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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development of the terms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_the_terms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of the terms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brandt_Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brandt_Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Brandt Line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brandt_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_the_term_Global_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_the_term_Global_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Uses of the term Global South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_the_term_Global_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defining_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defining_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Defining development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defining_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_explaining_the_divide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_explaining_the_divide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theories explaining the divide</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories_explaining_the_divide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories explaining the divide subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories_explaining_the_divide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Associated_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Associated theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debates_over_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates_over_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Debates over the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debates_over_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Future development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_and_technological_divide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_and_technological_divide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Digital and technological divide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_and_technological_divide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Media representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subregions_of_Global_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subregions_of_Global_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Subregions of Global North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subregions_of_Global_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subregions_of_Global_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subregions_of_Global_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Subregions of Global South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subregions_of_Global_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Global North and Global South</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globale_Suide_en_Globale_Noorde" title="Globale Suide en Globale Noorde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Globale Suide en Globale Noorde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8" title="حد شمال-جنوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حد شمال-جنوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimal_v%C9%99_C%C9%99nub_(geosiyas%C9%99t)" title="Şimal və Cənub (geosiyasət) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimal və Cənub (geosiyasət)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3" title="বৈশ্বিক উত্তর ও বৈশ্বিক দক্ষিণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈশ্বিক উত্তর ও বৈশ্বিক দক্ষিণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D1%82)" title="Төньяҡ һәм Көньяҡ (геосәйәсәт) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төньяҡ һәм Көньяҡ (геосәйәсәт)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_global_i_sud_global" title="Nord global i sud global – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nord global i sud global" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_Sever_a_glob%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_Jih" title="Globální Sever a globální Jih – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Globální Sever a globální Jih" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaniad_Gogledd-De" title="Rhaniad Gogledd-De – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhaniad Gogledd-De" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-S%C3%BCd-Konflikt" title="Nord-Süd-Konflikt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nord-Süd-Konflikt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3n_Norte-Sur" title="División Norte-Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="División Norte-Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8" title="تقسیم شمال-جنوب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقسیم شمال-جنوب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limite_Nord/Sud" title="Limite Nord/Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Limite Nord/Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%8C_%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4%EC%99%80_%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%8C_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="글로벌 노스와 글로벌 사우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="글로벌 노스와 글로벌 사우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="उत्तर-दक्षिण विभाजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तर-दक्षिण विभाजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesenjangan_Utara%E2%80%93Selatan" title="Kesenjangan Utara–Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesenjangan Utara–Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisione_Nord-Sud" title="Divisione Nord-Sud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Divisione Nord-Sud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob%C3%A1lis_%C3%89szak_%C3%A9s_Glob%C3%A1lis_D%C3%A9l" title="Globális Észak és Globális Dél – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Globális Észak és Globális Dél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="南北問題 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南北問題" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimol_va_Janub_(Geosiyosat)" title="Shimol va Janub (Geosiyosat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimol va Janub (Geosiyosat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divis%C3%A3o_norte-sul" title="Divisão norte-sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Divisão norte-sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D0%AE%D0%B3_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Север и Юг (геополитика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Север и Юг (геополитика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide" title="North–South divide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North–South divide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%8F%DA%A9%DA%BB_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D8%A7" title="اُتر ڏکڻ علائقا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اُتر ڏکڻ علائقا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Глобални север и глобални југ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глобални север и глобални југ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaali_pohjoinen_ja_globaali_etel%C3%A4" title="Globaali pohjoinen ja globaali etelä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Globaali pohjoinen ja globaali etelä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Terms that denote two groups of countries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> or <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNCTADclassificationofeconomies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/UNCTADclassificationofeconomies.png/420px-UNCTADclassificationofeconomies.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/UNCTADclassificationofeconomies.png/630px-UNCTADclassificationofeconomies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/UNCTADclassificationofeconomies.png/840px-UNCTADclassificationofeconomies.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3403" /></a><figcaption>Economic classification of the world's countries and territories by the <a href="/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development" title="UN Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a> in 2023: the Global North (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>) is highlighted in blue and the Global South (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>) is highlighted in red.