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spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crewed_and_uncrewed_spacecraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crewed and uncrewed spacecraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crewed_and_uncrewed_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crewed_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crewed_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Crewed spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crewed_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncrewed_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncrewed_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Uncrewed spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncrewed_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_spacecraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of spacecraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communications_satellite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications_satellite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Communications satellite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications_satellite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cargo_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cargo_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cargo spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cargo_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Space probes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voyager_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyager_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Voyager program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyager_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_telescopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_telescopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Space telescopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_telescopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Landers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_capsules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_capsules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Space capsules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_capsules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spaceplanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spaceplanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Spaceplanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spaceplanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space_Shuttle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Shuttle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Space Shuttle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Shuttle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SpaceX_Starship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SpaceX_Starship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>SpaceX Starship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SpaceX_Starship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_Extension_Vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_Extension_Vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.2</span> <span>Mission Extension Vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_Extension_Vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subsystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spacecraft records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spacecraft_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spacecraft records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fastest_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fastest_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fastest spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fastest_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furthest_spacecraft_from_the_Sun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furthest_spacecraft_from_the_Sun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Furthest spacecraft from the Sun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furthest_spacecraft_from_the_Sun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spacecraft</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtetuig" title="Ruimtetuig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ruimtetuig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%AD" title="መንኮራኩር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መንኮራኩር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodorcr%C3%A6ft" title="Rodorcræft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rodorcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مركبة فضائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة فضائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau_espacial" title="Nau espacial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nau espacial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%A8" title="Տիեզերանաւը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տիեզերանաւը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_espacial" title="Nave espacial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nave espacial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmik_g%C9%99mi" title="Kosmik gəmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosmik gəmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="فضایی سفینه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فضایی سفینه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মহাকাশযান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাকাশযান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0i-khong-ch%C3%BBn" title="Thài-khong-chûn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thài-khong-chûn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Касмічны апарат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Касмічны апарат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अंतरिक्ष यान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अंतरिक्ष यान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Космически апарат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космически апарат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemirska_letjelica" title="Svemirska letjelica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svemirska letjelica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egorlestr" title="Egorlestr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Egorlestr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau_espacial" title="Nau espacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nau espacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%C4%95" title="Космос аппарачĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Космос аппарачĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmick%C3%A1_lo%C4%8F" title="Kosmická loď – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kosmická loď" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumfart%C3%B8j" title="Rumfartøj – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumfartøj" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumschiff" title="Raumschiff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raumschiff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmoseaparaat" title="Kosmoseaparaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosmoseaparaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Διαστημόπλοιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαστημόπλοιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_espacial" title="Nave espacial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nave espacial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmoveturilo" title="Kosmoveturilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmoveturilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espazio_ontzi" title="Espazio ontzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espazio ontzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="فضاپیما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فضاپیما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_spatial" title="Véhicule spatial – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Véhicule spatial" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romteskip" title="Romteskip – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Romteskip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A1s%C3%A1rthach" title="Spásárthach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spásárthach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0nas-long" title="Fànas-long – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fànas-long" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_espacial" title="Nave espacial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nave espacial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0" title="우주선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Տիեզերական սարքավորում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիեզերական սարքավորում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अंतरिक्ष यान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरिक्ष यान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemirske_letjelice" title="Svemirske letjelice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svemirske letjelice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmonavo" title="Kosmonavo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kosmonavo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahana_antariksa" title="Wahana antariksa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wahana antariksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Spacecraft" title="I-Spacecraft – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Spacecraft" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geimfar" title="Geimfar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geimfar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veicolo_spaziale" title="Veicolo spaziale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Veicolo spaziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חללית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חללית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahana_antariksa" title="Wahana antariksa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wahana antariksa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კოსმოსური ხომალდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოსმოსური ხომალდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%9A%D8%A8%D9%95%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A0_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%B2%D9%95" title="نیٚبٕر آسمأنؠ جہزٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نیٚبٕر آسمأنؠ جہزٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%B1%D1%88%D1%83_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ғарыштық ұшу аппараттары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғарыштық ұшу аппараттары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chombo_cha_angani" title="Chombo cha angani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chombo cha angani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2l_spasyal" title="Vòl