.au=Lovat%2C+Giampiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopQjaSj2yIMC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeAlsenzIgnatievVan_Hove1978" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, B.; Alsenz, R.; Ignatiev, A.; Van Hove, M.; Van Hove, M. A. (1978). "Surface structures of the two allotropic phases of cobalt". Physical Review B. 17 (4): 1510–1520. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PhRvB..17.1510L">1978PhRvB..17.1510L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.17.1510">10.1103/PhysRevB.17.1510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Surface+structures+of+the+two+allotropic+phases+of+cobalt&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1510-%3C%2Fspan%3E1520&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.17.1510&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978PhRvB..17.1510L&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Alsenz%2C+R.&rft.au=Ignatiev%2C+A.&rft.au=Van+Hove%2C+M.&rft.au=Van+Hove%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002060936/http://www.americanelements.com/co.html">"Properties and Facts for Cobalt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Elements" title="American Elements">American Elements</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanelements.com/co.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Properties+and+Facts+for+Cobalt&rft.pub=American+Elements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanelements.com%2Fco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8XVAAAAMAAJ">Cobalt</a>. Brussels: Centre d'Information du Cobalt. 1966. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cobalt&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Centre+d%27Information+du+Cobalt&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8XVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollemanAF-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_19-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolleman,_A._F.Wiberg,_E.Wiberg,_N.2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E.; Wiberg, N. (2007). "Cobalt". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102nd ed.). de Gruyter. pp. 1146–1152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017770-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017770-1"><bdi>978-3-11-017770-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobalt&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1146-%3C%2Fspan%3E1152&rft.edition=102nd&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017770-1&rft.au=Holleman%2C+A.+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+E.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHousecroftSharpe2008" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 722. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-175553-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-175553-6"><bdi>978-0-13-175553-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=722&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-13-175553-6&rft.aulast=Housecroft&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRutley2012" class="citation book cs1">Rutley, Frank (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7tfyCAAAQBAJ">Rutley's Elements of Mineralogy</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-011-9769-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-011-9769-4"><bdi>978-94-011-9769-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutley%27s+Elements+of+Mineralogy&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-94-011-9769-4&rft.aulast=Rutley&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7tfyCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrebs,_Robert_E.2006" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert E. (2006). The history and use of our earth's chemical elements: a reference guide (2nd ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33438-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33438-2"><bdi>0-313-33438-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+and+use+of+our+earth%27s+chemical+elements%3A+a+reference+guide&rft.pages=107&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-33438-2&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetittoMarshCarsonLangell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Petitto, Sarah C.; Marsh, Erin M.; Carson, Gregory A.; Langell, Marjorie A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=chemistrylangell">"Cobalt oxide surface chemistry: The interaction of CoO(100), Co3O4(110) and Co3O4(111) with oxygen and water"</a>. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 281 (1–2): 49–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcata.2007.08.023">10.1016/j.molcata.2007.08.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28393408">28393408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Catalysis+A%3A+Chemical&rft.atitle=Cobalt+oxide+surface+chemistry%3A+The+interaction+of+CoO%28100%29%2C+Co3O4%28110%29+and+Co3O4%28111%29+with+oxygen+and+water&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.molcata.2007.08.023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28393408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Petitto&rft.aufirst=Sarah+C.&rft.au=Marsh%2C+Erin+M.&rft.au=Carson%2C+Gregory+A.&rft.au=Langell%2C+Marjorie+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1021%26context%3Dchemistrylangell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenwood2-24"><a href="#cite_ref-greenwood2_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. pp. 1119–1120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1119-%3C%2Fspan%3E1120&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWerner,_A.1912" class="citation journal cs1">Werner, A. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1426471">"Zur Kenntnis des asymmetrischen Kobaltatoms. V"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemische_Berichte" title="Chemische Berichte">Chemische Berichte</a>. 45: 121–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.19120450116">10.1002/cber.19120450116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemische+Berichte&rft.atitle=Zur+Kenntnis+des+asymmetrischen+Kobaltatoms.+V&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcber.19120450116&rft.au=Werner%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1426471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGispert,_Joan_Ribas2008" class="citation book cs1">Gispert, Joan Ribas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505203708/https://books.google.com/books?id=9d893122U6kC&pg=PR31">"Early Theories of Coordination Chemistry"</a>. Coordination chemistry. Wiley. pp. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-31802-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-31802-5"><bdi>978-3-527-31802-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9d893122U6kC&pg=PR31">the original</a> on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Theories+of+Coordination+Chemistry&rft.btitle=Coordination+chemistry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-527-31802-5&rft.au=Gispert%2C+Joan+Ribas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9d893122U6kC%26pg%3DPR31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-house2008-27"><a href="#cite_ref-house2008_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHouse2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_E._House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James E. House (page does not exist)">House, James e.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ocKWuxOur-kC&pg=PA767">Inorganic chemistry</a>. Academic Press. p. 767. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-356786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-356786-4"><bdi>978-0-12-356786-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&rft.pages=767&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-12-356786-4&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=James+e.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DocKWuxOur-kC%26pg%3DPA767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-starks&liotta&halpern1994-28"><a href="#cite_ref-starks&liotta&halpern1994_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarksLiottaHalpern1994" class="citation book cs1">Starks, Charles M.; Liotta, Charles Leonard; Halpern, Marc (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-QCGckdeKAkC&pg=PA600">Phase-transfer catalysis: fundamentals, applications, and industrial perspectives</a>. Springer. p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-04071-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-412-04071-9"><bdi>978-0-412-04071-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phase-transfer+catalysis%3A+fundamentals%2C+applications%2C+and+industrial+perspectives&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-412-04071-9&rft.aulast=Starks&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft.au=Liotta%2C+Charles+Leonard&rft.au=Halpern%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-QCGckdeKAkC%26pg%3DPA600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sigel&sigel&sigel2010-29"><a href="#cite_ref-sigel&sigel&sigel2010_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSigelSigelSigel2010" class="citation book cs1">Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland, eds. (2010). Organometallics in Environment and Toxicology (Metal Ions in Life Sciences). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84755-177-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84755-177-1"><bdi>978-1-84755-177-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organometallics+in+Environment+and+Toxicology+%28Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84755-177-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-byrne&richeson&theopold1986-30"><a href="#cite_ref-byrne&richeson&theopold1986_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByrneRichesonTheopold1986" class="citation journal cs1">Byrne, Erin K.; Richeson, Darrin S.; Theopold, Klaus H. (1 January 1986). "Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt, a low spin tetrahedral complex of a first row transition metal". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (19): 1491. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC39860001491">10.1039/C39860001491</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4936">0022-4936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society%2C+Chemical+Communications&rft.atitle=Tetrakis%281-norbornyl%29cobalt%2C+a+low+spin+tetrahedral+complex+of+a+first+row+transition+metal&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=1491&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC39860001491&rft.issn=0022-4936&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Erin+K.&rft.au=Richeson%2C+Darrin+S.&rft.au=Theopold%2C+Klaus+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-byrne&theopold1987-31"><a href="#cite_ref-byrne&theopold1987_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByrneTheopold1987" class="citation journal cs1">Byrne, Erin K.; Theopold, Klaus H. (1 February 1987). "Redox chemistry of tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt. Synthesis and characterization of a cobalt(V) alkyl and self-exchange rate of a Co(III)/Co(IV) couple". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 109 (4): 1282–1283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00238a066">10.1021/ja00238a066</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Redox+chemistry+of+tetrakis%281-norbornyl%29cobalt.+Synthesis+and+characterization+of+a+cobalt%28V%29+alkyl+and+self-exchange+rate+of+a+Co%28III%29%2FCo%28IV%29+couple&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1282-%3C%2Fspan%3E1283&rft.date=1987-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00238a066&rft.issn=0002-7863&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Erin+K.&rft.au=Theopold%2C+Klaus+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nubase-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nubase_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAudiBersillonBlachotWapstra2003" class="citation cs2">Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra" title="Aaldert Wapstra">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.atitle=The+N%3Csmall%3EUBASE%3C%2Fsmall%3E+evaluation+of+nuclear+and+decay+properties&rft.volume=729&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot%2C+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra%2C+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fin2p3-00020241%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ball2001-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ball2001_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ball2001_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ball2001_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBall2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ball" title="Philip Ball">Ball, Philip</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bd3KqmkhPMC&pg=PA118">Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226036281" title="Special:BookSources/9780226036281"><bdi>9780226036281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+Earth%3A+Art+and+the+Invention+of+Color&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780226036281&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Bd3KqmkhPMC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobalt-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DW-kobalt_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DW-kobalt_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DW-kobalt_34-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Grimms</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hildebrand" title="Rudolf Hildebrand">Hildebrand, Rudolf</a> (1868). Deutsches Wörterbuch, Band 5, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERSZv4n2zpEC&pg=PA1537">Kobalt</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-wothers2019-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wothers2019_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wothers2019_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wothers2019_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wothers2019_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wothers2019_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wothers2019_35-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWothers2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wothers" title="Peter Wothers">Wothers, Peter</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFS_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49">Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter's Wolf: How the elements were named</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192569905" title="Special:BookSources/9780192569905"><bdi>9780192569905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antimony%2C+Gold%2C+and+Jupiter%27s+Wolf%3A+How+the+elements+were+named&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780192569905&rft.aulast=Wothers&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFS_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agricola1546-36"><a href="#cite_ref-agricola1546_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgricola1546" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola, Georgius</a> (1546) [1530]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6tlCB1PdJoC&pg=PA441">"Bermannus, sive de re metallica dialogus"</a>. Georgii Agricolae De ortu & causis subterraneorum lib. 5. De natura eorum quae effluunt ex terra lib. 4. De natura fossilium lib. 10. De ueteribus & nouis metallis lib. 2. Bermannus, siue De re metallica dialogus lib.1. Interpretatio Germanica uocum rei metallicæ, addito Indice fœcundissimo. Basel: Froben. pp. 441–442. <q>cobaltum nostri uocant, Græci cadmiam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bermannus%2C+sive+de+re+metallica+dialogus&rft.btitle=Georgii+Agricolae+De+ortu+%26+causis+subterraneorum+lib.+5.+De+natura+eorum+quae+effluunt+ex+terra+lib.+4.+De+natura+fossilium+lib.+10.+De+ueteribus+%26+nouis+metallis+lib.+2.+Bermannus%2C+siue+De+re+metallica+dialogus+lib.1.+Interpretatio+Germanica+uocum+rei+metallic%C3%A6%2C+addito+Indice+f%C5%93cundissimo&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E441-%3C%2Fspan%3E442&rft.pub=Froben&rft.date=1546&rft.aulast=Agricola&rft.aufirst=Georgius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF6tlCB1PdJoC%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988">; Cf. index under "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6tlCB1PdJoC&pg=PT12">cobaltum</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-agricola-tr-hoover1912-37"><a href="#cite_ref-agricola-tr-hoover1912_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgricolaHoovers_trr.1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola, Georgius</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MfFYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112">Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica: Tr. from the 1st Latin Ed. of 1556 (Books I–VIII)</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover, Herbert Clark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry Hoover</a>. London: The Mining Magazine. pp. 112–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgius+Agricola+De+Re+Metallica%3A+Tr.+from+the+1st+Latin+Ed.+of+1556+%28Books+I%E2%80%93VIII%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=pp.+112-113&rft.pub=The+Mining+Magazine&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Agricola&rft.aufirst=Georgius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMfFYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> Describes (and tabulates) German form kobelt; In two volumes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TvFYAAAAYAAJ">Second Part</a>, Books IX–XII, contiguous pagination. </li> <li id="cite_note-agricola1614-38"><a href="#cite_ref-agricola1614_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgricola1614" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola, Georgius</a> (1614) [1549]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=laGePXl89xwC&pg=PA78">"37"</a>. In Johannes Sigfridus (ed.). Georgii Agricolae De Animantibus subterraneis. Witebergæ: Typis Meisnerianis. pp. 78–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=37&rft.btitle=Georgii+Agricolae+De+Animantibus+subterraneis&rft.place=Witeberg%C3%A6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Typis+Meisnerianis&rft.date=1614&rft.aulast=Agricola&rft.aufirst=Georgius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlaGePXl89xwC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agricola1657-gloss-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agricola1657-gloss_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agricola1657-gloss_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgricola1657" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola, Georgius</a> (1657) [1530]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCClFLX0CwUC&pg=PA762">"Animantium nomina latina, graega, q'ue germanice reddita, quorum author in Libro de subterraneis animantibus meminit"</a>. Georgii Agricolae Kempnicensis Medici Ac Philosophi Clariss. De Re Metallica Libri XII.: Quibus Officia, Instrumenta, Machinae, Ac Omnia Denique Ad Metallicam Spectantia, Non Modo Luculentissime describuntur; sed & per effigies, suis locis insertas ... ita ob oculos ponuntur, ut clarius tradi non possint. Basel: Sumptibus & Typis Emanuelis König. p. [762]. <q><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>Dæmonum: Dæmon subterraneus trunculentus: bergterufel; mitis bergmenlein/kobel/guttel</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animantium+nomina+latina%2C+graega%2C+q%27ue+germanice+reddita%2C+quorum+author+in+Libro+de+subterraneis+animantibus+meminit&rft.btitle=Georgii+Agricolae+Kempnicensis+Medici+Ac+Philosophi+Clariss.+De+Re+Metallica+Libri+XII.%3A+Quibus+Officia%2C+Instrumenta%2C+Machinae%2C+Ac+Omnia+Denique+Ad+Metallicam+Spectantia%2C+Non+Modo+Luculentissime+describuntur%3B+sed+%26+per+effigies%2C+suis+locis+insertas+...+ita+ob+oculos+ponuntur%2C+ut+clarius+tradi+non+possint&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=p.