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCTAD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-classfications_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classfications-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tdstat47_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdstat47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Global North</b> and <b>Global South</b> are terms that denote a method of grouping countries based on their defining characteristics with regard to <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">politics</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development" title="UN Trade and Development">UN Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD), the Global South broadly comprises Africa, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a>, Asia (excluding <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-UNCTAD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tdstat47_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdstat47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HKSGTW_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKSGTW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Global South's countries are commonly identified as lacking in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>, which includes having <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">lower incomes</a>, high levels of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Population_growth#Population_growth_rate" title="Population growth">population growth rates</a>, inadequate housing, limited educational opportunities, and deficient <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health systems</a>, among other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-charac_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charac-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, these countries' cities are characterized by their <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#In_the_developing_world" title="Infrastructure">poor infrastructure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-infra_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposite to the Global South is the Global North, which the UNCTAD describes as broadly comprising <a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a> and Europe, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCTAD_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tdstat47_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdstat47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HKSGTW_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKSGTW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the two terms do not refer to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, as many of the Global South's countries are geographically located in the former and, similarly, a number of the Global North's countries are geographically located in the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More specifically, the Global North consists of the world's <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, whereas the Global South consists of the world's <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tdstat47_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdstat47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Global South classification, as used by governmental and developmental organizations, was first introduced as a more open and value-free alternative to “<a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>”,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and likewise potentially “valuing” terms such as developed and developing. Countries of the Global South have also been described as being newly <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialized</a> or in the process of industrializing, many of them are current or former subjects of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mimiko_2012_47_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mimiko_2012_47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Global North and the Global South are often defined in terms of their differing levels of <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>, economic development, <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">strength</a> of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, as well as by their <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>, as defined by a variety of <a href="/wiki/List_of_freedom_indices" title="List of freedom indices">freedom indices</a>. Countries of the Global North tend to be <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealthier</a>, and capable of exporting technologically advanced manufactured products, among other characteristics. In contrast, countries of the Global South tend to be poorer, and heavily dependent on their largely <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">economic primary sectors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agri_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agri-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have suggested that the inequality gap between the Global North and the Global South has been narrowing due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have disputed this position, suggesting that the Global South has instead become poorer vis-à-vis the Global North in this same timeframe.<sup id="cite_ref-Hickel2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickel2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hickel2020_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickel2020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hickel_2021_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickel_2021-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the phenomenon of “<a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93South_cooperation" title="South–South cooperation">South–South cooperation</a>” (SSC) to “challenge the political and economic dominance of the North” has become more prominent among the Global South's countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0b_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has become popular in light of the geographical migration of manufacturing and production activity from the Global North to the Global South,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has since influenced the diplomatic policies of the Global South’s more <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">powerful</a> countries, such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, these <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">contemporary economic trends</a> have “enhanced the historical potential of economic growth and industrialization in the Global South” amidst renewed targeted efforts by the SSC to “loosen the strictures imposed during the colonial era, and transcend the boundaries of postwar political and economic geography” as an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_category_(2020).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_category_%282020%29.png/400px-Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_category_%282020%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_category_%282020%29.png/600px-Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_category_%282020%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_category_%282020%29.png/800px-Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_category_%282020%29.png 2x" data-file-width="6936" data-file-height="3087" /></a><figcaption>World map representing <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> categories (based on 2019 data, published in 2020) <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003135; color:white;"> </span> 0.800–1.000 (very high)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00726a; color:white;"> </span> 0.700–0.799 (high)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00bfac; color:black;"> </span> 0.550–0.699 (medium)</div> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ace8d4; color:black;"> </span> 0.350–0.549 (low)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a0a0a0; color:black;"> </span> Data unavailable</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p>The terms "Global North" and "Global South" are not strictly geographical, and are not "an image of the world divided by the equator, separating richer countries from their poorer counterparts."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, geography should be more readily understood as economic and migratory, in the "wider context of globalization or global capitalism."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, definitions for Global North and Global South, do not refer to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">geographical North</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">geographical South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Global North broadly comprises <a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, as per the UNCTAD.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCTAD_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tdstat47_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdstat47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HKSGTW_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKSGTW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Global South broadly comprises <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> excluding Israel, Japan, and South Korea, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> excluding Australia and New Zealand, also according to the UNCTAD.