spasyal – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vòl spasyal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Ftiya_fezay%C3%AA" title="Keştiya fezayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keştiya fezayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Космос аппараты – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Космос аппараты" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ຍານອາວະກາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຍານອາວະກາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronavis" title="Astronavis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astronavis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmiskais_apar%C4%81ts" title="Kosmiskais aparāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kosmiskais aparāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumsch%C3%ABff" title="Raumschëff – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Raumschëff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdv%C4%97laivis" title="Erdvėlaivis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erdvėlaivis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veculo_spasial" title="Veculo spasial – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Veculo spasial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B0reszk%C3%B6z" title="Űreszköz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Űreszköz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ബഹിരാകാശ വാഹനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബഹിരാകാശ വാഹനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अंतराळयान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अंतराळयान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კოსმოსური აპარატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოსმოსური აპარატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مركبة فضائية – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مركبة فضائية" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_angkasa_lepas" title="Kapal angkasa lepas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapal angkasa lepas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabe_spacial" title="Nabe spacial – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Nabe spacial" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="အာကာသယာဉ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာကာသယာဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtevaartuig" title="Ruimtevaartuig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruimtevaartuig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%A9%9F" title="宇宙機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romskip" title="Romskip – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romskip" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romskip" title="Romskip – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romskip" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donawaa" title="Donawaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Donawaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmik_apparat" title="Kosmik apparat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kosmik apparat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DA%88%DB%8C" title="خلائی گڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خلائی گڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statek_kosmiczny" title="Statek kosmiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Statek kosmiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_espacial" title="Nave espacial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nave espacial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Navă spațială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Navă spațială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimaan" title="Vimaan – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Vimaan" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Космический аппарат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космический аппарат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anija_kozmike" title="Anija kozmike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anija kozmike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F" title="අභ්‍යවකාශ යානා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අභ්‍යවකාශ යානා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spacecraft" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmick%C3%A1_lo%C4%8F" title="Kozmická loď – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kozmická loď" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesoljsko_plovilo" title="Vesoljsko plovilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vesoljsko plovilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayax_Gacmeed" title="Dayax Gacmeed – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dayax Gacmeed" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مەکۆی بۆشایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەکۆی بۆشایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Свемирска летелица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свемирска летелица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemirske_letelice" title="Svemirske letelice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svemirske letelice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaruusalus" title="Avaruusalus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaruusalus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymdfarkost" title="Rymdfarkost – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rymdfarkost" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விண்கலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்கலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9E%C3%A4l%C3%A4mi_apparat" title="Ğälämi apparat – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ğälämi apparat" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%95" title="అంతరిక్ష నౌక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంతరిక్ష నౌక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="ยานอวกาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยานอวกาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Фазопаймо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фазопаймо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzay_arac%C4%B1" title="Uzay aracı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzay aracı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Космічний апарат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космічний апарат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="خلائی جہاز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلائی جہاز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_thuy%E1%BB%81n" title="Phi thuyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phi thuyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmaruumilaiv" title="Ilmaruumilaiv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ilmaruumilaiv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indj%C3%A9n_spaci%C3%A5" title="Indjén spaciå – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Indjén spaciå" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%B9" title="太空船 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="太空船" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%99%A8" title="航天器 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="航天器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A3" title="קאסמאסשיף – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאסמאסשיף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%B9" title="太空船 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太空船" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vehicle or machine designed to fly in space</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spacecraft%22">"Spacecraft"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spacecraft%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spacecraft%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spacecraft%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spacecraft%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spacecraft%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 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title="List of Soyuz missions">More than 140</a> Soviet and Russian crewed <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> spacecraft (<a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA" title="Soyuz TMA">TMA</a> version shown) have flown since 1967 and now support the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.5em"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/220px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/330px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/440px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History of spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline of spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Space probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lunar missions">Lunar missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars missions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Applications_of_spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_habitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial habitation">Habitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Space telescopes">Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo spacecraft">Cargo spacecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Crewed spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Spaceflight types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of space organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Space agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_forces,_units,_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">Companies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#000 2px solid; border-bottom:#000 2px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/15px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/23px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/30px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Template:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>spacecraft</b> is a vehicle that is designed <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">to fly</a> and operate in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">meteorology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">space colonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary exploration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Space transport">transportation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">humans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo spacecraft">cargo</a>. All spacecraft except <a href="/wiki/Single-stage-to-orbit" title="Single-stage-to-orbit">single-stage-to-orbit</a> vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> (carrier rocket). </p><p>On a <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">sub-orbital spaceflight</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Space_vehicle" title="Space vehicle">space vehicle</a> enters <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> and then returns to the surface without having gained sufficient