+762&rft.pub=Sumptibus+%26+Typis+Emanuelis+K%C3%B6nig&rft.date=1657&rft.aulast=Agricola&rft.aufirst=Georgius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuCClFLX0CwUC%26pg%3DPA762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> This passage from the separate work, de animantibus is translated in footnote by the <a href="#CITEREFAgricolaHoovers_trr.1912">Agricola & Hoovers trr. (1912)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MfFYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112">p. 217, n26</a>: "the Germans as well as the Greeks call cobalos". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgricolaHoovers_trr.1912p._214,_n21-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgricolaHoovers_trr.1912p._214,_n21_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgricolaHoovers_trr.1912">Agricola & Hoovers trr. (1912)</a>, p. 214, n21. </li> <li id="cite_note-mathesius1562-42"><a href="#cite_ref-mathesius1562_42-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Reformation">Lutheran reformist</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Mathesius" title="Johannes Mathesius">Johannes Mathesius</a>'s sermon (1652) on the nuisance kobelt ore believed caused by a demon known to the masses as kobel. Quoted in English by the Hoovers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgricolaHoovers_trr.1912p._214,_n21-41">[40]</a> excerpted by Wothers.<a href="#cite_note-wothers2019-35">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Beckmann" title="Johann Beckmann">Johann Beckmann</a> (Eng. tr. 1797), who did explicitly comment on the derivation of the word for "cobalt" ore as formed from kobel (Agricola's cobalus) has been cited by chemist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wothers" title="Peter Wothers">Peter Wothers</a> on this topic.<a href="#cite_note-wothers2019-35">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewGermDictEnglishmann-Wetter-45"><a href="#cite_ref-NewGermDictEnglishmann-Wetter_45-0">^</a> "New and complete dictionary of the German language for Englishmen" s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w6Rd1XwiT18C&pg=PA642">Das Wetter</a>": "4. Air and vapours, damps, steams... among Miners", Küttner, Carl Gottlob; Nicholson, William, edd. (1813), vol. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobold-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DW-kobold_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DW-kobold_46-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Grimms</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hildebrand" title="Rudolf Hildebrand">Hildebrand, Rudolf</a> (1868). Deutsches Wörterbuch, Band 5, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERSZv4n2zpEC&pg=PA1551">Kobold</a>" at "III. 3) nebenformen" </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Grimms dictionary states that kobalt and kobold are "the same word at its original source (ursprünglich)".<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobalt-34">[33]</a> Also, Grimm's entry in "kobold", III. ursprung, nebenformen, 3) a) lists kobel as a diminutive <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nebenname" class="extiw" title="wikt:Nebenname">Nebenname</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobold-46">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Actually, among "gnomes and goblins".<a href="#cite_note-ball2001-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-wothers2019-35">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen-49"><a href="#cite_ref-lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLecouteux2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecouteux" title="Claude Lecouteux">Lecouteux, Claude</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vmAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">"BERGMÄNNCHEN (Bergmännlein, Bergmönch, Knappenmanndl, Kobel, Gütel; gruvrå in Sweden)"</a>. Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore, Mythology, and Magic. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620554814" title="Special:BookSources/9781620554814"><bdi>9781620554814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BERGM%C3%84NNCHEN+%28Bergm%C3%A4nnlein%2C+Bergm%C3%B6nch%2C+Knappenmanndl%2C+Kobel%2C+G%C3%BCtel%3B+gruvr%C3%A5+in+Sweden%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Norse+and+Germanic+Folklore%2C+Mythology%2C+and+Magic&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781620554814&rft.aulast=Lecouteux&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvmAoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988">, cf. (in French) Lecouteux (2014), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZDdDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1995">BERGMÄNNCHEN</a>", Dictionnaire de mythologie germanique, pp. 1995–1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-verardi2023-50"><a href="#cite_ref-verardi2023_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerardi2023" class="citation book cs1">Verardi, Donato (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7XS5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">Aristotelianism and Magic in Early Modern Europe: Philosophers, Experimenters and Wonderworkers</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350357174" title="Special:BookSources/9781350357174"><bdi>9781350357174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotelianism+and+Magic+in+Early+Modern+Europe%3A+Philosophers%2C+Experimenters+and+Wonderworkers&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781350357174&rft.aulast=Verardi&rft.aufirst=Donato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XS5EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> The kobel was aka "bergmenlin" (mod. standard spelling Bergmännlein, Bergmännchen) according to Agricola's gloss.<a href="#cite_note-agricola1657-gloss-39">[38]</a> Grimms dictionary also says the ores are caused by Bergmännchen sprites, but it thinks the miners call this "kobold", not distinguishable from "kobel". Whereas Lecouteux's dictionary defines "Bergmännchen" as "mine spirit" and admits "kobel" but not "kobld" as synonym.<a href="#cite_note-lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen-49">[47]</a> More recently, literature is found that does not hesitate to call the Bergmännchen a "gnome".<a href="#cite_note-verardi2023-50">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-cobalt-53"><a href="#cite_ref-OED-cobalt_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-cobalt" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=cobalt">"cobalt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cobalt&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dcobalt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.); <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(lexicographer)" title="James Murray (lexicographer)">Murray, James A. H.</a> ed. (1908) A New Eng. Dict. II, s.v."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CUPAIeSbvSIC&pg=PA560">cobalt</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-mueller-fraureuth1906-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mueller-fraureuth1906_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mueller-fraureuth1906_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Fraureuth1906" class="citation book cs1">Müller-Fraureuth, Karl (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFdsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26">"Kap. 14"</a>. Sächsische Volkswörter: Beiträge zur mundartlichen Volkskunde. Dresden: Wilhelm Baensch. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95770-329-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95770-329-3"><bdi>978-3-95770-329-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kap.+14&rft.btitle=S%C3%A4chsische+Volksw%C3%B6rter%3A+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+mundartlichen+Volkskunde&rft.place=Dresden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Wilhelm+Baensch&rft.date=1906&rft.isbn=978-3-95770-329-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Fraureuth&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEFdsAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glasenapp1911-55"><a href="#cite_ref-glasenapp1911_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlasenapp1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Glasenapp" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Friedrich Glasenapp">Glasenapp, Carl Friedrich</a> [in German] (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqE5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134">"III. Der Kobold"</a>. Siegfried Wagner und seine Kunst: gesammelte Aufsätze über das dramatische Schaffen Siegfried Wagners vom "Bärenhäuter" bis zum "Banadietrich". Illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Stassen" title="Franz Stassen">Franz Stassen</a>. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+Der+Kobold&rft.btitle=Siegfried+Wagner+und+seine+Kunst%3A+gesammelte+Aufs%C3%A4tze+%C3%BCber+das+dramatische+Schaffen+Siegfried+Wagners+vom+%22B%C3%A4renh%C3%A4uter%22+bis+zum+%22Banadietrich%22&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Glasenapp&rft.aufirst=Carl+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhqE5AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kretschmer1928-56"><a href="#cite_ref-kretschmer1928_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKretschmer1928" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kretschmer" title="Paul Kretschmer">Kretschmer, Paul</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zYpVkrS47n8C&pg=PA87">"Weiteres zur Urgeschichte der Inder"</a>. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen. 55. p. 89 and p. 87, n2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+vergleichende+Sprachforschung+auf+dem+Gebiete+der+indogermanischen+Sprachen&rft.atitle=Weiteres+zur+Urgeschichte+der+Inder&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=p.+89+and+p.+87%2C+n2&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Kretschmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzYpVkrS47n8C%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-kobalt-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-kobalt_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-kobalt_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlugeSeebold2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kluge" title="Friedrich Kluge">Kluge, Friedrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elmar_Seebold" title="Elmar Seebold">Seebold, Elmar</a>, eds. (2012) [1899]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FSSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA510">"Kobalt"</a>. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (25 ed.). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110223651" title="Special:BookSources/9783110223651"><bdi>9783110223651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kobalt&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+deutschen+Sprache&rft.pages=510&rft.edition=25&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783110223651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FSSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mellor1935-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mellor1935_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mellor1935_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mellor1935_58-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Mellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph William Mellor">Mellor, J. W.</a> (1935) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwdGAQAAMAAJ&q=kowalti">Cobalt</a> A comprehensive treatise on inorganic and theoretical chemistry vol. XIV, p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Agricola (1546) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6tlCB1PdJoC&pg=PA481">p. 481</a>: <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: modulus = <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Kobel </li> <li id="cite_note-Liddell&Scott-kobalos-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Liddell&Scott-kobalos_60-0">^</a> Liddell and Scott (1940). <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a>. s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=kwba%2Fqia&la=greek&can=kwba%2Fqia0&prior=kaloka)gaqi/a">kwba/qia</a>". Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-864226-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-864226-1">0-19-864226-1</a>. Online version retrieved 29 August 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-merck1902-61"><a href="#cite_ref-merck1902_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerck1902" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Emanuel_Merck" title="Heinrich Emanuel Merck">Merck, Emanuel</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z8RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75">"Cobaltum metall"</a>. Airy Nothings: Imagining the Otherworld of Faerie from the Middle Ages to the Age of Reason: Essays in Honour of Alasdair A. MacDonald (2 ed.). Darmstadt: E. Merck. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobaltum+metall&rft.btitle=Airy+Nothings%3A+Imagining+the+Otherworld+of+Faerie+from+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+Age+of+Reason%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Alasdair+A.+MacDonald&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=75&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=E.+Merck&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Merck&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Z8RAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor1977-62"><a href="#cite_ref-taylor1977_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1977" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, J. R. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gnvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kobalos%22">"The Origin and Use of Cobalt Compounds as Blue"</a>. Science and Archaeology. 19: 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Use+of+Cobalt+Compounds+as+Blue&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8gnvAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522kobalos%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> "J. Berenedes" recté <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerendes1899" class="citation journal cs1">Berendes, J. (8 February 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101050964939&seq=129">"Die Namen der Elemente"</a>. Chemiker-Zeitung. 23 (11): 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemiker-Zeitung&rft.atitle=Die+Namen+der+Elemente&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=103&rft.date=1899-02-08&rft.aulast=Berendes&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101050964939%26seq%3D129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/123235/cobalt-Co">Cobalt</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulak-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Pulak_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPulak1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pulak, Cemal (1998). "The Uluburun shipwreck: an overview". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 27 (3): 188–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Uluburun+shipwreck%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x&rft.aulast=Pulak&rft.aufirst=Cemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-henderson2000-66"><a href="#cite_ref-henderson2000_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Julian (2000). "Glass". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p9xJ-VpUuNkC">The Science and Archaeology of Materials: An Investigation of Inorganic Materials</a>. Routledge. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19933-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19933-9"><bdi>978-0-415-19933-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glass&rft.btitle=The+Science+and+Archaeology+of+Materials%3A+An+Investigation+of+Inorganic+Materials&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19933-9&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp9xJ-VpUuNkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rehren2003-67"><a href="#cite_ref-rehren2003_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRehren2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rehren, Thilo (2003). "Aspects of the Production of Cobalt-blue Glass in Egypt". Archaeometry. 43 (4): 483–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-4754.00031">10.1111/1475-4754.00031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+the+Production+of+Cobalt-blue+Glass+in+Egypt&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E489&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1475-4754.00031&rft.aulast=Rehren&rft.aufirst=Thilo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-met1863-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-met1863_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-met1863_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDennis,_W._H2010" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, W. H (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UyE49SzKWHIC&pg=PA254">"Cobalt"</a>. Metallurgy: 1863–1963. AldineTransaction. pp. 254–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36361-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36361-5"><bdi>978-0-202-36361-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobalt&rft.btitle=Metallurgy%3A+1863%E2%80%931963&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.pub=AldineTransaction&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-202-36361-5&rft.au=Dennis%2C+W.+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUyE49SzKWHIC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uVsrAAAAYAAJ&dq=paracelsus+%22cobalt%22&pg=RA11-PA48">"Tariff Information Surveys on the Articles in Paragraph 1- of the Tariff Act of 1913 ... And Related Articles in Other Paragraphs"</a>. 17 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tariff+Information+Surveys+on+the+Articles+in+Paragraph+1-+of+the+Tariff+Act+of+1913+...+And+Related+Articles+in+Other+Paragraphs&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuVsrAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dparacelsus%2B%2522cobalt%2522%26pg%3DRA11-PA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Georg Brandt first showed cobalt to be a new metal in: G. Brandt (1735) "Dissertatio de semimetallis" (Dissertation on semi-metals), Acta Literaria et Scientiarum Sveciae (Journal of Swedish literature and sciences), vol. 4, pages 1–10. See also: (1) G. Brandt (1746) "Rön och anmärkningar angäende en synnerlig färg—cobolt" (Observations and remarks concerning an extraordinary pigment—cobalt), Kongliga Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar (Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science), vol. 7, pp. 119–130; (2) G. Brandt (1748) "Cobalti nova species examinata et descripta" (Cobalt, a new element examined and described), Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis (Journal of the Royal Scientific Society of Uppsala), 1st series, vol. 3, pp. 33–41; (3) James L. Marshall and Virginia R. Marshall (Spring 2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703175508/http://www.chem.unt.edu/Rediscovery/Riddarhyttan.pdf">"Rediscovery of the Elements: Riddarhyttan, Sweden"</a>. The Hexagon (official journal of the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Sigma" title="Alpha Chi Sigma">Alpha Chi Sigma</a> fraternity of chemists), vol. 94, no. 1, pages 3–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2006-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2006_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWang2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Shijie (2006). "Cobalt—Its recovery, recycling, and application". Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. 58 (10): 47–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JOM....58j..47W">2006JOM....58j..47W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11837-006-0201-y">10.1007/s11837-006-0201-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137613322">137613322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Minerals%2C+Metals+and+Materials+Society&rft.atitle=Cobalt%E2%80%94Its+recovery%2C+recycling%2C+and+application&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137613322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11837-006-0201-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JOM....58j..47W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Shijie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Weeks, M. E. (1968). Discovery of the elements. (H. M. Leicester, Ed.; 7th ed.). Journal of chemical education. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1932" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (1932). "The discovery of the elements. III. Some eighteenth-century metals". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (1): 22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9...22W">1932JChEd...9...22W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p22">10.1021/ed009p22</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+III.+Some+eighteenth-century+metals&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed009p22&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JChEd...9...22W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Ramberg, Ivar B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rMVNE0F2SckC&pg=PA98">The making of a land: geology of Norway</a>. Geological Society. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-92394-42-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-92394-42-7"><bdi>978-82-92394-42-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+a+land%3A+geology+of+Norway&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Geological+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-82-92394-42-7&rft.aulast=Ramberg&rft.aufirst=Ivar+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrMVNE0F2SckC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC._Tomlinson1852" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">C. Tomlinson, ed. (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_cGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA400">"Cobalt"</a>. Cyclopædia of useful arts & manufactures. pp. 400–403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobalt&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+useful+arts+%26+manufactures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E400-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=1852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw_cGAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSnonfuel-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGSnonfuel_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSnonfuel_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWellmerBecker-Platen" class="citation web cs1">Wellmer, Friedrich-Wilhelm; Becker-Platen, Jens Dieter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2007/1294/paper1.html">"Global Nonfuel Mineral Resources and Sustainability"</a>. United States Geological Survey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Nonfuel+Mineral+Resources+and+Sustainability&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Wellmer&rft.aufirst=Friedrich-Wilhelm&rft.au=Becker-Platen%2C+Jens+Dieter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fcirc%2F2007%2F1294%2Fpaper1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glres-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glres_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glres_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWesting,_Arthur_HStockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute1986" class="citation book cs1">Westing, Arthur H; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xpypu9qqDncC&pg=PA75">"cobalt"</a>. Global resources and international conflict: environmental factors in strategic policy and action. Oxford University Press. pp. 75–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829104-6"><bdi>978-0-19-829104-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cobalt&rft.btitle=Global+resources+and+international+conflict%3A+environmental+factors+in+strategic+policy+and+action&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829104-6&rft.au=Westing%2C+Arthur+H&rft.au=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpypu9qqDncC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivingoodSeaborg1938" class="citation journal cs1">Livingood, J.; Seaborg, Glenn T. (1938). "Long-Lived Radio Cobalt Isotopes". Physical Review. 53 (10): 847–848. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938PhRv...53..847L">1938PhRv...53..847L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.53.847">10.1103/PhysRev.53.847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Long-Lived+Radio+Cobalt+Isotopes&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E847-%3C%2Fspan%3E848&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.53.847&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1938PhRv...53..847L&rft.aulast=Livingood&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+Glenn+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWu1957" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, C. S. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.105.1413">"Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay"</a>. Physical Review. 105 (4): 1413–1415. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957PhRv..105.1413W">1957PhRv..105.1413W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.105.1413">10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Experimental+Test+of+Parity+Conservation+in+Beta+Decay&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1413-%3C%2Fspan%3E1415&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.105.1413&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957PhRv..105.1413W&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRev.105.1413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWróblewski2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wróblewski, A. K. (2008). "The Downfall of Parity – the Revolution That Happened Fifty Years Ago". Acta Physica Polonica B. 39 (2): 251. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AcPPB..39..251W">2008AcPPB..39..251W</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34854662">34854662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Physica+Polonica+B&rft.atitle=The+Downfall+of+Parity+%E2%80%93+the+Revolution+That+Happened+Fifty+Years+Ago&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34854662%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AcPPB..39..251W&rft.aulast=Wr%C3%B3blewski&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberts2023-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberts2023_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberts2023_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertsGunn2014" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Stephen; Gunn, Gus (6 January 2014), Gunn, Gus (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118755341.ch6">"Cobalt"</a>, Critical Metals Handbook (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 122–149, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118755341.ch6">10.1002/9781118755341.ch6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67171-9"><bdi>978-0-470-67171-9</bdi></a>, retrieved 1 December 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Metals+Handbook&rft.atitle=Cobalt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118755341.ch6&rft.isbn=978-0-470-67171-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Gunn%2C+Gus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118755341.ch6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65">"Richest Hole in the Mountain"</a>. Popular Mechanics: 65–69. 1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Richest+Hole+in+the+Mountain&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNwDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOverland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Overland, Indra (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.erss.2018.10.018">"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths"</a>. Energy Research & Social Science. 49: 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ERSS...49...36O">2019ERSS...49...36O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.erss.2018.10.018">10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2579292">11250/2579292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2214-6296">2214-6296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Research+%26+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+geopolitics+of+renewable+energy%3A+Debunking+four+emerging+myths&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2579292&rft.issn=2214-6296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.erss.2018.10.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ERSS...49...36O&rft.aulast=Overland&rft.aufirst=Indra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.erss.2018.10.018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPtitsyn,_D._A.Chechetkin,_V._M.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Ptitsyn, D. A.; Chechetkin, V. M. (1980). "Creation of the Iron-Group Elements in a Supernova Explosion". Soviet Astronomy Letters. 6: 61–64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980SvAL....6...61P">1980SvAL....6...61P</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Astronomy+Letters&rft.atitle=Creation+of+the+Iron-Group+Elements+in+a+Supernova+Explosion&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980SvAL....6...61P&rft.au=Ptitsyn%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Chechetkin%2C+V.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDomingo1989" class="citation cs2">Domingo, Jose L. (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8850-0_3">"Cobalt in the Environment and Its Toxicological Implications"</a>, in Ware, George W. (ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 108, New York: Springer, pp. 105–132, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-8850-0_3">10.1007/978-1-4613-8850-0_3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-8850-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-8850-0"><bdi>978-1-4613-8850-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2646660">2646660</a>, retrieved 30 November 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobalt+in+the+Environment+and+Its+Toxicological+Implications&rft.btitle=Reviews+of+Environmental+Contamination+and+Toxicology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2646660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4613-8850-0_3&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-8850-0&rft.aulast=Domingo&rft.aufirst=Jose+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4613-8850-0_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNuccio,_Pasquale_MarioValenza,_Mariano1979" class="citation journal cs1">Nuccio, Pasquale Mario; Valenza, Mariano (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rruff.info/rdsmi/V35/RDSMI35_355.pdf">"Determination of metallic iron, nickel and cobalt in meteorites"</a> (PDF). Rendiconti Societa Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrografia. 35 (1): 355–360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rendiconti+Societa+Italiana+di+Mineralogia+e+Petrografia&rft.atitle=Determination+of+metallic+iron%2C+nickel+and+cobalt+in+meteorites&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Nuccio%2C+Pasquale+Mario&rft.au=Valenza%2C+Mariano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frruff.info%2Frdsmi%2FV35%2FRDSMI35_355.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kerr1945-87"><a href="#cite_ref-kerr1945_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerr1945" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_F._Kerr" title="Paul F. Kerr">Kerr, Paul F.</a> (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM30/AM30_483.pdf">"Cattierite and Vaesite: New Co-Ni Minerals from the Belgian Kongo"</a> (PDF). American Mineralogist. 30: 83–492.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=Cattierite+and+Vaesite%3A+New+Co-Ni+Minerals+from+the+Belgian+Kongo&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E492&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minsocam.org%2Fammin%2FAM30%2FAM30_483.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1987" class="citation journal cs1">Buckley, A. N. (1987). "The Surface Oxidation of Cobaltite". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 40 (2): 231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FCH9870231">10.1071/CH9870231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+Surface+Oxidation+of+Cobaltite&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FCH9870231&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1957" class="citation journal cs1">Young, R. (1957). "The geochemistry of cobalt". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 13 (1): 28–41. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957GeCoA..13...28Y">1957GeCoA..13...28Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2857%2990056-X">10.1016/0016-7037(57)90056-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=The+geochemistry+of+cobalt&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-7037%2857%2990056-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957GeCoA..13...28Y&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TalhoutSchulz2011-90"><a href="#cite_ref-TalhoutSchulz2011_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalhoutSchulzFlorekVan_Benthem2011" class="citation journal cs1">Talhout, Reinskje; Schulz, Thomas; Florek, Ewa; Van Benthem, Jan; Wester, Piet; Opperhuizen, Antoon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084482">"Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8 (12): 613–628. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph8020613">10.3390/ijerph8020613</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1660-4601">1660-4601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084482">3084482</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21556207">21556207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Hazardous+Compounds+in+Tobacco+Smoke&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E613-%3C%2Fspan%3E628&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3084482%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21556207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph8020613&rft.aulast=Talhout&rft.aufirst=Reinskje&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Florek%2C+Ewa&rft.au=Van+Benthem%2C+Jan&rft.au=Wester%2C+Piet&rft.au=Opperhuizen%2C+Antoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3084482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pourkhabbaz2012-91"><a href="#cite_ref-pourkhabbaz2012_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPourkhabbazPourkhabbaz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pourkhabbaz, A; Pourkhabbaz, H (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586865">"Investigation of Toxic Metals in the Tobacco of Different Iranian Cigarette Brands and Related Health Issues"</a>. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 15 (1): 636–644. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586865">3586865</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23493960">23493960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Journal+of+Basic+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+Toxic+Metals+in+the+Tobacco+of+Different+Iranian+Cigarette+Brands+and+Related+Health+Issues&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E636-%3C%2Fspan%3E644&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3586865%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23493960&rft.aulast=Pourkhabbaz&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Pourkhabbaz%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3586865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minerals.usgs.gov-92"><a href="#cite_ref-minerals.usgs.gov_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023-cobalt.pdf">Cobalt Statistics and Information</a> (PDF), United States Geological Survey, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cobalt+Statistics+and+Information&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2023%2Fmcs2023-cobalt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YB2006-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YB2006_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YB2006_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YB2006_93-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShedd" class="citation web cs1">Shedd, Kim B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cobalt/myb1-2006-cobal.pdf">"Mineral Yearbook 2006: Cobalt"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 26 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+Yearbook+2006%3A+Cobalt&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Shedd&rft.aufirst=Kim+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fcobalt%2Fmyb1-2006-cobal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CR2008-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CR2008_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CR2008_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CR2008_94-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShedd" class="citation web cs1">Shedd, Kim B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cobalt/mcs-2008-cobal.pdf">"Commodity Report 2008: Cobalt"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 26 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodity+Report+2008%3A+Cobalt&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Shedd&rft.aufirst=Kim+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fcobalt%2Fmcs-2008-cobal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ft_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ft_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Sanderson2017" class="citation news cs1">Henry Sanderson (14 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/bc8dc13c-07db-11e7-97d1-5e720a26771b">"Cobalt's meteoric rise at risk from Congo's Katanga"</a>. Financial Times. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Cobalt%27s+meteoric+rise+at+risk+from+Congo%27s+Katanga&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft.au=Henry+Sanderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fbc8dc13c-07db-11e7-97d1-5e720a26771b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Murray W. Hitzman, Arthur A. Bookstrom, John F. Slack, and Michael L. Zientek (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1155/ofr20171155.pdf">"Cobalt—Styles of Deposits and the Search for Primary Deposits"</a>. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 17 April 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mining.com/cobalt-price-bmw-avoids-the-congo-conundrum-for-now/">"Cobalt price: BMW avoids the Congo conundrum – for now"</a>. Mining.com. Retrieved 17 April 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis,_Joseph_R.2000" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Joseph R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IePhmnbmRWkC&q=cobalt+copper+nickel+ore+separate">ASM specialty handbook: nickel, cobalt, and their alloys</a>. ASM International. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87170-685-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87170-685-7"><bdi>0-87170-685-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASM+specialty+handbook%3A+nickel%2C+cobalt%2C+and+their+alloys&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-87170-685-7&rft.au=Davis%2C+Joseph+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIePhmnbmRWkC%26q%3Dcobalt%2Bcopper%2Bnickel%2Bore%2Bseparate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSJan2016-99"><a href="#cite_ref-USGSJan2016_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cobalt/mcs-2016-cobal.pdf">"Cobalt"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries. January 2016. pp. 52–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cobalt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fcobalt%2Fmcs-2016-cobal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2017" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Thomas (26 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-26/battery-boom-relies-on-one-african-nation-avoiding-chaos-of-past">"We'll All Be Relying on Congo to Power Our Electric Cars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=We%27ll+All+Be+Relying+on+Congo+to+Power+Our+Electric+Cars&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-10-26%2Fbattery-boom-relies-on-one-african-nation-avoiding-chaos-of-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glencore-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glencore_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glencore_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-glencore-cobalt-prices/glencores-cobalt-stock-overhang-contains-prices-despite-mine-suspension-idUSKCN1UY1PU">"Glencore's cobalt stock overhang contains prices despite mine suspension"</a>. Reuters. 