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCTAD_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tdstat47_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdstat47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HKSGTW_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKSGTW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, such as Australian sociologists Fran Collyer and <a href="/wiki/Raewyn_Connell" title="Raewyn Connell">Raewyn Connell</a>, have argued that Australia and New Zealand are marginalized in similar ways to other Global South countries, due to their geographical isolation and location in the Southern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crim_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crim-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term Global North is often used interchangeably with <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, whereas the term Global South with <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tdstat47_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdstat47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristically, most countries in the Global South are commonly identified as lacking in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>, these include having: <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">lower incomes</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">levels of poverty</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Population_growth#Population_growth_rate" title="Population growth">population growth rates</a>, limited educational opportunities, <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">deficient health care systems</a>, among other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-charac_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charac-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, cities in the Global South are identified for their <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#In_the_developing_world" title="Infrastructure">poor infrastructure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-infra_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economies of the Global North are diversified, whereas <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> sector happens to be the major contributor of economy activity in the Global South.<sup id="cite_ref-agri_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agri-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_terms">Development of the terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of the terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_income_economies_as_classified_by_the_World_Bank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/High_income_economies_as_classified_by_the_World_Bank.png/440px-High_income_economies_as_classified_by_the_World_Bank.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/High_income_economies_as_classified_by_the_World_Bank.png/660px-High_income_economies_as_classified_by_the_World_Bank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/High_income_economies_as_classified_by_the_World_Bank.png/880px-High_income_economies_as_classified_by_the_World_Bank.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3403" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#064081; color:white;"> </span> Countries described as high-income by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in 2023</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg/220px-Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg/330px-Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg/440px-Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2662" /></a><figcaption>Heads of state and heads of government at the 1981 <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Summit" title="North–South Summit">North–South Summit</a> in Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Oglesby" title="Carl Oglesby">Carl Oglesby</a> used the term "global south" in 1969, writing in Catholic journal <i><a href="/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)" title="Commonweal (magazine)">Commonweal</a></i> in a special issue on the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Oglesby argued that centuries of northern "dominance over the global south […] [has] converged […] to produce an intolerable social order."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term gained appeal throughout the second half of the 20th century, which rapidly accelerated in the early 21st century. It appeared in fewer than two dozen publications in 2004, but in hundreds of publications by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-concept_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concept-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emergence of the new term meant looking at the troubled realities of its predecessors, i.e.: Third World or Developing World. The term "Global South", in contrast, was intended to be less hierarchical.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of categorizing countries by their economic and developmental status began during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> with the classifications of East and West. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and China represented the East, and the United States and their allies represented the West. The term <i>Third World</i> came into parlance in the second half of the twentieth century. It originated in a 1952 article by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sauvy" title="Alfred Sauvy">Alfred Sauvy</a> entitled "Trois Mondes, Une Planète".<sup id="cite_ref-:12_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early definitions of the Third World emphasized its exclusion from the east–west conflict of the Cold War as well as the ex-colonial status and poverty of the peoples it comprised.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts to mobilize the Third World as an autonomous political entity were undertaken. The 1955 <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a> was an early meeting of Third World states in which an alternative to alignment with either the Eastern or Western Blocs was promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, the first <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned</a> Summit was organized in 1961. Contemporaneously, a <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">mode of economic criticism</a> which separated the world economy into "core" and "periphery" was developed and given expression in a project for political reform which "moved the terms 'North' and 'South' into the international political lexicon."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, the pursuit of a <a href="/wiki/New_International_Economic_Order" title="New International Economic Order">New International Economic Order</a> which was to be negotiated between the North and South was initiated at the Non-Aligned Summit held in Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1973, the oil embargo initiated by Arab OPEC countries as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> caused an increase in world oil prices, with prices continuing to rise throughout the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contributed to a worldwide recession which resulted in industrialized nations increasing economically protectionist policies and contributing less aid to the less developed countries of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slack was taken up by Western banks, which provided substantial loans to Third World countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Litonjua2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litonjua2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of these countries were not able to pay back their debt, which led the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> to extend further loans to them on the condition that they undertake certain liberalizing reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Litonjua2012_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litonjua2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy, which came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">structural adjustment</a>, and was institutionalized by <a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions" title="International financial institutions">International Financial Institutions</a> (IFIs) and Western governments, represented a break from the <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> approach to foreign aid which had been the norm from the end of the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Litonjua2012_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litonjua2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1987, reports on the negative social impacts that structural adjustment policies had had on affected developing nations led IFIs to supplement structural adjustment policies with targeted anti-poverty projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the end of the Cold War and the break-up of the Soviet Union, some Second World countries joined the First World, and others joined the Third World. A new and simpler classification was needed. Use of the terms "North" and "South" became more widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brandt_Line">Brandt Line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brandt Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brandt_Report" title="Brandt Report">Brandt Report</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Brandt_Line.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Brandt_Line.png/437px-The_Brandt_Line.png" decoding="async" width="437" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Brandt_Line.png/656px-The_Brandt_Line.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/The_Brandt_Line.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>The Brandt line, an artifact from the 1980s dividing the world into the developed north and the developing south</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandt_line_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brandt_line_2013.png/350px-Brandt_line_2013.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brandt_line_2013.png/525px-Brandt_line_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brandt_line_2013.png/700px-Brandt_line_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Countries' average latitude and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP per capita</a> according to <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2013). The Brandt Line is shown in bold.