energy or velocity to make a full <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">orbital spaceflights</a>, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> or around other <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial bodies</a>. Spacecraft used for human spaceflight carry people on board as crew or passengers from start or on orbit (<a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a>) only, whereas those used for <a href="/wiki/Robotic_space_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic space mission">robotic space missions</a> operate either <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomously</a> or <a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">telerobotically</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> used to support scientific research are <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a>. Robotic spacecraft that remain in orbit around a planetary body are artificial <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>. To date, only a handful of <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_probe" title="Interstellar probe">interstellar probes</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">2</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a>,</i> are on trajectories that leave the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. </p><p>Orbital spacecraft may be recoverable or not. Most are not. Recoverable spacecraft may be subdivided by a method of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">reentry</a> to Earth into non-winged <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsules</a> and winged <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplanes</a>. Recoverable spacecraft may be <a href="/wiki/Reusable_spacecraft" title="Reusable spacecraft">reusable</a> (can be launched again or several times, like the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon">SpaceX Dragon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiters</a>) or expendable (like the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a>). In recent years, more space agencies are tending towards reusable spacecraft. </p><p>Humanity has achieved space flight, but <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">only a few nations have the technology for orbital launches</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roscosmos_State_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscosmos State Corporation">Roscosmos</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the member states of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/CNSA" class="mw-redirect" title="CNSA">CNSA</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Space_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="National Space Organization">TSA</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a>), and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Development_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aerospace Development Administration">NADA</a>). In addition, <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">several private companies</a> have <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country#Other_launches_and_projects" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">developed or are developing</a> the technology for orbital launches independently from government agencies. Two prominent examples of such companies are <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History of spaceflight</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sputnik_asm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/220px-Sputnik_asm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/330px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/440px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>The first artificial satellite, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, launched by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A German <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> became the first spacecraft when it reached an altitude of 189 km in June 1944 in <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellite</a>. It was launched into an elliptical <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on 4 October 1957. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments; while the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-sputnik-60_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-sputnik-60-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from its value as a technological first, Sputnik 1 also helped to identify the upper <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere#Temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric layer</a>'s density, by measuring the satellite's orbital changes. It also provided data on <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>-signal distribution in the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>. Pressurized <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> in the satellite's false body provided the first opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a> detection. Sputnik 1 was launched during the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Site No.1/5</a>, at the 5th <a href="/wiki/Tyuratam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyuratam">Tyuratam</a> range, in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a> (now at the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a>). The satellite travelled at 29,000 kilometres per hour (18,000 mph), taking 96.2 minutes to complete an orbit, and emitted radio signals at 20.005 and 40.002 <a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a> </p><p>While Sputnik 1 was the first spacecraft to orbit the Earth, other human-made objects had previously reached an altitude of 100 km, which is the height required by the international organization <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> to count as a spaceflight. This altitude is called the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a>. In particular, in the 1940s there were <a href="/wiki/List_of_V-2_test_launches" title="List of V-2 test launches">several test launches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a>, some of which reached altitudes well over 100 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crewed_and_uncrewed_spacecraft">Crewed and uncrewed spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Crewed and uncrewed spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crewed_spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crewed spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">List of crewed spacecraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg/220px-Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg/330px-Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg/440px-Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> Command Module <i>America</i> in lunar orbit</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2016, only three nations have flown crewed spacecraft: USSR/Russia, USA, and China. The first crewed spacecraft was <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a>, which carried Soviet cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit. There were five other crewed missions which used a <a href="/wiki/Vostok_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok spacecraft">Vostok spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EA-vostok_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-vostok-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second crewed spacecraft was named <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3"><i>Freedom 7</i></a>, and it performed a <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">sub-orbital spaceflight</a> in 1961 carrying American astronaut <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> to an altitude of just over 187 kilometers (116 mi). There were five other crewed missions using <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury spacecraft</a>. </p><p>Other Soviet crewed spacecraft include the <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Voskhod spacecraft">Voskhod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a>, flown uncrewed as <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Zond/L1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L3" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 7K-L3">L3</a>, <a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i> crewed <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a>. Other American crewed spacecraft include the <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini spacecraft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> space station, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle</a> with undetached European <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> and private US <a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a> space stations-modules, and the SpaceX Crew Dragon configuration of their <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a>. US company <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> also developed and flown a spacecraft of their own, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">CST-100</a>, commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a>, but a crewed flight is yet to occur. China developed, but did not fly <a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang</a>, and is currently using <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhou program">Shenzhou</a> (its first crewed mission was in 2003). </p><p>Except for the Space Shuttle and the <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran spaceplane</a> of the Soviet Union, the latter of which only ever had one uncrewed test flight, all of the recoverable crewed orbital spacecraft were <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsules</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Crewed spacecraft</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft"><img alt="Drawings of Mercury, Gemini capsules and Apollo spacecraft, with their launch vehicles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/120px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/180px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/240px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4669" data-file-height="3559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet Vostok capsule"><img alt="Soviet Vostok capsule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg/120px-Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg/180px-Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg/240px-Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soviet Vostok capsule</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voskhod_1_and_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet Voskhod (variant of Vostok)"><img alt="Line drawing of Voskhod capsules" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Voskhod_1_and_2.svg/92px-Voskhod_1_and_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Voskhod_1_and_2.svg/138px-Voskhod_1_and_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Voskhod_1_and_2.svg/185px-Voskhod_1_and_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soviet Voskhod (variant of Vostok)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_7K-OK(A)_drawing.