8 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glencore%27s+cobalt+stock+overhang+contains+prices+despite+mine+suspension&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-glencore-cobalt-prices%2Fglencores-cobalt-stock-overhang-contains-prices-despite-mine-suspension-idUSKCN1UY1PU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/downloads/african_mp_01_05.pdf">"African Mineral Production"</a> (PDF). British Geological Survey. Retrieved 6 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Mineral+Production&rft.pub=British+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgs.ac.uk%2Fmineralsuk%2Fdownloads%2Fafrican_mp_01_05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntMining200807-103"><a href="#cite_ref-IntMining200807_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomine.com/publications/docs/InternationalMining/Chadwick2008t.pdf">"CAMEC – The Cobalt Champion"</a> (PDF). International Mining. July 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAMEC+%E2%80%93+The+Cobalt+Champion&rft.pub=International+Mining&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infomine.com%2Fpublications%2Fdocs%2FInternationalMining%2FChadwick2008t.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Witherden2009" class="citation web cs1">Amy Witherden (6 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/daily-podcast---july-6-2009-2009-07-06-2">"Daily podcast – July 6, 2009"</a>. Mining weekly. Retrieved 15 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mining+weekly&rft.atitle=Daily+podcast+%E2%80%93+July+6%2C+2009&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft.au=Amy+Witherden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miningweekly.com%2Farticle%2Fdaily-podcast---july-6-2009-2009-07-06-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGulleyMcCulloughShedd2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gulley, Andrew; McCullough, Erin; Shedd, Kim (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resourpol.2019.03.015">"China's domestic and foreign influence in the global cobalt supply chain"</a>. Resources Policy. 62: 317–323. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019RePol..62..317G">2019RePol..62..317G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resourpol.2019.03.015">10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.03.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources+Policy&rft.atitle=China%27s+domestic+and+foreign+influence+in+the+global+cobalt+supply+chain&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resourpol.2019.03.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019RePol..62..317G&rft.aulast=Gulley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=McCullough%2C+Erin&rft.au=Shedd%2C+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.resourpol.2019.03.015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cecc.gov/events/hearings/from-cobalt-to-cars-how-china-exploits-child-and-forced-labor-in-the-congo">"From Cobalt to Cars: How China Exploits Child and Forced Labor in the Congo | Congressional-Executive Commission on China"</a>. cecc.gov. 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cecc.gov&rft.atitle=From+Cobalt+to+Cars%3A+How+China+Exploits+Child+and+Forced+Labor+in+the+Congo+%7C+Congressional-Executive+Commission+on+China&rft.date=2023-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cecc.gov%2Fevents%2Fhearings%2Ffrom-cobalt-to-cars-how-china-exploits-child-and-forced-labor-in-the-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHome2024" class="citation news cs1">Home, Andy (19 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/west-challenges-chinas-critical-minerals-hold-africa-2024-02-16/">"West challenges China's critical minerals hold on Africa"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=West+challenges+China%27s+critical+minerals+hold+on+Africa&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft.aulast=Home&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Fcommodities%2Fwest-challenges-chinas-critical-minerals-hold-africa-2024-02-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/glencore-closes-mutanda-mine-20-of-global-cobalt-supply-comes-offline/">"Glencore closes Mutanda mine, 20% of global cobalt supply comes offline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_Mineral_Intelligence" title="Benchmark Mineral Intelligence">Benchmark Mineral Intelligence</a>. 28 November 2019. <q>the mine would be placed on care and maintenance for a period of no less than two years</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glencore+closes+Mutanda+mine%2C+20%25+of+global+cobalt+supply+comes+offline&rft.pub=Benchmark+Mineral+Intelligence&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benchmarkminerals.com%2Fglencore-closes-mutanda-mine-20-of-global-cobalt-supply-comes-offline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mining-journal.com/capital-markets/news/1311386/-ivanhoe-pullback-investors-waiting">Mining Journal</a> "The [Ivanhoe] pullback investors have been waiting for", Aspermont Ltd., London, UK, 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-mining-cobalt/cobalt-to-be-declared-a-strategic-mineral-in-congo-idUSKCN1GQ2RX">Shabalala, Zandi</a> "Cobalt to be declared a strategic mineral in Congo", Reuters, 14 March 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Reuters, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-mining/congos-kabila-signs-into-law-new-mining-code-idUSKCN1GL2MB">Congo's Kabila signs into law new mining code</a>", 14 March 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mining-journal.com/politics/news/1352362/drc-declares-cobalt-%E2%80%98strategic%E2%80%99">"DRC declares cobalt 'strategic'"</a>, Mining Journal, 4 December 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-wpDRC1-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wpDRC1_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wpDRC1_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2016" class="citation news cs1">Frankel, Todd C. (30 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/business/batteries/congo-cobalt-mining-for-lithium-ion-battery/">"Cobalt mining for lithium ion batteries has a high human cost"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cobalt+mining+for+lithium+ion+batteries+has+a+high+human+cost&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Todd+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgraphics%2Fbusiness%2Fbatteries%2Fcongo-cobalt-mining-for-lithium-ion-battery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuchaSadofFrankel2018" class="citation news cs1">Mucha, Lena; Sadof, Karly Domb; Frankel, Todd C. (28 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2018/02/28/the-cost-of-cobalt/">"Perspective – The hidden costs of cobalt mining"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 7 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Perspective+%E2%80%93+The+hidden+costs+of+cobalt+mining&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Mucha&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft.au=Sadof%2C+Karly+Domb&rft.au=Frankel%2C+Todd+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fin-sight%2Fwp%2F2018%2F02%2F28%2Fthe-cost-of-cobalt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2016" class="citation news cs1">Frankel, Todd C. (30 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/business/batteries/congo-cobalt-mining-for-lithium-ion-battery/">"The Cobalt Pipeline: Tracing the path from deadly hand-dug mines in Congo to consumers' phones and laptops"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Cobalt+Pipeline%3A+Tracing+the+path+from+deadly+hand-dug+mines+in+Congo+to+consumers%27+phones+and+laptops&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Todd+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgraphics%2Fbusiness%2Fbatteries%2Fcongo-cobalt-mining-for-lithium-ion-battery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/01/child-labour-behind-smart-phone-and-electric-car-batteries/">"Child labour behind smart phone and electric car batteries"</a>. Amnesty International. 19 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+labour+behind+smart+phone+and+electric+car+batteries&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2016%2F01%2Fchild-labour-behind-smart-phone-and-electric-car-batteries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrawford" class="citation web cs1">Crawford, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/story/meet-dorsen-8-who-mines-cobalt-to-make-your-smartphone-work-10784120">"Meet Dorsen, 8, who mines cobalt to make your smartphone work"</a>. Sky News. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Meet+Dorsen%2C+8%2C+who+mines+cobalt+to+make+your+smartphone+work&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fmeet-dorsen-8-who-mines-cobalt-to-make-your-smartphone-work-10784120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/video/are-you-holding-a-product-of-child-labour-right-now-10785338">"Are you holding a product of child labour right now? (Video)"</a>. Sky News. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Are+you+holding+a+product+of+child+labour+right+now%3F+%28Video%29&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fvideo%2Fare-you-holding-a-product-of-child-labour-right-now-10785338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReisinger2017" class="citation web cs1">Reisinger, Don (3 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2017/03/03/apple-cobalt-child-labor/">"Child Labor Revelation Prompts Apple to Make Supplier Policy Change"</a>. Fortune. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Child+Labor+Revelation+Prompts+Apple+to+Make+Supplier+Policy+Change&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft.aulast=Reisinger&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2017%2F03%2F03%2Fapple-cobalt-child-labor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2017" class="citation web cs1">Frankel, Todd C. (3 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/03/03/apple-cracks-down-further-on-cobalt-supplier-in-congo-as-child-labor-persists/">"Apple cracks down further on cobalt supplier in Congo as child labor persists"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Apple+cracks+down+further+on+cobalt+supplier+in+Congo+as+child+labor+persists&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Todd+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-switch%2Fwp%2F2017%2F03%2F03%2Fapple-cracks-down-further-on-cobalt-supplier-in-congo-as-child-labor-persists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/apple-use-100-recycled-cobalt-batteries-by-2025-2023-04-13/">"Apple to use only recycled cobalt in batteries by 2025"</a>. Reuters. 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Apple+to+use+only+recycled+cobalt+in+batteries+by+2025&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Fapple-use-100-recycled-cobalt-batteries-by-2025-2023-04-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://respect.international/responsible-cobalt-initiative-rci/">"Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI)"</a>. respect.international. Retrieved 28 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=respect.international&rft.atitle=Responsible+Cobalt+Initiative+%28RCI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frespect.international%2Fresponsible-cobalt-initiative-rci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevelopment" class="citation web cs1">Development, Cobalt for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cobalt4development.com/">"Cobalt for Development (C4D) - Towards responsible artisanal cobalt mining in the DR Congo"</a>. Cobalt for Development (C4D). Retrieved 28 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cobalt+for+Development+%28C4D%29&rft.atitle=Cobalt+for+Development+%28C4D%29+-+Towards+responsible+artisanal+cobalt+mining+in+the+DR+Congo&rft.aulast=Development&rft.aufirst=Cobalt+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcobalt4development.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWellmerBecker-Platen" class="citation web cs1">Wellmer, Friedrich-Wilhelm; Becker-Platen, Jens Dieter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2007/1294/paper1.html">"Global Nonfuel Mineral Resources and Sustainability"</a>. Retrieved 16 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Nonfuel+Mineral+Resources+and+Sustainability&rft.aulast=Wellmer&rft.aufirst=Friedrich-Wilhelm&rft.au=Becker-Platen%2C+Jens+Dieter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fcirc%2F2007%2F1294%2Fpaper1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lgchem.com/asset/doc/Audit_Report_CDM_2018.pdf">Audit Report on Congo Dongfang International Mining sarl</a>. DNV-GL Retrieved 18 April 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sustainability-times.com/sustainable-business/u-s-cobalt-lawsuit-puts-spotlight-on-sustainable-tech/">"U.S. cobalt lawsuit puts spotlight on 'sustainable' tech"</a>. Sustainability Times. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sustainability+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+cobalt+lawsuit+puts+spotlight+on+%27sustainable%27+tech&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainability-times.com%2Fsustainable-business%2Fu-s-cobalt-lawsuit-puts-spotlight-on-sustainable-tech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law360.com/articles/1304511/apple-google-fight-blame-for-child-labor-in-cobalt-mines">"Apple, Google Fight Blame For Child Labor in Cobalt Mines – Law360"</a>. law360.com. Retrieved 16 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law360.com&rft.atitle=Apple%2C+Google+Fight+Blame+For+Child+Labor+in+Cobalt+Mines+%E2%80%93+Law360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F1304511%2Fapple-google-fight-blame-for-child-labor-in-cobalt-mines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/03/apple-and-other-firms-dont-have-to-compensate-victims-of-forced-child-labor/">"Buying cobalt doesn't make US firms liable for abuses in DR Congo"</a>. 6 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buying+cobalt+doesn%27t+make+US+firms+liable+for+abuses+in+DR+Congo&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2024%2F03%2Fapple-and-other-firms-dont-have-to-compensate-victims-of-forced-child-labor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKara2023" class="citation book cs1">Kara, Siddharth (2023). Cobalt red: how the blood of the Congo powers our lives (First ed.). New York, New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-28429-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-28429-7"><bdi>978-1-250-28429-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cobalt+red%3A+how+the+blood+of+the+Congo+powers+our+lives&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-250-28429-7&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.aufirst=Siddharth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAikins" class="citation web cs1">Aikins, Matthieu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/23/books/review/cobalt-red-siddharth-kara.html">"How Is Your Phone Powered? Problematically"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 November 2024. <q>Siddharth Kara's "Cobalt Red" takes a deep dive into the horrors of mining the valuable mineral – and the many who benefit from others' suffering.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Is+Your+Phone+Powered%3F+Problematically.&rft.aulast=Aikins&rft.aufirst=Matthieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F01%2F23%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fcobalt-red-siddharth-kara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGross2023" class="citation web cs1">Gross, Terry (1 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/02/01/1152893248/red-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara">"How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy"</a>. NPR. Retrieved 31 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=How+%27modern-day+slavery%27+in+the+Congo+powers+the+rechargeable+battery+economy&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fgoatsandsoda%2F2023%2F02%2F01%2F1152893248%2Fred-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHermes2017" class="citation web cs1">Hermes, Jennifer (31 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402084909/https://www.environmentalleader.com/2017/05/shortage-ethically-sourced-cobalt-congo-causes-trouble-ge-apple-tesla/">"Tesla & GE Face Major Shortage Of Ethically Sourced Cobalt"</a>. Environmentalleader.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environmentalleader.com/2017/05/shortage-ethically-sourced-cobalt-congo-causes-trouble-ge-apple-tesla/">the original</a> on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environmentalleader.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+%26+GE+Face+Major+Shortage+Of+Ethically+Sourced+Cobalt&rft.date=2017-05-31&rft.aulast=Hermes&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environmentalleader.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fshortage-ethically-sourced-cobalt-congo-causes-trouble-ge-apple-tesla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mining.com/web/electric-cars-yet-turn-cobalt-market-gold-mine-nornickel/">"Electric cars yet to turn cobalt market into gold mine – Nornickel"</a>. Mining.com. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mining.com&rft.atitle=Electric+cars+yet+to+turn+cobalt+market+into+gold+mine+%E2%80%93+Nornickel&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mining.com%2Fweb%2Felectric-cars-yet-turn-cobalt-market-gold-mine-nornickel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internationalbanker.com/brokerage/why-have-cobalt-prices-crashed/">"Why Have Cobalt Prices Crashed"</a>. International Banker. 31 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130150758/https://internationalbanker.com/brokerage/why-have-cobalt-prices-crashed/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Banker&rft.atitle=Why+Have+Cobalt+Prices+Crashed&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternationalbanker.com%2Fbrokerage%2Fwhy-have-cobalt-prices-crashed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cobaltCharts-135"><a href="#cite_ref-cobaltCharts_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/cobalt/">"Cobalt Prices and Cobalt Price Charts – InvestmentMine"</a>. infomine.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infomine.com&rft.atitle=Cobalt+Prices+and+Cobalt+Price+Charts+%E2%80%93+InvestmentMine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infomine.com%2Finvestment%2Fmetal-prices%2Fcobalt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mining-technology.com/news/tesla-joins-fair-cobalt-alliance/">"Tesla joins "Fair Cobalt Alliance" to improve DRC artisanal mining"</a>. mining-technology.com. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mining-technology.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+joins+%22Fair+Cobalt+Alliance%22+to+improve+DRC+artisanal+mining&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mining-technology.com%2Fnews%2Ftesla-joins-fair-cobalt-alliance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlender2020" class="citation news cs1">Klender, Joey (8 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-fair-cobalt-alliance-mining/">"Tesla joins Fair Cobalt Alliance in support of moral mining efforts"</a>. teslarati.com. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=teslarati.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+joins+Fair+Cobalt+Alliance+in+support+of+moral+mining+efforts&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft.aulast=Klender&rft.aufirst=Joey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslarati.com%2Ftesla-fair-cobalt-alliance-mining%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-10-31/the-canadian-ghost-town-that-tesla-is-bringing-back-to-life">The Canadian Ghost Town That Tesla Is Bringing Back to Life</a>. Bloomberg (31 October 2017). Retrieved on 2018-01-07. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cubabusinessreport.com/cubas-nickel-production-exceeds-50000-metric-tons/">"Cubas Nickel Production Exceeds 50000 metric tons</a>". Cuba Business Report. Retrieved 18 April 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mining.com/web/the-biggest-source-of-cobalt-outside-africa-is-now-indonesia/">"The biggest source of cobalt outside Africa is now Indonesia"</a>. Bloomberg News. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+biggest+source+of+cobalt+outside+Africa+is+now+Indonesia&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mining.com%2Fweb%2Fthe-biggest-source-of-cobalt-outside-africa-is-now-indonesia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-donachie2002-141"><a href="#cite_ref-donachie2002_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonachie2002" class="citation book cs1">Donachie, Matthew J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjCJ5pI1QpkC">Superalloys: A Technical Guide</a>. ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-749-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-749-9"><bdi>978-0-87170-749-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superalloys%3A+A+Technical+Guide&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-749-9&rft.aulast=Donachie&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvjCJ5pI1QpkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_Flake_C2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Flake C (30 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VdROgeQ5M8C&pg=PA557">"Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys"</a>. Elements of metallurgy and engineering alloys. ASM International. pp. 557–558. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-867-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-867-0"><bdi>978-0-87170-867-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobalt+and+Cobalt+Alloys&rft.btitle=Elements+of+metallurgy+and+engineering+alloys&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E557-%3C%2Fspan%3E558&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-867-0&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Flake+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VdROgeQ5M8C%26pg%3DPA557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichelNolte,_M.Reich_M.Löer,_F.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Michel, R.; Nolte, M.; Reich M.; Löer, F. (1991). "Systemic effects of implanted prostheses made of cobalt-chromium alloys". Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 110 (2): 61–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00393876">10.1007/BF00393876</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2015136">2015136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28903564">28903564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Orthopaedic+and+Trauma+Surgery&rft.atitle=Systemic+effects+of+implanted+prostheses+made+of+cobalt-chromium+alloys&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28903564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2015136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00393876&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Nolte%2C+M.&rft.au=Reich+M.&rft.au=L%C3%B6er%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDisegi1999" class="citation book cs1">Disegi, John A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4rXM1EnPugC">Cobalt-base Aloys for Biomedical Applications</a>. ASTM International. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8031-2608-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8031-2608-5"><bdi>0-8031-2608-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cobalt-base+Aloys+for+Biomedical+Applications&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8031-2608-5&rft.aulast=Disegi&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4rXM1EnPugC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alnico-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Alnico_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuborskyMendelsohn,_L._I.Paine,_T._O.1957" class="citation journal cs1">Luborsky, F. E.; Mendelsohn, L. I.; Paine, T. O. (1957). "Reproducing the Properties of Alnico Permanent Magnet Alloys with Elongated Single-Domain Cobalt-Iron Particles". Journal of Applied Physics. 28 (344): 344. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957JAP....28..344L">1957JAP....28..344L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1722744">10.1063/1.1722744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=Reproducing+the+Properties+of+Alnico+Permanent+Magnet+Alloys+with+Elongated+Single-Domain+Cobalt-Iron+Particles&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=344&rft.pages=344&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1722744&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957JAP....28..344L&rft.aulast=Luborsky&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rft.au=Mendelsohn%2C+L.+I.&rft.au=Paine%2C+T.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiggsTaylorVan_Der_Lingen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Biggs, T.; Taylor, S. S.; Van Der Lingen, E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F147106705X24409">"The Hardening of Platinum Alloys for Potential Jewellery Application"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. 49: 2–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F147106705X24409">10.1595/147106705X24409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=The+Hardening+of+Platinum+Alloys+for+Potential+Jewellery+Application&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F147106705X24409&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=Van+Der+Lingen%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1595%252F147106705X24409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frith-2023-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Frith-2023_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrithLaceyUlissi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Frith, James T.; Lacey, Matthew J.; Ulissi, Ulderico (26 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-35933-2">"A non-academic perspective on the future of lithium-based batteries"</a>. Nature Communications. 14 (1): 420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-023-35933-2">10.1038/s41467-023-35933-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9879955">9879955</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36702830">36702830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=A+non-academic+perspective+on+the+future+of+lithium-based+batteries&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=420&rft.date=2023-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9879955%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36702830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-023-35933-2&rft.aulast=Frith&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft.au=Lacey%2C+Matthew+J.&rft.au=Ulissi%2C+Ulderico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41467-023-35933-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastellano2017" class="citation web cs1">Castellano, Robert (13 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seekingalpha.com/article/4113417-minimize-teslas-cobalt-supply-chain-risk">"How To Minimize Tesla's Cobalt Supply Chain Risk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seeking_Alpha" title="Seeking Alpha">Seeking Alpha</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404152632/https://seekingalpha.com/article/4113417-how-to-minimize-teslas-cobalt-supply-chain-risk">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seeking+Alpha&rft.atitle=How+To+Minimize+Tesla%27s+Cobalt+Supply+Chain+Risk&rft.date=2017-10-13&rft.aulast=Castellano&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseekingalpha.com%2Farticle%2F4113417-minimize-teslas-cobalt-supply-chain-risk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cleantechnica1-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cleantechnica1_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cleantechnica1_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2017/11/28/cobalt-supply-tightens-lico-energy-metals-announces-two-new-cobalt-mines/">"As Cobalt Supply Tightens, LiCo Energy Metals Announces Two New Cobalt Mines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cleantechnica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleantechnica.com">cleantechnica.com</a>. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cleantechnica.com&rft.atitle=As+Cobalt+Supply+Tightens%2C+LiCo+Energy+Metals+Announces+Two+New+Cobalt+Mines&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2017%2F11%2F28%2Fcobalt-supply-tightens-lico-energy-metals-announces-two-new-cobalt-mines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShilling2017" class="citation web cs1">Shilling, Erik (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jalopnik.com/we-may-not-have-enough-minerals-to-even-meet-electric-c-1820008337">"We May Not Have Enough Minerals To Even Meet Electric Car Demand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jalopnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalopnik">Jalopnik</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401011155/https://jalopnik.com/we-may-not-have-enough-minerals-to-even-meet-electric-c-1820008337">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jalopnik&rft.atitle=We+May+Not+Have+Enough+Minerals+To+Even+Meet+Electric+Car+Demand&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Shilling&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjalopnik.com%2Fwe-may-not-have-enough-minerals-to-even-meet-electric-c-1820008337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020195558/https://www.adamasintel.com/state-of-charge-2019-h1/">"State of Charge: EVs, Batteries and Battery Materials (Free Report from @AdamasIntel)"</a>. Adamas Intelligence. 20 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adamasintel.com/state-of-charge-2019-h1/">the original</a> on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adamas+Intelligence&rft.atitle=State+of+Charge%3A+EVs%2C+Batteries+and+Battery+Materials+%28Free+Report+from+%40AdamasIntel%29&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adamasintel.com%2Fstate-of-charge-2019-h1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mining.com/muskmobiles-running-rivals-off-the-road/">"Muskmobiles running rivals off the road"</a>. MINING.COM. 26 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930213809/https://www.mining.com/muskmobiles-running-rivals-off-the-road/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MINING.COM&rft.atitle=Muskmobiles+running+rivals+off+the+road&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mining.com%2Fmuskmobiles-running-rivals-off-the-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoo-chul2020" class="citation news cs1">Yoo-chul, Kim (14 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2020/08/419_294410.html">"Tesla's battery strategy, implications for LG and Samsung"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a>. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Tesla%27s+battery+strategy%2C+implications+for+LG+and+Samsung&rft.date=2020-08-14&rft.aulast=Yoo-chul&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Ftech%2F2020%2F08%2F419_294410.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahan2020" class="citation news cs1">Shahan, Zachary (31 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2020/08/31/lithium-nickel-tesla-oh-my/">"Lithium & Nickel & Tesla, Oh My!"</a>. cleantechnica.com. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cleantechnica.com&rft.atitle=Lithium+%26+Nickel+%26+Tesla%2C+Oh+My%21&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft.aulast=Shahan&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2020%2F08%2F31%2Flithium-nickel-tesla-oh-my%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projectcobra.eu/#cobra">CObalt-free Batteries for FutuRe Automotive Applications website</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/875568">COBRA project at European Union</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalma2020" class="citation news cs1">Calma, Justine (22 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/22/21451670/tesla-cobalt-free-cathodes-mining-battery-nickel-ev-cost">"Tesla to make EV battery cathodes without cobalt"</a>. theverge.com. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=theverge.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+to+make+EV+battery+cathodes+without+cobalt&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft.aulast=Calma&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2020%2F9%2F22%2F21451670%2Ftesla-cobalt-free-cathodes-mining-battery-nickel-ev-cost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-armstrong&briggs&charles1988-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong&briggs&charles1988_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong&briggs&charles1988_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongBriggsCharles1988" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, R. D.; Briggs, G. W. D.; Charles, E. A. (1988). "Some effects of the addition of cobalt to the nickel hydroxide electrode". Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. 18 (2): 215–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01009266">10.1007/BF01009266</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97073898">97073898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Electrochemistry&rft.atitle=Some+effects+of+the+addition+of+cobalt+to+the+nickel+hydroxide+electrode&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01009266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97073898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft.au=Briggs%2C+G.+W.+D.&rft.au=Charles%2C+E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhang-etal1999-159"><a href="#cite_ref-zhang-etal1999_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhangYokoyamaItabashiWakui1999" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, P.; Yokoyama, Toshiro; Itabashi, Osamu; Wakui, Yoshito; Suzuki, Toshishige M.; Inoue, Katsutoshi (1999). "Recovery of metal values from spent nickel–metal hydride rechargeable batteries". Journal of Power Sources. 77 (2): 116–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JPS....77..116Z">1999JPS....77..116Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-7753%2898%2900182-7">10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00182-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Recovery+of+metal+values+from+spent+nickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+rechargeable+batteries&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0378-7753%2898%2900182-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JPS....77..116Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Yokoyama%2C+Toshiro&rft.au=Itabashi%2C+Osamu&rft.au=Wakui%2C+Yoshito&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Toshishige+M.&rft.au=Inoue%2C+Katsutoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.energytrend.com/news/20220520-28100.html">"EV Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Battles Back"</a>. energytrend.com. 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=energytrend.com&rft.atitle=EV+Lithium+Iron+Phosphate+Battery+Battles+Back&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.energytrend.com%2Fnews%2F20220520-28100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172932/https://www.borchers.com/product/12-cobalt-cem-all/">"Cobalt Drier for Paints | Cobalt Cem-All®"</a>. Borchers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.borchers.com/product/12-cobalt-cem-all/">the original</a> on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Borchers&rft.atitle=Cobalt+Drier+for+Paints+%7C+Cobalt+Cem-All%C2%AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.borchers.com%2Fproduct%2F12-cobalt-cem-all%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawkins2001-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hawkins2001_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hawkins2001_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, M. (2001). "Why we need cobalt". Applied Earth Science. 110 (2): 66–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApEaS.110...66H">2001ApEaS.110...66H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Faes.2001.110.2.66">10.1179/aes.2001.110.2.66</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137529349">137529349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Earth+Science&rft.atitle=Why+we+need+cobalt&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137529349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Faes.2001.110.2.66&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001ApEaS.110...66H&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalstead2023" class="citation journal cs1">Halstead, Joshua (April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coatingstech-digital.org/coatingstech/library/item/may-june_2023/4096855/">"Expanded Applications and Enhanced Durability of Alkyd Coatings Using High-Performance Catalysts"</a>. CoatingsTech. 20 (3). American Coatings Association: 45–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CoatingsTech&rft.atitle=Expanded+Applications+and+Enhanced+Durability+of+Alkyd+Coatings+Using+High-Performance+Catalysts&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2023-04&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coatingstech-digital.org%2Fcoatingstech%2Flibrary%2Fitem%2Fmay-june_2023%2F4096855%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeatherhead1980" class="citation cs2">Weatherhead, R. G. (1980), Weatherhead, R. G. (ed.), "Catalysts, Accelerators and Inhibitors for Unsaturated Polyester Resins", FRP Technology: Fibre Reinforced Resin Systems, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 204–239, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-8721-0_10">10.1007/978-94-009-8721-0_10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8721-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8721-0"><bdi>978-94-009-8721-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FRP+Technology%3A+Fibre+Reinforced+Resin+Systems&rft.atitle=Catalysts%2C+Accelerators+and+Inhibitors+for+Unsaturated+Polyester+Resins&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-8721-0_10&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8721-0&rft.aulast=Weatherhead&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aocresins.com/en-amr/products/">"The product selector | AOC"</a>. aocresins.com. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aocresins.com&rft.atitle=The+product+selector+%7C+AOC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faocresins.com%2Fen-amr%2Fproducts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515152319/https://www.comarchemicals.com/index.php/en/products-en/other-organometallics-en/polyester-acceleration-en#:~:text=Cobalt%20is%20used%20to%20accelerate,customers%5C%5C%5C%27%20needs.">"Comar Chemicals – Polyester Acceleration"</a>. comarchemicals.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comarchemicals.com/index.php/en/products-en/other-organometallics-en/polyester-acceleration-en#:~:text=Cobalt%20is%20used%20to%20accelerate,customers%5C%5C%5C%27%20needs.">the original</a> on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comarchemicals.com&rft.atitle=Comar+Chemicals+%E2%80%93+Polyester+Acceleration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comarchemicals.com%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fproducts-en%2Fother-organometallics-en%2Fpolyester-acceleration-en%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCobalt%2520is%2520used%2520to%2520accelerate%2Ccustomers%255C%255C%255C%2527%2520needs.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-khodakov&chu&fongarland2007-167"><a href="#cite_ref-khodakov&chu&fongarland2007_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhodakovChuFongarland2007" class="citation journal cs1">Khodakov, Andrei Y. Khodakov; Chu, Wei & Fongarland, Pascal (2007). "Advances in the Development of Novel Cobalt Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts for Synthesis of Long-Chain Hydrocarbons and Clean Fuels". Chemical Reviews. 107 (5): 1692–1744. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr050972v">10.1021/cr050972v</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17488058">17488058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Advances+in+the+Development+of+Novel+Cobalt+Fischer-Tropsch+Catalysts+for+Synthesis+of+Long-Chain+Hydrocarbons+and+Clean+Fuels&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1692-%3C%2Fspan%3E1744&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr050972v&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17488058&rft.aulast=Khodakov&rft.aufirst=Andrei+Y.