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the north–south divide, proposed by <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> former <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> in the 1980s in the report titled <i>North-South: A Programme for Survival</i> which was later known as the Brandt Report.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This line divides the world at a <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> of approximately <a href="/wiki/30th_parallel_north" title="30th parallel north">30° North</a>, passing between the United States and Mexico, north of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, climbing north over China and Mongolia, then dipping south to include Japan, Australia, and New Zealand in the "Rich North". As of 2023 the Brandt line has been criticised for being outdated, yet is still regarded as a helpful way to visualise global inequalities.<sup id="cite_ref-CCreproducitveChoice_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCreproducitveChoice-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_of_the_term_Global_South">Uses of the term Global South</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses of the term Global South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Global South</i> "emerged in part to aid countries in the southern hemisphere to work in collaboration on political, economic, social, environmental, cultural, and technical issues."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is called <a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93South_cooperation" title="South–South cooperation">South–South cooperation</a> (SSC), a "political and economical term that refers to the long-term goal of pursuing world economic changes that mutually benefit countries in the Global South and lead to greater solidarity among the disadvantaged in the world system."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hope is that countries within the Global South will "assist each other in social, political, and economical development, radically altering the world system to reflect their interests and not just the interests of the Global North in the process."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is guided by the principles of "respect for national <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, national ownership, independence, equality, non-conditionality, non-interference in <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">domestic affairs</a>, and mutual benefit."<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0b_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries using this model of South–South cooperation see it as a "mutually beneficial relationship that spreads knowledge, skills, expertise and resources to address their development challenges such as high <a href="/wiki/Population_pressure" title="Population pressure">population pressure</a>, poverty, hunger, disease, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental deterioration</a>, conflict and <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0b_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These countries also work together to deal with "cross border issues such as environmental protection, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0b_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the movement of capital and labor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0b_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Di_Nicola" title="Vincenzo Di Nicola">Vincenzo Di Nicola</a> has applied the Global South as a bridge between the critiques <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and the gaps and limitations of the <a href="/wiki/Global_mental_health" title="Global mental health">Global Mental Health Movement</a>, invoking <a href="/wiki/Boaventura_de_Sousa_Santos" title="Boaventura de Sousa Santos">Boaventura de Sousa Santos</a>' notion of "epistemologies of the South" to create a new epistemology for <a href="/wiki/Social_psychiatry" title="Social psychiatry">social psychiatry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dinicola_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dinicola-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defining_development">Defining development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defining development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dictionary of Human Geography defines development as "processes of social change or [a change] to class and state projects to transform national economies".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> is a measure of progress in a specific economy. It refers to advancements in technology, a transition from an economy based largely on agriculture to one based on industry and an improvement in living standards.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being categorized as part of the "North" implies development as opposed to belonging to the "South", which implies a lack thereof. According to N. Oluwafemi Mimiko, the South lacks the right technology, it is politically unstable, its economies are divided, and its foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product exports to the North, along with the fluctuation of prices. The low level of control it exercises over imports and exports condemns the South to conform to the 'imperialist' system. The South's lack of development and the high level of development of the North deepen the inequality between them and leave the South a source of raw material for the developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mimiko_2012_47_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mimiko_2012_47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North becomes synonymous with economic development and industrialization while the South represents the previously colonized countries which are in need of help in the form of international aid agendas.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, in <i>Regionalism Across the North-South Divide: State Strategies and Globalization,</i> Jean Grugel stated that the three factors that direct the economic development of states in the Global south are "élite behaviour within and between nation states, integration and cooperation within 'geographic' areas, and the resulting position of states and regions within the global world market and related political economic hierarchy."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_explaining_the_divide">Theories explaining the divide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theories explaining the divide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development disparity between the North and the South has sometimes been explained in historical terms. Dependency theory looks back on the patterns of colonial relations which persisted between the North and South and emphasizes how colonized territories tended to be impoverished by those relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Litonjua2012_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litonjua2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theorists of this school maintain that the economies of ex-colonial states remain oriented towards serving external rather than internal demand, and that development regimes undertaken in this context have tended to reproduce in underdeveloped countries the pronounced class hierarchies found in industrialized countries while maintaining higher levels of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-Litonjua2012_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litonjua2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dependency theory is closely intertwined with Latin American Structuralism, the only school of <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">development economics</a> emerging from the Global South to be affiliated with a national research institute and to receive support from national banks and finance ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Structuralists defined dependency as the inability of a nation's economy to complete the cycle of <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> without reliance on an outside economy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, peripheral nations were perceived as primary resource exporters reliant on core economies for manufactured goods.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led structuralists to advocate for <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">import-substitution industrialization</a> policies which aimed to replace manufactured imports with domestically made products.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">New Economic Geography</a> explains development disparities in terms of the physical organization of industry, arguing that firms tend to cluster in order to benefit from <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> and increase productivity which leads ultimately to an increase in wages.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North has more firm clustering than the South, making its industries more competitive. It is argued that only when wages in the North reach a certain height, will it become more profitable for firms to operate in the South, allowing clustering to begin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_theories">Associated theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Associated theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term of the Global South has many researched theories associated with it. Since many of the countries that are considered to be a part of the Global South were once <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonized</a> by Global North countries, they are at a disadvantage to become as quickly developed. <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency theorists</a> suggest that information has a <a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">top-down</a> approach and first goes to the Global North before countries in the Global South receive it. Although many of these countries rely on political or economic help, this also opens up opportunity for information to develop Western bias and create an academic dependency.