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1967 Soviet/Russian Soyuz spacecraft"><img alt="Soyuz 7K-OK(A) drawing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Soyuz_7K-OK%28A%29_drawing.svg/120px-Soyuz_7K-OK%28A%29_drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Soyuz_7K-OK%28A%29_drawing.svg/250px-Soyuz_7K-OK%28A%29_drawing.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1967 Soviet/Russian Soyuz spacecraft</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft"><img alt="Drawing of Shenzhou spacecraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png/120px-Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png/250px-Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png 1.5x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="785" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft</div> </li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, crewed since November 2000, is a joint venture between Russia, the United States, Canada and several other countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncrewed_spacecraft">Uncrewed spacecraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uncrewed spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft" title="Uncrewed spacecraft">Uncrewed spacecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space telescope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo spacecraft">cargo spacecraft</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes" title="Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes">Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list of Solar System probes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">list of space telescopes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_Space_Telescope_(27946391011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/250px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/330px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/500px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iss016e034191.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Iss016e034191.jpg/170px-Iss016e034191.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Iss016e034191.jpg/255px-Iss016e034191.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Iss016e034191.jpg/340px-Iss016e034191.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_ATV" title="Jules Verne ATV">Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)</a> approaches the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> on Monday, March 31, 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>Uncrewed spacecraft are spacecraft without people on board. Uncrewed spacecraft may have varying levels of autonomy from human input; they may be <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Remotely operated vehicle">remote controlled</a>, remote guided or even <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous vehicle">autonomous</a>, meaning they have a pre-programmed list of operations, which they will execute unless otherwise instructed. </p><p>Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">crewed</a> operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> or the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> are too hostile for human survival. Outer planets such as <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit. Multiple space probes were sent to study Moon, the planets, the Sun, multiple small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids). </p><p>Special class of uncrewed spacecraft is <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space telescopes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. The first operational telescopes were the American <a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">Orbiting Astronomical Observatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/OAO-2" class="mw-redirect" title="OAO-2">OAO-2</a> launched in 1968, and the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 1 ultraviolet telescope</a> aboard space station <a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a> in 1971. Space telescopes avoid the filtering and distortion (<a href="/wiki/Scintillation_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintillation (astronomy)">scintillation</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> which they observe, and avoid <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> which <a href="/wiki/Observatory#Ground-based_observatories" title="Observatory">ground-based observatories</a> encounter. The best-known examples are <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo spacecraft">Cargo spacecraft</a> are designed to carry <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a>, possibly to support <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a>' operation by transporting food, propellant and other supplies. Automated cargo spacecraft have been used since 1978 and have serviced <a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a> space station. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some spacecrafts can operate as both a crewed and uncrewed spacecraft. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran spaceplane</a> could operate autonomously but also had manual controls, though it never flew with crew onboard.<sup id="cite_ref-manipulator_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manipulator-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rtc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other dual crewed/uncrewed spacecrafts include: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">SpaceX Dragon 2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-20190206_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-20190206-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sn20200114_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20200114-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-americaspaceshootingstarcontract_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americaspaceshootingstarcontract-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Tianzhou (spacecraft)">Tianzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_spacecraft">Types of spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications_satellite">Communications satellite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communications satellite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></div> <p>A communications satellite is an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellite</a> that relays and amplifies <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> telecommunication signals via a <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">transponder</a>; it creates a <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">communication channel</a> between a source <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">receiver</a> at different locations on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Communications satellites are used for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many communications satellites are in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky; therefore the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a> antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not have to move to track the satellite. Others form <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">satellite constellations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, where antennas on the ground have to follow the position of the satellites and switch between satellites frequently. </p><p>The high frequency <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> used for telecommunications links travel by <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a> and so are obstructed by the curve of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated geographical points.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequencies">frequencies</a>. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.<sup id="cite_ref-aerospace.org_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerospace.org-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cargo_spacecraft">Cargo spacecraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cargo spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_space_station_cargo_vehicles" title="Comparison of space station cargo vehicles">Comparison of space station cargo vehicles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg/250px-Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg/330px-Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg/500px-Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="3908" /></a><figcaption>A collage of automated cargo spacecraft used in the past or present to resupply the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cargo or resupply spacecraft are robotic spacecraft that are designed specifically to carry <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a>, possibly to support <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a>' operation by transporting food, propellant and other supplies. </p><p>Automated cargo spacecraft have been used since 1978 and have serviced <a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a> space station. </p><p>As of 2023, three different cargo spacecraft are used to supply the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>: Russian <i><a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a></i>, American <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">SpaceX Dragon 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a>. Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Tianzhou (spacecraft)">Tianzhou</a></i> is used to supply <a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_probes">Space probes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Space probes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></div> <p>Space probes are robotic spacecraft that are sent to explore deep space, or <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical bodies</a> other than Earth. They are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">landers</a> by the fact that they work in open space, not on planetary surfaces or in planetary atmospheres. Being robotic eliminates the need for expensive, heavy life support systems (the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> crewed Moon landings required the use of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket that cost over a billion dollars per launch, adjusted for inflation) and so allows for lighter, less expensive rockets. Space probes have visited every planet in the Solar System and <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> has an orbit that, at its closest point, is in the <a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Sun's chromosphere</a>. There are five space probes that are <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trajectory" title="Parabolic trajectory">escaping the Solar System</a>, these are <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voyager_program">Voyager program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voyager program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a></div> <p>The identical <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager probes</a>, weighing 721.9 kilograms (1,592 lb),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a rare alignment of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> that would allow a spacecraft to visit all four planets in one mission, and get to each destination faster by using <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a>. In fact, the rocket that launched the probes (the <a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">Titan IIIE</a>) could not even send the probes to the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, yet <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> is travelling at roughly 17 km/s (11 mi/s) and <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> moves at about 15 km/s (9.3 mi/s) kilometres per second as of 2023. In 2012, <i>Voyager 1</i> exited the heliosphere, followed by <i>Voyager 2</i> in 2018. <i>Voyager 1</i> actually launched 16 days after <i>Voyager 2</i> but it reached Jupiter sooner because <i>Voyager 2</i> was taking a longer route that allowed it to visit Uranus and Neptune, whereas <i>Voyager 1</i> did not visit Uranus or Neptune, instead choosing to fly past Saturn’s satellite <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>. As of August 2023, <i>Voyager 1</i> has passed 160 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a>, which means it is over 160 times farther from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> than Earth is. This makes it the farthest spacecraft from the Sun. <i>Voyager 2</i> is 134 AU away from the Sun as of August 2023. NASA provides real time data of their distances and data from the probe’s cosmic ray detectors.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the probe’s declining power output and degradation of the <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">RTGs</a> over time, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> has had to shut down certain instruments to conserve power. The probes may still have some scientific instruments on until the mid-2020s or perhaps the 2030s. After 2036, they will both be out of range of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_telescopes">Space telescopes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Space telescopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></div> <p>A space telescope or space observatory is a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. Space telescopes avoid the filtering and distortion of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> which they observe, and avoid <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> which <a href="/wiki/Observatory#Ground-based_observatories" title="Observatory">ground-based observatories</a> encounter. They are divided into two types: satellites which map the entire sky (<a href="/wiki/Astronomical_survey" title="Astronomical survey">astronomical survey</a>), and satellites which focus on selected <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical objects</a> or parts of the sky and beyond. Space telescopes are distinct from <a href="/wiki/Earth_imaging_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth imaging satellite">Earth imaging satellites</a>, which point toward Earth for <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite imaging">satellite imaging</a>, applied for <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">weather analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">espionage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">other types of information gathering</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landers">Landers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Landers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander (spacecraft)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_16_LM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Apollo_16_LM.jpg/220px-Apollo_16_LM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Apollo_16_LM.jpg/330px-Apollo_16_LM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Apollo_16_LM.jpg/440px-Apollo_16_LM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> Extended <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>, a lunar lander</figcaption></figure> <p>A lander is a type of spacecraft that makes a soft landing on the surface of an <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical body">astronomical body</a> other than <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Some landers, such as <a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>, land entirely by using their fuel supply, however many landers (and landings of spacecraft on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>) use <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a>, especially for more distant destinations. This involves the spacecraft using a fuel burn to change its trajectory so it will pass through a planet (or a moon's) atmosphere. <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">Drag</a> caused by the spacecraft hitting the atmosphere enables it to slow down without using fuel, however this generates very high temperatures and so adds a requirement for a <a href="/wiki/Heat_shield" title="Heat shield">heat shield</a> of some sort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_capsules">Space capsules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Space capsules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a></div> <p>Space capsules are a type of spacecraft that can return from space at least once. They have a blunt shape, do not usually contain much more fuel than needed, and they do not possess wings unlike <a href="/wiki/Spaceplanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceplanes">spaceplanes</a>. They are the simplest form of recoverable spacecraft, and so the most commonly used. The first such capsule was the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)" title="Vostok (spacecraft)">Vostok</a> capsule built by the Soviet Union, that carried the first person in space, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>. Other examples include the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> capsules, built by the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spaceplanes">Spaceplanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Spaceplanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-73_landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/STS-73_landing.jpg/220px-STS-73_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/STS-73_landing.jpg/330px-STS-73_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/STS-73_landing.jpg/440px-STS-73_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><i>Columbia</i> orbiter landing</figcaption></figure> <p>Spaceplanes are spacecraft that are built in the shape of, and function as, <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a>. The first example of such was the <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a> spaceplane, which conducted two crewed flights which reached an altitude of over 100 kilometres (62 mi) in the 1960s. This first reusable spacecraft was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. </p><p>The first reusable orbital spaceplane was the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a>. The first orbiter to fly in space, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a>, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>'s flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a></i> was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Boeing 747 SCA</a> and gliding to deadstick landings at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_AFB,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwards AFB, California">Edwards AFB, California</a>. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i>, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i>. <i>Endeavour</i> was built to replace <i>Challenger</i> when it was <a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">lost</a> in January 1986. <i>Columbia</i> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">broke up</a> during reentry in February 2003. </p><p>The first autonomous reusable spaceplane was the <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme"><i>Buran</i>-class shuttle</a>, launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight and this was uncrewed. This <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the U.S. Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the USSR">dissolution of the USSR</a>, prevented any further flights of Buran. The Space Shuttle was subsequently modified to allow for autonomous re-entry in case of necessity. </p><p>Per the <a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a>, the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 mainly due to its old age and high cost of program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">SpaceX Dragon 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CST-100_Starliner" class="mw-redirect" title="CST-100 Starliner">CST-100 Starliner</a>. Dragon 2's first crewed flight occurred on May 30, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">ULA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcan (rocket)">Vulcan</a> rocket, as well as the commercial launch vehicles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites" title="Scaled Composites">Scaled Composites</a>' <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a> was a reusable suborbital <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> that carried pilots <a href="/wiki/Mike_Melvill" title="Mike Melvill">Mike Melvill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Binnie" title="Brian Binnie">Brian Binnie</a> on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the <a href="/wiki/Ansari_X_Prize" title="Ansari X Prize">Ansari X Prize</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spaceship_Company" title="The Spaceship Company">The Spaceship Company</a> built a successor <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a>. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a> was planned to begin reusable <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">private spaceflight</a> carrying paying passengers in 2014, but was delayed after the <a href="/wiki/VSS_Enterprise_crash" title="VSS Enterprise crash">crash of VSS <i>Enterprise</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_Shuttle">Space Shuttle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Space Shuttle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Columbia's first launch on the mission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg/220px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg/330px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg/440px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6084" data-file-height="6084" /></a><figcaption>US <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> flew 135 times from 1981 to 2011, supporting <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. (<i>Columbia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">maiden launch</a>, which had a white external tank, shown)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> is a retired reusable Low Earth Orbital launch system. It consisted of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">two reusable Solid Rocket Boosters</a> that landed by parachute, were recovered at sea, and were the most powerful rocket motors ever made until they were superseded by those of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA’s</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> rocket, with a liftoff thrust of 2,800,000 pounds-force (12 MN), which soon increased to 3,300,000 pounds-force (15 MN) per booster,<sup id="cite_ref-braeunig_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braeunig-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were fueled by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Polybutadiene_acrylonitrile" title="Polybutadiene acrylonitrile">PBAN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate_composite_propellant" title="Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant">APCP</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle Orbiter</a>, with 3 <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a> engines that used a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a> propellant combination, and the bright orange throwaway <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">Space Shuttle external tank</a> from which the RS-25 engines sourced their fuel. The orbiter was a spaceplane that was launched at NASA’s <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Centre</a> and landed mainly at the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a>, which is part of Kennedy Space Centre. A second launch site, <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_6" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6">Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, was revamped so it could be used to launch the shuttles, but it was never used. The launch system could lift about 29 tonnes (64,000 lb) into an eastward <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth Orbit</a>. Each orbiter weighed roughly 78 tonnes (172,000 lb), however the different orbiters had differing weights and thus payloads, with <i>Columbia</i> being the heaviest orbiter, <i>Challenger</i> being lighter than <i>Columbia but</i> still heavier than the other three. The orbiter structure was mostly composed of aluminium alloy. The orbiter had seven seats for crew members, though on <a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a> the launch took place with 8 crew onboard. The orbiters had 4.6 metres (15 ft) wide by 18 metres (59 ft) long payload bays and also were equipped with a 15.2 metres (50 ft) <a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">CanadaArm1</a>, an upgraded version of which is used on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. The heat shield (or <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">Thermal Protection System</a>) of the orbiter, used to protect it from extreme levels of heat during <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric reentry</a> and the cold of space, was made up of different materials depending on weight and how much heating a particular area on the shuttle would receive during reentry, which ranged from over 2,900 °F (1,600 °C) to under 700 °F (370 °C). The orbiter was manually operated, though an autonomous landing system was added while the shuttle was still on service. It had an in orbit maneouvreing system known as the Orbital Manoeuvring System, which used the hypergolic propellants <a href="/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine" title="Monomethylhydrazine">monomethylhydrazine (MMH)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a>, which was used for orbital insertion, changes to orbits and the deorbit burn. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceShuttleGroundProcessingActual.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SpaceShuttleGroundProcessingActual.jpg/250px-SpaceShuttleGroundProcessingActual.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SpaceShuttleGroundProcessingActual.jpg/330px-SpaceShuttleGroundProcessingActual.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SpaceShuttleGroundProcessingActual.jpg/500px-SpaceShuttleGroundProcessingActual.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Refurbishing the orbiters and the solid rocket boosters after flight was very complex, expensive and slow. The shortest time between landing and reflight for a Space Shuttle was 54 days for the Space Shuttle <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Space Shuttle Program">Criticism of the Space Shuttle Program</a></div> <p>Though the shuttle’s goals were to drastically decrease launch costs, it did not do so, ending up being much more expensive than similar expendable launchers. This was due to expensive refurbishment costs and the external tank being expended. Once a landing had occurred, the SRBs and many parts of the orbiter had to be disassembled for inspection, which was long and arduous. Furthermore, the RS-25 engines had to be replaced every few flights. Each of the heat shielding tiles had to go in one specific area on the orbiter, increasing complexity more. Adding to this, the shuttle was a rather dangerous system, with fragile heat shielding tiles, some being so fragile that one could easily scrape it off by hand, often having been damaged in many flights. After 30 years in service from 1981 to 2011 and 135 flights, the shuttle was retired from service due to the cost of maintaining the shuttles, and the 3 remaining orbiters (the other two were destroyed in accidents) were prepared to be displayed in museums. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_2">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some spacecraft do not fit particularly well into any of the general spacecraft categories. This is a list of these spacecraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SpaceX_Starship">SpaceX Starship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: SpaceX Starship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)</a></div> <p>Starship is a spacecraft and <a href="/wiki/Upper_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper stage">second stage</a><sup id="cite_ref-StarshipHomepage_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarshipHomepage-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under development by American aerospace company <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>. Stacked atop its booster, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">Super Heavy</a>, it composes the identically named <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">super heavy-lift</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_vehicle" title="Space vehicle">space vehicle</a>. The spacecraft is designed to transport both crew and cargo to a variety of destinations, including Earth orbit, the Moon, Mars, and potentially beyond. It is intended to enable long duration <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">interplanetary</a> flights for a crew of up to 100 people.<sup id="cite_ref-StarshipHomepage_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarshipHomepage-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will also be capable of point-to-point transport on Earth, enabling travel to anywhere in the world in less than an hour. Furthermore, the spacecraft will be used to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_propellant_depot" title="Orbital propellant depot">refuel</a> other Starship vehicles to allow them to reach higher orbits to and other space destinations. <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, the CEO of SpaceX, estimated in a tweet that 8 launches would be needed to completely refuel a Starship in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, extrapolating this from Starship's payload to orbit and how much fuel a fully fueled Starship contains.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To land on bodies without an atmosphere, such as the Moon, Starship will fire its engines and thrusters to slow down.<sup id="cite_ref-Foust-2021_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foust-2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mission_Extension_Vehicle">Mission Extension Vehicle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mission Extension Vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mission_Extension_Vehicle" title="Mission Extension Vehicle">Mission Extension Vehicle</a></div> <p>The Mission Extension Vehicle is a robotic spacecraft designed to prolong the life on another spacecraft. It works by docking to its target spacecraft, then correcting its orientation or orbit. This also allows it to rescue a satellite which is in the wrong orbit by using its own fuel to move its target to the correct orbit. The project is currently managed by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. As of 2023, 2 have been launched. The first launched on a <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a> rocket on 9 October 2019, and did a rendezvous with <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_901" title="Intelsat 901">Intelsat-901</a> on 25 February 2020. It will remain with the satellite until 2025 before the satellite is moved to a final graveyard orbit and the vehicle does a rendezvous with another satellite. The other one launched on an <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> rocket on 15 August 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsystems">Subsystems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Subsystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/120px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Spacecraft" title="Talk:Spacecraft">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Spacecraft">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Astrionics%22">"Astrionics"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Astrionics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Astrionics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Astrionics%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Astrionics%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Astrionics%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astrionics" title="Astrionics">Astrionics</a></div> <p>A spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Astrionics" title="Astrionics">astrionics</a> system comprises different subsystems, depending on the mission profile. Spacecraft subsystems are mounted in the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">satellite bus</a> and may include <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude determination and control</a> (variously called ADAC, ADC, or ACS), <a href="/wiki/Guidance,_navigation_and_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Guidance, navigation and control">guidance, navigation and control</a> (GNC or GN&C), communications (comms), command and data handling (CDH or C&DH), power (EPS), <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_thermal_control" title="Spacecraft thermal control">thermal control</a> (TCS), propulsion, and structures. Attached to the bus are typically <a href="/wiki/Payload" title="Payload">payloads</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Life support</dt> <dd>Spacecraft intended for human spaceflight must also include a <a href="/wiki/Life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support system">life support system</a> for the crew.