+Khodakov&rft.au=Chu%2C+Wei&rft.au=Fongarland%2C+Pascal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hebrard&kalck2009-168"><a href="#cite_ref-hebrard&kalck2009_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHebrardKalck2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hebrard, Frédéric & Kalck, Philippe (2009). "Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Alkenes: Generation and Recycling of the Carbonyl Species, and Catalytic Cycle". Chemical Reviews. 109 (9): 4272–4282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr8002533">10.1021/cr8002533</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19572688">19572688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Cobalt-Catalyzed+Hydroformylation+of+Alkenes%3A+Generation+and+Recycling+of+the+Carbonyl+Species%2C+and+Catalytic+Cycle&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4272-%3C%2Fspan%3E4282&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr8002533&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19572688&rft.aulast=Hebrard&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Kalck%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-overman1852-169"><a href="#cite_ref-overman1852_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOverman1852" class="citation book cs1">Overman, Frederick (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonmeta01overgoog">A treatise on metallurgy</a>. D. Appleton & company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonmeta01overgoog/page/n543">631</a>–637.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+treatise+on+metallurgy&rft.pages=631-637&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+company&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Overman&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatreatiseonmeta01overgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-muhlethaler&thissen1969-170"><a href="#cite_ref-muhlethaler&thissen1969_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuhlethalerThissen1969" class="citation journal cs1">Muhlethaler, Bruno; Thissen, Jean (1969). "Smalt". Studies in Conservation. 14 (2): 47–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1505347">10.2307/1505347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1505347">1505347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conservation&rft.atitle=Smalt&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1505347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1505347%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Muhlethaler&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Thissen%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thenard-tr-gehlen1803-171"><a href="#cite_ref-thenard-tr-gehlen1803_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGehlen1803" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Ferdinand_Gehlen" title="Adolph Ferdinand Gehlen">Gehlen, A. F.</a> (1803). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGsMAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA506">"Ueber die Bereitung einer blauen Farbe aus Kobalt, die eben so schön ist wie Ultramarin. Vom Bürger Thenard"</a>. Neues Allgemeines Journal der Chemie, Band 2. H. Frölich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neues+Allgemeines+Journal+der+Chemie%2C+Band+2&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+Bereitung+einer+blauen+Farbe+aus+Kobalt%2C+die+eben+so+sch%C3%B6n+ist+wie+Ultramarin.+Vom+B%C3%BCrger+Thenard&rft.date=1803&rft.aulast=Gehlen&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUGsMAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> (German translation from <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">L. J. Thénard</a>; Journal des Mines; Brumaire 12 1802; p 128–136) </li> <li id="cite_note-witteveen&farnauq1921-172"><a href="#cite_ref-witteveen&farnauq1921_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitteveenFarnau1921" class="citation journal cs1">Witteveen, H. J.; Farnau, E. F. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1428758">"Colors Developed by Cobalt Oxides"</a>. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 13 (11): 1061–1066. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie50143a048">10.1021/ie50143a048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Colors+Developed+by+Cobalt+Oxides&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1061-%3C%2Fspan%3E1066&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie50143a048&rft.aulast=Witteveen&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft.au=Farnau%2C+E.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1428758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venetskii-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Venetskii_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVenetskii1970" class="citation journal cs1">Venetskii, S. (1970). "The charge of the guns of peace". Metallurgist. 14 (5): 334–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00739447">10.1007/BF00739447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137225608">137225608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metallurgist&rft.atitle=The+charge+of+the+guns+of+peace&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E334-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00739447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137225608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Venetskii&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandeville&fulbright1943-174"><a href="#cite_ref-mandeville&fulbright1943_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandevilleFulbright1943" class="citation journal cs1">Mandeville, C.; Fulbright, H. (1943). "The Energies of the γ-Rays from Sb122, Cd115, Ir192, Mn54, Zn65, and Co60". Physical Review. 64 (9–10): 265–267. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1943PhRv...64..265M">1943PhRv...64..265M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.64.265">10.1103/PhysRev.64.265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Energies+of+the+%CE%B3-Rays+from+Sb%3Csup%3E122%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+Cd%3Csup%3E115%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+Ir%3Csup%3E192%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+Mn%3Csup%3E54%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+Zn%3Csup%3E65%3C%2Fsup%3E%2C+and+Co%3Csup%3E60%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.64.265&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1943PhRv...64..265M&rft.aulast=Mandeville&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Fulbright%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilkinson&gould1998-175"><a href="#cite_ref-wilkinson&gould1998_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonGould1998" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, V. M.; Gould, G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FpIpsqs7CRUC&pg=PA53">Food irradiation: a reference guide</a>. Woodhead. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-359-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-359-6"><bdi>978-1-85573-359-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+irradiation%3A+a+reference+guide&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Woodhead&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85573-359-6&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=V.+M.&rft.au=Gould%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFpIpsqs7CRUC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlakeslee1984" class="citation news cs1">Blakeslee, Sandra (1 May 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9501E7D71338F932A35756C0A962948260">"The Juarez accident"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 6 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Juarez+accident&rft.date=1984-05-01&rft.aulast=Blakeslee&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fsec%3Dhealth%26res%3D9501E7D71338F932A35756C0A962948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1983MEX1.html">"Ciudad Juarez orphaned source dispersal, 1983"</a>. Wm. Robert Johnston. 23 November 2005. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ciudad+Juarez+orphaned+source+dispersal%2C+1983&rft.pub=Wm.+Robert+Johnston&rft.date=2005-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fnuclear%2Fradevents%2F1983MEX1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Committee_on_Radiation_Source_Use_and_ReplacementNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Nuclear_and_Radiation_Studies_Board2008" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement; National Research Council (U.S.). Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cT2REdXJ98C&pg=PA35">Radiation source use and replacement: abbreviated version</a>. National Academies Press. pp. 35–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-11014-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-11014-3"><bdi>978-0-309-11014-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiation+source+use+and+replacement%3A+abbreviated+version&rft.pages=35-&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2008-01&rft.isbn=978-0-309-11014-3&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Committee+on+Radiation+Source+Use+and+Replacement&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Nuclear+and+Radiation+Studies+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cT2REdXJ98C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyer2001-179"><a href="#cite_ref-meyer2001_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Theresa (30 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gfKqUBGNgoC&pg=PA368">Physical Therapist Examination Review</a>. SLACK Incorporated. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55642-588-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55642-588-2"><bdi>978-1-55642-588-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Therapist+Examination+Review&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=SLACK+Incorporated&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft.isbn=978-1-55642-588-2&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gfKqUBGNgoC%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalnicky&singhvi2001-180"><a href="#cite_ref-kalnicky&singhvi2001_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalnickySinghvi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kalnicky, D.; Singhvi, R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1260005">"Field portable XRF analysis of environmental samples"</a>. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 83 (1–2): 93–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JHzM...83...93K">2001JHzM...83...93K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-3894%2800%2900330-7">10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00330-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11267748">11267748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&rft.atitle=Field+portable+XRF+analysis+of+environmental+samples&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11267748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-3894%2800%2900330-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JHzM...83...93K&rft.aulast=Kalnicky&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Singhvi%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1260005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-payne1977-181"><a href="#cite_ref-payne1977_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne1977" class="citation journal cs1">Payne, L. R. (1977). "The Hazards of Cobalt". Occupational Medicine. 27 (1): 20–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foccmed%2F27.1.20">10.1093/occmed/27.1.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/834025">834025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Hazards+of+Cobalt&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foccmed%2F27.1.20&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F834025&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-puri-mirza2020-182"><a href="#cite_ref-puri-mirza2020_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuri-Mirza2020" class="citation journal cs1">Puri-Mirza, Amna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/793590/morocco-cobalt-production/">"Morocco Cobalt Production"</a>. Statistica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistica&rft.atitle=Morocco+Cobalt+Production&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Puri-Mirza&rft.aufirst=Amna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F793590%2Fmorocco-cobalt-production%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrento2024" class="citation web cs1">Trento, Chin (14 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samaterials.com/content/what-is-cobalt-used-in-everyday-life.html">"What is Cobalt Used in Everyday Life"</a>. Stanford Advanced Materials. Retrieved 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Advanced+Materials&rft.atitle=What+is+Cobalt+Used+in+Everyday+Life&rft.date=2024-04-14&rft.aulast=Trento&rft.aufirst=Chin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samaterials.com%2Fcontent%2Fwhat-is-cobalt-used-in-everyday-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCroatOrmerod2022" class="citation book cs1">Croat, John; Ormerod, John, eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B978032388658100011X">"Chapter 11:Permanent magnet coatings and testing procedures"</a>. Modern Permanent Magnets. Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 371–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-323-88658-1.00011-X">10.1016/B978-0-323-88658-1.00011-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323886581" title="Special:BookSources/9780323886581"><bdi>9780323886581</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3APermanent+magnet+coatings+and+testing+procedures&rft.btitle=Modern+Permanent+Magnets&rft.series=Woodhead+Publishing+Series+in+Electronic+and+Optical+Materials&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-323-88658-1.00011-X&rft.isbn=9780323886581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FB978032388658100011X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radialmagnet.com/alnico-magnets-a-closer-look-at-their-history-properties-and-applications/">"Alnico Magnets: A Closer Look at Their History, Properties, and Applications"</a>. Radial Magnet. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radial+Magnet&rft.atitle=Alnico+Magnets%3A+A+Closer+Look+at+Their+History%2C+Properties%2C+and+Applications&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradialmagnet.com%2Falnico-magnets-a-closer-look-at-their-history-properties-and-applications%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohapatraXing2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mohapatra, Jeotikanta; Xing, Meiying (2020). "Hard and semi-hard magnetic materials based on cobalt and cobalt alloys". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 824. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jallcom.2020.153874">10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.153874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alloys+and+Compounds&rft.atitle=Hard+and+semi-hard+magnetic+materials+based+on+cobalt+and+cobalt+alloys&rft.volume=824&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jallcom.2020.153874&rft.aulast=Mohapatra&rft.aufirst=Jeotikanta&rft.au=Xing%2C+Meiying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYousufMahmoud2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yousuf, Rehab; Mahmoud, Naglaa (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asej.2020.12.002">"Electric and magnetic properties of cobalt, copper and nickel organometallic complexes for molecular wires"</a>. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 12 (2): 2135–2144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asej.2020.12.002">10.1016/j.asej.2020.12.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ain+Shams+Engineering+Journal&rft.atitle=Electric+and+magnetic+properties+of+cobalt%2C+copper+and+nickel+organometallic+complexes+for+molecular+wires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2135-%3C%2Fspan%3E2144&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asej.2020.12.002&rft.aulast=Yousuf&rft.aufirst=Rehab&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+Naglaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.asej.2020.12.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idealmagnetsolutions.com/knowledge-base/samarium-cobalt-vs-neodymium-magnets/">"Samarium Cobalt vs Neodymium Magnets"</a>. Ideal Magnet Solutions. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ideal+Magnet+Solutions&rft.atitle=Samarium+Cobalt+vs+Neodymium+Magnets&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidealmagnetsolutions.com%2Fknowledge-base%2Fsamarium-cobalt-vs-neodymium-magnets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis00-189"><a href="#cite_ref-davis00_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis,_Joseph_RHandbook_Committee,_ASM_International2000" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Joseph R; Handbook Committee, ASM International (1 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IePhmnbmRWkC&pg=PA354">"Cobalt"</a>. Nickel, cobalt, and their alloys. ASM International. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-685-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-685-0"><bdi>978-0-87170-685-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobalt&rft.btitle=Nickel%2C+cobalt%2C+and+their+alloys&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2000-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-685-0&rft.au=Davis%2C+Joseph+R&rft.au=Handbook+Committee%2C+ASM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIePhmnbmRWkC%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Technological_Alternatives_For_Cobalt_Conservation,_National_Research_Council_(U.S.)National_Materials_Advisory_Board,_National_Research_Council_(U.S.)1983" class="citation book cs1">Committee on Technological Alternatives For Cobalt Conservation, National Research Council (U.S.); National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council (U.S.) (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-CIrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA129">"Ground–Coat Frit"</a>. Cobalt conservation through technological alternatives. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ground%E2%80%93Coat+Frit&rft.btitle=Cobalt+conservation+through+technological+alternatives&rft.pages=129&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Committee+on+Technological+Alternatives+For+Cobalt+Conservation%2C+National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29&rft.au=National+Materials+Advisory+Board%2C+National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-CIrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yamada2013-191"><a href="#cite_ref-yamada2013_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYamada2013" class="citation book cs1">Yamada, Kazuhiro (2013). "Chapter 9. Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease". In Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K. O. (eds.). Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 295–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-7500-8_9">10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7499-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7499-5"><bdi>978-94-007-7499-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24470095">24470095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9.+Cobalt%3A+Its+Role+in+Health+and+Disease&rft.btitle=Interrelations+between+Essential+Metal+Ions+and+Human+Diseases&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24470095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-7500-8_9&rft.isbn=978-94-007-7499-5&rft.aulast=Yamada&rft.aufirst=Kazuhiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cracan&banerjee2013-192"><a href="#cite_ref-cracan&banerjee2013_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCracanBanerjee2013" class="citation book cs1">Cracan, Valentin; <a href="/wiki/Ruma_Banerjee" title="Ruma Banerjee">Banerjee, Ruma</a> (2013). "Chapter 10 Cobalt and Corrinoid Transport and Biochemistry". In <a href="/wiki/Lucia_Banci" title="Lucia Banci">Banci, Lucia</a> (ed.). Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 333–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_10">10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5560-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5560-4"><bdi>978-94-007-5560-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23595677">23595677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10+Cobalt+and+Corrinoid+Transport+and+Biochemistry&rft.btitle=Metallomics+and+the+Cell&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23595677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_10&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5560-4&rft.aulast=Cracan&rft.aufirst=Valentin&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Ruma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> electronic-book <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5561-1">978-94-007-5561-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1559-0836">1559-0836</a> electronic-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1868-0402">1868-0402</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzKirchgessnerStangl2000" class="citation journal cs1">Schwarz, F. J.; Kirchgessner, M.; Stangl, G. I. (2000). "Cobalt requirement of beef cattle – feed intake and growth at different levels of cobalt supply". Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 83 (3): 121–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1439-0396.2000.00258.x">10.1046/j.1439-0396.2000.00258.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Physiology+and+Animal+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Cobalt+requirement+of+beef+cattle+%E2%80%93+feed+intake+and+growth+at+different+levels+of+cobalt+supply&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1439-0396.2000.00258.x&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=Kirchgessner%2C+M.&rft.au=Stangl%2C+G.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoet,_Judith_G.Voet,_Donald1995" class="citation book cs1">Voet, Judith G.; Voet, Donald (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0/page/675">Biochemistry</a>. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biochemistry00voet_0/page/675">675</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-58651-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-58651-X"><bdi>0-471-58651-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31819701">31819701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=675&rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31819701&rft.isbn=0-471-58651-X&rft.au=Voet%2C+Judith+G.&rft.au=Voet%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiochemistry00voet_0%2Fpage%2F675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithGoldingRadom1999" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, David M.; Golding, Bernard T.; Radom, Leo (1999). "Understanding the Mechanism of B12-Dependent Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase: Partial Proton Transfer in Action". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 121 (40): 9388–9399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja991649a">10.1021/ja991649a</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Mechanism+of+B12-Dependent+Methylmalonyl-CoA+Mutase%3A+Partial+Proton+Transfer+in+Action&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9388-%3C%2Fspan%3E9399&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja991649a&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Golding%2C+Bernard+T.&rft.au=Radom%2C+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKobayashiShimizu,_Sakayu1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kobayashi, Michihiko; Shimizu, Sakayu (1999). "Cobalt proteins". European Journal of Biochemistry. 261 (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00186.x">10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00186.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10103026">10103026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Cobalt+proteins&rft.volume=261&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.1999.00186.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10103026&rft.aulast=Kobayashi&rft.aufirst=Michihiko&rft.au=Shimizu%2C+Sakayu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125213027/http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/farm/content/soils.html#bush_sickness">"Soils"</a>. Waikato University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/farm/content/soils.html#bush_sickness">the original</a> on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soils&rft.pub=Waikato+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.waikato.ac.nz%2Ffarm%2Fcontent%2Fsoils.html%23bush_sickness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDoewel-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDoewel_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDoewel_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell2008" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Lee Russell (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UR9MnQ806LsC&pg=PA525">Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition</a> (2nd ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 525. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-37668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-37668-3"><bdi>978-0-470-37668-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vitamins+in+Animal+and+Human+Nutrition&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=525&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-37668-3&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Lee+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUR9MnQ806LsC%26pg%3DPA525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/aasmemoirs/marston.htm">Australian Academy of Science > Deceased Fellows > Hedley Ralph Marston 1900–1965</a> Accessed 12 May 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnook1962" class="citation journal cs1">Snook, Laurence C. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol3/iss11/2">"Cobalt: its use to control wasting disease"</a>. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia. 4. 3 (11): 844–852.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Western+Australia&rft.atitle=Cobalt%3A+its+use+to+control+wasting+disease&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E844-%3C%2Fspan%3E852&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Snook&rft.aufirst=Laurence+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au%2Fjournal_agriculture4%2Fvol3%2Fiss11%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/356891">"Cobalt 356891"</a>. Sigma-Aldrich. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sigma-Aldrich&rft.atitle=Cobalt+356891&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F356891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_202-0">^</a> Donaldson, John D. and Beyersmann, Detmar (2005) "Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a07_281.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a07_281.pub2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0146.html">"#0146"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230146&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorin_YTětu_AMercier_G1969" class="citation journal cs1">Morin Y; Tětu A; Mercier G (1969). "Quebec beer-drinkers' cardiomyopathy: Clinical and hemodynamic aspects". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 156 (1): 566–576. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969NYASA.156..566M">1969NYASA.156..566M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1969.tb16751.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb16751.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5291148">5291148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7422045">7422045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Quebec+beer-drinkers%27+cardiomyopathy%3A+Clinical+and+hemodynamic+aspects&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E566-%3C%2Fspan%3E576&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1969.tb16751.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7422045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5291148&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969NYASA.156..566M&rft.au=Morin+Y&rft.au=T%C4%9Btu+A&rft.au=Mercier+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarceloux,_Donald_G.Barceloux,_Donald1999" class="citation journal cs1">Barceloux, Donald G. & Barceloux, Donald (1999). "Cobalt". Clinical Toxicology. 37 (2): 201–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1081%2FCLT-100102420">10.1081/CLT-100102420</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10382556">10382556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Cobalt&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1081%2FCLT-100102420&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10382556&rft.au=Barceloux%2C+Donald+G.&rft.au=Barceloux%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.iarc.fr/_publications/media/download/2705/29aacee6b89ff816188dcd990b61a16ad6486eec.pdf">[PDF]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElbagirvan_HeerdenMackintosh2018" class="citation news cs1">Elbagir, Nima; van Heerden, Dominique; Mackintosh, Eliza (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2018/05/africa/congo-cobalt-dirty-energy-intl/">"Dirty Energy"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 30 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dirty+Energy&rft.date=2018-05&rft.aulast=Elbagir&rft.aufirst=Nima&rft.au=van+Heerden%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Mackintosh%2C+Eliza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Finteractive%2F2018%2F05%2Fafrica%2Fcongo-cobalt-dirty-energy-intl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasketterAngelini,_GianniIngber,_AriehKern,_Petra_S.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Basketter, David A.; Angelini, Gianni; Ingber, Arieh; Kern, Petra S.; Menné, Torkil (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-1873.2003.00149.x">"Nickel, chromium and cobalt in consumer products: revisiting safe levels in the new millennium"</a>. Contact Dermatitis. 49 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-1873.2003.00149.x">10.1111/j.0105-1873.2003.00149.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14641113">14641113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24562378">24562378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contact+Dermatitis&rft.atitle=Nickel%2C+chromium+and+cobalt+in+consumer+products%3A+revisiting+safe+levels+in+the+new+millennium&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24562378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14641113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0105-1873.2003.00149.x&rft.aulast=Basketter&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Angelini%2C+Gianni&rft.au=Ingber%2C+Arieh&rft.au=Kern%2C+Petra+S.&rft.au=Menn%C3%A9%2C+Torkil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.0105-1873.2003.00149.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarperKavlakGraedel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Harper, E. M.; Kavlak, G.; Graedel, T. E. (2012). "Tracking the metal of the goblins: Cobalt's cycle of use". Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (2): 1079–86. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EnST...46.1079H">2012EnST...46.1079H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes201874e">10.1021/es201874e</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22142288">22142288</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206948482">206948482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Tracking+the+metal+of+the+goblins%3A+Cobalt%27s+cycle+of+use&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1079-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes201874e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206948482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22142288&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EnST...46.1079H&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft.au=Kavlak%2C+G.&rft.au=Graedel%2C+T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNarendrulaNkongoloBeckett2012" class="citation journal cs1">Narendrula, R.; Nkongolo, K. K.; Beckett, P. (2012). "Comparative soil metal analyses in Sudbury (Ontario, Canada) and Lubumbashi (Katanga, DR-Congo)". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 88 (2): 187–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BuECT..88..187N">2012BuECT..88..187N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00128-011-0485-7">10.1007/s00128-011-0485-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22139330">22139330</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34070357">34070357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Environmental+Contamination+and+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Comparative+soil+metal+analyses+in+Sudbury+%28Ontario%2C+Canada%29+and+Lubumbashi+%28Katanga%2C+DR-Congo%29&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00128-011-0485-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34070357%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22139330&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012BuECT..88..187N&rft.aulast=Narendrula&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Nkongolo%2C+K.+K.&rft.au=Beckett%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPauwelsPettenatiGreffié2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pauwels, H.; Pettenati, M.; Greffié, C. (2010). "The combined effect of abandoned mines and agriculture on groundwater chemistry". Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 115 (1–4): 64–78. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JCHyd.115...64P">2010JCHyd.115...64P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jconhyd.2010.04.003">10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20466452">20466452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contaminant+Hydrology&rft.atitle=The+combined+effect+of+abandoned+mines+and+agriculture+on+groundwater+chemistry&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20466452&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jconhyd.2010.04.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JCHyd.115...64P&rft.aulast=Pauwels&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Pettenati%2C+M.&rft.au=Greffi%C3%A9%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBulut2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bulut, G. (2006). "Recovery of copper and cobalt from ancient slag". Waste Management & Research. 24 (2): 118–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006WMR....24..118B">2006WMR....24..118B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734242X06063350">10.1177/0734242X06063350</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16634226">16634226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24931095">24931095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waste+Management+%26+Research&rft.atitle=Recovery+of+copper+and+cobalt+from+ancient+slag&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0734242X06063350&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24931095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16634226&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006WMR....24..118B&rft.aulast=Bulut&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffersonEscuderoHurtadoPando2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jefferson, J. A.; Escudero, E.; Hurtado, M. E.; Pando, J.; Tapia, R.; Swenson, E. R.; Prchal, J.; Schreiner, G. F.; Schoene, R. B.; Hurtado, A.; Johnson, R. J. (2002). "Excessive erythrocytosis, chronic mountain sickness, and serum cobalt levels". Lancet. 359 (9304): 407–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2802%2907594-3">10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07594-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11844517">11844517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12319751">12319751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Excessive+erythrocytosis%2C+chronic+mountain+sickness%2C+and+serum+cobalt+levels&rft.volume=359&rft.issue=9304&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12319751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11844517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2802%2907594-3&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Escudero%2C+E.&rft.au=Hurtado%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Pando%2C+J.&rft.au=Tapia%2C+R.&rft.au=Swenson%2C+E.+R.&rft.au=Prchal%2C+J.&rft.au=Schreiner%2C+G.+F.&rft.au=Schoene%2C+R.+B.&rft.au=Hurtado%2C+A.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLøvoldHaugsbø1999" class="citation journal cs1">Løvold, T. V.; Haugsbø, L. (1999). "Cobalt mining factory--diagnoses 1822-32". Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening. 119 (30): 4544–6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10827501">10827501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tidsskrift+for+den+Norske+Laegeforening&rft.atitle=Cobalt+mining+factory--diagnoses+1822-32&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4544-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10827501&rft.aulast=L%C3%B8vold&rft.aufirst=T.+V.&rft.au=Haugsb%C3%B8%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirdHessleinMillsSchwartz1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bird, G. A.; Hesslein, R. H.; Mills, K. H.; Schwartz, W. J.; Turner, M. A. (1998). "Bioaccumulation of radionuclides in fertilized Canadian Shield lake basins". The Science of the Total Environment. 218 (1): 67–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ScTEn.218...67B">1998ScTEn.218...67B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0048-9697%2898%2900179-x">10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00179-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9718743">9718743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Bioaccumulation+of+radionuclides+in+fertilized+Canadian+Shield+lake+basins&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9718743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0048-9697%2898%2900179-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ScTEn.218...67B&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rft.au=Hesslein%2C+R.+H.&rft.au=Mills%2C+K.+H.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Turner%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNemery1990" class="citation journal cs1">Nemery, B. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.93.03020202">"Metal toxicity and the respiratory tract"</a>. The European Respiratory Journal. 3 (2): 202–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.93.03020202">10.1183/09031936.93.03020202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2178966">2178966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.atitle=Metal+toxicity+and+the+respiratory+tract&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F09031936.93.03020202&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2178966&rft.aulast=Nemery&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1183%252F09031936.93.03020202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKazantzis1981" class="citation journal cs1">Kazantzis, G. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1568837">"Role of cobalt, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, platinum, selenium, and titanium in carcinogenesis"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 40: 143–61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981EnvHP..40..143K">1981EnvHP..40..143K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.8140143">10.1289/ehp.8140143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1568837">1568837</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7023929">7023929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Role+of+cobalt%2C+iron%2C+lead%2C+manganese%2C+mercury%2C+platinum%2C+selenium%2C+and+titanium+in+carcinogenesis&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1568837%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7023929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.8140143&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981EnvHP..40..143K&rft.aulast=Kazantzis&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1568837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerfootFredrickDomeier1975" class="citation journal cs1">Kerfoot, E. J.; Fredrick, W. G.; Domeier, E. (1975). "Cobalt metal inhalation studies on miniature swine". American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 36 (1): 17–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0002889758507202">10.1080/0002889758507202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1111264">1111264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Industrial+Hygiene+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Cobalt+metal+inhalation+studies+on+miniature+swine&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0002889758507202&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1111264&rft.aulast=Kerfoot&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft.au=Fredrick%2C+W.