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meneleo Litonjua describes the reasoning behind distinctive problems of dependency theory as "the basic context of poverty and <a href="/wiki/Underdevelopment" title="Underdevelopment">underdevelopment</a> of Third World/Global South countries was not their traditionalism, but the dominance-dependence relationship between rich and poor, powerful and weak counties."<sup id="cite_ref-Litonjua2012_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litonjua2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What brought about much of the dependency, was the push to become modernized. After World War II, the U.S. made effort to assist developing countries financially in attempt to pull them out of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization theory</a> "sought to remake the Global South in the image and likeliness of the First World/Global North."<sup id="cite_ref-Litonjua2012_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litonjua2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other terms, "societies can be fast-tracked to modernization by 'importing' Western technical capital, forms of organization, and science and technology to developing countries." With this ideology, as long as countries follow in Western ways, they can develop quicker.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After modernization attempts took place, theorists started to question the effects through post-development perspectives. <a href="/wiki/Postdevelopment_theory" title="Postdevelopment theory">Postdevelopment</a> theorists try to explain that not all developing countries need to be following Western ways but instead should create their own development plans. This means that "societies at the local level should be allowed to pursue their own development path as they perceive it without the influences of global capital and other modern choices, and thus a rejection of the entire paradigm from Eurocentric model and the advocation of new ways of thinking about the non-Western societies."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goals of postdevelopment was to reject development rather than reform by choosing to embrace non-Western ways.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMF_advanced_economies_and_UN_least_developed_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/IMF_advanced_economies_and_UN_least_developed_countries.svg/420px-IMF_advanced_economies_and_UN_least_developed_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/IMF_advanced_economies_and_UN_least_developed_countries.svg/630px-IMF_advanced_economies_and_UN_least_developed_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/IMF_advanced_economies_and_UN_least_developed_countries.svg/840px-IMF_advanced_economies_and_UN_least_developed_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b9fa; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">Developed countries or territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb219; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">Developing countries or territories</a> (IMF)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff562f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">Least developed countries</a> (UN)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b9b9b9; color:black;"> </span> Data unavailable</div><br />World map showing country classifications per the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a><sup id="cite_ref-IMF1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (last updated April 2023).</figcaption></figure> <p>The accuracy of the North–South divide has been challenged on a number of grounds. Firstly, differences in the political, economic and demographic make-up of countries tend to complicate the idea of a monolithic South.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> has also challenged the notion of two distinct economic spheres. Following the liberalization of post-Mao <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> initiated in 1978, growing regional cooperation between the national economies of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> has led to the growing decentralization of the North as the main economic power.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic status of the South has also been fractured. As of 2015, all but roughly the bottom 60 nations of the Global South were thought to be gaining on the North in terms of income, diversification, and participation in the world market.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, other scholars, notably <a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Jason Hickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a> have suggested that the Global South is not rising economically, and that global inequality between the North and South has risen since globalization.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_2004_pp._381–414_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade_2004_pp._381–414-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hickel2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickel2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hickel has suggested that the exchange of resources between the South and the North is substantially unbalanced in favor of the North, with Global North countries extracting a windfall of over 240 trillion dollars from the Global South in 2015. This figure outstrips the amount of financial aid given to Global South by a factor of 30.<sup id="cite_ref-Hickel_2021_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickel_2021-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hickel2020_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickel2020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globalization has largely displaced the North–South divide as the theoretical underpinning of the development efforts of international institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> affiliated agencies, though these groups differ in their perceptions of the relationship between globalization and inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet some remain critical of the accuracy of globalization as a model of the world economy, emphasizing the enduring centrality of nation-states in world politics and the prominence of regional trade relations.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lately, there have been efforts to integrate the Global South more meaningfully into the world economic order.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The divide between the North and South challenges international environmental cooperation. The economic differences between North and South have created dispute over the scientific evidence and data regarding global warming and what needs to be done about it, as the South do not trust Northern data and cannot afford the technology to be able to produce their own. In addition to these disputes, there are serious divisions over responsibility, who pays, and the possibility for the South to catch up. This is becoming an ever-growing issue with the emergence of rising powers, imploding these three divisions just listed and making them progressively blurry. Multiplicity of actors, such as governments, businesses, and NGO's all influence any positive activity that can be taken into preventing further global warming problems with the Global North and Global South divide, contributing to the severity of said actors. Disputes between Northern countries governments and Southern countries governments has led to a breakdown in international discussions with governments from either side disagreeing with each other. Addressing most environmental problems requires international cooperation, and the North and South contribute to the stagnation concerning any form of implementation and enforcement, which remains a key issue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debates_over_the_term">Debates over the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Debates over the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With its development, many scholars preferred using the Global South over its predecessors, such as "<a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>". Leigh Anne Duck, co-editor of <a href="/wiki/Global_South_Development_Magazine" title="Global South Development Magazine"><i>Global South</i></a>, argued that the term is better suited at resisting "hegemonic forces that threaten the autonomy and development of these countries."