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg/250px-Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg/330px-Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg/500px-Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">Reaction control system</a> thrusters on the front of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Attitude control</dt> <dd>A spacecraft needs an attitude control subsystem to be correctly oriented in space and respond to external <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torques</a> and forces properly. This may use <a href="/wiki/Reaction_wheel" title="Reaction wheel">reaction wheels</a> or it may use small rocket thrusters. The altitude control subsystem consists of <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a>, together with controlling algorithms. The attitude-control subsystem permits proper pointing for the science objective, sun pointing for power to the solar arrays and earth pointing for communications.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>GNC</dt> <dd>Guidance refers to the calculation of the commands (usually done by the CDH subsystem) needed to steer the spacecraft where it is desired to be. Navigation means determining a spacecraft's <a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">orbital elements</a> or position. Control means adjusting the path of the spacecraft to meet mission requirements.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Command and data handling</dt> <dd>The C&DH subsystem receives commands from the communications subsystem, performs validation and decoding of the commands, and distributes the commands to the appropriate spacecraft subsystems and components. The CDH also receives housekeeping data and science data from the other spacecraft subsystems and components, and packages the data for storage on a <a href="/wiki/Data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Data recorder">data recorder</a> or transmission to the ground via the communications subsystem. Other functions of the CDH include maintaining the spacecraft clock and state-of-health monitoring.</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/On-Board_Data_Handling" class="mw-redirect" title="On-Board Data Handling">On-Board Data Handling</a></div> <dl><dt>Communications</dt> <dd>Spacecraft, both <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">crewed</a>, have various communications systems for communication with terrestrial stations and for <a href="/wiki/Inter-satellite_service" title="Inter-satellite service">inter-satellite service</a>. Technologies include <a href="/wiki/Space_radio_station" title="Space radio station">space radio station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">optical</a> communication. In addition, some spacecraft payloads are explicitly for the purpose of ground–ground <a href="/wiki/Commsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Commsat">communication</a> using <a href="/wiki/Bent_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bent pipe">receiver/retransmitter</a> electronic technologies.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Power</dt> <dd>Spacecraft need an electrical power generation and distribution subsystem for powering the various spacecraft subsystems. For spacecraft near the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a> are frequently used to generate electrical power. Spacecraft designed to operate in more distant locations, for example <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, might employ a <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (RTG) to generate electrical power. Electrical power is sent through power conditioning equipment before it passes through a power distribution unit over an electrical bus to other spacecraft components. Batteries are typically connected to the bus via a battery charge regulator, and the batteries are used to provide electrical power during periods when primary power is not available, for example when a low Earth orbit spacecraft is <a href="/wiki/Eclipsed" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsed">eclipsed</a> by Earth.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Thermal control</dt> <dd>Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand transit through <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Space_environment" title="Space environment">space environment</a>. They must operate in a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> with temperatures potentially ranging across hundreds of degrees <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a> as well as (if subject to reentry) in the presence of plasmas. Material requirements are such that either high melting temperature, low density materials such as <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_carbon%E2%80%93carbon" title="Reinforced carbon–carbon">reinforced carbon–carbon</a> or (possibly due to the lower thickness requirements despite its high density) <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablative</a> carbon–carbon composites are used. Depending on mission profile, spacecraft may also need to operate on the surface of another planetary body. The <a href="/wiki/Thermal_control_subsystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal control subsystem">thermal control subsystem</a> can be passive, dependent on the selection of materials with specific radiative properties. Active thermal control makes use of electrical heaters and certain <a href="/wiki/Actuators" class="mw-redirect" title="Actuators">actuators</a> such as louvers to control temperature ranges of equipments within specific ranges.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a></dt> <dd>Spacecraft may or may not have a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsion</a> subsystem, depending on whether or not the mission profile calls for propulsion. The <a href="/wiki/Swift_Gamma-Ray_Burst_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission"><i>Swift</i></a> spacecraft is an example of a spacecraft that does not have a propulsion subsystem. Typically though, LEO spacecraft include a propulsion subsystem for altitude adjustments (drag make-up maneuvers) and <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> adjustment maneuvers. A propulsion system is also needed for spacecraft that perform momentum management maneuvers. Components of a conventional propulsion subsystem include fuel, tankage, valves, pipes, and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">thrusters</a>. The thermal control system interfaces with the propulsion subsystem by monitoring the temperature of those components, and by preheating tanks and thrusters in preparation for a spacecraft maneuver.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Structures</dt> <dd>Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand launch loads imparted by the launch vehicle, and must have a point of attachment for all the other subsystems. Depending on mission profile, the structural subsystem might need to withstand loads imparted by entry into the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body atmosphere">atmosphere of another planetary body</a>, and landing on the surface of another planetary body.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Payload</dt> <dd>The payload depends on the mission of the spacecraft, and is typically regarded as the part of the spacecraft "that pays the bills". Typical payloads could include scientific instruments (<a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Particle_detector" title="Particle detector">particle detectors</a>, for example), cargo, or a <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human crew</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Ground segment</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></div> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">ground segment</a>, though not technically part of the spacecraft, is vital to the operation of the spacecraft. Typical components of a ground segment in use during normal operations include a mission operations facility where the flight operations team conducts the operations of the spacecraft, a data processing and storage facility, <a href="/wiki/Earth_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth station">ground stations</a> to radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosettaground_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosettaground-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Launch vehicle</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> propels the spacecraft from Earth's surface, through the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, and into an <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, the exact orbit being dependent on the mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Single-stage-to-orbit" title="Single-stage-to-orbit">single stage to orbit</a> rocket, the rocket can be considered a spacecraft itself.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft_records">Spacecraft records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Spacecraft records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fastest_spacecraft">Fastest spacecraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fastest spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> (estimated 343,000 km/h or 213,000 mph at first sun close pass, will reach 700,000 km/h or 430,000 mph at final perihelion)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios_probes" class="mw-redirect" title="Helios probes">Helios</a> I and II <i>Solar Probes</i> (252,792 km/h or 157,078 mph)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Furthest_spacecraft_from_the_Sun">Furthest spacecraft from the Sun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Furthest spacecraft from the Sun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> at 156.13 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> as of April 2022, traveling outward at about 3.58 AU/a (61,100 km/h; 38,000 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i> at 122.48 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> as of December 2018, traveling outward at about 2.52 AU/a (43,000 km/h; 26,700 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> at 122.82 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> as of January 2020, traveling outward at about 3.24 AU/a (55,300 km/h; 34,400 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i> at 101.17 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> as of December 2018, traveling outward at about 2.37 AU/a (40,400 km/h; 25,100 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrionics" title="Astrionics">Astrionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">Commercial astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">Flying saucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">List of crewed spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">List of fictional spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">List of spaceflight records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship" title="Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline of Solar System exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_Exploration_History_on_U.S._Stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Space Exploration History on U.S. Stamps">U.S. Space Exploration History on U.S. Stamps</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buran.