+G.&rft.au=Domeier%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" class="extiw" title="commons:Cobalt">Cobalt</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cobalt" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cobalt">cobalt</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Cobalt">"Cobalt" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. VI (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 81–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobalt&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/027.htm">Cobalt</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/cobalt/">Centers for Disease and Prevention – Cobalt</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cobalt_compounds110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cobalt_compounds" title="Template:Cobalt compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cobalt_compounds" title="Template talk:Cobalt compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cobalt_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cobalt compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cobalt_compounds110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_compounds" title="Cobalt compounds">Cobalt compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cobalt(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_tetracarbonyl_hydride" title="Cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride">HCo(CO)4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cobalt(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_bromide" title="Cobalt(II) bromide">CoBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_cyanide" title="Cobalt(II) cyanide">Co(CN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_carbonate" title="Cobalt(II) carbonate">CoCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxalate" title="Cobalt(II) oxalate">CoC2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_chloride" title="Cobalt(II) chloride">CoCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_chlorate" title="Cobalt(II) chlorate">Co(ClO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_perchlorate" title="Cobalt(II) perchlorate">Co(ClO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_fluoride" title="Cobalt(II) fluoride">CoF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_formate" title="Cobalt(II) formate">Co(HCO2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_iodide" title="Cobalt(II) iodide">CoI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_nitrate" title="Cobalt(II) nitrate">Co(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_phosphate" title="Cobalt(II) phosphate">Co3(PO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_acetate" title="Cobalt(II) acetate">Co(OAc)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_metagermanate" title="Cobalt metagermanate">CoGeO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">CoO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_hydroxide" title="Cobalt(II) hydroxide">Co(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_sulfide" title="Cobalt sulfide">CoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_cyanate" title="Cobalt(II) cyanate">Co(OCN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_thiocyanate" title="Cobalt(II) thiocyanate">Co(SCN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_sulfate" title="Cobalt(II) sulfate">CoSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_selenide" title="Cobalt(II) selenide">CoSe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_phosphide" title="Cobalt(II) phosphide">Co3P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_hydride" title="Cobalt(II) hydride">CoH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_lactate" title="Cobalt lactate">Co(C3H6O3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_laurate" title="Cobalt laurate">C 24H 48CoO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_stearate" title="Cobalt(II) stearate">C 36H 70CoO 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cobalt(0,III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_monosilicide" title="Cobalt monosilicide">CoSi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_germanide" title="Cobalt germanide">CoGe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cobalt(II,III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Co3O4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cobalt(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_arsenide" title="Cobalt arsenide">CoAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_chloride" title="Cobalt(III) chloride">CoCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_nitrate" title="Cobalt(III) nitrate">Co(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">Co2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_fluoride" title="Cobalt(III) fluoride">CoF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_hydroxide" title="Cobalt(III) hydroxide">Co(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_cobalt_oxide" title="Lithium cobalt oxide">LiCoO2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cobalt(III,IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cobalt_oxide" title="Sodium cobalt oxide">NaxCoO2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cobalt(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_tetrafluoride" title="Cobalt tetrafluoride">CoF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hexafluorocobaltate(IV)" title="Caesium hexafluorocobaltate(IV)">Cs2CoF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV)" title="Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV)">CoC28H44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cobalt(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_percobaltate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium percobaltate">Na3CoO4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4070047-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85027513">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119794179">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119794179">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566072">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph543047&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000216325&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284052205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&oldid=1283287207">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&oldid=1283287207</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cobalt" title="Category:Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transition_metals" title="Category:Transition metals">Transition metals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dietary_minerals" title="Category:Dietary minerals">Dietary minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ferromagnetic_materials" title="Category:Ferromagnetic materials">Ferromagnetic materials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IARC_Group_2B_carcinogens" title="Category:IARC Group 2B carcinogens">IARC Group 2B carcinogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_labour" title="Category:Child labour">Child labour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cobalt_mining" title="Category:Cobalt mining">Cobalt mining</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Informal_economy_in_Africa" title="Category:Informal economy in Africa">Informal economy in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Resource_economics" title="Category:Resource economics">Resource economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_communities_in_Africa" title="Category:Mining communities in Africa">Mining communities in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extractive_Industries_Transparency_Initiative" title="Category:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative">Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements_with_hexagonal_close-packed_structure" title="Category:Chemical elements with hexagonal close-packed structure">Chemical elements with hexagonal close-packed structure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_element_minerals" title="Category:Native element minerals">Native element minerals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2025">Use dmy dates from March 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_having_GHS_data" title="Category:Chembox having GHS data">Chembox having GHS data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_container_only" title="Category:Chembox container only">Chembox container only</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_EB9" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 March 2025, at 15:33 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Cobalt</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 156 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-vkdsz","wgBackendResponseTime":285,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.464","walltime":"4.190","ppvisitednodes":{"value":45033,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1006486,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":81552,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":750567,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3710.131 1 -total"," 44.93% 1666.780 3 Template:Infobox"," 32.39% 1201.556 1 Template:Infobox_cobalt"," 32.28% 1197.518 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 30.75% 1140.869 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.75% 361.923 1 Template:Infobox_cobalt_isotopes"," 9.65% 358.157 65 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.14% 339.081 1 Template:Infobox_isotopes_(meta)"," 8.84% 327.981 1 Template:Isotopes/main/table"," 8.74% 324.385 146 Template:Trim"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.840","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24633021,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAgricola1546\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgricola1614\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgricola1657\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgricolaHoovers_trr.1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAikins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmy_Witherden2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrongBriggsCharles1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarceloux,_Donald_G.Barceloux,_Donald1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasketterAngelini,_GianniIngber,_AriehKern,_Petra_S.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaynes1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerendes1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiggsTaylorVan_Der_Lingen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirdHessleinMillsSchwartz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeslee1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulut2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrneRichesonTheopold1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrneTheopold1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Tomlinson1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalma2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell,_Flake_C2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastellano2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCelozzi,_SalvatoreAraneo,_RodolfoLovat,_Giampiero2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommittee_on_Technological_Alternatives_For_Cobalt_Conservation,_National_Research_Council_(U.S.)National_Materials_Advisory_Board,_National_Research_Council_(U.S.)1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCracanBanerjee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroatOrmerod2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielle_Bochove2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis,_Joseph_R.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis,_Joseph_RHandbook_Committee,_ASM_International2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis,_W._H2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevelopment\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDisegi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomingo1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonachie2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElbagirvan_HeerdenMackintosh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnghag,_Per2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankel2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFrankel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrithLaceyUlissi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGehlen1803\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGispert,_Joan_Ribas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlasenapp1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulleyMcCulloughShedd2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalstead2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarperKavlakGraedel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHebrardKalck2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Sanderson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermes2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolleman,_A._F.Wiberg,_E.Wiberg,_N.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHome2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffersonEscuderoHurtadoPando2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalnickySinghvi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKara2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazantzis1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerfootFredrickDomeier1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhodakovChuFongarland2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlender2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlugeSeebold2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKobayashiShimizu,_Sakayu1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebs,_Robert_E.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKretschmer1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLecouteux2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeAlsenzIgnatievVan_Hove1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivingoodSeaborg1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuborskyMendelsohn,_L._I.Paine,_T._O.1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLøvoldHaugsbø1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandevilleFulbright1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerck1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelNolte,_M.Reich_M.Löer,_F.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohapatraXing2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorin_YTětu_AMercier_G1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuchaSadofFrankel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhlethalerThissen1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurthy,_V._S._R2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller-Fraureuth1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarendrulaNkongoloBeckett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Committee_on_Radiation_Source_Use_and_ReplacementNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Nuclear_and_Radiation_Studies_Board2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemery1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuccio,_Pasquale_MarioValenza,_Mariano1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverland2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverman1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauwelsPettenatiGreffié2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetittoMarshCarsonLangell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPourkhabbazPourkhabbaz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPtitsyn,_D._A.Chechetkin,_V._M.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulak1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuri-Mirza2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehren2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisinger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsGunn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarzKirchgessnerStangl2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShedd\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShilling2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigelSigelSigel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithGoldingRadom1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnook1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarksLiottaHalpern1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalhoutSchulzFlorekVan_Benthem2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrento2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenetskii1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerardi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoet,_Judith_G.Voet,_Donald1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeatherhead1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellmerBecker-Platen\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWerner,_A.1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesting,_Arthur_HStockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinsonGould1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitteveenFarnau1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWothers2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWróblewski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamada2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoo-chul2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYousufMahmoud2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangYokoyamaItabashiWakui1999\"] = 1,\n [\"External_links_to_peer-reviewed_journals\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"=\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bots\"] = 1,\n [\"Category see also\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 8,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 8,\n [\"Chembox\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Hazards\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED2\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 62,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 45,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Cobalt compounds\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 13,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS07\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS08\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Greenwood\u0026Earnshaw2nd\"] = 2,\n [\"H-phrases\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Housecroft3rd\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox cobalt\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Issn\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"NUBASE 2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OED\"] = 1,\n [\"P-phrases\"] = 1,\n [\"PGCH\"] = 1,\n [\"Periodic table (navbox)\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 7,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 1,\n [\"Ssub\"] = 2,\n [\"Sub\"] = 3,\n [\"Transl\"] = 3,\n [\"URL\"] = 11,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Void\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-hfck9","timestamp":"20250405213039","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cobalt","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cobalt","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q740","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q740","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-17T13:07:05Z","dateModified":"2025-03-31T15:33:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","headline":"chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27"}</script> </body> </html>