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Global South / Global North distinction has been preferred to the older developed / developing dichotomy as it does not imply a hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-CCreproducitveChoice_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCreproducitveChoice-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alvaro Mendez, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="London School of Economics and Political Science">London School of Economics and Political Science</a>'s Global South Unit, have applauded the empowering aspects of the term. In an article, <i>Discussion on Global South,</i> Mendez discusses emerging economies in nations like China, India and Brazil. It is predicted that by 2030, 80% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a> population will be living in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of the term "marks a shift from a central focus on development and cultural difference" and recognizes the importance of geopolitical relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Dados_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dados-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics of this usage often argue that it is a vague <a href="/wiki/Blanket_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanket term">blanket term</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have argued that the term, its usage, and its subsequent consequences mainly benefit those from the upper classes of countries within the Global South;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who stand "to profit from the political and economic reality [of] expanding south-south relations."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to scholar Anne Garland Mahler, this nation-based understanding of the Global South is regarded as an appropriation of a concept that has deeper roots in Cold War radical political thought.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this political usage, the Global South is employed in a more geographically fluid way, referring to "spaces and peoples negatively impacted by contemporary capitalist globalization."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, "there are economic Souths in the geographic North and Norths in the geographic South."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this geographically fluid definition, another meaning is attributed to the Global South where it refers to a global political community that is formed when the world's "Souths" recognize one another and view their conditions as shared.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geographical boundaries of the Global South remain a source of debate. Some scholars agree that the term is not a "static concept".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have argued against "grouping together a large variety of countries and regions into one category [because it] tends to obscure specific (historical) relationships between different countries and/or regions", and the power imbalances within these relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "may obscure wealth differences within countries – and, therefore, similarities between the wealthy in the Global South and Global North, as well as the dire situation the poor may face all around the world."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_development">Future development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Future development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></div> <p>Some economists have argued that international <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and unhindered <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> flows across countries could lead to a contraction in the North–South divide. In this case more equal trade and flow of capital would allow the possibility for developing countries to further develop economically.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuveny_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuveny-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As some countries in the South experience rapid development, there is evidence that those states are developing high levels of South–South aid.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil, in particular, has been noted for its high levels of aid ($1 billion annually—ahead of many traditional donors) and the ability to use its own experiences to provide high levels of expertise and knowledge transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been described as a "global model in waiting".<sup id="cite_ref-blogs.odi.org.uk_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.odi.org.uk-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> has also established its role in diminishing the divide between North and South through the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>, all of which were to be achieved by 2015. These goals seek to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve global universal education and healthcare, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, and other diseases, ensure <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>, and develop a global partnership for development.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were replaced in 2015 by 17 <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs). The SDGs, set in 2015 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> and intended to be achieved by 2030, are part of a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">UN Resolution</a> called "<a href="/wiki/2030_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="2030 Agenda">The 2030 Agenda</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_and_technological_divide">Digital and technological divide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Digital and technological divide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">global digital divide</a> is often characterized as corresponding to the north–south divide;<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> use, and especially <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> access, is now soaring in Asia compared with other continents. This phenomenon is partially explained by the ability of many countries in Asia to <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging" title="Leapfrogging">leapfrog</a> older Internet technology and infrastructure, coupled with booming economies which allow vastly more people to get online.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_representation">Media representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Media representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a> has often compared the Global South to the North, and is thought to be an aid in the divide. Western media tends to present a generalized view of developing countries through biased <a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">media coverage</a>, mass media outlets tend to focus disproportionately on <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and other negative imagery. This common coverage has created a dominant stereotype of developing countries as: "the '<a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">South</a>' is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> and political backwardness, measured against Western values and standards."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mass media has also played a role in what information the people in developing countries receive. The news often covers developed countries and creates an imbalance of information flow.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIVETS" title="CIVETS">CIVETS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MINT_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="MINT (economics)">MINT</a>, VISTA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_dichotomy" title="East–West dichotomy">East–West dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Global West">Global West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_majority" title="Global majority">Global majority</a>, roughly corresponding to Global South peoples</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_billion" title="Golden billion">Golden billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglehart%E2%80%93Welzel_cultural_map_of_the_world" title="Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world">Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Solar_Alliance" title="International Solar Alliance">International Solar Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Centre" title="North–South Centre">North–South Centre</a>, an institution of the Council of Europe, awarding the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Prize" title="North–South Prize">North–South Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_model" title="North–South model">North–South model</a>, in economics theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Summit" title="North–South Summit">North–South Summit</a>, the only North–South <a href="/wiki/Summit_(meeting)" title="Summit (meeting)">summit</a> ever held, with 22 heads of state and government taking part</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Northern and southern China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three-world model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subregions_of_Global_North">Subregions of Global North</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Subregions of Global North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pacific">North Pacific</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subregions_of_Global_South">Subregions of Global South</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Subregions of Global South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asia" title="Afro-Asia">Afro-Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HKSGTW-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HKSGTW_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HKSGTW_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HKSGTW_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HKSGTW_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Although <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> have very-high <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Indices</a> and are classified as <a href="/wiki/Advanced_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced economies">advanced economies</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, UN Trade and Development classifies them as the Global South. Also, Singapore is the one of <a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charac-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charac_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charac_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas-Slayter2003" class="citation book cs1">Thomas-Slayter, Barbara P. (2003). <i>Southern Exposure: International Development and the Global South in the Twenty-First Century</i>. United States: Kumarian Press. p. 9-10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56549-174-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56549-174-8"><bdi>978-1-56549-174-8</bdi></a>. <q>among the countries of the Global South, there are also some common characteristics. First and foremost is a continuing struggle for secure livelihoods amidst conditions of serious poverty for a large number of people in these nations. For many, incomes are low, access to resources is limited, housing is inadequate, health is poor, educational opportunities are insufficient, and there are high infant mortality rates along with low life expectancy. ... In addition to the attributes associated with a low standard of living, several other characteristics are common to the Global South. One is the high rate of population growth and a consequent high dependency burden — that is, the responsibility for dependents, largely young children. In many countries almost half the population is under fifteen years old. This population composition represents not only a significant responsibility, but in the immediate future, it creates demands on services for schools, transport, new jobs, and related infrastructure. If a nation's gross national income (GNI) is growing at 2 percent a year and its population is growing at that rate too, then any gains are wiped out.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Exposure%3A+International+Development+and+the+Global+South+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Kumarian+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56549-174-8&rft.aulast=Thomas-Slayter&rft.aufirst=Barbara+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+North+and+Global+South" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpethHaas2013" class="citation book cs1">Speth, James Gustave; Haas, Peter (2013). <i>Global Environmental Governance: Foundations of Contemporary Environmental Studies</i>. Island Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-605-5"><bdi>978-1-59726-605-5</bdi></a>. <q>Poverty, lower life expectancies, illiteracy, lack of basic health amenities, and high population growth rates meant that national priorities in these countries were firmly oriented toward economic and social objectives.The global "South," as these nations came to be known, considered their development priorities to be imperative; they wanted to "catch up" with the richer nations.They also asserted that the responsibility of protecting the environment was primarily on the shoulders of the richer "Northern" nations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Environmental+Governance%3A+Foundations+of+Contemporary+Environmental+Studies&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-605-5&rft.aulast=Speth&rft.aufirst=James+Gustave&rft.au=Haas%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+North+and+Global+South" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infra-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infra_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infra_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2010" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Stephen (2010). <i>Disrupted Cities: When Infrastructure Fails</i>. Routledge. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-85199-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-85199-6"><bdi>978-1-135-85199-6</bdi></a>. <q>In much debate on cities in the Global South, infrastructure is synonymous with breakdown, failure, interruption, and improvisation. The categorization of poorer cities through a lens of developmentalism has often meant that they are constructed as "problem." These are cities, as Anjaria has argued, discursively exemplified by their crowds, their dilapidated buildings, and their "slums."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disrupted+Cities%3A+When+Infrastructure+Fails&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-135-85199-6&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+North+and+Global+South" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdeyBissellHannamMerriman2014" class="citation book cs1">Adey, Peter; Bissell, David; Hannam, Kevin; Merriman, Peter; Sheller, Mimi, eds. (2014). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Mobilities</i>. Routledge. p. 470. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93413-4"><bdi>978-1-317-93413-4</bdi></a>. <q>In many global south cities, for example, access to networked infrastructures has always been highly fragmented, highly unreliable and problematic, even for relatively wealthy or powerful groups and neighbourhoods. In contemporary Mumbai, for example, many upper-middle-class residents have to deal with water or power supplies which operate for only a few hours per day. Their efforts to move into gated communities are often motivated as much by their desires for continuous power and water supplies as by hopes for better security.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Mobilities&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-93413-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+North+and+Global+South" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2018" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Andrew P. (2018). <i>Global Catholicism in the Twenty-first Century</i>. Springer Singapore. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-7802-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-7802-6"><bdi>978-981-10-7802-6</bdi></a>. <q>The global south remains very poor relative to the north, and many countries continue to lack critical infrastructure and social services in health and education. Also, a great deal of political instability and violence inhibits many nations in the global south.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Catholicism+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-981-10-7802-6&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Andrew+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+North+and+Global+South" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agri-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agri_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agri_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In most countries of the Global South, agriculture continues to dominate industry, manufacturing, and services in the formation of the structures of production. For many African countries agriculture constitutes more than 50 percent of the gross domestic product; for Bangladesh (at 30 percent) or Nepal (43 percent) or India (27 percent) it is high, unlike the 2 or 3 percent for the Netherlands, Japan, or Italy, which although possessing strong agricultural production, have diversified economies. Moreover, many developing economies are still highly dependent on the export of primary commodities — food, raw materials, fuels, and base metals — patterns established during the colonial era.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UNCTAD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNCTAD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCTAD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCTAD_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCTAD_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCTAD_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Classifications.html">"UNCTADstat - Classifications"</a>. <i>UN Trade and Development</i>. <q>The developing economies broadly comprise Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia without Israel, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, and Oceania without Australia and New Zealand. The developed economies broadly comprise Northern America and Europe, Israel, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Trade+and+Development&rft.atitle=UNCTADstat+-+Classifications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functadstat.unctad.org%2FEN%2FClassifications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+North+and+Global+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classfications-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-classfications_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbs.unctad.org/classifications/">"Classifications - UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2023"</a>. unctad.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classifications+-+UNCTAD+Handbook+of+Statistics+2023&rft.pub=unctad.