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82+%D1%81+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%3A+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%22%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buran.ru%2Fhtm%2Fbighand.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rtc-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rtc_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rtc.ru/history/">"История ЦНИИ РТК"</a> [History of the Central Research Institute of RTK]. <i>RTC.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513144601/https://rtc.ru/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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With our @SpaceX partners, @Astro_Doug and @AstroBehnken will launch to the @Space_Station on the #CrewDragon spacecraft atop a Falcon 9 rocket. Let's #LaunchAmerica pic.twitter.com/RINb3mfRWI"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BREAKING%3A+On+May+27%2C+%40NASA+will+once+again+launch+American+astronauts+on+American+rockets+from+American+soil%21+With+our+%40SpaceX+partners%2C+%40Astro_Doug+and+%40AstroBehnken+will+launch+to+the+%40Space_Station+on+the+%23CrewDragon+spacecraft+atop+a+Falcon+9+rocket.+Let%27s+%23LaunchAmerica+pic.twitter.com%2FRINb3mfRWI&rft.date=2020-04-17&rft.aulast=Bridenstine&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FJimBridenstine%2Fstatus%2F1251178705633841167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpaceX2020" class="citation web cs1">@SpaceX (27 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/SpaceX/status/1265739654810091520">"Standing down from launch today due to unfavorable weather in the flight path. Our next launch opportunity is Saturday, May 30 at 19:22 UTC"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=satellite+communication&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.aulast=Labrador&rft.aufirst=Virgil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F524891%2Fsatellite-communication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html">"Satellites - Communication Satellites"</a>. Satellites.spacesim.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satellites+-+Communication+Satellites&rft.pub=Satellites.spacesim.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsatellites.spacesim.org%2Fenglish%2Ffunction%2Fcommunic%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aerospace.org-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aerospace.org_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170449/http://www.aerospace.org/2013/12/12/military-satellite-communications-fundamentals/">"Military Satellite Communications Fundamentals | The Aerospace Corporation"</a>. <i>Aerospace</i>. 1 April 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aerospace&rft.atitle=Military+Satellite+Communications+Fundamentals+%26%23124%3B+The+Aerospace+Corporation&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerospace.org%2F2013%2F12%2F12%2Fmilitary-satellite-communications-fundamentals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager-1/">"Voyager 1 - NASA Science"</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Voyager+1+-+NASA+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmission%2Fvoyager-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/">"Mission Status"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+Status&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmission%2Fstatus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpaceX2020" class="citation web cs1">@SpaceX (30 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/SpaceX/status/1266812530833240064">"Liftoff!"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liftoff%21&rft.date=2020-05-30&rft.au=SpaceX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FSpaceX%2Fstatus%2F1266812530833240064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-braeunig-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-braeunig_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/shuttle.htm">"Space Launchers - Space Shuttle"</a>. <i>www.braeunig.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.braeunig.us&rft.atitle=Space+Launchers+-+Space+Shuttle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braeunig.us%2Fspace%2Fspecs%2Fshuttle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarshipHomepage-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StarshipHomepage_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StarshipHomepage_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/">"SpaceX - Starship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>Starship is the fully reusable spacecraft and second stage of the Starship system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceX&rft.atitle=SpaceX+-+Starship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacex.com%2Fvehicles%2Fstarship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universetoday.com/152220/musk-says-that-refueling-starship-for-lunar-landings-will-take-8-launches-maybe-4/">"Musk Says That Refueling Starship For Lunar Landings will Take 8 Launches (Maybe 4)"</a>. 18 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musk+Says+That+Refueling+Starship+For+Lunar+Landings+will+Take+8+Launches+%28Maybe+4%29&rft.date=2021-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F152220%2Fmusk-says-that-refueling-starship-for-lunar-landings-will-take-8-launches-maybe-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foust-2021-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foust-2021_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoust2021" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (6 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/spacex-blue-origin-and-dynetics-compete-to-build-the-next-moon-lander">"SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Dynetics Compete to Build the Next Moon Lander"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129041255/https://spectrum.ieee.org/spacex-blue-origin-and-dynetics-compete-to-build-the-next-moon-lander">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=SpaceX%2C+Blue+Origin%2C+and+Dynetics+Compete+to+Build+the+Next+Moon+Lander&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fspacex-blue-origin-and-dynetics-compete-to-build-the-next-moon-lander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosettaground-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosettaground_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMDV71PGQD_0.html">"The Rosetta ground segment"</a>. <i>ESA.int</i>. 17 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311184637/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMDV71PGQD_0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA.int&rft.atitle=The+Rosetta+ground+segment&rft.date=2004-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSPECIALS%2FRosetta%2FSEMDV71PGQD_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartels2018" class="citation web cs1">Bartels, Meghan (6 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/42344-parker-solar-probe-first-sun-flyby-close-approach.html">"NASA's Parker Solar Probe Just Made Its First Close Pass by the Sun!"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Parker+Solar+Probe+Just+Made+Its+First+Close+Pass+by+the+Sun%21&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft.aulast=Bartels&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F42344-parker-solar-probe-first-sun-flyby-close-approach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heavens-above.com/SolarEscape.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT">"Spacecraft escaping the Solar System"</a>. <i>www.heavens-above.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heavens-above.com&rft.atitle=Spacecraft+escaping+the+Solar+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heavens-above.com%2FSolarEscape.aspx%3Flat%3D0%26lng%3D0%26loc%3DUnspecified%26alt%3D0%26tz%3DUCT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight2006" class="citation journal cs1">Knight, Will (23 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientistspace.com/article.ns?id=dn8623">"Spacecraft skin 'heals' itself"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Spacecraft+skin+%27heals%27+itself&rft.date=2006-01-23&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientistspace.com%2Farticle.ns%3Fid%3Ddn8623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWertzLarson1999" class="citation book cs1">Wertz, James; Larson, Wiley J. (1999). <i>Space Mission Analysis and Design</i> (3rd ed.). Torrance, California: Microcosm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881883-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881883-10-4"><bdi>978-1-881883-10-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Mission+Analysis+and+Design&rft.place=Torrance%2C+California&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Microcosm&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-881883-10-4&rft.aulast=Wertz&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Larson%2C+Wiley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Spacecraft</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spacecraft" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Spacecraft">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spacecraft" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Spacecraft">Media</a> from Commons</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/phase.html">NASA: Space Science Spacecraft Missions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051108232330/http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/phase.html">Archived</a> 2005-11-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp">NSSDC Master Catalog Spacecraft Query Form</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060323034258/http://www.planet-surveyor.com/content-cat-1.html">Early History of Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/">Basics of Spaceflight tutorial from JPL/Caltech</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ismuseum.org/">International Spaceflight Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight370" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight370" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_space_program" title="North Korean space program">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_space_program" title="South Korean space program">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" 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