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbs.unctad.org%2Fclassifications%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+North+and+Global+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdstat47-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tdstat47_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tdstat47_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tdstat47_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tdstat47_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tdstat47_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tdstat47_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tdstat47_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat47_en.pdf">"Handbook of Statistics 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. unctad.org. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212074134/https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat47_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 December 2022. <q>Note: North refers to developed economies, South to developing economies; trade is measured from the export side; deliveries to ship stores and bunkers as well as minor and special-category exports with unspecified destination are not included.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Statistics+2022&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=unctad.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fofficial-document%2Ftdstat47_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+North+and+Global+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160904205139/http://gssc.uni-koeln.de/node/451">"Introduction: Concepts of the Global South"</a>. gssc.uni-koeln.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gssc.uni-koeln.de/node/451">the original</a> on 4 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction%3A+Concepts+of+the+Global+South&rft.pub=gssc.uni-koeln.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgssc.uni-koeln.de%2Fnode%2F451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+North+and+Global+South" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/6399/1/voices012015_concepts_of_the_global_south.pdf">"Concepts of the Global South"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. gssc.uni-koeln.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+the+Global+South&rft.pub=gssc.uni-koeln.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkups.ub.uni-koeln.de%2F6399%2F1%2Fvoices012015_concepts_of_the_global_south.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+North+and+Global+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoraMichel2021" class="citation journal cs1">Nora, Mareï; Michel, Savy (January 2021). "Global South countries: The dark side of city logistics. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+UNESCO+Courier&rft.atitle=An+unseen+world%3A+How+the+media+portrays+the+poor&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=44-46&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=Philo&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000124294.locale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+North+and+Global+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_North_and_Global_South&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Global_South" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Global South">Global South</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South%E2%80%93South" title="Template:South–South"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South%E2%80%93South" title="Template talk:South–South"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South%E2%80%93South" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South–South"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South–South_cooperation_and_Third_Worldism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93South_cooperation" title="South–South cooperation">South–South cooperation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third Worldism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Global South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landlocked_developing_countries" title="Landlocked developing countries">Landlocked developing countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">Least developed countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavily_indebted_poor_countries" title="Heavily indebted poor countries">Heavily indebted poor countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">Emerging markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">Newly industrialized country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">Transition economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Worlds theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Multipolarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism" title="World Conference against Racism">World Conference against Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism_2001" title="World Conference against Racism 2001">Durban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban_Review_Conference" title="Durban Review Conference">Durban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban_III" title="Durban III">Durban III</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/BASIC_countries" title="BASIC countries">BASIC <span style="font-size:85%;">(BRICS minus Russia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRIC <span style="font-size:85%;">(BRICS minus South Africa)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_of_developing_countries" title="Debt of developing countries">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Clearing_Union" title="Asian Clearing Union">Asian Clearing Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Monetary_Fund" title="Arab Monetary Fund">Arab Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">BancoSur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fund_for_Commodities" title="Common Fund for Commodities">Common Fund for Commodities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Fund_for_International_Development" title="OPEC Fund for International Development">OPEC Fund for International Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_development" title="Trade and development">Trade and<br />development</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_state" title="Developmental state">Developmental state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_geese_paradigm" title="Flying geese paradigm">Flying geese paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure-based_development" title="Infrastructure-based development">Infrastructure-based development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_System_of_Trade_Preferences_among_Developing_Countries" title="Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries">Global System of Trade Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Trade_Negotiations" title="Protocol on Trade Negotiations">Protocol on Trade Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Economic_Order" title="New International Economic Order">New International Economic Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Information_and_Communication_Order" title="New World Information and Communication Order">New World Information and Communication Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">United Nations Industrial Development Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">Generic drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosimilar" title="Biosimilar">biosimilar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Pharmaceutical patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_views_on_patents#Pharmaceutical_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_data_exclusivity" title="Test data exclusivity">Test data exclusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations<br />and groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Five" title="Group of Five">G-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">G-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">D-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20_developing_nations" title="G20 developing nations">G20 developing nations (G-20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G33_(developing_countries)" title="G33 (developing countries)">G33 developing countries (G-33)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eleven" title="Group of Eleven">G-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G90" title="G90">G-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_States" title="Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States">African, Caribbean and Pacific Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Afro–Asian Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo_Plan" title="Colombo Plan">Colombo Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Solar_Alliance" title="International Solar Alliance">International Solar Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Summit" title="North–South Summit">North–South Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Centre_(organization)" title="South Centre (organization)">South Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North–South<br />divide</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandt_Report" title="Brandt Report">Brandt Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Global digital divide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globalization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globalization" title="Template:Globalization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globalization" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Global</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Economics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Political <br />economy</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Politics / <br /> sociology</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non–academic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> 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